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Model tests were performed with different temperatures and soil stabilizers to investigate the effect of horizontal frost heave force on open tunnels in seasonal frozen regions. Experimental results show that the dissipation of the frost heave force accelerated with the increase in temperature, and the data indicate that compared with soil without stabilizers, the horizontal frost heave force decreased by 10% and 15% in soil with lignin fiber and Huaxia No. 1 soil stabilizer. It can be concluded that the inhibitory effect of Huaxia No. 1 soil stabilizer on frost heave force was more significant than that of lignin fiber. According to the test results, the relation expression between horizontal frost heave force and frost heave amount was fitted.

In the work, the planar and ridge waveguides are fabricated by the combination of ion implantation and femtosecond laser ablation in the high-gain Nd3+-doped laser glass. The species, energy, and dose of ion implantation are O3+ ion, 6.0 × 106 eV, and 5.0 × 1014 ions/cm2, respectively. The pulse energy and the scanning velocity are 3 μJ and 50 μm/s for the FS laser ablation. The m-line curve and the refractive index distribution of the planar waveguide are got via a prism coupler and a reflection calculation method, respectively. The refractive index in waveguide core is increased by 2.3 × 10–3 through the O3+ ion irradiation. The microscope images and near-field intensity distributions for both planar and ridge waveguides are measured by a Nikon microscope and an end-face coupling arrangement, respectively. The cross-sectional dimension of the ridge waveguide is 4.2 μm × 10 μm. It has the potential to explore new dimensions in the field of the active waveguides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-quality waveguide structure in the Dy 3 + -doped Y3Al5O 1 2 transparent ceramic is of significance for the application of integrated micro-light elements. However, there have been no reports on the preparation of optical waveguides by ion implantation in the Dy 3 + -doped Y3Al5O 1 2 transparent ceramic. The work reports on the formation of optical planar waveguides by using the proton implantation in the Dy 3 + -doped Y3Al5O 1 2 transparent ceramic. The acceleration energy and the dose of the protons are 400 keV and 8 × 1 0 1 6 ions/cm2, respectively. The structure of the fabricated waveguide is captured with the high-res/mag images by a metallurgical microscope. The dark-mode spectrum and the refractive index distribution are gained by the prism coupling system and the RCM software, respectively. The measurement and simulation of the near-field intensity distribution indicate the propagation of light field in the waveguide. The results are of potential to the compact devices in the photonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Distillers' grain waste (DGW) is the main by‐product in the Baijiu‐making process and its management remains a great challenge for the Baijiu industry. To address this issue, an integrated biobutanol and biomethane production process was established to obtain valuable products from DGW and reduce environmental pollution. Results: In the integrated process, DGW was hydrolyzed and detoxified to produce biobutanol, while the distillery waste derived from solvent extraction process was used for biomethane fermentation. After the optimization of overliming detoxification of DGW hydrolysate by artificial neural network and genetic algorithm, totals of 10.65 ± 0.07 g L−1 butanol and 4.51 ± 0.21 g L−1 isopropanol were attained with negligible amounts of acetone and ethanol (i.e. 0.14 ± 0.00 and 0.52 ± 0.06 g L−1, respectively). Anaerobic digestion of the distillery waste was efficient, and the chemical oxygen demand removal rate approached 92.3 ± 0.1% with a methane yield of 167.8 ± 1.2 mL g−1 TCODremoved. Moreover, the anaerobic digestion effluent could be recycled as a potential substitute for process water in biobutanol fermentation without having any negative effect on enzymatic hydrolysis of DGW, and the butanol production also reached 8.19 ± 0.29 g L−1. Conclusion: The present study provides a new idea for comprehensive utilization of DGW towards energy and resource recovery, without secondary pollution. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]