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6. Guidelines for the Identification of Unknown Samples for Laboratories Performing Forensic Analyses for Chemical Terrorism*

Author

Magnuson, Matthew L., primary, Duane Satzger, R., additional, Alcaraz, Armando, additional, Brewer, Jason, additional, Fetterolf, Dean, additional, Harper, Martin, additional, Hrynchuk, Ronald, additional, McNally, Mary F., additional, Montgomery, Madeline, additional, Nottingham, Eric, additional, Peterson, James, additional, Rickenbach, Michael, additional, Seidel, Jimmy L., additional, and Wolnik, Karen, additional

Published
2011
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27. Metal Content of Stack Emissions, Coal and Fly Ash from Some Eastern and Western Power Plants in the U.S.A. as Obtained By ICP-AES

Author

Hee, Shane S. Que, Finelli, Vincent, Fricke, Fred, and Wolnik, Karen

Abstract

The metal profiles characterizing stack emissions, fly ashes and coals of three coal-fired power plants in the United States using one high-sulfur Eastern and two low-sulfur Western coals were obtained by quantitating 21 elements via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The stack emissions were collected with a modified sampling train approved by the U.S. EPA. Aluminum, calcium, iron, sodium, potassium and magnesium predominated in all the samples and the emission was greatest from the high sulfur coal. Silicon could not be accurately quantitated because of the digestion procedure used. Volatile elements were lead, zinc, beryllium and molybdenum. Chemical speciation in stack emissions was shown to be important by atypical collection for Pb, Bi, Be, Na, Cu and Zn in the three impingers of the sampling train.

Published
1982
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28. Trace Element Studies in Weanling Rats: Maternal Diets and Baseline Tissue Mineral Values

Author

Rader, Jeanne I., Wolnik, Karen A., Gaston, Cynthia M., Celesk, Evelyn M., Peeler, James T., Fox, M. R. Spivey, and Fricke, Fred L.

Abstract

The initial nutritional status of experimental animals can influence their response to subsequent dietary regimens. In the present study, we determined the variations in minerals in diet NIH-31, a breeding colony stock diet, and in tissues of weanling rats nursed by dams fed this diet. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used to determine nine elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Zn) in diet and in liver, kidney, spleen, duodenum and femur from 22- to 26-day-old rats. Wet digestions were performed in mixtures of nitric, perchloric, and sulfuric acids (diets and soft tissues) or nitric and perchloric acids (femur). Solution concentrations ranged from <25 ng/ml for the trace elements to >100 µg/ml for the major elements. Large variations in mineral content were found between batches of commercially prepared NIH-31 diet; relative amounts of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn varied markedly. Significant differences in concentrations of major and trace minerals in liver, kidney, spleen and duodenal tissue were found among groups of weanling rats obtained from the same supplier at different times. Mn was readily quantitated in all tissues except spleen, where it was below detection limits. The precision obtained with the ICP-AES methodology has significant advantages for establishing variations in tissue mineral levels.

Published
1984
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29. Purified Reference Diets for Weanling Rats: Effects of Biotin and Cellulose

Author

Rader, Jeanne I., Wolnik, Karen A., Gaston, Cynthia M., Fricke, Fred L., and Spivey Fox, M.R.

Abstract

Standardized purified diets limited to required nutrients are needed for nutritional and toxicological studies. In the present study, we formulated a biotin- and cellulose-free diet of reproducible mineral composition (diet A), based on diet AIN-76, and fed it to weanling Long-Evans rats for 3 wk. Inductively coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectrometry was used to determine Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Zn in liver, duodenum, kidney, spleen and femur. Results were compared with those obtained with rats fed biotin- and/or cellulose-supplemented variations of diet A, diet AIN-76 and diet NIH-31 (an open-formula stock diet). Weanling rats grew slowly and steadily on purified diet A. Growth rates increased when diet A was supplemented with biotin and cellulose. In general, differences among tissue mineral levels in rats fed diet NIH-31 and those fed diet AIN-76 were more pronounced than those among groups fed our purified diets. Values for hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly lower in rats fed all purified diets than in those fed diet NIH-31. Diets A + biotin, A + cellulose and A + cellulose + biotin appear satisfactory as reference diets for measuring mineral interactions at near-requirement levels as well as effects of fiber on mineral utilization or for studies on vitamins whose endogenous synthesis may be influenced by dietary fiber.

Published
1986
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