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Background The promotion of use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) prolongs the life expectancy of people living with HIV. But age-related diseases are increasingly common, and the risks of opportunistic infections, coinfections and poor health condition are also increased significantly in this group, resulting in high medical costs and heavy economic burden. However, there are few studies on the household economic burden of HIV/AIDS patients. Objective To investigate the household economic burden in HIV/AIDS patients and associated factors in four regions (Beijing, Henan, Guizhou and Anhui) of China. Methods From December 2020 to May 2021, by use of typical sampling, three medical institutions (one in Beijing, another in Guizhou and another in Anhui) , and a center for disease control and prevention (located in Henan) were selected, where HIV/AIDS patients who received health services in 2020 were chosen by convenient sampling. A questionnaire developed by our research team was used to collect information on the patients' sociodemographic and economic features, disease-related conditions, and treatment. Household economic burden was defined as ratio of out-of-pocket medical expenses to annual household income (OME/AHI) in 2020 exceeded 25%. Results A total of 1 446 patients were included. The patients were classified into two major groups by the OME/AHI ratio: ≤1% group (n=400, 27.7%) , and >1%-5% group (n=418, 28.9%) . Two hundred and thirty-seven cases (16.4%) had household economic burden. The prevalence of household economic burden differed significantly by region, sex, age, marital status, education level, occupation, urban or rural hukou, floating or permanent population, type of medical insurance, annual household income level, route of infection, CD4+ T cell count level, and type of medical treatment (P500 cells/μl; Inpatient service recipients〔OR (95%CI) =12.492 (5.592, 27.818) 〕, and both outpatient and inpatient services recipients〔OR (95%CI) =23.69 (14.519, 39.933) 〕 had higher risk of household economic burden compared with outpatient service recipients. Conclusion HIV/AIDS patients had relatively low OME/AHI ratio generally, but some of them had household economic burden. Factors associated with household economic burden may include sociodemographic and economic factors such as sex, age, marital status, occupation, annual household income, and features related to HIV/AIDS and treatment such as route of infection, use of ART treatment, CD4+ T cell count level, and type of medical treatment. To tangibly reduce the household economic burden of in this group, more attention should be paid to women, the elderly, those with very poor condition or low annual household income. Besides, it is essential to continue to implement and improve relevant medical insurance policies.

Overseas listings by domestic firms are one of the ways for a country to attract foreign capital. China leads the world in the number and value of overseas listings. This paper documents the evolution of Chinese firms' initial public offerings outside mainland China. We pay special attention to the role of the listing criteria of various exchanges in this evolution. We discuss important reforms of the listing requirements in both mainland and Hong Kong and their effects on the listing location choices by Chinese firms. Finally, we examine the delisting pressure on Chinese stocks from the US exchanges from both the Chinese and US authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases, provides a comprehensive analysis of the clinical application of JAK inhibitors in SAPHO syndrome. SAPHO syndrome is a rare autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by skin lesions, bone and joint lesions, and peripheral tissue damage. The study includes a retrospective analysis of 10 SAPHO syndrome patients, detailing their clinical data and treatment outcomes. The most common symptoms observed in these patients were sternoclavicular pain and swelling, joint pain in limbs, palmoplantar pustulosis, and severe acne. The article also includes clinical scores and radiographic images to support the findings. The study suggests that JAK inhibitors may be an effective treatment option for SAPHO syndrome, but emphasizes the importance of personalized treatment for optimal outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

The hydrodynamics of a slugging fluidized bed is investigated numerically by using a two-fluid model suggested by Brandani and Zhang [22]. Numerical simulations are carried out in the platform of a commercial software package, CFX 4.4, by adding user-defined subroutines. The bed expansion ratio, the pressure drop fluctuation and its power spectrum density at the equipment scale and the solids volume fraction distributions at the grid scale are predicted to explore the slugging fluidization characteristics for Geldart group D particles. By comparing with the experimental data in the literature, the numerical model is found to have better predictive ability when the viscous force term is considered in the gas phase momentum equation.