Search

Abstract Hierarchically porous materials containing sub-nm ultramicropores with molecular sieving abilities and microcavities with high gas diffusivity may realize energy-efficient membranes for gas separations. However, rationally designing and constructing such pores into large-area membranes enabling efficient H2 separations remains challenging. Here, we report the synthesis and utilization of hybrid carbon molecular sieve membranes with well-controlled nano- and micro-pores and single zinc atoms and clusters well-dispersed inside the nanopores via the carbonization of supramolecular mixed matrix materials containing amorphous and crystalline zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. Carbonization temperature is used to fine-tune pore sizes, achieving ultrahigh selectivity for H2/CO2 (130), H2/CH4 (2900), H2/N2 (880), and H2/C2H6 (7900) with stability against water vapor and physical aging during a continuous 120-h test.

The influence of different environmental factors on the infectivity of H1N1 influenza virus was measured. We found less than 1-log reduction when viruses were exposed to NaCl solutions up to 5 M or solutions with pH = 4 through 11 for one hour. The infectivity of the virus was sensitive to the solution temperature. A log reduction ranging from 2 to more than 6 was observed starting at 50 °C and spanning just 3 or 5 for 10- or 30 min exposures, respectively. Drying the virus in media on aluminum or polymer coupons for 48 h resulted in a log reduction of 4 when kept at room temperature, but less than one when kept at 4 °C or -20 °C. Log reduction greater than 6 occurred at room temperature after 3 days, but only 1-log reduction occurred at 4 and -20 °C after 6 days. Drying on different coinage achieved similar results, except for pennies, where more than 6-log reduction was observed after 24 h. HOCl was used to fog the aluminum and polymer surfaces, placed vertically, for 5 and 7.5 min to achieve a log reduction of 4 and for 6.5 respectively. Storage of opened solution containers for 9 months at ambient resulted in a decrease in chlorine concentration from 550 ppm to 240 ppm. Fogging with the old solution was still able to achieve a log reduction of 6.5 after 7.5 min fogging. The study indicates that exposure to common environmental conditions such as a wide pH range, high salinity, and low temperatures has only a minor effect on infectivity. which can persist for more than 5 days when dried on commonly encountered surfaces, allowing accumulation of infectious viral titre. Fogging with HOCl is an effective method of delivering disinfectants to large areas, achieving complete reduction of the viral titer on both horizontal and vertical surfaces.

Abstract Continuing extreme downscaling of semiconductor devices, essential for high performance and energy efficiency of future microelectronics, hinges on extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) and addressing associated challenges. One of such challenges is a need for improved EUV photoresists featuring simultaneously high sensitivity, resolution, and etch selectivity. Here, a new, positive‐tone, organic–inorganic hybrid EUV photoresist is demonstrated that delivers a high‐resolution EUVL and electron‐beam lithography (EBL) patterning capability combined with high sensitivity and etch resistance. The new resist, poly(methyl methacrylate) infiltrated with indium oxide (PMMA‐InOx), is synthesized via vapor‐phase infiltration (VPI), a material hybridization technique derived from atomic layer deposition. The weak binding of the gaseous indium precursor, trimethylindium, to the carbonyl group in PMMA allows the synthesis of hybrids with inorganic content distributed uniformly in the resist, enabling high EUVL and EBL sensitivities (18 mJ cm−2 and 300 µC cm−2, respectively) and high‐resolution positive‐tone EUVL patterning (e.g., 40 nm half‐pitch line‐space and 50 nm diameter contact hole patterns) with high Si etch selectivity (>30–40). The low exposure doses required to pattern the PMMA‐InOx hybrid resist, high etch resistance, and processing strategies, which are developed, can pave the way for using infiltration‐synthesized hybrid thin films as reliable positive‐tone EUV photoresists for future semiconductor patterning.

The nanomorphologies and nanoarchitectures that can be synthesized using block copolymer (BCP) thin-film self-assembly have inspired a variety of new applications, which offer various advantages, such as, small device footprint, low operational power and enhanced device performance. Imperative for these applications, however, is the ability to transform these small polymeric patterns into useful inorganic structures. BCP-templated inorganic nanostructures have shown the potential for use as active materials in various electronic device applications, including, field-effect transistors, photodetectors, gas sensors and many more. This article reviews various strategies that have been implemented in the past decade to fabricate devices at nanoscale using block copolymer thin films.

BackgroundWe investigated the correction methods following wrong-settings of emulsion concentrations of propofol as a countermeasure against erroneous target-controlled infusions (TCI).MethodsTCIs were started with targeting 4.0 µg/ml of effect-site concentration (Ceff) of propofol, and the emulsion concentrations were selected for 2.0% instead of 1.0% (FALSE1-2, n = 24), or 1.0% instead of 2.0% (FALSE2-1, n = 24). These wrong TCIs were corrected at 3 min after infusion start. During FALSE1-2, the deficit was filled up while injecting after equilibrium (n = 12), or while overriding (n = 12). During FALSE2-1, the overdose was evacuated while targeting Ceff (n = 12) or targeting plasma concentration (Cp) (n = 12). The gravimetrical measurements of TCI reproduced the Cp and Ceff using simulations. The reproduced Ceff at 3 min (Ceff-3min) and the time to be normalized within ± 5% of target Ceff (T±5%), were compared between the correction methods.ResultsDuring the wrong TCI, Ceff-3min was 1.98 ± 0.01 µg/ml in FALSE1-2, and 7.99 ± 0.05 µg/ml in FALSE2-1. In FALSE1-2, T±5% was significantly shorter when corrected while overriding (3.9 ± 0.25 min), than corrected after equilibrium (6.9 ± 0.05 min) (P < 0.001). In FALSE2-1, T±5% was significantly shorter during targeting Cp (3.6 ± 0.04 min) than targeting Ceff (6.7 ± 0.15 min) (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe correction methods, based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics, could effectively and rapidly normalize the wrong TCI following erroneously selections of the emulsion concentration of propofol.

Based on the theoretical basis of Myers (1977) and Ohlson (1995), this study explored the effect of R&D expenses as a company's exploratory activities and advertising expenses as an activity that utilizes existing capabilities on corporate value. As a way for companies to explore new capabilities, the effect of R&D expenses on corporate value is examined, and as a method for strengthening existing capabilities and strengthening market competitiveness, the effect of advertising expenses on corporate value is considered. The empirical analysis subjects of this study are companies listed on the Korean stock market from 2011 to 2021. Ultimately, the number of sample data used in the empirical analysis of this study is 9,220 firm-year, and all are extracted from the KIS-VALUE DATABASE. In an empirical analysis using a regression model, the relationship between R&D and advertising R&D expenses on corporate value is investigated. The results of the regression analysis showed that both R&D expenses and advertising expenses had a positive effect on corporate value. An increase in R&D expenses increases corporate value by increasing future growth opportunities beyond a company's present value, and an increase in advertising expenses maximizes product or service value and enhances corporate value by strengthening market competitiveness. In addition, it is found that the impact of R&D expenses on corporate value is greater than that of advertising expenses, indicating the importance of R&D as a company's exploratory activities. These results provide important implications for corporate strategic management. Companies can achieve corporate value improvement through strategic investment and management of R&D and advertising expenses. Companies can strengthen their competitiveness through R&D as a future exploration activity and through advertising to create results in the existing market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multielectrode-based electrochemical cell allows the structural characterization of an amorphous thin-film water oxidation catalyst under various electrochemical potentials using high-energy X-ray scattering and atomic pair distribution function (PDF) techniques. A multielectrode with five electrodes provides a sufficiently low background signal to enable high-energy X-ray scattering (HEXS) measurements and amplifies the extremely low HEXS signals from samples for high-resolution PDF analysis of in situ data from thinfilm catalysts. Glassy carbon (GC) creates a relatively low intensity HEXS pattern and is used as a working electrode. Instead of a three-dimensional (3D) porous electrode architecture, the flat geometry of the electrode enables various deposition techniques to be used for the preparation of a highly conductive metal oxide layer. PDF analysis demonstrates high spatial resolution for a 230 nm thick amorphous iridium oxide film deposited on two roughened 60 μm thick GC electrodes. The PDF analysis resolves the domain size and distinguishes changes in fine structure which are directly correlated with the structure and function of the catalysts. The results bring the opportunity to analyze the structure of nanometre-scale amorphous thin-film catalysts in an electrolyte-compatible and compact 3D-printed electrochemical cell in a threeelectrode configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]