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Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)-based anaerobic process has aroused wide concern in the treatment of sulfate-containing wastewater. Chemical oxygen demand-to-sulfate ratio (COD/SO42-) and HRT are two key factors that affect not only the anaerobic treatment performance but also the activity of SRB. In this study, an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor was constructed, and the effects of different operating parameters (COD/SO42-, HRT) on the relationship of sulfate (SO42-) reduction performance, microbial communities, and metabolic pathways were comprehensively investigated. The results indicated that the SO42- removal rates could achieve above 95% under different operating parameters. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that microbial community changed with reactor operation. At the genus level, the enrichment of Propionicclava and Peptoclostridium contributed to the establishment of a homotrophic relationship with Desulfobulbus, the dominant SRB in the reactor, which indicated that they took vital part in maintaining the structural and functional stability of the bacterial community under different operating parameters. In particular, an increasing trend of the relative abundance of functional genes encoding dissimilatory sulfate reduction was detected with the increase of COD/SO42-, which indicated high SO42- reduction potentials. This knowledge will help to reveal the mechanism of the effect of operating parameters on the anaerobic sulfate removal process, thus providing effective guidance for the targeted regulation of anaerobic sequencing batch bioreactors treating SO42--containing wastewater.

Objective To summarize and think about the surgical process of Da Vinci Xi™ robot-assisted liver resection. Methods To summarize the clinical data, preoperative preparations, surgical procedures, and postoperative recovery of a patient who underwent Da Vinci Xi™ robot-assisted left hepatectomy in the third ward of the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University in 2021. Discussion to guide future clinical work. Results The left hemihepatectomy was performed safely and effectively on patients with left intrahepatic bile duct stones with the assistance of Da Vinci Xi™ robot. Conclusion Da Vinci Xi™ robot's three-dimensional field of vision, stable and flexible manipulator operation and other advantages make it suitable for liver resection surgery.

Continuous bioreactors for petroleum degradation and the effect factors of these bioreactors have rarely been mentioned in studies. In addition, indigenous bacteria living in seawater could influence the performance of continuous bioreactors with respect to petroleum degradation in practice. In this paper, a bioreactor fitted with immobilized petroleum–degrading bacteria beads was designed for further research. The results indicated that the diesel degradation rate of the bioreactor could remain above 50% over 27 days, while degradation performance decreased with bioremediation time. Intriguingly, the diameters of immobilized petroleum–degrading bacteria beads were reduced by 32.49% after 45 days remediation compared with the initial size of the immobilized petroleum–degrading bacteria beads. Change in immobilized petroleum–degrading bacteria beads was considered to correlate remarkably with reduced degradation efficiency. Therefore, this paper will be helpful for further study and improvement of bioreactors in the practical context of oil-spill accident recovery.

University campus environment is the most one important factors influencing students’ daily activities, this article from the perspective of environmental behavior, respectively based on the part of the campus space environment, student traffic flow, and the campus guide identifies three aspects, analyzes the existing problems in the campus space environment and some improvement measures, hoping to design current campus environment design and construction to provide the reference.

Two pressure-activated safety devices, a current interrupt device (CID) and a vent mechanism, are commonly built into the cap structure of cylindrical 18650 lithium-ion cells to isolate the cell electrically and relieve internal cell pressure prior to case rupture, respectively, in an abuse or thermal runaway event. The activation pressure for these two mechanisms, and how it varies with temperature, is an important parameter for the thermal runaway models incorporating electrolyte evaporation, gas generation and venting. This paper presents a method to extract the geometry of four commercial 18650 lithium-ion vent cap assemblies and measure the CID- and vent-activation pressures with a customized experimental setup. The experimental data were collected at ambient temperature and 100 °C. The CID-activation pressures of the MTI, LG MJ1, K2, and LG M36 caps were 1.058 ± 0.053, 1.293 ± 0.119, 0.997 ± 0.292 and 1.393 ± 0.113 MPa at ambient temperature and 0.920 ± 0.076, 1.066 ± 0.068, 0.834 ± 0.057 and 1.083 ± 0.077 MPa at 100°C, respectively. The vent-activation pressures of the MTI, LG MJ1, K2, and LG M36 caps were 2.308 ± 0.196, 2.202 ± 0.083, 2.190 ± 0.372 and 2.363 ± 0.199 MPa at ambient temperature and 1.919 ± 0.132, 1.866 ± 0.084, 1.781 ± 0.355 and 1.799 ± 0.284 MPa at 100°C, respectively. The experimental setup may be used in future studies to measure activation pressures of future cylindrical cells. The CAD model of the caps may be used to develop a finite element model (FEM) to simulate the CID- and vent-activation pressure and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to design more reliable and effective CID and vent mechanisms.

A pouch cell method for retesting double-sided electrodes harvested from commercial lithium-ion batteries in a 3-electrode cell arrangement has been developed. By relying on pressure from restraint plates to make tab electrical connections, this method (1) requires no welding, (2) does not require a dry room, (3) does not require precision sealing equipment inside of an inert-gas glove box, and (4) does not require removal of composite material off of one side of the electrode which may compromise the composite to be tested on the other side. Lithium chips pressed onto copper mesh serve as the reference and counter electrodes and the electrolyte used was 1.0 M LiPF6 1:1 ethylene carbonate (EC):Diethyl carbonate (DEC) v/v. Electrochemical cycling of electrodes from a commercial 3.6 Ah 18650 lithium-ion cell demonstrated cell function and showed stable capacity and potential charge/discharge profiles after two cycles for the cathode and four cycles for the anode. The areal capacity of the anode and cathode was determined to be 5.50 ± 0.31 and 5.50 ± 0.30 mAh/cm2, respectively, based on a potential range of 0.005–1.5 V versus Li/Li+ for the anode and 3.0–4.25 V versus Li/Li+ for the cathode. High frequency, 500 kHz impedance measurements of the anode and cathode cells shows a real impedance of 1.55 Ohms and 2.17 Ohms, respectively, which is similar to prior studies on pouch cells with continuous tabs of similar capacity.

Lithium-ion batteries are a proven energy storage device which continue to gain market share across a wide range of applications. However, the safety of these devices is still a major factor in many applications. In failures which result in thermal runaway, a series of chemical reactions are initiated which produce a large quantity of gas and heat. The pressure and temperature inside the battery rise sharply and may cause fire or explosion. The lithium-ion battery vent cap is a key safety device used in 18650 format cells to prevent an energetic failure of the metal casing. In this paper, the cap structure and venting parameters of three cap designs are analyzed. The venting parameters investigated were the open flow area and discharge coefficient. Open flow area through different components of the cap assembly were measured using 3D x-ray scans. A new experimental apparatus was used to measure mass flowrate and pressure ratio across the battery cap, which allowed calculation of discharge coefficient. Results indicate that discharge coefficients follow the same trend as a sharp-edged orifice, albeit at a reduced magnitude due to the more tortuous flow path. A semi-empirical model is proposed to simulate mass flow through the battery cap.

BackgroundThere are few data on the prevalence of acquired drug resistance mutations (ADRs) in Hunan Province, China, that could affect the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART).ObjectivesThe main objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of acquired drug resistance (ADR) the epidemic characteristics of HIV-1-resistant strains among ART-failed HIV patients in Hunan Province, China.MethodsART-experienced and virus suppression failure subjects in Hunan between 2012 and 2017 were evaluated by genotyping analysis and mutations were scored using theHIVdb.stanford.edualgorithm to infer drug susceptibility.ResultsThe prevalence of HIV-1 ADR were 2.76, 2.30, 2.98, 2.62, 2.23and 2.17%, respectively, from 2012 to 2017. Overall 2295 sequences were completed from 2932 ART-failure patients, and 914 of these sequences were found to have drug resistance mutation. The most common subtype was AE (64.14%), followed by BC (17.91%) and B (11.50%). Among those 914 patients with drug resistance mutations,93.11% had NNRTI-associated drug resistance mutations, 74.40% had NRTI drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and 6.89% had PI DRMs. Dual-class mutations were observed in 591 (64.66%) cases, and triple-class mutations were observed in 43 (4.70%) cases. M184V (62.04%), K103N (41.90%) and I54L (3.83%) were the most common observed mutations, respectively, in NRTI-, NNRTI- and PI-associated drug resistance. 93.76% subjects who had DRMs received the ART first-line regimens. CD4 count, symptoms in the past 3 months, and ART adherence were found to be associated with HIV-1 DR.ConclusionsThis study showed that although the prevalence of HIV-acquired resistance in Hunan Province is at a low-level, the long-term and continuous surveillance of HIV ADR in antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) patients is necessary.

The effects of inner surface topography on friction force and the coefficient of friction between an inner surface of needle and tissue phantom during needle insertion and on biopsy length are examined using polished, and unpolished needles. In this paper, the inner surfaces of the needles are altered by magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF), and the needle inner surfaces were smoothed from 0.43 to 0.02 µm Sa (referred to as the smoothly polished needle ) or 0.26 µm Sa (referred to as the roughly polished needle ). With polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as a tissue-mimicking phantom material, the smoothly polished needle results in the smallest inner friction force (0.0024 N/mm), the smallest coefficient of friction (0.35), and the longest biopsy length (34.3 mm). The roughly polished needle produces the largest inner friction force (0.0041 N/mm), the largest coefficient of friction (0.56), and the shortest biopsy length (30.5 mm). Although the inner surface roughness of the roughly polished needle is lower than that of the unpolished needle, the inner friction force and coefficient of friction are larger than those of the unpolished needle. This may be caused by the ridges and grooves in the circumferential direction of the roughly polished needle made with MAF. Based on the surface topography data, the ratchet mechanism is utilized to calculate the coefficient of friction. The results suggest a higher coefficient of friction in the roughly polished needle. The biopsy tests also show the shortest biopsy sample is extracted using the roughly polished needles, which exhibit the greatest inner friction force.

Correction for ‘Yulangsan polysaccharide improves redox homeostasis and immune impairment in d-galactose-induced mimetic aging’ by Van Minh Doan et al., Food Funct., 2015, 6, 1712–1718, DOI: 10.1039/C5FO00238A.

The current interrupt device (CID) and vent mechanism in the cap of 18650 lithium-ion cells decrease thermal runaway risks by electrically isolating the cell upon internal pressure increase and relieving internal pressure before case rupture, respectively. Geometry analysis, CID- and vent-activation pressure measurement, and finite element analysis mechanical simulation of the vent mechanism were performed for MTI and LG MJ1 18650 caps. The MTI cap used a spot-weld and the LG MJ1 cap used a notch-groove connection for the CID. The vent-activation mechanism was a notch-grooved disk for both caps. The CID-activation pressures were 1.058 ± 0.053 and 1.293 ± 0.119 MPa at ambient temperature and 0.920 ± 0.076 and 1.066 ± 0.068 MPa at 100°C for the MTI and LG MJ1 caps, respectively. The vent-activation pressures were 2.308 ± 0.196 and 2.202 ± 0.083 MPa at ambient temperature and 1.919 ± 0.132 and 1.866 ± 0.084 MPa at 100°C for the MTI and LG MJ1 caps, respectively. Mechanical simulations predicted vent-activation pressures in agreement with experiments and showed decrease maximum stress sensitivity to applied pressure near the vent-activation pressure, consistent with observed sample-to-sample vent-activation pressure variation. Mechanical simulation also predicted vent-activation pressures of 0.448 and 0.400 MPa for the MTI and LG MJ1 caps, respectively, at 300°C.

A graphene oxide (GO) assisted rolling circle amplification (RCA) platform for Ebola virus (EBOV) detection is developed with simplicity and high sensitivity. In the absence of EBOV gene, no RCA products generated and the fluorescein amidate (FAM) labeled detection probe was adsorbed on the surface of GO, resulting in fluorescence quenching of the FAM. Addition of the EBOV gene allowed RCA to be taken place and the formation of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) between RCA products and FAM labeled detection probe, leading to desorption of the FAM labeled detection probe from GO surface accompanied fluorescence recovery. EBOV gene can be determined both in aqueous solution and 1% serum solution. The limit of detection was 1.4 pM.

This article summarizes the contributions in research on tissue cutting with needles. The geometry of the needle's cutting edges was analytically defined and expressions for the inclination and rake angles of hollow and solid needles and trocars have been derived. Based on the semi-empirical method, finite element model and the fracture mechanics approach, force models of needle insertion were developed. The relationship between the needle's tip geometry and insertion force was established and used in several applications. It was shown, for example, that the cutting edge of the lancet needle can be optimally designed to minimize insertion force or bevel length. The cutting mechanics in rotary needle insertion was investigated along with the exploration of improvements of needle biopsy performance by decreasing the needle cutting and friction forces. The deflections of the needle during insertion were measured to develop a strategy for guiding the needle to the right position in brachytherapy and d...

A coupled, thermal and gas generation/venting model has been developed for simulating the onset and evolution of thermal runaway in 18650 format Li-ion battery cells. The model simulates heat and gas generation during external heating of an electrically isolated cell that results in thermal runaway. Gas generation within the cell leads to pressure build up until the point at which the vent mechanism opens and relieves the internal pressure. Compressible flow of gases is modeled through the vent cap as a function of pressure ratio across the vent. The energy balance of the battery cell includes: heat generated from decomposition reactions and electrical short, external heat transfer to the surroundings, heat absorbed with vaporization and melting processes, as well as the energy loss as material is vented from the cell. The model was able to capture features of the temperature evolution of the battery cell well and generate detailed information about the progression of thermal runaway. The model was exercised to simulate time-to-venting and time-to-thermal-runaway for various changes in cell design parameters such as: amount of free liquid electrolyte, external convection coefficient, and electrolyte evaporation rate after vent opening.

Background: Averrhoacarambola L., which is a folk medicine used in diabetes mellitus (DM) in ancient China, has been reported to have anti-diabetic efficacy. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the extract of Averrhoacarambola L. root (EACR) on the regulation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-Nuclear-factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in B) pathway in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Methods: the mice were injected with STZ (120 mg/kg body weight) via a tail vein. After 72 h, the mice with FBG = 11.1 mmol/L were confirmed as having diabetes. Subsequently, the mice were treated intragastrically with EACR (300, 600, 1200 mg/kg body weight/d) and metformin (320 mg/kg body weight/d) for 14 days. Results: As a result the serum fasting blood glucose (FBG), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) levels were decreased following EACR administration. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the pancreatic tissue expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB were downregulated after EACR administration. EACR suppressed pancreatic mRNA expression level of TLR4 and blocked the downstream NF-κB pathway in the pancreas. According to Western blot analysis EACR suppressed pancreatic TLR4 and NF-κB protein expression levels. Histopathological examination of the pancreas showed that STZ-induced pancreas lesions were alleviated by the EACR treatment. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the modulation of the IL-6 and TNF-a inflammatory cytokines and the suppression of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway are most likely involved in the anti-hyperglycemic effect of EACR in STZ-induced diabetic mice.

The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tissue-mimicking material for needle insertion was manufactured and evaluated. Factorial design of experiment was conducted by changing three factors − the ratio of softener and PVC polymer solution, the mass fraction of mineral oil, and the mass fraction of micro-sized glass beads − to study the indentation hardness, compression elastic modulus and friction and cutting forces in needle insertion of 12 types of soft PVC material. The indentation hardness of the soft PVC material ranged from 5 to 50. The elastic modulus of the soft PVC material was from 6 to 45kPa between 0-0.15 strain. The friction and cutting force during needle insertion also had large ranges, which were from 0.005 to 0.086N/mm and 0.04 to 0.36N respectively. The analysis of variance showed that the ratio of softener and PVC polymer solution had the most significant effect on all of the four properties of the PVC material. The percentage of mineral oil also had statistical significance on these four properties. The glass beads only had effect on the needle insertion cutting force. A nonlinear regression model was applied to find relationships among mechanical properties and the significant factors. The R2 values of the regression analysis results were all larger than 0.9. Four properties of a PVC tissue-mimicking material can be designed to desired values based on these relationships.

The use of multiple pole tips in a Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) system allows for shorter processing times, but it can also exacerbate any difficulties encountered in abrasive insertion and distribution. This paper proposes a hybrid tool that initially works as fixed abrasive but works as loose abrasive once the abrasive binder dissolves into the lubricant. The fixed-abrasive configuration simplifies the abrasive insertion, and the loose-abrasive configuration ensures the abrasive uniform distribution along the workpiece surface. The internal finishing of needles demonstrated that the hybrid tool saves about 80% abrasive insertion time while achieving a smooth surface equivalent to the conventional MAF method.

Realizing simultaneous internal and external surface finishing of the needle should result in significant processing time reduction. This paper clarifies the magnetic field and magnetic particle distribution specifically required to achieve the simultaneous surface finishing of 18 gauge 316 stainless steel needles, and the efficacy of the resulting simultaneous surface finishing is described. Both the inner and external surfaces of needles, 0.4–0.5 μm Sa , can be simultaneously finished to around 0.01 μm Sa in 5 min.

This research presents an approach to characterize the 3D microstructure of the abrasive, epoxy resin, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber, and porosity in a nonwoven polishing wheel using the nano-computed tomography (nano-CT). The 0.8 μm pixel size nano-CT scanning enables detailed spatial reconstruction of a wheel sample to measure the size, spacing, volumetric ratios and connectivity of abrasive, resin, fiber, and porosity. Results show that the SiC is long and angular and lumped in regions, the resin connects the SiC and fiber, and the fiber is entangled in various ways to form the structure of the nonwoven wheel.

Purpose: The mechanical and imaging properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) can be adjusted to meet the needs of researchers as a tissue-mimicking material. For instance, the hardness can be adjusted by changing the ratio of softener to PVC polymer, mineral oil can be added for lubrication in needle insertion, and glass beads can be added to scatter acoustic energy similar to biological tissue. Through this research, the authors sought to develop a regression model to design formulations of PVC with targeted mechanical and multimodal medical imaging properties. Methods: The design of experiment was conducted by varying three factors—(1) the ratio of softener to PVC polymer, (2) the mass fraction of mineral oil, and (3) the mass fraction of glass beads—and measuring the mechanical properties (elastic modulus, hardness, viscoelastic relaxation time constant, and needle insertion friction force) and the medical imaging properties [speed of sound, acoustic attenuation coefficient, magnetic resonance imaging time constants T 1 and T 2, and the transmittance of the visible light at wavelengths of 695 nm (T λ695) and 532 nm (T λ532)] on twelve soft PVC samples. A regression model was built to describe the relationship between the mechanical and medical imaging properties and the values of the three composition factors of PVC. The model was validated by testing the properties of a PVC sample with a formulation distinct from the twelve samples. Results: The tested soft PVC had elastic moduli from 6 to 45 kPa, hardnesses from 5 to 50 Shore OOO-S, viscoelastic stress relaxation time constants from 114.1 to 191.9 s, friction forces of 18 gauge needle insertion from 0.005 to 0.086 N/mm, speeds of sound from 1393 to 1407 m/s, acoustic attenuation coefficients from 0.38 to 0.61 (dB/cm)/MHz, T 1 relaxation times from 426.3 to 450.2 ms, T 2 relaxation times from 21.5 to 28.4 ms, T λ695 from 46.8% to 92.6%, and T λ532 from 41.1% to 86.3%. Statistically significant factors of each property were identified. The regression model relating the mechanical and medical imaging properties and their corresponding significant factors had a good fit. The validation tests showed a small discrepancy between the model predicted values and experimental data (all less than 5% except the needle insertion friction force). Conclusions: The regression model developed in this paper can be used to design soft PVC with targeted mechanical and medical imaging properties.

Removal of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen by an heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification strain is an economical and effective method. In this article, a kind of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification strain which has aerobic denitrification and heterotrophic nitrification ability was selected, and then was identified as rhodococcus sp. by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis and morphological observation. After that, carbon source utilization and nitrification- denitrification activity of this strain in different C/N, initial nitrogen concentration were studied. In addition, the assimilation and denitrification activities of ammonia and nitrate were also researched under the condition of nitrate and ammonia coexisted in the solution. The results show that the strain can grow in sodium acetate, glucose, sodium succinate and sodium citrate solutions, and it can not survive in sodium oxalate, sucrose and soluble starch solutions. Initial concentration and C/N were important for nitrogen removal rate. This strain can completely remove nitrate/ammonia when nitrate/ammonia concentration was lower than 15 mg l-1/80 mg l-1. the C/N of 10 and of 12 were the optimum C/N ratio in the nitrate and ammonia removal process respectively. pH value rose up sharply in the denitrification process and it increased relatively slowly in the nitrification process, which shows that pH is one of the most important factor inhibiting the denitrification removal process. Nitrite concentration was much higher in denitrification process than in nitrification process. In addition, this strain gave priority to utilizing ammonia as nitrogen source when ammonia and nitrate coexisted in the solution.

Increasing biopsy length could reduce the false negative rate in prostate biopsy diagnosis. In this paper, the effect of magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) of needle inner surface on inner friction force and biopsy length was investigated. The test was conducted using the tissue-mimicking material polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and chicken breast. The inner friction forces of MAF-polished and unpolished needles were measured. In the PVC phantom, the smoothly polished needle had lowest inner friction force (0.0024 N/mm) and longest biopsy sample (34.3 mm). Although the roughly polished needle had a smoother surface than the unpolished needle, the significance of the effects on the biopsy performance due to the slight improvement of the needle surface was not observed. The biopsy tests with chicken breast tissue showed the trends similar to the case with PVC phantom. The smoothly polished needle had the smallest inner friction force (0.024 N/mm) and the longest biopsy sample (9.6 mm). These results showed that lowering the friction force between the needle and tissue facilitates the sliding of tissue along the needle, leading to a long biopsy sample. MAF can reduce the friction at the needle-tissue interface and obtaining longer biopsy samples.

HEPES is not suitable for fluorescence detection of HClO because it can be oxidized by HClO. A novel probe for HClO, which can selectively and sensitively detect HClO in absolute PBS, was developed on the basis of an oxidation reaction with an azo moiety. Furthermore, it works well in live mouse imaging.

Core needle biopsy (CNB) is widely used in active surveillance, which is the current standard of care for low risk prostate cancers. A longer biopsy sample length may improve the accuracy of diagnosis. To increase the biopsy sample length, the magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) technique was applied to decrease the needle inner friction force, which may hinder the tissue from entering the lumen of the biopsy needle. To assess the effectiveness of these MAF polished needles as compared to the unpolished needles, a method to measure the three components of axial force during hollow needle insertion—tip cutting force, inner friction force, and outer friction force—was developed. Six tissue-mimicking samples of different lengths were used to find the linear relationship between the sum of the cutting force and inner friction force and the phantom length or contact length. Linear regression method was used to extrapolate and estimate the tip cutting force and the inner friction force. With this method, the difference between the inner friction force of the needles with and without polishing was found. The results showed that the unpolished needles had an inner friction force 40–50% higher and a tip cutting force 22% higher than their MAF polished counterparts. We also found that MAF polished needles had an average of 9% longer contact length between the sample and the inner wall than unpolished needles, indicating that a longer sample can be extracted at a lower friction force. The results of our investigation implied that reducing the inner surface roughness of a biopsy needle could reduce inner friction forces.

Amidosulfonic acid NH2–SO3H catalyzed direct condensations of o-phenylenediamines with α-diketones at room temperature in organic solvents to afford quinoxalines in excellent yields. The amidosulfonic acid as a solid acid catalyst in this preparation was efficient and recoverable.

Yulangsan polysaccharide (YLSP) is a traditional Chinese medicine used in long-term treatment as a modulator of brain dysfunction and immunity. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of YLSP against D-galactose-induced impairment of oxidative stress and the immune system and evaluated its possible mechanism of action. D-galactose was subcutaneously injected into the dorsal neck of mice daily for 8 weeks to establish the aging model. YLSP was simultaneously administered once daily. The results indicate that YLSP significantly improves the general appearance of the aging mice. YLSP significantly increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as super oxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and total anti-oxidation capability, while decreasing the content of malondialdehyde in different tissues, including the liver, brain, and serum. YLSP also increased the interleukin-2 level while decreasing the interleukin-6 level. Moreover, YLSP significantly inhibited advanced glycation end product formation. Furthermore, YLSP decreased p21 and p53 gene expressions in the liver and brain of D-galactose-treated mice. These results suggest that YLSP may have a protective effect suppressing the aging process by enhancing antioxidant activity and immunity, as well as modulating aging-related gene expression.

Amidosulfonic acid NH2–SO3H catalyzed direct condensations of o-phenylenediamines with α-diketones at room temperature in organic solvents to afford quinoxalines in excellent yields. The amidosulfonic acid as a solid acid catalyst in this preparation was efficient and recoverable.