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Protein oxidation during food processing causes changes in the balance of protein-molecular interactions and protein-water interactions, ultimately leading to protein denaturation, which leads to the loss of a range of functional properties. Therefore, how to control the oxidative modification of proteins during processing has been the focus of research.In this study, the intrinsic fluorescence value of the myofibrillar proteins (MP) decreased and the surface hydrophobicity value increased, indicating that the heat treatment caused a significant change in the conformation of the MP. With the increase of heating temperature, protein carbonyl content increased, total sulfhydryl content decreased, and protein secondary structure changed from α-helix to β-sheet, indicating that protein oxidation and aggregation occurred. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) result showed that heat treatment can lead to the degradation of proteins, especially myosin heavy chain, but actin had a certain thermal stability. A total of 733 proteins were identified by proteomics, and the protein oxidation caused by low temperature vacuum heating (LTVH) was determined to be mild oxidation dominated by malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal by oxidation site division.This study revealed the effect of LTVH treatment on the protein oxidation modification behavior of sturgeon meat, and explored the effect mechanism of LTVH treatment on the processing quality of sturgeon meat from the perspective of protein oxidation. This result of this study may provide a theoretical basis for the precise processing of aquatic products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

It is observed that banana production is affected by numerous diseases and causes a large loss to the poor farmers. By using modern image processing technology and deep learning methods, these diseases can be found at an earlier stage and appropriate precautions can be taken at time to avoid more injury and increase banana production. In this paper, a novel banana disease recognition method is proposed. First, a banana leaf feature enhancement framework is designed to enhance the banana features under the complex environment. Then, a novel neural network, EM-ERNet, is designed based on the Resnet backbone architecture. In the EM-ERNet, dilated convolution and multi-scale convolution are combined to improve the ability of feature extraction. Batch normalization is used to prevent the network over-fitting and enhance the model robustness. The ELM algorithm optimized by particle swarm (PELM) is used to speed up the fusion network in the final fully connected layer. The experiment was conducted on the public banana disease detection database. The highest detection accuracy for crown rot, venturia, scorch rot, anthrax and normal bananas could reach 94.27, 93.36, 89.39, 88.87 and 96.39% respectively, which was better than the existing related competitors. In addition, ResNet50 takes 80 min to identify, while EM-ERNet only takes 60 min. We can see that our method improves the parameters by a quarter.

In this study, 50 surface water and sediment samples were collected from 25 sampling points in Qingpu District (including Taipu River basin, Jinze Reservoir, and Qingxi country park) in the Yangtze River Delta integration demonstration area, and 22 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS). The distribution characteristics, sources, and influencing factors of targeted PPCPs in the study area were studied in detail. The ecological and health risks of the target PPCPs were evaluated using the quotients method. The results showed that a total of 19 PPCPs were detected in the surface water and sediment samples from 25 sampling points in Qingpu District, with total concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 178.67 ng·L

Data evaluating changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in Down syndrome (DS) individuals remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to better understand associations between BMD and DS. A systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library up until 1st January 2021 was conducted. We used the keywords “bone mineral density” and “Down Syndrome.” Fifteen studies were included. Overall, our results showed a significant decrease in BMD of total body (TB BMD) [MD = − 0.18; 95% CI (− 0.23 and − 0.12), P

Sr-modified Al–Si alloys are promising for automotive and aerospace industrial applications. However, Sr modifier increases the porosity level and deteriorates the performance of the castings, which has confused foundrymen for several decades. Many researchers have studied the phenomenon, but there is no unified explanation. In this study, two types of Sr modifier (50 ppm and 250 ppm) are applied to explore the effect of Sr modification on the surface oxide film and the porosity of the castings. The results of optical emission spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal that the surface oxide film has some degree of Sr segregation. Combining the high-resolution XPS spectrums with electron probe microanalysis–wavelength-dispersive spectroscopic (EPMA–WDS), it can be found that a small amount of SrO is distributed on the Al2O3 film. Further analyzing the surface oxide film by scanning electron microscopy and EPMA mapping, it can be concluded that the compact Al2O3 film is fractured by congregated SrO and then some new Al2O3 films and oxide inclusions are formed in the cracks. Those can cause the increase in the porosity. And the result of reduced pressure test (RPT) shows that the densities of RPT samples are decreasing with the increase in Sr content. It means that Sr modification dose increase the porosity of the A356 alloy castings.

The morphology evolution and phase transformation of Al9(Mn,Ni)2 eutectic phase in an Al-4Ni-2Mn alloy during heat treatment at 600 °C were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results show that nearly all of the eutectic fibers change into prolate ellipsoid and spherical particles in the process of heat treatment, and Ostwald ripening phenomenon occurs in the eutectic region with the increase of the heat treatment time. Besides, a phase transformation from Al9(Mn,Ni)2 to O-phase is confirmed. The morphologies of the transformed particles indicate that the O-phase preferentially nucleates on the specific crystal plane of the Al9(Mn,Ni)2 eutectic phase and grows in a certain direction. During the phase transformation, the (010)[001] slip system in O-phase is activated, and the resultant slip traces appear on the surface of some O-phase particles.

The sintering behaviour of ore fines under different Al2O3 content and different alkalinity was studied by DSC–TG method. The reaction kinetics of the sintering process was calculated. Simultaneous...

To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation on the expression of c-Jun terminal kinase(JNK)signaling pathway-related proteins in the hippocampus of vascular dementia (VD) rats, so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improvement of VD.Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation, model and EA groups (After modeling and compared with the sham operation group, the escape latency was significantly prolonged (EA intervention can improve the learning-memory ability of VD rats, which may be associated with its effects in reducing hippocampal apoptosis by suppressing JNK signaling pathway.

The morphology evolution of Al9(Mn,Ni)2 eutectic phase in Al-4Ni-2Mn alloy at 350 °C was examined. Two kinds of morphology evolution trends of Al9(Mn, Ni)2 eutectic phase were observed by using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The ribbon-like Al9(Mn, Ni)2 eutectic phase taking up a small portion of the eutectic structures gradually changes from ribbon-like morphology to rod-like during the heat treatment. The rod-like Al9(Mn, Ni)2 eutectics, primary eutectic structure in the alloy, become unstable at the transverse subboundaries of the eutectic rod when the samples are heat treated at 350 °C, and then split up into short rods with the extension of heat treatment time. Also, the Vickers microhardness test was used to characterize the change of local mechanical properties. The hardness test results indicate that local morphology evolution of eutectic phase has no obvious effect on the local mechanical properties of the alloy. The microhardness of the eutectic area increases slightly when the heat treatment time is extended to 192 h or 360 h.

Based on the dual clutch automatic transmission, the shift rule is studied. MTTLAB is used to establish the engine model, the transmission model and the vehicle dynamics model respectively. The input parameters are numerically analyed to analye the shift rules of the vehicle, including the best dynamic shift law and the best fuel economy shift law, the combination of shift law. According to the simulation results, we analysis three indicators which include shift speed and quality and fuel consumption.The acceleration performance of the vehicle is better than that of the economic shift rule when the dynamic shift rule is adopted. When the combined shift rule is adopted, the acceleration performance is changed from the slow to the fast. Economic shift law behave the minimum fuel consumption and the best economic performance, combined shift of the economy followed by the economic shift law, the dynamic law is the worst performance of the economy. The combined shift rule is suitable for vehicles that do not have special power requirements and fuel economy requirements for vehicles or vehicles that travel for a long period of time.

A fundamental study on the precipitation behavior of carbides was carried out. Thermo-calc software, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to study the precipitation and transformation behaviors of carbides. Carbide precipitation was of a specific order. Primary carbides (M7C3) tended to be generated from liquid steel when the solid fraction reached 84 mol.%. Secondary carbides (M7C3) precipitated from austenite and can hardly transformed into M23C6 carbides with decreasing temperature in air. Primary carbides hardly changed once they were generated, whereas secondary carbides were sensitive to heat treatment and thermal deformation. Carbide precipitation had a certain effect on steel-matrix phase transitions. The segregation ability of carbon in liquid steel was 4.6 times greater that of chromium. A new method for controlling primary carbides is proposed.

Based on research into the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the manufacturing industry in recent years, we analyze the rapid development of core technologies in the new era of ‘Internet plus AI’, which is triggering a great change in the models, means, and ecosystems of the manufacturing industry, as well as in the development of AI. We then propose new models, means, and forms of intelligent manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing system architecture, and intelligent manufacturing technology system, based on the integration of AI technology with information communications, manufacturing, and related product technology. Moreover, from the perspectives of intelligent manufacturing application technology, industry, and application demonstration, the current development in intelligent manufacturing is discussed. Finally, suggestions for the application of AI in intelligent manufacturing in China are presented.

The effects of holding time during both austenitizing and spheroidizing on microstructure and mechanical properties of high-carbon martensitic stainless steel 8Cr13MoV were experimentally studied. The results showed that the amount of carbides and the proportion of fine carbides decrease first and then increase with the increase in austenitizing time (t 1) in the case of short spheroidizing time (t 2), whereas the amount of the lamellar carbides increases. In the case of long t 2, both the amount of carbides and the proportion of fine carbides decrease, and the amount of the lamellar carbides did not increase. The hardness of the steel decreases first and then increases with the increase of t 1. Under the conditions of different t 1, the change in the size of carbides and hardness of the steel show a same trend with the variation of t 2. The size of spheroidized carbides increases, whereas the hardness of the steel decreases with increasing t 2. The longer the holding time of austenitizing, the higher is the spheroidizing rate at the earlier stage. However, the spheroidizing rate shows an opposite trend with t 1 at the later stage of spheroidizing. The effect of cooling rate on microstructure is similar with t 2. With increasing cooling rate, the dimension of carbides became smaller, and the amount of lamellar carbides increased. The elongation of the sample fracture exhibits no corresponding relationship with holding time, whereas it is closely related to the precipitation of secondary carbides caused by the alloying elements segregation.

The effect of oxide inclusions modification during electroslag remelting (ESR) process on nitrides and primary carbides in as-cast and annealed 8Cr17MoV tool steel was investigated. Impact toughness testing and fractography were performed. Primary carbides M7C3 were found to be dominant precipitates in as-cast ingot, besides a very small fraction of M23C6-type carbides. Al2O3 and MgO·Al2O3 inclusions promoted the formation of (Ti,V)N and primary carbides through serving as preferred nucleation sites, whereas heterogeneous nucleation of (Ti,V)N and primary carbides was avoided by modifying Al2O3 and MgO·Al2O3 inclusions to calcium aluminates. Oxide inclusions modification only refined the dimensions and distribution of carbides, but did not change the types and compositions of carbides. The improvement in the dimensions and distribution of carbides increased significantly the impact toughness of annealed steel. Large secondary carbides precipitated near retained primary carbides in annealed steel, which lowered greatly the impact toughness of 8Cr17MoV steel. Suppressing the formation of large primary carbides in as-cast ingot was favorable to preventing large secondary carbides formation after annealing, which improved greatly the impact energies of annealed steel accordingly.

Background: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) caused by ischemic stroke treatments leads to brain injury, and autophagy plays a role in the pathology. Astragaloside IV is a potential neuroprotectant, but its underlying mechanism on cerebral I/R injury needs to be explored. The objective of this study is to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of Astragaloside IV against cerebral I/R injury. Methods: Middle cerebral artery occlusion method (MCAO) and oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) method were used to simulate cerebral I/R injury in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and HT22 cells, respectively. The neurological score, 2,3,5-Triphe-nyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and transmission electron microscope were used to detect cerebral damage in SD rats. Cell viability and cytotoxicity assay were tested in vitro. Fluorescent staining and flow cytometry were applied to detect the level of apoptosis. Western blotting was conducted to examine the expression of proteins associated with autophagy. Results: This study found that Astragaloside IV could decrease the neurological score, reduce the infarct volume in the brain, and alleviate cerebral I/R injury in MCAO rats. Astragaloside IV promoted cell viability and balanced Bcl-2 and Bax expression in vitro, reduced the rate of apoptosis, decreased the expression of P62, and increased the expression of LC3II/LC3I in HT22 cells after OGD/R. Conclusions: These data suggested that Astragaloside IV plays a neuroprotective role by down-regulating apoptosis by promoting the degree of autophagy.

Effects of temperature and slag composition on dephosphorization in a 120 ton top-bottom combined blown converter steelmaking process by double slag method were studied. The slag properties were determined by scanning electron microscope- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the transition oxidation temperature between dephosphorization and decarbonization Tf is not the favorable temperature for the first deslagging. The optimum first deslagging temperature is confirmed to be approximately 1,673 K which is about 70 K higher than Tf. High melting temperatures phases (such as 3CaO·SiO2) in the slag with high basicity and MgO content are unfavorable to the dephosphorization. The optimum process condition for dephosphorization at the first deslagging in present work is approximately 1,673 K in temperature, 2.0 in slag basicity, 6 and 17 mass% in MgO and T.Fe content, 6 mass% ≤ MnO content.

The effect of electroslag remelting (ESR) on carbides in 8Cr13MoV martensitic stainless steel was experimentally studied. Phases precipitated from liquid steel during solidification were calculated using the Thermo-Calc software. The carbon segregation was analyzed by original position analysis (OPA), and the carbides were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy- dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that more uniform carbon distribution and less segregation were obtained in the case of samples subjected to the ESR process. After ESR, the amount of netty carbides decreased significantly, and the chromium and vanadium contents in the grain-boundary carbides was reduced. The total area and average size of carbides were obviously smaller after the ESR process. In the sample subjected to ESR, the morphology of carbides changed from lamellar and angular to globular or lump, whereas the types of carbides did not change; both M23C6 and M7C3 were present before and after the ESR process.

The microstructure and hardness of high-carbon martensitic stainless steel (HMSS) were investigated using thermal expansion analyzer, Thermo-calc, scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, and Ultra-high temperature confocal microscope. The results indicate that the experimental steel should be austenitized in the temperature range of 1025-1075 °C, which can give a maximum hardness of 62 HRc with the microstructure consisting of martensite, retained austenite, and some undissolved carbides. With increasing austenitizing temperature, the amount of retained austenite increases, while the volume fraction of carbides increases first and then decreases. The starting temperature and finish temperature of martensite formation decrease with increasing cooling rates. Air-quenched samples can obtain less retained austenite, more compact microstructure, and higher hardness, compared with that of oil-quenched samples. For HMSS, the martensitic transformation takes place at some isolated areas with a slow nucleation rate.

In SBR reactor, the mature granular sludge fed with sodium acetate was gradually cultivated with different carbon sources (sodium acetate/glucose ratio was 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1, in terms of COD, respectively). During the five stages, the physical, biochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), phosphorus fractions and nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of granular sludge were studied. 705 days' experimental results were showed as follows. At stage Ⅳ, the granular sludge had the smallest diameter of 0.5 mm; moreover the phosphorus release/uptake rate, denitrification rate and the total phosphorus (TP) content were the lowest. While at stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the phosphorus release/uptake and denitrification rates were the highest, meanwhile, the TP content reached up to 72.36 mg·g

Rosmarinic acid is one of anti-tumor ingredients in the Sarcandra glabra. After treatment with 0, 10, 30, 90, 270 and 810 μmol·L⁻¹ rosmarinic acid for 24, 48, 72 hours respectively, the inhibitory effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were observed by CCK-8 and cell wound healing test. No significant inhibition effecton proliferation and migration was observed in MCF-7 cell. However, 90, 270 and 810 μmol·L⁻¹ rosmarinic acid could inhibit the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry was further used to detect apoptosis ratios of MDA-MB-231 cells after Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, and significant apoptosis was observed after rosmarinic acid treatment. Real-time PCR and Western blot tests were carried out to detect the expressions of apoptosis-related genes. The down-regulation of the Bcl-2 expression and the up-regulation of the Bax expression were observed in MDA-MB-231 cells after rosmarinic acid treatment. The results suggested that rosmarinicacid can inhibit the proliferation and migration, and induce the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells, which may be correlated with the down-regulation of Bcl-2 gene and the up-regulation of Bax gene.

The sensor is an important part of the active magnetic bearing system, which directly affects the performance of the entire system. Compared with the eddy current sensor, inductive sensor has the advantages of low cost, high sensitivity, and is not sensitive to the electromagnetic environment; Influenced by the ambient temperature is small. In this paper, design research from two aspects of the sensor structure and circuit, and the sensor was simulation analysis, which laid the foundation in the application of magnetic bearing systems.

The monitoring system of AMB (Active Magnetic Bearing) can display rotor displacement signals and real-time current signal of electromagnetic coils, monitoring the rotor running status of AMB. This article describes the monitoring system that is based on the AMB original hardware circuit and details of its hardware components and software modules function. Experiments show that: the function of each part of the electromagnetic bearing monitoring system uptime, and has good expansion; this system has been successfully applied in second flexible critical speed rotor magnetic bearing system.

The aim of this study was to describe changes in waist circumference (WC) and prevalence of abdominal obesity over a period of 10 years among Chinese adults in different socio-economic status (SES).Data derived from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during 2002 and 2010-2012. We calculated the mean WC and the prevalence of abdominal obesity by gender, place of residence, SES indicators (education, income, and marital status), and body mass index (BMI) categoriesand used pooled t-tests to assess the differences between the two time periods.26.0% of men and 25.3% of women had abdominal obesity in 2010-2012. The age-adjusted mean WC increased by 2.7 cm among men and 2.1 cm among women; the age-adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity increased by 7.7% among men and 5.3% among women. The rising trends were observed in all subgroups except for a negative growth in high-income women. People living in rural areas with low education and income and with a BMI of 18.5 to 23.9 kg/m2 had a greater absolute and relative increase in WC. People living in rural areas with low income had a greater relative increase in abdominal obesity.The mean WC and prevalence of abdominal obesity among Chinese adults have increased during the past 10 years. Gender differences were noted using various SES indicators.

Volkswagen AG4 Automatic transmission ,for example , was detailed analyzed by logical method from the shifting operation, interlocking of combining elements and failure protection. Shifting operation must first meet the shifting demand ,mangy oil line criss-cross in the automatic transmission hydraulic system circuit ,in a particular gear ,some components must to be meet bonding requirements interlock between them ,finally ,vehicle need a failure system to protect the oil line to prevent failures in order to travel to the failure of the automatic transmission electronic control system .By analyzing ,design principles and ideas of automatic transmission shift controlling hydraulic system were derived.

The effect of titanium on the carbides and mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel 8Cr13MoV was studied. The results showed that TiCs not only acted as nucleation sites for δ-Fe and eutectic carbides, leading to the refinement of the microstructure, but also inhibited the formation of eutectic carbides M7C3. The addition of titanium in steel also promoted the transformation of M7C3-type to M23C6-type carbides, and consequently more carbides could be dissolved into the matrix during hot processing as demonstrated by the determination of extracted carbides from the steel matrix. Meanwhile, titanium suppressed the precipitation of secondary carbides during annealing. The appropriate amount of titanium addition decreased the size and fraction of primary carbides in the as-cast ingot, and improved the mechanical properties of the annealed steel.

The sensor is an important part of the active magnetic bearing system, which directly affects the performance of the entire system. Compared with the eddy current sensor, inductive sensor has the advantages of low cost, high sensitivity, and is not sensitive to the electromagnetic environment; Influenced by the ambient temperature is small. In this paper, design research from two aspects of the sensor structure and circuit, and the sensor was tested and successfully used in maglev blower. This sensor design method can also be applied on other active magnetic bearings, such as magnetic levitation heart pumps, etc.

The maglev blower used in sewage treatment, which power is 115kW, speed up to 20000rpm, for plain bearing blower speed 6-8 times, volume is only 1/4 of the plain bearing and the noise is less than 80dB. The controller uses a DSP and FPGA dual-core controller to complete. DSP process the rotor suspension signal with digital bandstop filter program and improved PID program, FPGA complete the current signal amplification.Two chip via custom protocol to complete the data transfer. It is successful application of the controller that used in the magnetic bearing blower.

Unscented particle filter (UPF) has high accuracy of state estimation for nonlinear system with non-Gaussian noise. While the computation of traditional unscented particle filter is huge and this depends on the particle number. In this paper we propose a new adaptive unscented particle filter algorithm AUPF through improved relative entropy which can adaptively adjust the particle number during filtering. Firstly the relative entropy is used to measure the distance between the posterior probability density and the importance proposal and the least number of particles for the next time step is decided according to the relative entropy. Then the least number is adjusted to offset the difference between the importance proposal and the true distribution. This algorithm can effectively reduce unnecessary particles meanwhile reduce the computation. The simulation results show the effectiveness of AUPF.

The retainer bearing will be misaligned for mechanical errors, which leads to the uneven air gap of AMB and affects the performance of AMB. To study this problem, the electric-magnetic force model was built first with the misalignment of retainer bearing. With this model, the influences of the misalignment on the system stiffness, damping and damping ratio of AMB were studied through theory analysis and simulation based on the PID controller with low-pass filters. The study indicates that the system stiffness and damping ratio of AMB employing PID controller will increase with the increase of retainer bearing misalignment. The results provide certain references for the system structure optimum design, system debugging and fault diagnosis and performance improvement of AMB-rotor system.

Three-level power amplifier with the characteristics of a small ripple, Aimed at existing situations of the three-level power amplifier without ASIC chips, a new three-level power amplifier circuit based on FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array) is presented. Detailed analysis the principle of the three-level power amplifier, According to the principle, the FPGA internal composition and function of each module is designed, programmed using VHDL Language, functional simulated and validated by Modelsim which is specialized simulation software. The actual production of the three-level power amplifier is experimental testing for a step signal and sinusoidal signal. Test results show that the current response of AMB coil is fast and the current track is good. Finally, industrial successful applications in the Active magnetic bearing spindle.

The micro-morphology of nutlets in 30 taxa (28 species and 2 varieties) of Microula Benth. (Boraginaceae) was surveyed by light and scanning electron microscopy. A principal coordinate-based ordination analysis (PCO) (8 morphological and 14 micro-morphological characters) was applied to explore whether taxa clustered according to the current sectional taxonomy. The nutlet epidermis showed three major features: trichomes, papillae and lamellae. Two basic trichome types could be identified: branched and unbranched. Stellate trichomes (STT) and stipitate stellate trichomes (SST) can be considered as two subtypes of branched trichomes based on shape and branching location. Three kinds of unbranched trichomes were recognized by their shapes: slender trichomes (SLT), spear-like trichomes (SPT) and conical trichomes (CT). Four types of papillae were revealed in this genus: central apiculate papillae (CAP), debris-covered convex papillae (DCP), rugous papillae (RP) and tabular papillae (TP). The lamellae was classified in five types: glossy lamellae (GL), thread-like lamellae (TL), rugous lamellae (RL), interrupted lamellae (IL) and debris-covered lamellae (DCL). The variation in the nature of surface sculpturing, nutlet shape and size, dorsal aperture shape, and attachment scar positions proved useful diagnostic characters. Taxa belonging to the same section generally clustered together in the PCO analysis. A key based on the morphology and micro-morphology of nutlets is provided to distinguish the sections of Microula. The presence of SLT, STT, DCP and DCL is consistent with the macro-morphological classification and provides additional evidence for the subgeneric delimitations. The SST, SLT, CAP, DCP, RP, DCL, GL and RL are useful in discriminating species in Microula. Additionally, the distribution of some trichomes, papillae and lamellae types is correlated with the altitudinal distribution of the species.

Three undescribed cis -clerodane lactones, scapanialides A–C ( 1–3 ), and a new cis -clerodane furano-diterpenoid, scaparvin F ( 4 ), were isolated from the Chinese liverwort Scapania parva Steph. Scapanialide B ( 2 ) is the first cis -clerodane diterpenoid with a bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane skeleton from liverworts. Their structures including the absolute configurations were determined by extensive analysis of multidimensional NMR spectroscopy and TDDFT CD calculations, together with crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The cytotoxicity of compounds 1–4 was preliminary tested against the Hela and MCF-7 cell lines.

To describe the undernutrition status of children under 5-year in China, and study the trend between 2002 and 2013).The study was based on two national surveys. Undernutrition was determined against WHO's 2006 growth standards. The prevalence in 2013 and 2002 was weighted by China sixth National Population Census (2010). The relationship between undernutrition and gender/age groups/different areas use weighted logistic regression.The results indicated the overall prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting of Chinese children under 5-year was 8.1%, 2.4%, and 1.9% in 2013, respectively. The prevalence of stunting was higher for children aged 12-47 month, while underweight was higher for children aged 48-59 month. The prevalence of undernutrition was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, especially in poor rural areas. There was a decline of stunting, underweight, and wasting between 2002 and 2013 among the children, with greater reduction in rural areas than in urban areas.The prevalence of undernutrition of children under 5-year remains high in rural areas especially in poor rural areas in China. It is urgent to take action to control undernutrition in the vulnerable areas and subgroups.

First this paper analyzes the model structure and the output characteristics of the photovoltaic (PV) module, and then we get the output characteristic curve using the parameter sheet. In this paper a simple, quick, and low cost Double-line MPPT ( maximum power point tracking) method and an simple temperature compensation method are proposed after analyzing and comparing the cell’s output features in terms of irradiance and temperature environment changes .The detailed process of the theoretical derivation and the simulation in MATLAB are provided. At last, the paper introduces the control strategy of the Double-line MPPT method. We conclude that Double-line MPPT method is Low-Complexity, easier to realize , faster without oscillation compared with other methods ,it can be used in low power PV system.

7′-Hydroxyriccardin C (1) and marchantin E (2), two macrocyclic bisbibenzyls with a stereogenic center at the ethylene bridge from Chinese liverworts, were investigated stereochemically. Compound 1 was found to be optically active and occurred as a pair of dynamically interchangeable atropisomers at room temperature due to the low barrier of rotation around the biaryl bond, while 2 was a racemic mixture, which was successfully resolved by chiral HPLC into two enantiomers. Their absolute configurations were unequivocally assigned by analysis of temperature-dependent NMR spectra, X-ray crystallographic diffraction, and comparison of experimental and calculated ECD data.

A new BEDT-TTF-based radical salt, β-(BEDT-TTF)(HSO4) [BEDT-TTF = bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene], has been synthesized by oxidative electrocrystallization. The crystal structure was determined by four-circle X-ray diffraction. The crystal belongs to monoclinic system, C2/c space group with the unit cell parameters of: a = 1.5996(2) nm, b = 1.06173(10) nm, c = 1.15083(11) nm, β = 120.534(8)°, V = 1.6834(3) nm3, and R = 0.0611. In the title crystal, the BEDT-TTF radicals are stacked to form columns along the [1 0 1] axis and the molecular planes of BEDT-TTFs in adjacent columns are parallel to each other. The inter-stack side-by-side S…S short contacts along the b-axis help to form a kind of cationic conducting sheet parallel to (1 0 1) plane. The room temperature conductivity at certain direction on (1 0 1) plane of β-(BEDT-TTF)(HSO4) single crystal was measured to be 11.7 S cm−1. From 100 K to 290 K, the resistivity–temperature curve demonstrates its typical semiconductivity with an excitation energy of 0.26 eV.

Several organic salts with D-A molecular structure and different counterion have been prepared and experimentally investigated. The two-photon induced frequency-upconverted spectra and two-photon pumped lasing are measured for the organic salt solutions in various solvents. The results indicate that counterions have influence on their stability and lasing property.