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4H Silicon carbide (SiC) is widely recognized as one of the most advanced wide bandgap semiconductors used in the production of high-efficiency power electronic devices. Impurities play a crucial role in achieving the desired electrical properties in 4H-SiC, yet the understanding of impurities in this material remains limited. In this study, first-principles formation-energy calculations were employed to establish a comprehensive database of formation-energy diagrams for impurities in 4H-SiC. This database includes valuable information on site preference, lattice distortion, solubility, and charge transition levels (CTLs) of the impurities. The site preference for each impurity is closely related to factors such as the Fermi energy, chemical potential, and the impurity species itself. To assess the lattice distortion caused by each impurity, a comparison was made between the volume changes before and after doping. Moreover, the solubility of each impurity was determined using the detailed balance theory, thereby enabling a direct measure of the maximum impurity concentration achievable in the material. Based on the CTLs, the impurities in 4H-SiC were classified into four categories: n-type impurities, p-type impurities, amphoteric impurities, and non-electroactive impurities. This comprehensive property database for impurities in 4H-SiC provides valuable insights for tailoring the material properties through controlled doping, thereby ultimately leading to enhanced performance of power electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difficulty of increasing the Curie temperature TC of magnetic semiconductors such as (Ga,Mn)As above the room temperature is related to the p-type doping bottleneck in this system, which has hindered the further development of dilute magnetic semiconductors. To overcome the p-type doping bottleneck, we investigate the doping properties of Mn in GaAs with hybrid functional calculations and propose strategies that can improve the p-type dopability in (Ga,Mn)As. We find that tensile strain and high temperature quenching are effective approaches to enhance p-type doping in epitaxial (Ga,Mn)As. The tensile strain applied, e.g., by the substrate with a larger lattice constant can decrease the formation energy of the substitutional dopant MnGa−, which is an acceptor with large size, and increase that of interstitial Mni2+, which is a small size compensating donor, thus improving the p-type dopability. The high temperature quenching also can achieve higher hole density by limiting the formation of compensating interstitial Mn. We suggest that the combination of these two schemes would effectively enhance the p-type dopability and further raise the Curie temperature TC of (Ga,Mn)As. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxaliplatin (L‐OHP), a third‐generation platinum‐based anti‐tumor drug, finds widespread application in the first‐line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Despite its efficacy, the drug's usage is curtailed by a litany of side effects, with L‐OHP‐induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) being the most debilitating. This condition can be classified into varying degrees of severity. Employing serum metabolomics, a high‐sensitivity, high‐throughput technique, holds promise as a method to identify biomarkers for clinical assessment and monitoring of OIPN patients across different severity levels. In our study, we analyzed serum metabolites in patients with different OIPN levels using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry. By employing statistical analyses and pathway enrichment studies, we aimed to identify potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways. Our findings characterized the serum metabolic profiles of patients with varying OIPN levels. Notably, pathway analysis revealed a significant correlation with lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism. Multivariate statistical analysis and receiver operator characteristic curve evaluation pointed to anhalamine and glycochenodeoxycholic acid as potential biomarkers for OIPN C and A, which suggest that serum metabolomics may serve as a potent tool for exploring the metabolic status of patients suffering from diverse diseases and for discovering novel biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chiral H8-BINOL derivatives R-1 and R-2 were efficiently synthesized via a Suzuki coupling reaction, and they can be used as novel dialdehyde fluorescent probes for the enantioselective recognition of R/S-2-amino-1-phenylethanol. In addition, R-1 is much more effective than R-2. Scanning electron microscope images and X-ray analyses show that R-1 can form supramolecular vesicles through the self-assembly effect of the π-π force and strong hydrogen bonding. As determined via analysis, the fluorescence of the probe was significantly enhanced by mixing a small amount of S-2-amino-1-phenylethanol into R-1, with a redshift of 38 nm, whereas no significant fluorescence response was observed in R-2-amino-1-phenylethanol. The enantioselective identification of S-2-amino-1-phenylethanol by the probe R-1 was further investigated through nuclear magnetic titration and fluorescence kinetic experiments and DFT calculations. The results showed that this mechanism was not only a simple reactive probe but also realized object recognition through an ICT mechanism. As the intramolecular hydrogen bond activated the carbonyl group on the probe R-1, the carbonyl carbon atom became positively charged. As a strong nucleophile, the amino group of S-2-amino-1-phenylethanol first transferred the amino electrons to a carbonyl carbocation, resulting in a significantly enhanced fluorescence of the probe R-1 and a 38 nm redshift. Similarly, S-2-amino-1-phenylethanol alone caused severe damage to the self-assembled vesicle structure of the probe molecule itself due to its spatial structure, which made R-1 highly enantioselective towards it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite ceramics are applied widely nowadays by combining superior properties of different ceramic materials. In this study, SiO 2 –Si 3 N 4 composite ceramics with higher mechanical properties and lower dielectric constant were successfully fabricated by nitriding diamond-wire saw silicon waste. The effect of gas atmospheres (N 2 , NH 3 , N 2 –H 2) and SiO 2 content (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) on the microstructure and properties of composite ceramics were studied. It shows that the synthesis of SiO 2 –Si 3 N 4 composite ceramics can be obtained in the NH 3 atmosphere, and it is inevitable to form the Si 2 N 2 O phase in N 2 and N 2 –H 2 mixture atmospheres. Furthermore, the shrinkage rate and dielectric constant of the ceramics decreased as SiO 2 content increased from 0% to 40%. As for the porosity of the sintered ceramics, it first decreased and then increased, with a minimum of 1.73% at the SiO 2 content of 20%. However, the flexural strength of the sintered ceramics was the inverse of the porosity, with a maximum of 160.72 MPa at the SiO 2 content of 30%. For the sintered ceramic with 30% SiO 2 , the shrinkage rate, dielectric constant, porosity and flexural strength are 0.3%, 4.62, 1.97% and 160.72 MPa respectively. Thus, this study provides an environment-friendly and value-added approach to recycling photovoltaic waste and reducing the cost of the reactive sintering SiO 2 –Si 3 N 4 composite ceramics with excellent mechanical and dielectric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female entrepreneurs have irreplaceable status and essential significance in entrepreneurship research. Improving females' entrepreneurial intentions is an important topic in this area. Accordingly, this study, based on the theory of planned behavior, investigates the factors that affect female students' entrepreneurial intention at China's vocational colleges and whether household income moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial education, attitude, competence, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. 2149 females from vocational colleges in Guangdong Province, Zhejiang Province, and Jiangxi Province were randomly chosen to participate in the study. They had taken part in entrepreneurial courses throughout 2021–2022. In addition, data were analyzed by structural equation modeling partial least squares. The results demonstrate that entrepreneurial education did not directly affect female students' intentions. Entrepreneurial competence, self-efficacy, and attitude positively affect entrepreneurial intention. It is further concluded that household income significantly moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial education, attitude, competence, and intention. However, there is no significant difference in the relationship between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention between high and low-household-income students. While females continue to confront sexism in the workplace, it is crucial that we conduct empirical research into the factors influencing female entrepreneurial intention to boost economic growth and gender parity. This research helps bridge a gap in the prior literature and adds substantial value to encouraging female entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY A fundamental question in developmental biology is how to regulate grain size to improve crop yields. Despite this, little is still known about the genetics and molecular mechanisms regulating grain size in crops. Here, we provide evidence that a putative protein kinase‐like (OsLCD3) interacts with the S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine synthetase 1 (OsSAMS1) and determines the size and weight of grains. OsLCD3 mutation (lcd3) significantly increased grain size and weight by promoting cell expansion in spikelet hull, whereas its overexpression caused negative effects, suggesting that grain size was negatively regulated by OsLCD3. Importantly, lcd3 and OsSAMS1 overexpression (SAM1OE) led to large and heavy grains, with increased ethylene and decreased polyamines production. Based on genetic analyses, it appears that OsLCD3 and OsSAMS1 control rice grain size in part by ethylene/polyamine homeostasis. The results of this study provide a genetic and molecular understanding of how the OsLCD3‐OsSAMS1 regulatory module regulates grain size, suggesting that ethylene/polyamine homeostasis is an appropriate target for improving grain size and weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entropy or information is a fundamental quantity contained in a system in statistical mechanics and information theory. In this paper, a definition of classical information entropy of parton distribution functions is suggested.The extensive and supper-additive properties of the defined entropy are discussed.The concavity is also deduced for the defined entropy. As an example, the classical information entropy of the gluon distribution of the proton is presented. There are some particular features of the evolution of the information entropy in the saturating domain,which could be used in finding the signals of gluon saturation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the intricate-coupling relationship between typhoons and the ionosphere by the high-frequency surface wave radar's (HFSWR) over-the-horizon capabilities. This letter describes the gravity wave features in travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) and ionospheric drift information. Further discussion is raised on the chaotic properties of gravity wave features using the Lyapunov exponents and chaotic attractors, particularly as they are influenced by typhoon. To predict these gravity wave features more accurately, a new model is developed by synergizing phase space reconstruction theory and statistical learning theory, a chaotic prediction model for gravity wave features constructed on a third-order Volterra filter. The experimental findings confirm that the gravity waves features detected via HFSWR present the hyperchaotic behaviour. More importantly, the innovative gravity wave prediction model based on chaotic attractor can capture the dynamics of the original chaotic system. Notably, the model's prediction accuracy has been improved by 98.6% after the introduction of phase space reconstruction modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to the introduction of non‐fullerene acceptors, efficiencies of organic photovoltaics are now approaching 20%. Closing the gap with inorganic photovoltaics requires minimizing voltage losses without penalizing charge extraction, for which microstructure control is crucial. However, the complex interplay between microstructure and charge generation, recombination, and extraction has so far not been unraveled. Here, a systematic study linking device performance to distinct microstructural features via machine learning is presented. Building bi‐layer devices allows to separately study the influence of aggregation and disorder on the energies and lifetimes of bulk and interfacial states. Unambiguous assignments of specific structural motifs to the device photophysics are thus possible. It is found that the control of aggregation‐caused quenching is decisive for the exciton splitting efficiency and thus the carrier generation. Furthermore, the static disorder at the donor–acceptor interface controls the nonradiative recombination by shifting the excited state population from the bulk toward the interface. Finally, the amount of disorder in the bulk is found decisive for charge extraction. The finding that charge generation, recombination, and extraction are controlled by distinct structural features, is the key to optimizing these motifs independently, which will pave the way for organic photovoltaics toward the detailed balance limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is expressed on the surface of tumor cells, and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), which is expressed on T cells, impedes the effective activation of tumor antigen-specific T cells, resulting in the evasion of tumor cells from immune-mediated killing. Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway has been shown to be effective in preventing tumor immune evasion. PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies have garnered significant attention in recent years within the field of tumor treatments, given the aforementioned mechanism. Furthermore, clinical research has substantiated the efficacy and safety of this immunotherapy across various tumors, offering renewed optimism for patients. However, challenges persist in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, marked by limited indications and the emergence of drug resistance. Consequently, identifying additional regulatory pathways and molecules associated with PD-1/PD-L1 and implementing judicious combined treatments are imperative for addressing the intricacies of tumor immune mechanisms. This review briefly outlines the structure of the PD-1/PD-L1 molecule, emphasizing the posttranslational modification regulatory mechanisms and related targets. Additionally, a comprehensive overview on the clinical research landscape concerning PD-1/PD-L1 post-translational modifications combined with PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies to enhance outcomes for a broader spectrum of patients is presented based on foundational research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, permeating every aspect. One area where technology has shown potential to enhance English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning is through the use of animated movies. Despite the growing significance of technology in education, research is scarce in this specific area. Therefore, the aim of this study, conducted in 2023, was to investigate the impact of animated movies on the development of speaking abilities among motivated EFL learners. A total of 370 elementary students studying EFL in various institutions participated by responding to questionnaires. A multiple‐stage cluster sampling approach was employed to select the participants. The students were divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG). The selection of 15 animated films from a pool of 50 was performed using the Lawsh CVR (content validity ratio) and CVI (content validity index) algorithms, following validation by professionals. The study was designed as an experiment, and descriptive statistics and the ANCOVA test were employed to analyse the quantitative data. The findings revealed a significant difference between the pre‐test and post‐test results of the EG in English‐speaking skills, vocabulary learning, English pronunciation skills, understanding and recognition. According to the study, animated movies have the potential to aid teachers and EFL students in enhancing their speaking skills. This research sheds light on the benefits of incorporating animated movies into language learning environments, offering valuable insights for both educators and learners alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Kaempferol‐3‐O‐sophoroside (PCS‐1) is the main component in Crocus sativus (Saffron), a herb with mood‐enhancing properties. AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a potential therapeutic target for depression. This study explores the antidepressive‐like properties of PCS‐1 and its AMPK activation to confirm AMPK as a target for antidepression. Experimental Approach: Corticosterone (CORT)‐induced PC12 cell injury served as an in vitro model to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of PCS‐1. Neuro‐2a cells and primary neurons were utilized to evaluate the synaptogenesis role of PCS‐1. CORT‐induced mouse depression model and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model were used to assess the antidepressive‐like properties of PCS‐1 through behavioural tests, magnetic resonance imaging, and biochemical index measurements. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were used to study the mechanisms of PCS‐1. Cellular thermal shift assay was used to confirm the binding target. Key Results: PCS‐1 (12.5–50 μM) ameliorated CORT‐induced PC12 cell damage, oxidative stress and inflammation. PCS‐1 alone promoted an increase in synapses in Neuro‐2a cells and primary neurons. Oral administration of PCS‐1 (10 and 20 mg·kg−1) ameliorated weight loss, dyskinesia, and hippocampal volume reduction induced by CORT and CUMS. PCS‐1 bound to AMPK to improve the expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and induce autophagy. Conclusion and Implications: PCS‐1 binds to AMPK to promote BDNF production and autophagy enhancement, ultimately achieving antidepressant effects. This study provides support for the clinical application of saffron petals and provides further evidence for AMPK as a potential target for antidepression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in psychology and sociology have documented that anti-rich mentality is a threat to the stability of society and harms personal mental health, but few studies have investigated ways to intervene in anti-rich mentality. In the current work, we took an initial step to explore whether anti-rich mentality can be reduced by appreciative joy, a positive psychological concept that refers to feeling happy for others with an appreciative and unenvious attitude. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey in Study 1 (n = 632) first established a negative association between appreciative joy and anti-rich mentality. In Study 2, a randomized controlled trial further evaluated the effects of appreciative joy intervention (n = 499). The results showed that the intervention increased appreciative joy and decreased anti-rich mentality. Moreover, two concepts closely related to anti-rich mentality (i.e., perceived fairness in allocation and envy) were influenced by appreciative joy intervention. Our findings not only confirm the possibility of a positive psychology intervention to relieve anti-rich mentality but also highlight the effectiveness of appreciative joy in changing attitudes toward social groups. Implications for practices and prospects for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vascular occlusion induced by hyaluronic acid injections is rare, but can lead to severe adverse events, including necrosis, blindness, and cerebral infarction. Objective: This study aims to explore methods of reducing the risk of complications such as embolism induced by hyaluronic acid injection, and to study the impact of comprehensive systematic treatment on the prognosis of patients with hyaluronic acid embolism. Methods: The clinical data of three female patients with vascular occlusion due to hyaluronic acid injection was analyzed. Their median age was 26 years, with symptoms presenting 1–6 h postinjection. Hospital stays averaged 6 days. Two patients had ptosis, diplopia, and severe pain after injection of eyebrows. The other, who had a nose enhancement, experienced facial skin color changes and intense pain. Results: Two patients received comprehensive, systematic treatment based on injectable hyaluronidase. One patient self‐discharged after receiving injectable hyaluronidase, antispasmodic, and vasodilator treatment on the night of embolism and returned to the hospital 3 days later with worsening embolism symptoms and received symptomatic treatment again. Two patients who received comprehensive, systematic treatment based on injectable hyaluronidase showed significant improvement, while the patient who did not undergo systematic treatment left scars on the face. Conclusion: Vascular occlusion caused by hyaluronic acid facial filling is a severe adverse event, and timely, comprehensive, systematic treatment can effectively improve irreversible damage caused by thrombosis, and even cure it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Co-WS 2 heterostructure, loaded on nanofibers with faster electron transport rates, was designed and developed using a top-down approach to achieve high HER performance in alkaline electrolytes. Driven by the inherent electric field induced by the work function difference between Co and WS 2 , efficient electron transfer at the interface optimizes the adsorption energy of reaction intermediates and boosts catalytic activity. [Display omitted] Designing and developing cost-effective, high-performance catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for advancing hydrogen production technology. Tungsten-based sulfides (WS x) exhibit great potential as efficient HER catalysts, however, the activity is limited by the larger energy required for water dissociation under alkaline conditions. Herein, we adopt a top-down strategy to construct heterostructure Co-WS 2 nanofiber catalysts. The experimental results and theoretical simulations unveil that the work functions-induced built-in electric field at the interface of Co-WS 2 catalysts facilitates the electron transfer from Co to WS 2 , significantly reducing water dissociation energy and optimizing the Gibbs free energy of the entire reaction step for HER. Besides, the self-supported catalysts of Co-WS 2 nanoparticles confining 1D nanofibers exhibit an increased number of active sites. As expected, the heterostructure Co-WS 2 catalysts exhibit remarkable HER activity with an overpotential of 113 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2 and stability with 30 h catalyzing at 23 mA cm−2. This work can provide an avenue for designing highly efficient catalysts applicable to the field of energy storage and conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-purity semi-insulating (HPSI) 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) single crystals are critical semiconductor materials for fabricating GaN-based high-frequency devices. One of the major challenges for the growth of HPSI 4H-SiC single crystals is the unintentional doping of nitrogen (N) and boron (B). The addition of hydrogen has been supposed to mitigate unintentional doping. However, the underlying mechanism has not been well understood. In this work, the role of hydrogen in the growth of HPSI 4H-SiC single crystals is investigated by first-principles formation-energy calculations. We find that the addition of hydrogen significantly mitigates N doping while hardly affecting B doping. Once hydrogen is added, hydrogen may adsorb at the growing surface of 4H-SiC, leading to surface passivation. Since N can react with hydrogen to form stable NH3 (g), the chemical potential of N is reduced, so that the formation energy of N in 4H-SiC increases. Hence, the critical partial pressure of nitrogen required for the growth of HPSI 4H-SiC single crystals increases by two orders of magnitude. Moreover, we reveal that the adjustment of relative B and N doping concentrations has a substantial impact on the Fermi energy of HPSI 4H-SiC. When the doping concentration of N is higher than that of B, N interacts with carbon vacancies (VC) to pin the Fermi energy at Z1/2. When the doping concentration of B is higher than that of N, the Fermi energy is pinned at EH6/7. This explains that the resistivity of unintentionally doped HPSI 4H-SiC may vary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) is a research field at the intersection between machine learning and logic programming, focusing on developing a formal framework for inductively learning relational descriptions in the form of logic programs from examples and background knowledge. As an emerging method of ILP, Meta-Interpretive Learning (MIL) leverages the specialization of a set of higher-order metarules to learn logic programs. In MIL, the input includes a set of examples, background knowledge, and a set of metarules, while the output is a logic program. MIL executes a depth-first traversal search, where its program search space expands polynomially with the number of predicates in the provided background knowledge and exponentially with the number of clauses in the program, sometimes even leading to search collapse. To address this challenge, this study introduces a strategy that employs the concept of reuse, specifically through the integration of auxiliary predicates, to reduce the number of clauses in programs and improve the learning efficiency. This approach focuses on the proactive identification and reuse of common program patterns. To operationalize this strategy, we introduce MILER, a novel method integrating a predicate generator, program learner, and program evaluator. MILER leverages frequent subgraph mining techniques to detect common patterns from a limited dataset of training samples, subsequently embedding these patterns as auxiliary predicates into the background knowledge. In our experiments involving two Visual Question Answering (VQA) tasks and one program synthesis task, we assessed MILER's approach to utilizing reusable program patterns as auxiliary predicates. The results indicate that, by incorporating these patterns, MILER identifies reusable program patterns, reduces program clauses, and directly decreases the likelihood of timeouts compared to traditional MIL. This leads to improved learning success rates by optimizing computational efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most advanced non-viral platform for nucleic acid delivery, holding enormous potential applications in clinical therapy. However, some shortcomings remain, such as complex synthetic routes, low synthetic yield, and high cost. In this study, a series of lipid molecules with different cationic headgroups and hydrophobic tails were designed and prepared via Passerini reaction, which provided a convenient multi-component one-step synthetic process toward the lipid molecules with variable product structures for structure–activity relationship studies. The LNPs formed from these lipids could compress DNA efficiently and form stable lipoplexes with low cytotoxicity. The gene transfection efficiency was largely affected by the lipid structure including the cationic headgroup and hydrophobic tails. The lipids A3 with equal C14 length tails could induce the highest transfection efficiency, which was up to 25 times higher than Lipo 2000. Compared to the commercial transfection reagent, the efficiency of target LNPs was less negatively affected by serum. Mechanism studies by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that lipids with equal C14 length tails led to more efficient cellular uptake, which might contribute to their higher transfection efficiency. This study provides a new strategy for the construction of cationic lipid gene vectors for non-viral gene delivery by multi-component Passerini reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a long‐standing clinical challenge. Traditionally, CRPC drugs work by either reducing dihydrotestosterone biosynthesis or blocking androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Here it is demonstrated that AR inhibitor treatment gives rise to a drug‐tolerant persister (DTP) state. The thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin pathway is up‐regulated in DTP cells. Peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) promotes AR inhibitor resistance and CRPC development. Inhibition of PRDX5 suppresses DTP cell proliferation in culture, dampens CRPC development in animal models, and stabilizes PSA progression and metastatic lesions in patients. Therefore, the study provides a novel mechanism and potential target for the management of castration‐resistant prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe synergistic effect of ionic liquids (ILs) and anionic surfactants, ILs and cationic surfactants, and ILs and nonionic surfactants to form microemulsions has been studied by other researchers, while the synergistic effect of ionic liquids and zwitterionic surfactants to form microemulsions has not been reported. Here, we report the synergistic effect of imidazolium ionic liquid, 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C16mim] [Br], and betaine-type zwitterionic surfactant, cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine (CAHS), as surfactants, to form microemulsions with n-butanol, n-hexane and water. Phase behavior of the systems with different mass ratios of two surfactants, varied mass ratios of surfactant to cosurfactant (Km), and different temperatures are investigated by pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. The single-phase region of the microemulsion is maximized when the ratio of CAHS to [C16mim] [Br] is 1:4 and Km is 1.5, with little temperature dependence. The size and the polarity of microemulsions are explored. The synergistic effect of [C16mim] [Br] and CAHS is confirmed by surface tension and interface tension. A universal preparation method to form microemulsions by combining ionic liquids with zwitterionic betaine-type surfactants is provided and it play a pivotal role in broadening the potential uses of ILs in microemulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigated the potential applicability and the underlying mechanisms of flavokawain C, a natural compound derived from kava extracts, in liver cancer treatment. Methods: Drug distribution experiment used to demonstrate the preferential tissues enrichment of flavokawain C. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration effect of flavokawain C were determined by MTT, colony formation, EdU staining, cell adhesion, transwell, flow cytometry and western blot assay. The mechanism was explored by comet assay, immunofluorescence assay, RNA-seq-based Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis, molecular dynamics, bioinformatics analysis and western blot assay. The anticancer effect of flavokawain C was further confirmed by xenograft tumor model. Results: The studies first demonstrated the preferential enrichment of flavokawain C within liver tissues in vivo. The findings demonstrated that flavokawain C significantly inhibited proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells, induced cellular apoptosis, and triggered intense DNA damage along with strong DNA damage response. The findings from RNA-seq-based KEGG analysis, molecular dynamics, bioinformatics analysis, and western blot assay mechanistically indicated that treatment with flavokawain C notably suppressed the FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in liver cancer cells. This effect was attributed to the induction of gene changes and the binding of flavokawain C to the ATP sites of FAK and PI3K, resulting in the inhibition of their phosphorylation. Additionally, flavokawain C also displayed the strong capacity to inhibit Huh-7-derived xenograft tumor growth in mice with minimal adverse effects. Conclusions: These findings identified that flavokawain C is a promising anticancer agent for liver cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Only a small number of studies have reported the impact of Ki-67 and P16 expression in tumour tissue on the prognosis of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. This study investigated the relationship between Ki-67 and P16 expression levels after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. • 334 patients had a median Ki-67 index of 60 % (0–90 %), with 303 (90.7 %) cases of positive P16 expression and 31 (9.3 %) cases of negative P16 expression. The cut-off value of Ki-67 for determining recurrence was 67.5 % according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. In multi-factorial Cox analysis, lymphatic vascular space (p = 0.003) and Ki-67 index (p = 0.005) were shown to increase the risk of recurrence, and were independent prognostic factors for recurrence. Patients with cervical cancer in the high Ki-67 expression group (Ki-67 ≥ 67.5 %) had lower recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) than patients in the low Ki-67 expression group (Ki-67 < 67.5 %) (p = 0.001 and 0.036, respectively). • This study provides a theoretical basis for postoperative complementary therapy and follow-up monitoring of this group of patients to control the disease and reduce the risk of recurrence to prolong RFS and OS. To investigate the relationship between Ki-67 and P16 expression levels after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Patients with FIGO 2009 stage IB2 or IIA2 cervical cancer, who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with radical hysterectomy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between January 2015 and December 2019, were identified retrospectively to correlate postoperative Ki-67 and P16 expression levels with clinicopathological factors. The optimal threshold for predicting recurrence was analysed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the Ki-67 index, and univariate and multi-factorial Cox regression analysis were used to investigate the association between clinicpathological features including Ki-67 and P16 and recurrence-free survival. In total, 334 patients were included after screening. The cut-off value of Ki-67 for determining recurrence was 67.5 % according to the ROC curve. On multi-factorial Cox analysis, lymphatic vascular space (p = 0.003) and Ki-67 index (p = 0.005) were shown to increase the risk of recurrence, and were independent prognostic factors for recurrence, while the expression of P16 was not significantly associated with the risk of recurrence (p = 0.097, odds ratio = 0.319). Patients with cervical cancer in the high Ki-67 expression group (Ki-67 ≥ 67.5 %) had lower recurrence-free survival and overall survival than patients in the low Ki-67 expression group (Ki-67 < 67.5 %) (p = 0.001 and 0.036, respectively). The expression levels of Ki-67 and P16 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer correlated with tumour differentiation. High expression of Ki-67 (Ki-67 ≥ 67.5 %) may indicate poorer recurrence-free survival and overall survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the neuroprotective effects of ARA290 and the role of β‐common receptor (βCR) in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods: This study included male C57BL/6J mice that underwent MCAO and reperfusion. The neuroprotective effect of ARA290 on MCAO‐induced brain injury was investigated using neurological function tests (Longa and modified neurological severity score). Cerebral infarction was examined by 2, 3, 5‐triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, neuronal apoptosis was assessed by immunofluorescence staining, blood parameters were measured using a flow cytometry‐based automated hematology analyzer, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the serum metabolomics signature, inflammatory cytokines and liver index were detected by commercially available kits, and the protein levels of the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor and βCR were measured by western blot. Results: ARA290 exerted a qualitatively similar neuroprotective effect after MCAO as EPO. ARA290 significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis and the level of inflammatory cytokines in the brain tissue. However, ARA290's neuroprotective effect was significantly suppressed following the injection of siRNA against βCR. Conclusion: ARA290 provided a neuroprotective effect via βCR in cerebral ischemic mice without causing erythropoiesis. This study provides novel insights into the role of ARA290 in ischemic stroke intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary times, developed economies are adopting environmentally friendly initiatives such as green finance and energy efficiency. However, the factors affecting energy efficiency are widely explored, and green finance remains overlooked in the empirical literature. The present research examines the drivers of sustainable green finance in OECD economies during 2004–2021. The study uses several panel diagnostic tests and validates the mixed integration order of the variables. Still, the long-run equilibrium relationship is valid between financial inclusion, energy efficiency, human capital, foreign trade, composite risk, and green finance. Using panel autoregressive distributed lag model, the study found that financial inclusion, energy efficiency, foreign trade, and composite risk significantly improve green finance in the long run. However, only energy efficiency is effective in the short run. On the other hand, human capital exhibits a significant adverse influence on green finance. The long-run results are robust due to the significant estimates offered by panel dynamic ordinary least square. Besides, there exist one-way and two-way causal associations between variables. The study recommends improving the financial sector performance to enhance financial inclusivity, increase investment in the energy efficiency sector, and encourage trade in environmentally friendly initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explore the impact of HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) values on two key properties, namely the thermoelectric conductivities and the stability of the suspension, of a hybrid nanofluid composed of TiO2 and CuO nanoparticles. The present study employed a two-step synthesis method to prepare the polymeric nanofluid, which meant that the nanoparticles were mixed with the base fluid using an ultrasonic oscillator, which was easier and cheaper than the one-step synthesis method. To ensure that the nanoparticles remain evenly dispersed in the base fluid, two distinct polymer-emulsifier combinations with different HLB values were employed as the dispersing agents. The first pair of polymeric emulsifiers consisted of Span#20 and Tween#20, and the second pair was Span#80 and Tween#80 composed to four HLB values of 12, 13, 14, and 15. The experiment measured the properties of the nanofluid, including the particle size, Zeta potential, and thermoelectric conductivities at different temperatures from 20 °C to 50 °C. The experimental outcomes indicated that an HLB value of 13 was the best for the two sets of polymeric emulsifiers tested. This value corresponded to the most reduced particle size, measured at 170 nm, alongside the most elevated Zeta potential, recorded at −30 mV. Additionally, this HLB value was associated with the peak thermoelectric conductivity, which was 1.46 W/m∙K. This suggests that there may be some variation in the best HLB value depending on the type of polymeric emulsifiers and the temperature of the hybrid nanofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to the development of novel electron acceptor materials, the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are now approaching 20%. Further improvement of PCE is complicated by the need for a driving force to split strongly bound excitons into free charges, causing voltage losses. This review discusses recent approaches to finding efficient OPV systems with minimal driving force, combining near unity quantum efficiency (maximum short circuit currents) with optimal energy efficiency (maximum open circuit voltages). The authors discuss apparently contradicting results on the amount of exciton binding in recent literature, and approaches to harmonize the findings. A comprehensive view is then presented on motifs providing a driving force for charge separation, namely hybridization at the donor:acceptor interface and polarization effects in the bulk, of which quadrupole moments (electrostatics) play a leading role. Apart from controlling the energies of the involved states, these motifs also control the dynamics of recombination processes, which are essential to avoid voltage and fill factor losses. Importantly, all motifs are shown to depend on both molecular structure and process conditions. The resulting high dimensional search space advocates for high throughput (HT) workflows. The final part of the review presents recent HT studies finding consolidated structure–property relationships in OPV films and devices from various deposition methods, from research to industrial upscaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatments for multiple myeloma (MM) have evolved over time and improved MM survival. While racial differences in MM treatment and prognosis between non‐Hispanic African American (NHAA) and non‐Hispanic White (NHW) patients are well‐established, it is unclear whether they have persisted after the introduction of novel agents. Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare linked database, our study investigated racial difference in the receipt of treatment within 1 year following diagnosis and assessed survival outcomes among Medicare beneficiaries (≥66 years) diagnosed with MM from 2007 to 2017. We applied multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the association between race and survival and presented hazard ratios (HRs). Results: Of 2094 NHAA and 11,983 NHW older patients with MM, 59.5% and 64.8% received treatment during the first year, respectively. Discrepancy in the proportion of patients receiving treatment between the two groups increased from 2.9% in 2007 to 2009 to 6.9% in 2014–2017. After controlling for relevant factors, patients who received treatment within the first year had lower mortality than those who did not (HR = 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86–0.94). NHAA patients had a lower probability to receive treatments during the first year than NHW patients (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85–0.97) but had lower mortality (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.88–1.00). The lower mortality was only observed among patients who received no treatment (HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.77–0.93); NHAA and NHW patients who received treatment had similar survival (p = 0.63). Conclusions: The increasing racial disparity in treatment utilization over time is concerning. Efforts are needed to eliminate the barriers of receiving treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the intrinsic structure model of SiCp/Al composites was constructed based on the analysis of static and dynamic mechanical properties of SiCp/Al composites. Quasi-static tensile tests were conducted for SiCp/2a14Al composites with 20% volume fraction using an electronic universal testing machine to study the static mechanical properties of the material. Dynamic compression tests were conducted at different temperatures (20 °C-400 °C) and strain rates (500 /s-3000 /s) using a Hopkinson compression bar test to analyze the dynamic mechanical properties of the material. The Johnson-Cook (JC) intrinsic structure model of SiCp/Al composites was constructed based on the material stress-strain test data under static and dynamic conditions, and the model was optimized by genetic algorithm. The results show that the SiCp/Al composites exhibit a strain-reinforcement effect under quasi-static conditions; under dynamic loading conditions, the material flow stress increases with the strain rate and exhibits a strain-rate reinforcement effect, which is related to the volume fraction of silicon carbide particles. With the increase of temperature, the flow stress decreases and exhibits a temperature-softening effect. The average error between the least squares fitted JC model and the experimental values is large, and the model error is reduced after optimization by genetic algorithm, which can accurately predict the rheological behavior of SiCp/2a14Al composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loving‐kindness and compassion meditation (LKCM) have been well applied among employees to improve their health and well‐being. Existing studies on LKCM have also provided supportive evidence of its benefits and effectiveness under organizational contexts. The current meta‐analytical study aimed to systematically summarise the effects of LKCM in the workplace and to outline directions for future research and practice. Among 327 empirical studies on LKCM published until March 2022, 21 trials focussed on employees and provided sufficient information, which were included in the following meta‐analysis. The results showed that LKCM benefited eight categories of workplace outcomes. Specifically, LKCM effectively decreased employees' burnout (g = 0.395, k = 10) and stress (g = 0.544, k = 10) and facilitated their mindfulness (g = 0.558, k = 14), self‐compassion (g = 0.646, k = 12), personal mental health (g = 0.308, k = 13), job attitudes (g = 0.283, k = 4), interpersonal relationships (g = 0.381, k = 12), and psychological resources (g = 0.406, k = 6). The results of moderation analyses further indicated that the participants' job type, gender, and the focus of LKCM might differentially fluctuate the magnitude of LKCM effects. To advance research and best practice, we finally pointed out several issues that deserve attention, such as long‐term effects, underlying mechanisms, potential moderators, and outcomes or influential factors at the organizational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) modified glassy carbon electrodes (HBC/GCEs) was fabricated by an electrochemical synthesis, solving the difficulty of the preparation of HBC films because of its poor solubility. HBC/GCE was used as a sensing electrode for the voltammetric investigation of imidacloprid (IDP). The presence of HBC increased the conductivity of GCE, and showed good electrocatalytic activity toward the reaction of IDP. Therefore, the HBC enhanced the electrochemical signal of IDP, which increased the sensitivity of the sensor. The best performance was obtained by optimizing the electrochemical synthesis time, pH and enrichment time. The linear response range and the limit of detection were 5 to 750 μmol·L−1 and 1.5 μmol·L−1, respectively. Moreover, the proposed sensor also exhibited good repeatability, selectivity and stability, and promising applications for real sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the dynamic evolution process of the ocean and ionosphere in sudden sea conditions poses a challenging problem. To address this objective, this study utilizes actual data from high-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) to analyze, validate, summarize, and characterize the echo properties of the ocean and ionosphere during the severe Typhoon Muifa. By employing the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) method, the HFSWR ocean and ionosphere echoes stimulated by typhoon-induced gravity waves are observed, and the joint gravity wave features of the ocean and ionosphere echoes at different time scales are extracted. Additionally, the phase-space reconstruction method is employed to characterize the dynamical evolution of the joint gravity wave features in higher-dimensional space. Furthermore, the chaotic dynamics behavior of the joint gravity wave features is analyzed using the largest Lyapunov exponents. By combining the gravity wave features with chaotic dynamics, this study introduces a method to characterize the joint gravity wave features. The extraction of joint gravity wave features in HFSWR echoes stimulated by typhoons, along with the construction of a chaotic characterization scheme for the gravity wave features, provides an innovative approach and a solid technical foundation for studying the ocean and ionosphere using HFSWR under sudden sea conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: White matter hyperintensities (WMH) increase the risk of stroke and cognitive impairment. This study aims to determine the cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between adiposity and WMH. Methods: Participants were enrolled from the UK Biobank cohort. Associations of concurrent, past, and changes in overall and central adiposity with WMH were investigated by linear and nonlinear regression models. The association of longitudinal adiposity and WMH volume changes was determined by a linear mixed model. Mediation analysis investigated the potential mediating effect of blood pressure. Results: In 34,653 participants with available adiposity measures and imaging data, the concurrent obese group had a 25.3% (β [95% CI] = 0.253 [0.222–0.284]) higher WMH volume than the ideal weight group. Increment in all adiposity measures was associated with a higher WMH volume. Among them, waist circumference demonstrated the strongest effect (β [95% CI] = 0.113 [0.101–0.125]). Past adiposity also demonstrated similar effects. Among the subset of 2664 participants with available WMH follow‐up data, adiposity measures were predictive of WMH change. Regarding changes of adiposity, compared with ideal weight stable group, those who turned from ideal weight to overweight/obese had a 8.1% higher WMH volume (β [95% CI] = 0.081 [0.039–0.123]), while participants who turned from overweight/obese to ideal weight demonstrated no significant WMH volume change. Blood pressure partly meditates the associations between adiposity and WMH. Conclusions: Both concurrent and past adiposity were associated with a higher WMH volume. The detrimental effects of adiposity on WMH occurred throughout midlife and in the elderly and may still exist after changes in obesity status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Over the last century, lakes all over the world have experienced significant eutrophication and become more susceptible to critical transitions. This has prompted a growing need to understand how community dynamics shift following ecological perturbations. This study aims to elucidate the present status, spatial patterns and determinants of biological diversity, and how they have changed in response to alterations driven by eutrophication. Location: Lakes of East China, mostly in the Yangtze River Basin. Taxa: Bacillariophyceae (163 species in 33 genres, see taxa names in Appendix S1). Methods: The environmental conditions of over 60 lakes were assessed based on parameters such as water quality, physical characteristics and biogeochemical constituents. Surface sediment samples and high‐resolution sediment records were collected to quantify the biodiversity of diatom communities, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the major environmental gradients. Meanwhile, linear regression, canonical correlation analysis and Mantel tests were used to quantify the correlations between variables. Results: Biodiversity metrics showed no distinct geographic patterns, although areas near large lakes showed comparatively high evenness. Smaller pairwise dissimilarities were observed among hypereutrophic lakes in comparison to lakes with a lower trophic status. The past century has witnessed a decrease in both pairwise dissimilarity and the standard deviation of evenness. A significant statistical association was found between dissimilarity and ionic concentration and composition in the surface sediment of lakes, rather than nutrient levels. Main Conclusions: Following regional eutrophication and human disturbance, a significant reduction in biodiversity differentiation was observed in lakes located in East China. Currently, the dominant factor in determining the beta diversity of diatom communities is geochemical conditions rather than nutrient concentrations. Long‐term stress caused by cultural eutrophication may also have altered the dominant determinant of regional biodiversity and diatom community dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over half of patients with enlarged vestibular aqueducts (EVA) will have an air-bonr gap (ABG), however, current research on audiology has focused on the influencing factors of air-conducted. To retrospectively analyse the influencing factors and clinical manifestations of the bone-conduction threshold and ABG in patients with EVA. We included 286 patients with EVA; among them, 126 had full SLC26A4 gene sequence results. We performed a descriptive analysis of the bone-conduction threshold and explored the effect of age. Finally, we analyzed the relationship of ABG and SLC26A4 genes with the degree of vestibular aqueduct (VA) enlargement. Among 555 ears, 312 (57.8%) ears had ABG; approximately 94% of the patients' bone-conduction hearing is almost completely lost at frequencies of 2 and 4 kHz. There was no linear correlation between age and bone-conduction threshold (p > 0.05). ABG did not significantly differ according to the degree of VA enlargement and number of SLC26A4 allele mutations (p > 0.05). Among patients with EVA, ABG is mainly produced at low frequencies and is not significantly correlated with age, size of the VA opening or SLC26A4 genes, which could be attributed to the biomechanical effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major challenges of 4H-silicon carbide (4H-SiC) is that the preparation of low resistivity p-type 4H-SiC single crystals lags seriously behind that of low resistivity n-type 4H-SiC single crystals, hindering the development of important 4H-SiC power devices such as n-channel insulated gate bipolar transistors. In particular, the resistivity of p-type 4H-SiC single crystals prepared through the physical vapor transport technique can only be lowered to around 100 mΩ cm. One of the key causes is the incomplete ionization of the p-type dopant Al with an ionization energy ∼0.23 eV. Another factor is the compensating effect. It cannot simply assume nitrogen (N) is the sole compensatory center, since the number of the compensating center is larger than the concentration of N doping. In this work, we systematically investigate the compensation of native defects and self-compensation in Al-doped 4H-SiC. It is found that the positively charged carbon vacancies ( V C 2 + ) are also the dominant compensating centers in Al-doped 4H-SiC. When the Al concentration is in the range of 1016–1019 cm−3, the concentration of holes is lower by one order of magnitude than the Al concentration because of the compensation of V C 2 + . As the Al concentration exceeds 1020 cm−3, the concentration of holes is only in the order of magnitude of 1019 cm−3 owing to the dominant compensation of V C 2 + and supplementary self-compensation of interstitial Al ( Al i 3 + ). We propose that the passivation of V C 2 + as well as quenching is effective to enhance the hole concentration of Al-doped 4H-SiC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological learning curve models have been continuously used to estimate the cost development of solar photovoltaics (PV) for climate mitigation targets over time. They can integrate several technical sources that influence the learning process. Yet, the accurate and realistic learning curve that reflects the cost estimations of PV development is still challenging to determine. To address this question, we develop four hypothetical-alternative learning curve models by proposing different combinations of technological learning sources, including both local and global technological experience and knowledge stock. We specifically adopt the system dynamics approach to focus on the non-linear relationship and dynamic interaction between the cost development and technological learning source. By applying this approach to Chinese PV systems, the results reveal that the suitability and accuracy of learning curve models for cost estimation are dependent on the development stages of PV systems. At each stage, different models exhibit different levels of closure in cost estimation. Furthermore, our analysis underscores the critical role of incorporating global technical sources into learning curve models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver disease accounts for millions of deaths per year all over the world due to complications from cirrhosis and liver injury. In this study, a novel compound, dimethyl bisphenolate (DMB), was synthesized to investigate its role in ameliorating carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury through the regulation of oxidative stress-related genes. The structure of DMB was confirmed based on its hydrogen spectrum and mass spectrometry. DMB significantly reduced the high levels of ALT, AST, DBIL, TBIL, ALP, and LDH in a dose-dependent manner in the sera of CCl4-treated rats. The protective effects of DMB on biochemical indicators were similar to those of silymarin. The ROS fluorescence intensity increased in CCl4-treated cells but significantly weakened in DMB-treated cells compared with the controls. DMB significantly increased the content of oxidative stress-related GSH, Nrf2, and GCLC dose-dependently but reduced MDA levels in CCl4-treated cells or the liver tissues of CCl4-treated rats. Moreover, DMB treatment decreased the expression levels of P53 and Bax but increased those of Bcl2. In summary, DMB demonstrated protective effects on CCl4-induced liver injury by regulating oxidative stress-related genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermolecular carbophosphination reaction of alkynes or alkenes with unreactive C−P bonds remains an elusive challenge. Herein, we used a Ni−Al bimetallic catalyst to realize an intermolecular carbophosphination reaction of alkynes with 5‐membered phosphole oxides, providing a series of 7‐membered phosphepines in up to 94 % yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the FitzHugh-Nagumo system equipped with boundary condition of Dirichlet type on some two/three-dimensional domains. This system describes the signal transmission across the axonal membrane in neurophysiology. It is a semilinear parabolic PDE for the voltage variable coupled with a first-order ODE of space-time type for the recovery variable. We prove that there exists a finite-dimensional global manifold in the case of the fast recovery variable. Since the manifold is uniformly attracting, it gives geometric insight into the global long-time dynamics of the solutions. The proof is based on an abstract invariant manifold theorem for dynamical systems on a Banach space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermolecular carbophosphination reaction of alkynes or alkenes with unreactive C−P bonds remains an elusive challenge. Herein, we used a Ni−Al bimetallic catalyst to realize an intermolecular carbophosphination reaction of alkynes with 5‐membered phosphole oxides, providing a series of 7‐membered phosphepines in up to 94 % yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogenic and can induce mutations in living organisms, posing a threat to the ecological environment and human life and health. Catalytic hydrogenation of aromatics to reduce the saturation of aromatics not only reduces their toxicity, but also greatly increases their potential value. Compared with the unsupported catalysts with only active components, the supported metal catalysts have higher catalytic activity and better selectivity, the catalytic activity of the hydrogenation reaction depends on the metal active phase and catalyst support. On metal/acid catalysts, the metal active center and nearby acid sites are involved in the conversion of aromatics, the active hydrogen leaking from the metal center can hydrogenate the adsorbed aromatics at the acid site. This paper reviews the recent research progress of nickel‐based catalysts for aromatic hydrocarbon catalytic hydrogenation and discusses the development prospects and challenges faced by non‐precious metal catalysts. In addition, the sulfur tolerance and hydrogen storage properties of catalysts for aromatics are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the existence of invariant manifolds for a coupled problem of nonlinear hyperbolic–parabolic PDEs on a 3-D torus. The problem arises usually in the study of wave propagation phenomena with viscous damping which are heat generating. The spectral gap condition could fail for it. We prove that there exists a Lipschitz manifold which is locally invariant under the semiflow. The local asymptotic stability and regularity of the manifold are also considered. Moreover, under more assumptions on the nonlinearity, it is proved that the manifold is provided with the feature as that global manifold usually holds, i.e., it contains the global attractor. Through it all, no large damping and heat diffusivity are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number (CN) is a biomarker of mitochondrial function and has been reported associated with kidney disease. However, its association with IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the most common cause of glomerulonephritis (GN), has not been evaluated. We included 664 patients with biopsy-proven IgAN and measured mtDNA-CN in peripheral blood by multiplexed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We examined the associations between mtDNA-CN and clinical variables and found that patients with higher mtDNA-CN had higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r = 0.1009, p =.0092) and lower serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA) (r=−0.1101, −0.1023, −0.07806, respectively, all p values <.05). In terms of pathological injury, mtDNA-CN was higher in patients with less mesangial hypercellularity (p =.0385, M0 vs. M1 score by Oxford classification). Multivariable logistic regression analyses also showed that mtDNA-CN was lower for patients with moderate to severe renal impairment (defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) vs. mild renal impairment, with the odds ratio of 0.757 (95% confidence interval: 0.579–0.990, p =.042). In conclusion, mtDNA-CN was correlated with better renal function and less pathological injury in patients with IgAN, proposing that systemic mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved in or reflect the development of IgAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a new tool, differential staining fluorescence microscopy (DSFM), to measure the biovolume and track the location of enteric pathogens in mixed-species biofilms which can pose a risk to food safety in beef processing facilities. DSFM was employed to examine the impact of pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and three different Salmonella enterica strains on mixed-species biofilms of beef processing facilities. Fourteen floor drain biofilm samples from three beef processing plants were incubated with overnight BacLight stained enteric pathogens at 7 °C for 5 days on stainless steel surface then counter-stained with FM-1-43 biofilm stain and analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. Notable variations in biovolume of biofilms were observed across the fourteen samples. The introduction of E. coli O157:H7 and S. enterica strains resulted in diverse alterations of biofilm biovolume, suggesting distinct impacts on mixed-species biofilms by different enteric pathogens which were revealed to be located in the upper layer of the mixed-species biofilms. Pathogen strain growth curve comparisons and verification of BacLight Red Stain staining effectiveness were validated. The findings of this study show that the DSFM method is a promising approach to studying the location of enteric pathogens within mixed-species biofilms recovered from processing facilities. Understanding how foodborne pathogens interact with biofilms will allow for improved targeted antimicrobial interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the detection speed of cow mounting behavior and the lightness of the model in dense scenes, this study proposes a lightweight rapid detection system for cow mounting behavior. Using the concept of EfficientNetV2, a lightweight backbone network is designed using an attention mechanism, inverted residual structure, and depth-wise separable convolution. Next, a feature enhancement module is designed using residual structure, efficient attention mechanism, and Ghost convolution. Finally, YOLOv5s, the lightweight backbone network, and the feature enhancement module are combined to construct a lightweight rapid recognition model for cow mounting behavior. Multiple cameras were installed in a barn with 200 cows to obtain 3343 images that formed the cow mounting behavior dataset. Based on the experimental results, the inference speed of the model put forward in this study is as high as 333.3 fps, the inference time per image is 4.1 ms, and the model mAP value is 87.7%. The mAP value of the proposed model is shown to be 2.1% higher than that of YOLOv5s, the inference speed is 0.47 times greater than that of YOLOv5s, and the model weight is 2.34 times less than that of YOLOv5s. According to the obtained results, the model proposed in the current work shows high accuracy and inference speed and acquires the automatic detection of cow mounting behavior in dense scenes, which would be beneficial for the all-weather real-time monitoring of multi-channel cameras in large cattle farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energetic isomerism has not received enough attention and it in fact occurs rather commonly in the field of energetic materials. A series of energetic isomers possess the same molecular formulation but different molecular structures and possibly significant differences in performances and properties. Packing density is one of the most decisive factors for detonation properties of energetic materials. This work focuses upon the difference in packing density of energetic isomers and the related underlying mechanism. Structurally, the presence of CH3/CH3/CH and catenated N/O chains generally causes low molecular density, while that of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and NH2 linked by conjugated rings does the opposite; and the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding facilitates a high packing coefficient. Largely, it exhibits that, for a group of energetic isomers, the packing coefficient rather than molecular density dominates packing density. Sometimes, an isomer with the lowest total energy and the strongest trigger bond can possess the highest detonation velocity, suggesting that the most stable isomer may be the most powerful. It shows that the understanding of the difference in packing density of energetic isomers can serve as a strategy for constructing high energy and low sensitivity molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has linked cultural differences between a sojourner's home and host country with their cultural transformation. Nonetheless, the results of empirical studies are inconclusive due to different operationalizations of cultural differences and testing among different groups of sojourners. We extend previous investigations by examining the effects of cultural novelty (i.e., the subjective perception of cultural differences) on the experience of international students (N = 1114) in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Poland, and the USA. Drawing on acculturation and social learning theories, we conceptualized a model of students' adjustment and satisfaction taking into account cultural novelty. We tested the model through multi-group structural equation modeling (SEM) and examined the various relationships across subsamples from all five countries. We determined the significant effects of cultural novelty and a range of factors impacting students' intercultural experience, such as their cultural intelligence, cultural background, second-language skills, time in the host country, and socialization with domestic students, and how the effects may vary by the host country. We discuss implications for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic forcing caused the biodiversity loss and stability decline of communities. There is still controversy over whether the decline in biodiversity will lead to a decrease in community stability. The stability of biological communities is related to both biodiversity and structure, and this paper aims to reveal the human impacts on diatom communities' biodiversity and structure. We studied the richness, β‐diversity and network distance of diatom communities in Qinghai‐Xizang, Yunnan‐Sichuan and Lower Yangtze River Basin, China through empirical dataset and simulation method. The results showed that the diatoms richness in the Qinghai‐Xizang and the Yunnan‐Sichuan region was lower and the network distance was higher than that of the Lower Yangtze River Basin. β‐diversity in the Lower Yangtze River Basin was the lowest and the diatom network distance responds negatively to human population densities in China. The simulation showed that the network distance kept constant during random species loss, and declined while specialist species were lost or replaced by generalist species. The results suggested diatom communities' homogeneity and stability decline were associated with human activities. Human impacts may cause biodiversity loss targeted to specialist species or no biodiversity loss while generalist species replace those specialist species. This study showed that how diversity changes determined ecological stability depends on the type of species changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]