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Dating violence frequently occurs within women college students' relationships, but few examinations of their reasons for engaging in psychological aggression have been conducted. Accordingly, the current study investigated psychological aggression initiated by women undergraduates against their male partners using a qualitative methodology. Overall, 72 of the 206 participants responded to an open-ended question examining their reasons for initiating psychological aggression. Six domains of reasons were identified; the two most frequently reported precipitants were negative affect and a partner's transgression. One domain, 'self-soothing,' (i.e., aggressing to help oneself feel better) had not been observed in studies of women's initiation of physical aggression. These reasons could be targeted in prevention and intervention programs for reducing dating aggression among undergraduates., Author(s): Honore M. Hughes[sup.1] , Carrie E. Massura[sup.1] , Onyinyechi V. Anukem[sup.1] , Jacquelyn S. Cattage[sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) Morrissey Hall, Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell [...]

A study on the interactive effects of gender in paired negotiation is presented. The findings dispute sex-stereotypic perspectives by showing that women persist more with cynical male than with cynical female but do so in a conventional low-status manner. However, women's adaptation of their persistence to cynic's gender appeared functional.

Numerous studies have examined risk factors that are associated with heavy alcohol use; however, much of this research has not addressed factors that specifically relate to women's alcohol use. The current study has extended the previous literature on women's alcohol-use behavior by examining factors associated with risky drinking in young women traveling abroad (n = 55). Using a pretest-posttest design, we examined the influence of disinhibition sensation-seeking and endorsement of social enhancement alcohol expectancies in relation to participation in risky alcohol use while abroad for three weeks. Analyses confirmed that disinhibition sensation-seeking and social enhancement alcohol expectancies were associated with participation in risky alcohol-use behaviors while abroad (controlling for alcohol-use at the pretest). Analysis of qualitative data reinforced the importance of social facilitation in women's alcohol risk-taking. Participants' qualitative data also emphasized characteristics of situational disinhibition relating to travel as well as culturally-specific motivations for alcohol-use behaviors. Further research examining women's personal need for disinhibition and the role of situational disinhibition in motivating alcohol risk-taking is warranted. In addition, the current findings suggest that interventions focusing on the connections between alcohol use and enhancement of social relationships and the potential isolating effects of non-use are necessary. KEYWORDS alcohol, risk-taking, disinhibition DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2010.480907

Byline: Luuk Kempen (1) Keywords: Empowerment; Subjective well-being; Expectations Abstract: The paper reports on a field experiment conducted among poor women organized in self-help groups in the north-east of India. The experiment tests in a simple game whether overly optimistic expectations with respect to the benefits of exercising agency reduces one's appreciation of remaining with agency in the future. If so, unrealistic expectations may trigger behaviour that jeopardizes empowerment processes. It is hypothesized that negative emotions, such as disappointment, bring about such risks. We find that overstretched expectations may indeed work against empowerment if the gap between achieved and expected outcomes following increased agency is sufficiently wide. However, modest expectation gaps have the opposite effect and tend to promote attitudes conducive to empowerment. A tentative explanation for this result is offered by combining insights from recent work on the role of aspirations. Author Affiliation: (1) Centre for International Development Issues Nijmegen (CIDIN), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Article History: Registration Date: 05/01/2009 Received Date: 29/08/2008 Accepted Date: 05/01/2009 Online Date: 16/01/2009

Women may have difficulty maintaining smoking cessation efforts due to negative affect and fear of weight gain. Dieting smokers who rely on cigarettes for affect regulation and weight management may be especially prone to weight gain and smoking relapse following initial smoking abstinence. The present study, which included 82 women smokers, assessed the relationship between dieting stares, self-efficacy, and temptation to smoke and eat following a depressing or elating mood induction. Women with high levels of dietary restraint (i.e., more dieting behavior) bad more confidence in their ability to refrain from smoking when in the elated mood condition, and they were more tempted to smoke when in the depressed condition. At low levels of dietary restraint (i.e., less dieting behavior), depressed or elated mood condition appeared to have little impact on women's confidence to refrain from smoking or their temptation to smoke. Dieting status seems to moderate the impact of positive and negative mood states, especially with respect to women's smoking behavior. These findings may have implications for dieters who are trying to quit smoking and also maintain their weight. KEYWORDS smoking cessation, dietary restraint, emotional regulation

This study examined age-group and individual differences on the controlled force-exertion test by bar-chart display and proposed a provisional norm in 249 females who were right-handed and ages 15 to 84 years. The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values, appearing as a bar chart on the display of a personal computer. The subjects performed the controlled force-exertion test three times with 1-min. intervals (single trials were 40 sec.), after one practice trial using the dominant hand. A total of the differences (%) between the demand value and the grip-exertion value for 25 sec. was used as an evaluation parameter. The measurements showed a right-skewed distribution, normalized after logarithmic transformation. Analysis of variance identified significant differences between means of each age group; test performance decreased after 40 years of age. Norms for each age group were presented.

This article examines the experiences of 31 participants in three women's folk dance groups in Taiwan through the reproduction/resistance perspectives, which regard leisure as a means either to enhance or to challenge traditional gender ideologies and inequities. The findings suggest that the difference between reproducing or resisting societally imposed constraints lies in the negotiation strategy that is used, rather than in constraining factors, and that the coping strategy of negotiation is critical for women's resistance. Implications for social work are discussed. Keywords: gender socialization; negotiation; reproduction and resistance; women's leisure

Thought-shape fusion (TSF) is a cognitive distortion that can be induced experimentally and is associated with eating pathology. The current study was conducted in order to elucidate the effects of TSF induction in females with eating disorders (n = 35), as well as in restrained eaters (n = 38) and unrestrained eaters (n = 39). It was hypothesized that TSF induction would result in anxiety, guilt, increased feelings of fatness, perceived weight gain and feelings of moral wrong-doing relative to an anxiety and control induction. It was further hypothesized that restrained eaters and individuals with eating disorders would exhibit a stronger reaction to a TSF induction than would unrestrained eaters. The results indicated that, as predicted, TSF can be induced in individuals both with and without eating disorders, and individuals with eating disorders reported the highest levels of 'state' TSF after the induction relative to the non-clinical controls. However, contrary to expectations, restrained eaters reported higher levels of perceived weight gain and moral wrong-doing after the anxiety induction (but not the TSF induction) relative to the control induction. Potential mechanisms for this pattern of results are discussed, and the clinical implications of research on TSF are also considered. Keywords: Thought-shape fusion; Cognitive distortion; Eating disorders; Dietary restraint

Objective This study identified differences between women from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)--and WIC/Farmers' Market Nutrition Program--participating households regarding household food security status, fruit and vegetable intake and behaviors, perceived diet quality, and education level; and assessed the relationship between household food security status and perceived diet quality and perceived health. Design, subjects/setting Cross-sectional survey of women from Athens County, Ohio (WIC, n=829; Farmers' Market Nutrition Program, n=246) living in WIC households. Results Of 228 participants completing the food security portion of the survey, 61 (26.8%) were living in food secure households, while 47 (20.6%), 75 (32.9%), and 45 (19.7%) were living in households at risk for (marginal) food insecurity, with low food security, and with very low food security, respectively. For the entire sample, food insecurity was associated with poorer diet quality (r=-0.248, P<0.001). Food security status ([chi square]=2.117, P= 0.548) did not differ between groups. Farmers' Market Nutrition Program reported higher education levels (P=0.027). Unlike fruit intake (t test, P=0.769), vegetable intake servings were greater among Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (2.2 [+ or -] 1.2), compared to WIC (1.9 [+ or -] 1.0) (t test, P=0.040). Both perceived benefit ([chi square]=4.574, P=0.032) and perceived diet quality ([chi square]=7.219, P=0.027) were greater for Farmers' Market Nutrition Program. Conclusions Farmers' Market Nutrition Program participants exhibit more indicators of a healthful diet, but appear not to be more food secure. Nutrition education regarding the benefits of fresh produce intake can help to improve diet quality and increase Farmers' Market Nutrition Program participation.

While audiences and critics have enjoyed the paradoxical wit and verbal fencing of Lady Windermere's Fan since its first performance in 1892, the play has also attracted criticism. This has […]

Drawing from past research on women's motives for intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, correlates of women's perpetration, and correlates of nonviolent conflict, we created a scale containing 125 possible motives, representing 14 broad domains (e.g., self-defense, retaliation). Participants were an ethnically diverse sample of women who had perpetrated no physical 1PV against their current partner (n = 243), threats but not physical IPV (n = 70), nonsevere physical IPV (n = 193), and at least one act of severe (e.g., choke) physical IPV (n = 93). An exploratory factor analysis yielded a seven-factor solution, representing Partners' Negative Behaviors, Increase Intimacy, Personal Problems, Retaliation, Childhood Experiences, Situation/Mood, and Partners' Personal Problems. Differences by women's IPV perpetration and race and/or ethnicity were tested with means representing these seven factors and a computed variable representing self defense. Although motives differed by perpetration type, main effects for Partners' Negative Behavior, Personal Problems, Retaliation, and Childhood Experiences were modified by interactions, suggesting ethnicity should be considered when developing interventions. Keywords: female perpetration: low-income: partner violence: race/ethnicity: scale development

Cervical screening has been subject to intense media scrutiny in New Zealand in recent years prompted by a series of health system failings through which a number of women developed cervical cancer despite undergoing regular smears. This paper considers why underscreening persists in a country where cervical screening has a high profile. It explores how the promotion of cervical screening has impacted on the decisions of women to undergo a smear test. Ideas of risk and the new public health are deployed to develop a context for thinking about screening as a form of governing the body. Qualitative interviews with 17 women who were overdue for a cervical smear were undertaken in 2001-2002, yielding understandings of their knowledge of screening and their reasons for postponement. Nine providers of screening services were also interviewed. Concurrent with socioeconomic limitations, concerns over exposing one's body loomed large in women's reasons for delaying being screened. In particular, feelings of shyness and embarrassment were encountered among Maori and Pacific women for whom exposing bodies in the process of smear taking compromises cultural beliefs about sacredness. We conclude that medicalization of the body has, paradoxically, assisted many women in dealing with the intrusion of screening. For others, compliance with the exhortations to be screened brings a high emotional and cultural cost which should at least be considered in health policy debates. Keywords: Cervical screening; New Zealand; Women's health; Bodies; Culture; Health beliefs; Ethnicity

This research examined the effects of naturally occurring appearance-focused social comparisons on women's affect, body satisfaction, and weight-related cognitions. During their daily activities, women reporting body dissatisfaction (n=53) and women reporting body satisfaction (n=34) recorded their reactions to comparison information. Body-dissatisfied women engaged in more comparisons and a greater proportion of upward comparisons than body-satisfied women. Upward comparisons were associated with an increase in negative affect, body dissatisfaction, and thoughts of exercising for both groups; however, body-dissatisfied women experienced a greater increase in thoughts of dieting following upward comparisons. The daily effects of comparison information on body-dissatisfied women were examined; upward comparisons were associated with increases in daily negative affect, body dissatisfaction, and weight-related cognitions.

This article focuses on transition to first-time motherhood and explores the experiences of a group of women as they anticipate, give birth, and engage in early mothering. It illuminates how these women draw on, weave together, and challenge dominant strands of discourse that circumscribe their journeys into motherhood. Using qualitative longitudinal data, prenatal and postnatal episodes of transition are explored. The analysis and juxtaposing of these data reveal the different ways women anticipate and gradually make sense of becoming mothers. While there is a disjuncture between expectations and experiences for these new mothers, this article draws attention to the different ways women discursively position themselves through transition. It reveals how birth experiences can act as a discursive turning point and underscores the obduracy of some strands of dominant discourse. These findings contribute to a subtler and more nuanced understanding of the dynamic interplay between personal experience and gendered discourses. Keywords: transition to motherhood; longitudinal qualitative research; mothering experiences; discourses

The Korean film My Sassy Girl was very popular among young people in urban China in 2001. After the release of the movie, the new image of the 'sassy girl' emerged in different media. This study uses the media image of the sassy girl as a stimulus material in interviews and focus groups to explore how young men and women make sense of women's aggression in dating relationships. This qualitative study is mainly based on two focus groups and in-depth interviews with 20 informants (13 female and 7 male). The study sheds light on how the competing and multilayered discourses in contemporary China regarding gender, love, and sex have left some space for young adults to justify women's aggression in dating relationships. We see how young adults in Beijing situate themselves within this set of social cultural discourses and make use of them to 'do' their gender through their aggressive behavior and interactions with each other. New images of men and women are thereby created. Keywords: dating violence; doing gender: women's aggression

Author presents an introduction to this special issue dealing with male victims of violence by women. The author argues that the scholarly neglect of this topic has limited our overall [...]

An unanticipated consequence of pro-arrest policies for domestic violence is the arrest of women. With the resultant creation of court-ordered groups to accommodate this new population, a thorough understanding of the motivations, contexts, and consequences of women's use of violence is needed. Widely used current treatment models are reviewed, and a model is proposed. This model incorporates aspects of group process (group leadership, group development, mutual aid, self-determination, and member roles) and group content (safety issues, dynamics of abuse, anger management, children's issues, coping strategies, empowerment and community resources, exploring prior victimizations, relationship issues, and self-nurturing), doi:10.1300/J015v30n01_03 KEYWORDS. Domestic violence, women's violence, battered women, domestically violent, groups, family violence

The relationship between repeated body checking and its impact on body size estimation and body dissatisfaction is of interest for two reasons. First, it has importance in theoretical accounts of the maintenance of eating disorders and, second, body checking is targeted in cognitive-behavioural treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of manipulating body checking on body size estimation and body dissatisfaction. Sixty women were randomly assigned either to repeatedly scrutinize their bodies in a critical way in the mirror ('high body checking') or to refrain from body checking but to examine the whole of their bodies in a neutral way ('low body checking'). Body dissatisfaction, feelings of fatness and the strength of a particular self-critical thought increased immediately after the manipulation among those in the high body checking condition. Feelings of fatness decreased among those in the low body checking condition. These changes were short-lived. The manipulation did not effect estimations of body size or the discrepancy between estimations of body size and desired body size. The implications of these findings for understanding the influence of body checking on the maintenance of body dissatisfaction are considered. Keywords: Body checking; Eating disorders; Experiment; Body dissatisfaction; Body size estimation

We examined predictors and outcomes of women's hostility toward other women. Based on a projection model, we hypothesized and tested the theory via structural equation modeling that women's sense of personal inadequacy, the tendency to stereotype, and general anger would predict hostility toward women, and hostility toward women would predict blaming victims of violence and poor relationships with a female friend. Participants were 464 college women with an average age of 28.08. All measures were pencil and paper. Women's hostility toward women served as an intervening variable between a personal sense of inadequacy, tendency to stereotype, blaming women victims of violence, and intimacy with one's best female friend.

The authors of the present study contribute to research on the role of sexist events in women's mental health by examining the sexism--distress relation (a) with a sample of women who are seeking mental health services and (b) in the context of the additional roles of perceived social support in positive self-appraisal (i.e., empowerment and self-esteem) and psychological distress. A path analysis was conducted with data from 157 women who were seeking counseling services. Results supported the generalizability of previously observed links between the frequency of perceived sexist events and psychological distress. Results also indicated that the sexism--distress link was significant in the context of an additional significant indirect relation of perceived social support with psychological distress, which was mediated through empowerment but not through self-esteem. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. Keywords: sexist events, discrimination, mental health, social support, empowerment

Content and thematic analyses were used to examine women's written responses to a hypothetical attempted sexual assault. A community sample (N = 371) participated in an experiment examining the effects of alcohol on sexual assault resistance. Women received a high-dose alcohol, low-dose alcohol, placebo, or control beverage and then projected themselves into a dating scenario culminating in an attempted sexual assault. Participants wrote their own endings to the story, which were analyzed qualitatively. Content analysis found that verbal and physical assertiveness were the most frequently described actions; calling out for help was less frequent. Three major themes emerged from story endings: gendered sexuality, interpersonal concerns, and empowerment. Findings included contrasting elements: Women's projected outcomes to the sexual assault scenario involved both traditional and alternative sexual scripts. Results supported the position that the current social construction of heterosexuality plays a role in high acquaintance sexual assault rates. Implications for developing effective antirape programs and for sexual assault research are discussed.

In the present study, an investment model framework was applied to identify associations between partner verbal sexual coercion and dating relationship outcomes, including relationship commitment and maintenance. Undergraduate women (N = 180) provided self-report data on investment model variables and verbal sexual coercion within their current relationships and returned 6 to 8 weeks later to report on their relationship status. About 28% of the participants endorsed partner verbal sexual coercion. Women in sexually coercive relationships reported greater investment but did not differ from other women in satisfaction, commitment, or later relationship maintenance. Results revealed indirect effects of partner sexual coercion on relationship commitment through greater perceived investment. Sustaining verbal sexual coercion in ongoing dating relationships may represent a type of relationship investment that indirectly promotes subjective commitment. Additional studies of verbal sexual coercion in committed romantic relationships are needed.

The current study explored body image self-discrepancy as moderator and social comparison as mediator in the effects on women from thin-ideal images in the media. Female undergraduates (N = 112) with high and low body image self-discrepancy were exposed to advertisements either with thin women (thin ideal) or without thin women (neutral-advertisement control). Exposure to thin-ideal advertisements increased body dissatisfaction, negative mood, and levels of depression and lowered self-esteem. In addition, social comparison processes mediated the relationship between exposure to thin-ideal advertisements and negative self-directed effects. Notably, self-discrepancy moderated this mediation. Women with high levels of body image self-discrepancy were more likely to engage in social comparison from exposure to thin-ideal advertisements, as well as more likely to have those comparison processes induce self-directed negative consequences. This research provides support for an individual difference variable (body image self-discrepancy) that moderates the mediating effect of social comparison from exposure to thin-ideal media.

Benzodiazepines are among the most commonly prescribed therapeutics. Women seem to be more likely than men to be prescribed a benzodiazepine and to use benzodiazepines for nonmedical reasons; they also appear to be at higher risk for benzodiazepine dependence. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the acute behavioral effects of a benzodiazepine in women and men. To accomplish this, 13 volunteers (6 women, 7 men) first learned to discriminate 0.375-mg triazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine hypnotic. After acquiring the discrimination, (i.e., >80% correct responding on 4 consecutive sessions) a range of doses of triazolam (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.375 mg) were tested in each participant. Triazolam dose dependently increased drug-appropriate responding and subject ratings of sedation and impaired performance (i.e., significant effect of dose). The women and men did not differ significantly on any measure. The results of the present experiment suggest that women and men are not differentially sensitive to the behavioral effects of triazolam. Keywords: Benzodiazepines, drug discrimination, sex, gender, triazolam, INTRODUCTION Women and men differ with respect to drug-taking behavior (1-3). Recent epidemiological data from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health suggest that men are more likely [...]

Risk perception was examined in relation to sexual victimization among 262 college women. Participants were presented with written vignettes that described hypothetical situations with a stranger and with an acquaintance. Participants' hypothetical decision to leave a potentially risky situation with an acquaintance predicted rape and revictimization during an 8-month follow-up period. Revictimized participants had significantly delayed responses compared to previously victimized respondents who were not revictimized. Multivariate models indicated that prior victimization and delayed risk response increased vulnerability for rape and other forms of sexual victimization. Results highlight the need to assess multiple aspects of risk perception, including threat identification and behavioral responses to hypothetical or real situations. Findings suggest that delayed response to danger cues might be one factor that increases vulnerability for revictimization by acquaintances.

The present study evaluated the efficacy of a sexual assault risk-reduction program that included a physical self-defense component for college women (N= 500). Program group women significantly increased their protective behaviors over the 6-month follow-up period compared to the waiting-list control group. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding rates of sexual victimization, assertive communication, or feelings of self-efficacy over the follow-up periods. Program group women who were victimized during the 3-month follow-up period evidenced less self-blame and greater offender blame for their assaults than control group women who were victimized following the program. Given that program women evidenced a greater awareness of sexual assault at the end of the study than control group women, the difficulty in addressing the impact of programming on rates of sexual victimization is discussed.

Obesity is a risk factor for multiple disease outcomes, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. A healthy diet and physically active lifestyle can prevent obesity. Sexual orientation is an important demographic factor that has been suggested to affect engagement in health-related behaviors, and interventions developed for the general population of women are likely to be less effective in assisting sexual minority women to make healthy choices. We conducted seven focus groups with sexual minority women (i.e., lesbians and bisexual women) to explore issues, including barriers and motivations, regarding healthy eating, physical activity, and weight in this population. The participants reported a wide range of levels of engagement in health-related behaviors. While nearly all of the participants reported some awareness of the importance of good dietary choices, the majority reported some confusion about what constitutes a healthy diet. In contrast, the majority of participants seemed clearly aware that regular exercise was important for good health. These data can guide the design of effective intervention strategies to improve health behaviors in sexual minority women. KEYWORDS. Sexual minority women, obesity, intervention design, focus groups

A behavioral analysis was conducted of various eating disorder behaviors and their relationship with the lifetime use of different substances in a community-based sample of young adult women, aged 18-25 years. Women with particular eating disorder behaviors were selected from the 517 women who completed the Women's Health Survey. Analyses compared the frequencies of lifetime use of a range of licit and illicit substances as well as the abuse of prescription medications between each of the eating disorder groups and the normal control group. Results showed that as eating disorder behaviors became more severe, or were clustered together, the number of substance classes used increased. Severe bingeing was consistently associated with alcohol use. Dieting and purging, with or without bingeing, was associated with the use of stimulants/amphetamines and the abuse of sleeping pills. The results of this study suggest that the co-occurrence between subclinical levels of eating disorders and the use and abuse of a wide range of substances should inform assessment and treatment planning for adult women. KEYWORDS. Eating, substance, women, comorbidity

Byline: Catherine Romero (1,2,6), Lois C. Friedman (1,3), Mamta Kalidas (3,4), Richard Elledge (3,4), Jenny Chang (3,4), Kathleen R. Liscum (2,5) Keywords: breast cancer; forgiveness; spirituality; mood disturbance; quality of life Abstract: We evaluated whether a self-forgiving attitude and spirituality were related to psychological adjustment among 81 women being treated for breast cancer at a medical oncology clinic in a county general hospital. Both a self-forgiving attitude and spirituality were unique predictors of less mood disturbance and better quality of life (p's &lt 0.001). These results are consistent with previous research that has demonstrated a positive relationship between spirituality and well-being. The findings also suggest that self-forgiveness should be explored experimentally to determine whether it can protect against the psychological effects of breast cancer-related stress. Interventions targeting these characteristics could improve the quality of life and alleviate stress, especially in women with breast cancer in public sector settings. Author Affiliation: (1) Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S. (2) Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas, U.S. (3) Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital Breast Care Center, Houston, Texas, U.S. (4) Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S. (5) Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S. (6) Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston, Texas, 77030, U.S. Article History: Registration Date: 29/09/2005 Accepted Date: 23/05/2005 Online Date: 15/12/2005

The author carried out the present study to examine the determinants of Malaysian women's well-being. Specifically, the author proposed a theoretical model of women's roles and well-being--made up of roles, negative affectivity, conflict, and health--and statistically validated it in a group of women occupying both work and family roles (N = 389). Using a life-course approach (P. Moen, 1998) to roles and well-being, the author further examined the model in women of 3 different age groups (age of Group 1 = 20-29 years, age of Group 2 = 30-39 years, and age of Group 3 = 40 years and older). The results supported the proposed model, which showed reasonable fit when applied to the 3 groups of women. The results also indicated that the predictors of women's well-being differ according to their respective age groups. The author discussed these findings in relation to the life-course approach to women's roles. Key words: distress, life satisfaction, model validation, physical health, roles, work-family conflict, MALAYSIAN WOMEN'S WELL-BEING -- the purpose of the present study was to examine its determinants. Specifically, I statistically validated a theoretical model of women's roles and well-being and examined this [...]

The present study examined the role of emotion in women's perceptions of discrimination and their endorsement of behavioral responses to change the status quo. In an experimental simulation involving a situation of sex discrimination, women (N = 108) were primed to experience a particular emotion (sad, angry, control condition) and were subsequently instructed to either suppress or express (or neither) their emotional responses. Women primed to feel sad and told to suppress their emotions reported the least discrimination, whereas angered women who were permitted to express themselves reported the greatest discrimination. Furthermore, when encouraged to express their emotions, women primed to feel sad were more likely to endorse normative actions to rectify the situation, whereas women induced to feel angry were more likely to endorse collective actions to change the status quo. These findings have implications for the role of emotions and expectations regarding their expression on collective action taking. Keywords: sex discrimination; anger; sad; social expectations; collective action

Based on in-depth interviews, this study utilizes grounded theory, interpretive poetics, and voice-centered analytic methods to investigate how six college women stop self-injuring. Findings illuminate that this process involves multiple factors beyond whether or not a woman desires to stop. These include: subjective meanings of the behavior, a decrease in psychological catalysts, self-initiative, life engagements, relational ties, professional treatment, disclosure experiences, motivators, and momentum. Treatment implications suggest that a woman's attitude toward stopping may point toward particular interventions. KEYWORDS. Self-injury, self-mutilation, cutting, recovery, healing, qualitative methods

Mood adjustment goals served to explain gender differences regarding media preferences. Before reacting to antagonism, females are likely to prevent aggression by dissolving aversive states through media consumption, whereas males could preserve aggression by choosing negative content, In a computerized procedure, participants (N = 86) were provoked by supervisor feedback to instigate angry moods. Half of the sample was led to anticipate a retaliation opportunity. In a purportedly separate study, participants were free to choose from online news while software unobtrusively logged their selective news exposure. The articles had been classified as positive or negative news in a pretest. When anticipating a retaliation opportunity, females spent more time reading positive news to dissipate their anger. Males expecting a retaliation opportunity spent more time on negative news to sustain their anger. Males' generally lower news consumption, especially when anticipating a chance to retaliate, indicated anger rumination through news avoidance altogether.