Author: "Xavier Siemens" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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143 results on '"Xavier Siemens"'

1. Erratum: 'The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics' (2023, ApJL 951 L11)

Author: Adeela Afzal, Gabriella Agazie, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Jose Juan Blanco-Pillado, Laura Blecha, Kimberly K. Boddy, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Rand Burnette, Robin Case, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Katerina Chatziioannou, Belinda D. Cheeseboro, Siyuan Chen, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Curt J. Cutler, Megan E. DeCesar, Dallas DeGan, Paul B. Demorest, Heling Deng, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Richard von Eckardstein, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Kyle A. Gersbach, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Lydia Guertin, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Sophie Hourihane, Kristina Islo, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Matthew Kerr, Joey S. Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Vincent S. H. Lee, Natalia Lewandowska, Rafael R. Lino dos Santos, Tyson B. Littenberg, Tingting Liu, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Natasha McMann, Bradley W. Meyers, Patrick M. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Jonathan Nay, Priyamvada Natarajan, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Benetge B. P. Perera, Polina Petrov, Nihan S. Pol, Henri A. Radovan, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Ann Schmiedekamp, Carl Schmiedekamp, Kai Schmitz, Tobias Schröder, Levi Schult, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Peter Stratmann, Jerry P. Sun, Abhimanyu Susobhanan, Joseph K. Swiggum, Jacob Taylor, Stephen R. Taylor, Tanner Trickle, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Sonali Verma, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Qiaohong Wang, Caitlin A. Witt, David Wright, Olivia Young, Kathryn M. Zurek, and The NANOGrav Collaboration
Subjects: Astrophysics, QB460-466
Published: 2024
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2. The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Transverse Polarization Modes in the Gravitational-wave Background

Author: Gabriella Agazie, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Zaven Arzoumanian, Jeremy Baier, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Laura Blecha, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Rand Burnette, Robin Case, J. Andrew Casey-Clyde, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Megan E. DeCesar, Dallas DeGan, Paul B. Demorest, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Matthew Kerr, Joey S. Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Natalia Lewandowska, Tingting Liu, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Natasha McMann, Bradley W. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Priyamvada Natarajan, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Benetge B. P. Perera, Nihan S. Pol, Henri A. Radovan, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Alexander Saffer, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Ann Schmiedekamp, Carl Schmiedekamp, Kai Schmitz, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Jerry P. Sun, Abhimanyu Susobhanan, Joseph K. Swiggum, Jacob A. Taylor, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Caitlin A. Witt, Olivia Young, and The NANOGrav Collaboration
Subjects: Gravitational waves, Pulsars, Scalar-tensor-vector gravity, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: Recently we found compelling evidence for a gravitational-wave background with Hellings and Downs (HD) correlations in our 15 yr data set. These correlations describe gravitational waves as predicted by general relativity, which has two transverse polarization modes. However, more general metric theories of gravity can have additional polarization modes, which produce different interpulsar correlations. In this work, we search the NANOGrav 15 yr data set for evidence of a gravitational-wave background with quadrupolar HD and scalar-transverse (ST) correlations. We find that HD correlations are the best fit to the data and no significant evidence in favor of ST correlations. While Bayes factors show strong evidence for a correlated signal, the data does not strongly prefer either correlation signature, with Bayes factors ∼2 when comparing HD to ST correlations, and ∼1 for HD plus ST correlations to HD correlations alone. However, when modeled alongside HD correlations, the amplitude and spectral index posteriors for ST correlations are uninformative, with the HD process accounting for the vast majority of the total signal. Using the optimal statistic, a frequentist technique that focuses on the pulsar-pair cross-correlations, we find median signal-to-noise ratios of 5.0 for HD and 4.6 for ST correlations when fit for separately, and median signal-to-noise ratios of 3.5 for HD and 3.0 for ST correlations when fit for simultaneously. While the signal-to-noise ratios for each of the correlations are comparable, the estimated amplitude and spectral index for HD are a significantly better fit to the total signal, in agreement with our Bayesian analysis.
Published: 2024
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3. An Unusual Pulse Shape Change Event in PSR J1713+0747 Observed with the Green Bank Telescope and CHIME

Author: Ross J. Jennings, James M. Cordes, Shami Chatterjee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Paul B. Demorest, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Harsha Blumer, Paul R. Brook, Tyler Cohen, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Megan E. DeCesar, Timothy Dolch, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, Emmanuel Fonseca, Deborah C. Good, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Megan L. Jones, David L. Kaplan, Michael T. Lam, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, James W. McKee, Dustin R. Madison, Bradley W. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, David J. Nice, Timothy T. Pennucci, Benetge B. P. Perera, Nihan S. Pol, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Joseph K. Swiggum, Chia Min Tan, Stephen R. Taylor, Sarah J. Vigeland, and Caitlin A. Witt
Subjects: Pulsars, Millisecond pulsars, Radio astrometry, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The millisecond pulsar J1713+0747 underwent a sudden and significant pulse shape change between 2021 April 16 and 17 (MJDs 59320 and 59321). Subsequently, the pulse shape gradually recovered over the course of several months. We report the results of continued multifrequency radio observations of the pulsar made using the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment and the 100 m Green Bank Telescope in a 3 yr period encompassing the shape change event, between 2020 February and 2023 February. As of 2023 February, the pulse shape had returned to a state similar to that seen before the event, but with measurable changes remaining. The amplitude of the shape change and the accompanying time-of-arrival residuals display a strong nonmonotonic dependence on radio frequency, demonstrating that the event is neither a glitch (the effects of which should be independent of radio frequency, ν ) nor a change in dispersion measure alone (which would produce a delay proportional to ν ^−2 ). However, it does bear some resemblance to the two previous “chromatic timing events” observed in J1713+0747, as well as to a similar event observed in PSR J1643−1224 in 2015.
Published: 2024
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4. The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: A Computationally Efficient Eccentric Binary Search Pipeline and Constraints on an Eccentric Supermassive Binary Candidate in 3C 66B

Author: Gabriella Agazie, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Laura Blecha, Harsha Blumer, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, J. Andrew Casey-Clyde, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Belinda D. Cheeseboro, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Megan E. DeCesar, Paul B. Demorest, Lankeswar Dey, Timothy Dolch, Justin A. Ellis, Robert D. Ferdman, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Achamveedu Gopakumar, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Joey S. Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Natalia Lewandowska, Tingting Liu, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Patrick M. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Nihan S. Pol, Henri A. Radovan, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Kai Schmitz, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Sophia V. Sosa Fiscella, Renée Spiewak, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Abhimanyu Susobhanan, Joseph K. Swiggum, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Sarah J. Vigeland, Caitlin A. Witt, Olivia Young, and The NANOGrav Collaboration
Subjects: Gravitational waves, Millisecond pulsars, Supermassive black holes, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The radio galaxy 3C 66B has been hypothesized to host a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) at its center based on electromagnetic observations. Its apparent 1.05 yr period and low redshift (∼0.02) make it an interesting testbed to search for low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) using pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments. This source has been subjected to multiple searches for continuous GWs from a circular SMBHB, resulting in progressively more stringent constraints on its GW amplitude and chirp mass. In this paper, we develop a pipeline for performing Bayesian targeted searches for eccentric SMBHBs in PTA data sets, and test its efficacy by applying it to simulated data sets with varying injected signal strengths. We also search for a realistic eccentric SMBHB source in 3C 66B using the NANOGrav 12.5 yr data set employing PTA signal models containing Earth term-only as well as Earth+pulsar term contributions using this pipeline. Due to limitations in our PTA signal model, we get meaningful results only when the initial eccentricity e _0 < 0.5 and the symmetric mass ratio η > 0.1. We find no evidence for an eccentric SMBHB signal in our data, and therefore place 95% upper limits on the PTA signal amplitude of 88.1 ± 3.7 ns for the Earth term-only and 81.74 ± 0.86 ns for the Earth+pulsar term searches for e _0 < 0.5 and η > 0.1. Similar 95% upper limits on the chirp mass are (1.98 ± 0.05) × 10 ^9 and (1.81 ± 0.01) × 10 ^9 M _☉ . These upper limits, while less stringent than those calculated from a circular binary search in the NANOGrav 12.5 yr data set, are consistent with the SMBHB model of 3C 66B developed from electromagnetic observations.
Published: 2024
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5. The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Search for Gravitational Wave Memory

Author: Gabriella Agazie, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Laura Blecha, Harsha Blumer, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Rand Burnette, Robin Case, J. Andrew Casey-Clyde, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Megan E. DeCesar, Dallas DeGan, Paul B. Demorest, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Justin A. Ellis, Robert D. Ferdman, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Joey S. Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Natalia Lewandowska, Tingting Liu, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Patrick M. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Nihan S. Pol, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Kai Schmitz, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Sophia V. Sosa Fiscella, Renée Spiewak, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Jerry P. Sun, Joseph K. Swiggum, Jacob Taylor, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Caitlin A. Witt, Olivia Young, and The NANOGrav Collaboration
Subjects: Gravitational waves, Gravitational wave astronomy, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: We present the results of a Bayesian search for gravitational wave (GW) memory in the NANOGrav 12.5 yr data set. We find no convincing evidence for any gravitational wave memory signals in this data set. We find a Bayes factor of 2.8 in favor of a model that includes a memory signal and common spatially uncorrelated red noise (CURN) compared to a model including only a CURN. However, further investigation shows that a disproportionate amount of support for the memory signal comes from three dubious pulsars. Using a more flexible red-noise model in these pulsars reduces the Bayes factor to 1.3. Having found no compelling evidence, we go on to place upper limits on the strain amplitude of GW memory events as a function of sky location and event epoch. These upper limits are computed using a signal model that assumes the existence of a common, spatially uncorrelated red noise in addition to a GW memory signal. The median strain upper limit as a function of sky position is approximately 3.3 × 10 ^−14 . We also find that there are some differences in the upper limits as a function of sky position centered around PSR J0613−0200. This suggests that this pulsar has some excess noise that can be confounded with GW memory. Finally, the upper limits as a function of burst epoch continue to improve at later epochs. This improvement is attributable to the continued growth of the pulsar timing array.
Published: 2024
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6. The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Anisotropy in the Gravitational-wave Background

Author: Gabriella Agazie, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Laura Blecha, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, J. Andrew Casey-Clyde, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Megan E. DeCesar, Paul B. Demorest, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Emiko Gardiner, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Matthew Kerr, Joey S. Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Natalia Lewandowska, Tingting Liu, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Natasha McMann, Bradley W. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Benetge B. P. Perera, Nihan S. Pol, Henri A. Radovan, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Ann Schmiedekamp, Carl Schmiedekamp, Kai Schmitz, Levi Schult, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Abhimanyu Susobhanan, Joseph K. Swiggum, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Caitlin A. Witt, and Olivia Young
Subjects: Gravitational waves, Gravitational wave astronomy, Supermassive black holes, Pulsars, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) has reported evidence for the presence of an isotropic nanohertz gravitational-wave background (GWB) in its 15 yr data set. However, if the GWB is produced by a population of inspiraling supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) systems, then the background is predicted to be anisotropic, depending on the distribution of these systems in the local Universe and the statistical properties of the SMBHB population. In this work, we search for anisotropy in the GWB using multiple methods and bases to describe the distribution of the GWB power on the sky. We do not find significant evidence of anisotropy. By modeling the angular power distribution as a sum over spherical harmonics (where the coefficients are not bound to always generate positive power everywhere), we find that the Bayesian 95% upper limit on the level of dipole anisotropy is ( C _l _=1 / C _l _=0 ) < 27%. This is similar to the upper limit derived under the constraint of positive power everywhere, indicating that the dipole may be close to the data-informed regime. By contrast, the constraints on anisotropy at higher spherical-harmonic multipoles are strongly prior dominated. We also derive conservative estimates on the anisotropy expected from a random distribution of SMBHB systems using astrophysical simulations conditioned on the isotropic GWB inferred in the 15 yr data set and show that this data set has sufficient sensitivity to probe a large fraction of the predicted level of anisotropy. We end by highlighting the opportunities and challenges in searching for anisotropy in pulsar timing array data.
Published: 2023
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7. The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Constraints on Supermassive Black Hole Binaries from the Gravitational-wave Background

Author: Gabriella Agazie, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Laura Blecha, Alexander Bonilla, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Rand Burnette, Robin Case, J. Andrew Casey-Clyde, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Katerina Chatziioannou, Belinda D. Cheeseboro, Siyuan Chen, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Curt J. Cutler, Daniel J. D’Orazio, Megan E. DeCesar, Dallas DeGan, Paul B. Demorest, Heling Deng, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Emiko Gardiner, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Kyle A. Gersbach, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Sophie Hourihane, Kristina Islo, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Matthew Kerr, Joey S. Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Natalia Lewandowska, Tyson B. Littenberg, Tingting Liu, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Natasha McMann, Bradley W. Meyers, Patrick M. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Priyamvada Natarajan, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Benetge B. P. Perera, Polina Petrov, Nihan S. Pol, Henri A. Radovan, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Jessie C. Runnoe, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Ann Schmiedekamp, Carl Schmiedekamp, Kai Schmitz, Levi Schult, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Jerry P. Sun, Abhimanyu Susobhanan, Joseph K. Swiggum, Jacob Taylor, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Sarah J. Vigeland, Jeremy M. Wachter, Haley M. Wahl, Qiaohong Wang, Caitlin A. Witt, David Wright, Olivia Young, and The NANOGrav Collaboration
Subjects: Gravitational waves, Supermassive black holes, Galaxy evolution, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The NANOGrav 15 yr data set shows evidence for the presence of a low-frequency gravitational-wave background (GWB). While many physical processes can source such low-frequency gravitational waves, here we analyze the signal as coming from a population of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries distributed throughout the Universe. We show that astrophysically motivated models of SMBH binary populations are able to reproduce both the amplitude and shape of the observed low-frequency gravitational-wave spectrum. While multiple model variations are able to reproduce the GWB spectrum at our current measurement precision, our results highlight the importance of accurately modeling binary evolution for producing realistic GWB spectra. Additionally, while reasonable parameters are able to reproduce the 15 yr observations, the implied GWB amplitude necessitates either a large number of parameters to be at the edges of expected values or a small number of parameters to be notably different from standard expectations. While we are not yet able to definitively establish the origin of the inferred GWB signal, the consistency of the signal with astrophysical expectations offers a tantalizing prospect for confirming that SMBH binaries are able to form, reach subparsec separations, and eventually coalesce. As the significance grows over time, higher-order features of the GWB spectrum will definitively determine the nature of the GWB and allow for novel constraints on SMBH populations.
Published: 2023
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8. The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Bayesian Limits on Gravitational Waves from Individual Supermassive Black Hole Binaries

Author: Gabriella Agazie, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Laura Blecha, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Robin Case, J. Andrew Casey-Clyde, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Megan E. DeCesar, Paul B. Demorest, Matthew C. Digman, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Sophie Hourihane, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Matthew Kerr, Joey S. Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Natalia Lewandowska, Tingting Liu, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Natasha McMann, Bradley W. Meyers, Patrick M. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Benetge B. P. Perera, Polina Petrov, Nihan S. Pol, Henri A. Radovan, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Ann Schmiedekamp, Carl Schmiedekamp, Kai Schmitz, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Abhimanyu Susobhanan, Joseph K. Swiggum, Jacob Taylor, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Rutger van Haasteren, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Caitlin A. Witt, Olivia Young, and The NANOGrav Collaboration
Subjects: Gravitational wave astronomy, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: Evidence for a low-frequency stochastic gravitational-wave background has recently been reported based on analyses of pulsar timing array data. The most likely source of such a background is a population of supermassive black hole binaries, the loudest of which may be individually detected in these data sets. Here we present the search for individual supermassive black hole binaries in the NANOGrav 15 yr data set. We introduce several new techniques, which enhance the efficiency and modeling accuracy of the analysis. The search uncovered weak evidence for two candidate signals, one with a gravitational-wave frequency of ∼4 nHz, and another at ∼170 nHz. The significance of the low-frequency candidate was greatly diminished when Hellings–Downs correlations were included in the background model. The high-frequency candidate was discounted due to the lack of a plausible host galaxy, the unlikely astrophysical prior odds of finding such a source, and since most of its support comes from a single pulsar with a commensurate binary period. Finding no compelling evidence for signals from individual binary systems, we place upper limits on the strain amplitude of gravitational waves emitted by such systems. At our most sensitive frequency of 6 nHz, we place a sky-averaged 95% upper limit of 8 × 10 ^−15 on the strain amplitude. We also calculate an exclusion volume and a corresponding effective radius, within which we can rule out the presence of black hole binaries emitting at a given frequency.
Published: 2023
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9. The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Bayesian Limits on Gravitational Waves from Individual Supermassive Black Hole Binaries

Author: Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Laura Blecha, Harsha Blumer, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Bence Bécsy, J. Andrew Casey-Clyde, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Siyuan Chen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Megan E. DeCesar, Paul B. Demorest, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Justin A. Ellis, E. C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Nathan Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Joey Shapiro Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Natalia Lewandowska, Tingting Liu, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, Maura A. McLaughlin, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Nihan S. Pol, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena Siwek, Renée Spiewak, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Joseph K. Swiggum, Jessica Sydnor, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Michele Vallisneri, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Gregory Walsh, Caitlin A. Witt, Olivia Young, and The NANOGrav Collaboration
Subjects: Gravitational waves, Astronomy data analysis, Millisecond pulsars, Supermassive black holes, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: Pulsar timing array collaborations, such as the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), are seeking to detect nanohertz gravitational waves emitted by supermassive black hole binaries formed in the aftermath of galaxy mergers. We have searched for continuous waves from individual circular supermassive black hole binaries using NANOGrav’s recent 12.5 yr data set. We created new methods to accurately model the uncertainties on pulsar distances in our analysis, and we implemented new techniques to account for a common red-noise process in pulsar timing array data sets while searching for deterministic gravitational wave signals, including continuous waves. As we found no evidence for continuous waves in our data, we placed 95% upper limits on the strain amplitude of continuous waves emitted by these sources. At our most sensitive frequency of 7.65 nHz, we placed a sky-averaged limit of h _0 < (6.82 ± 0.35) × 10 ^−15 , and h _0 < (2.66 ± 0.15) × 10 ^−15 in our most sensitive sky location. Finally, we placed a multimessenger limit of ${ \mathcal M }\lt (1.41\pm 0.02)\times {10}^{9}\,{M}_{\odot }$ on the chirp mass of the supermassive black hole binary candidate 3C 66B.
Published: 2023
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10. The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-wave Background

Author: Gabriella Agazie, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Laura Blecha, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Rand Burnette, Robin Case, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Katerina Chatziioannou, Belinda D. Cheeseboro, Siyuan Chen, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Curt J. Cutler, Megan E. DeCesar, Dallas DeGan, Paul B. Demorest, Heling Deng, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Justin A. Ellis, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Kyle A. Gersbach, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Sophie Hourihane, Kristina Islo, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Matthew Kerr, Joey S. Key, Tonia C. Klein, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Natalia Lewandowska, Tyson B. Littenberg, Tingting Liu, Andrea Lommen, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Margaret A. Mattson, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Natasha McMann, Bradley W. Meyers, Patrick M. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Priyamvada Natarajan, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Benetge B. P. Perera, Polina Petrov, Nihan S. Pol, Henri A. Radovan, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Ann Schmiedekamp, Carl Schmiedekamp, Kai Schmitz, Levi Schult, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Jerry P. Sun, Abhimanyu Susobhanan, Joseph K. Swiggum, Jacob Taylor, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Rutger van Haasteren, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Qiaohong Wang, Caitlin A. Witt, Olivia Young, and The NANOGrav Collaboration
Subjects: Gravitational waves, Gravitational wave astronomy, Millisecond pulsars, Radio pulsars, Supermassive black holes, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: We report multiple lines of evidence for a stochastic signal that is correlated among 67 pulsars from the 15 yr pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves. The correlations follow the Hellings–Downs pattern expected for a stochastic gravitational-wave background. The presence of such a gravitational-wave background with a power-law spectrum is favored over a model with only independent pulsar noises with a Bayes factor in excess of 10 ^14 , and this same model is favored over an uncorrelated common power-law spectrum model with Bayes factors of 200–1000, depending on spectral modeling choices. We have built a statistical background distribution for the latter Bayes factors using a method that removes interpulsar correlations from our data set, finding p = 10 ^−3 (≈3 σ ) for the observed Bayes factors in the null no-correlation scenario. A frequentist test statistic built directly as a weighted sum of interpulsar correlations yields p = 5 × 10 ^−5 to 1.9 × 10 ^−4 (≈3.5 σ –4 σ ). Assuming a fiducial f ^−2/3 characteristic strain spectrum, as appropriate for an ensemble of binary supermassive black hole inspirals, the strain amplitude is ${2.4}_{-0.6}^{+0.7}\times {10}^{-15}$ (median + 90% credible interval) at a reference frequency of 1 yr ^−1 . The inferred gravitational-wave background amplitude and spectrum are consistent with astrophysical expectations for a signal from a population of supermassive black hole binaries, although more exotic cosmological and astrophysical sources cannot be excluded. The observation of Hellings–Downs correlations points to the gravitational-wave origin of this signal.
Published: 2023
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11. The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Observations and Timing of 68 Millisecond Pulsars

Author: Gabriella Agazie, Md Faisal Alam, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Laura Blecha, Victoria Bonidie, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Bence Bécsy, Christopher Chapman, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Megan E. DeCesar, Paul B. Demorest, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Ross J. Jennings, Cody Jessup, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Matthew Kerr, Joey S. Key, Anastasia Kuske, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Natalia Lewandowska, Ye Lin, Tingting Liu, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Kaleb Maraccini, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Natasha McMann, Bradley W. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Elisa Panciu, Timothy T. Pennucci, Benetge B. P. Perera, Nihan S. Pol, Henri A. Radovan, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Laura Salo, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Carl Schmiedekamp, Ann Schmiedekamp, Kai Schmitz, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Abhimanyu Susobhanan, Joseph K. Swiggum, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Qiaohong Wang, Caitlin A. Witt, Olivia Young, and The NANOGrav Collaboration
Subjects: Millisecond pulsars, Pulsar timing method, Time series analysis, Pulsars, Gravitational waves, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: We present observations and timing analyses of 68 millisecond pulsars (MSPs) comprising the 15 yr data set of the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav). NANOGrav is a pulsar timing array (PTA) experiment that is sensitive to low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs). This is NANOGrav’s fifth public data release, including both “narrowband” and “wideband” time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements and corresponding pulsar timing models. We have added 21 MSPs and extended our timing baselines by 3 yr, now spanning nearly 16 yr for some of our sources. The data were collected using the Arecibo Observatory, the Green Bank Telescope, and the Very Large Array between frequencies of 327 MHz and 3 GHz, with most sources observed approximately monthly. A number of notable methodological and procedural changes were made compared to our previous data sets. These improve the overall quality of the TOA data set and are part of the transition to new pulsar timing and PTA analysis software packages. For the first time, our data products are accompanied by a full suite of software to reproduce data reduction, analysis, and results. Our timing models include a variety of newly detected astrometric and binary pulsar parameters, including several significant improvements to pulsar mass constraints. We find that the time series of 23 pulsars contain detectable levels of red noise, 10 of which are new measurements. In this data set, we find evidence for a stochastic GW background.
Published: 2023
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12. The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Detector Characterization and Noise Budget

Author: Gabriella Agazie, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Laura Blecha, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Megan E. DeCesar, Paul B. Demorest, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Lydia Guertin, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Matthew Kerr, Joey S. Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Natalia Lewandowska, Tingting Liu, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Natasha McMann, Bradley W. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Benetge B. P. Perera, Nihan S. Pol, Henri A. Radovan, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Ann Schmiedekamp, Carl Schmiedekamp, Kai Schmitz, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Abhimanyu Susobhanan, Joseph K. Swiggum, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Caitlin A. Witt, Olivia Young, and The NANOGrav Collaboration
Subjects: Millisecond pulsars, Pulsar timing method, Gravitational wave astronomy, Gravitational wave detectors, Radio astronomy, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are galactic-scale gravitational wave (GW) detectors. Each individual arm, composed of a millisecond pulsar, a radio telescope, and a kiloparsecs-long path, differs in its properties but, in aggregate, can be used to extract low-frequency GW signals. We present a noise and sensitivity analysis to accompany the NANOGrav 15 yr data release and associated papers, along with an in-depth introduction to PTA noise models. As a first step in our analysis, we characterize each individual pulsar data set with three types of white-noise parameters and two red-noise parameters. These parameters, along with the timing model and, particularly, a piecewise-constant model for the time-variable dispersion measure, determine the sensitivity curve over the low-frequency GW band we are searching. We tabulate information for all of the pulsars in this data release and present some representative sensitivity curves. We then combine the individual pulsar sensitivities using a signal-to-noise ratio statistic to calculate the global sensitivity of the PTA to a stochastic background of GWs, obtaining a minimum noise characteristic strain of 7 × 10 ^−15 at 5 nHz. A power-law-integrated analysis shows rough agreement with the amplitudes recovered in NANOGrav’s 15 yr GW background analysis. While our phenomenological noise model does not model all known physical effects explicitly, it provides an accurate characterization of the noise in the data while preserving sensitivity to multiple classes of GW signals.
Published: 2023
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13. The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics

Author: Adeela Afzal, Gabriella Agazie, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Jose Juan Blanco-Pillado, Laura Blecha, Kimberly K. Boddy, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Rand Burnette, Robin Case, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Katerina Chatziioannou, Belinda D. Cheeseboro, Siyuan Chen, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Curt J. Cutler, Megan E. DeCesar, Dallas DeGan, Paul B. Demorest, Heling Deng, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Richard von Eckardstein, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Kyle A. Gersbach, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Lydia Guertin, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Sophie Hourihane, Kristina Islo, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Matthew Kerr, Joey S. Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Vincent S. H. Lee, Natalia Lewandowska, Rafael R. Lino dos Santos, Tyson B. Littenberg, Tingting Liu, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Natasha McMann, Bradley W. Meyers, Patrick M. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Jonathan Nay, Priyamvada Natarajan, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Benetge B. P. Perera, Polina Petrov, Nihan S. Pol, Henri A. Radovan, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Ann Schmiedekamp, Carl Schmiedekamp, Kai Schmitz, Tobias Schröder, Levi Schult, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Peter Stratmann, Jerry P. Sun, Abhimanyu Susobhanan, Joseph K. Swiggum, Jacob Taylor, Stephen R. Taylor, Tanner Trickle, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Sonali Verma, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Qiaohong Wang, Caitlin A. Witt, David Wright, Olivia Young, Kathryn M. Zurek, and The NANOGrav Collaboration
Subjects: Gravitational waves, Cosmology, Particle astrophysics, Gravitational wave sources, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The 15 yr pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) shows positive evidence for the presence of a low-frequency gravitational-wave (GW) background. In this paper, we investigate potential cosmological interpretations of this signal, specifically cosmic inflation, scalar-induced GWs, first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, and domain walls. We find that, with the exception of stable cosmic strings of field theory origin, all these models can reproduce the observed signal. When compared to the standard interpretation in terms of inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), many cosmological models seem to provide a better fit resulting in Bayes factors in the range from 10 to 100. However, these results strongly depend on modeling assumptions about the cosmic SMBHB population and, at this stage, should not be regarded as evidence for new physics. Furthermore, we identify excluded parameter regions where the predicted GW signal from cosmological sources significantly exceeds the NANOGrav signal. These parameter constraints are independent of the origin of the NANOGrav signal and illustrate how pulsar timing data provide a new way to constrain the parameter space of these models. Finally, we search for deterministic signals produced by models of ultralight dark matter (ULDM) and dark matter substructures in the Milky Way. We find no evidence for either of these signals and thus report updated constraints on these models. In the case of ULDM, these constraints outperform torsion balance and atomic clock constraints for ULDM coupled to electrons, muons, or gluons.
Published: 2023
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14. How to Detect an Astrophysical Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Background

Author: Bence Bécsy, Neil J. Cornish, Patrick M. Meyers, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Gabriella Agazie, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Laura Blecha, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, J. Andrew Casey-Clyde, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Katerina Chatziioannou, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Megan E. DeCesar, Paul B. Demorest, Timothy Dolch, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Gabriel E. Freedman, Nate Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Joseph Glaser, Deborah C. Good, Kayhan Gültekin, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Sophie Hourihane, Ross J. Jennings, Aaron D. Johnson, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Matthew Kerr, Joey S. Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, William G. Lamb, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Natalia Lewandowska, Tyson B. Littenberg, Tingting Liu, Duncan R. Lorimer, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, James W. McKee, Maura A. McLaughlin, Natasha McMann, Bradley W. Meyers, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Andrea Mitridate, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Stella Koch Ocker, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Benetge B. P. Perera, Nihan S. Pol, Henri A. Radovan, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Ann Schmiedekamp, Carl Schmiedekamp, Kai Schmitz, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Sophia V. Sosa Fiscella, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Abhimanyu Susobhanan, Joseph K. Swiggum, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Caner Unal, Michele Vallisneri, Rutger van Haasteren, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Caitlin A. Witt, and Olivia Young
Subjects: Gravitational waves, Gravitational wave sources, Gravitational wave astronomy, Supermassive black holes, Astronomy data analysis, Bayesian statistics, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: Analyses of pulsar timing data have provided evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background in the nanohertz frequency band. The most plausible source of this background is the superposition of signals from millions of supermassive black hole binaries. The standard statistical techniques used to search for this background and assess its significance make several simplifying assumptions, namely (i) Gaussianity, (ii) isotropy, and most often, (iii) a power-law spectrum. However, a stochastic background from a finite collection of binaries does not exactly satisfy any of these assumptions. To understand the effect of these assumptions, we test standard analysis techniques on a large collection of realistic simulated data sets. The data-set length, observing schedule, and noise levels were chosen to emulate the NANOGrav 15 yr data set. Simulated signals from millions of binaries drawn from models based on the Illustris cosmological hydrodynamical simulation were added to the data. We find that the standard statistical methods perform remarkably well on these simulated data sets, even though their fundamental assumptions are not strictly met. They are able to achieve a confident detection of the background. However, even for a fixed set of astrophysical parameters, different realizations of the universe result in a large variance in the significance and recovered parameters of the background. We also find that the presence of loud individual binaries can bias the spectral recovery of the background if we do not account for them.
Published: 2023
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15. Implementation of an Efficient Bayesian Search for Gravitational-wave Bursts with Memory in Pulsar Timing Array Data

Author: Jerry Sun, Paul T. Baker, Aaron D. Johnson, Dustin R. Madison, and Xavier Siemens
Subjects: Gravitational waves, General relativity, Gravitational wave detectors, Gravitational wave astronomy, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The standard Bayesian technique for searching pulsar timing data for gravitational-wave bursts with memory (BWMs) using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling is very computationally expensive to perform. In this paper, we explain the implementation of an efficient Bayesian technique for searching for BWMs. This technique makes use of the fact that the signal model for Earth-term BWMs (BWMs passing over the Earth) is fully factorizable. We estimate that this implementation reduces the computational complexity by a factor of 100. We also demonstrate that this technique gives upper limits consistent with published results using the standard Bayesian technique, and may be used to perform all of the same analyses of BWMs that standard MCMC techniques can perform.
Published: 2023
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16. New limits on cosmic strings from gravitational wave observation

Author: Jose J. Blanco-Pillado, Ken D. Olum, and Xavier Siemens
Subjects: Cosmic strings, Gravitational waves, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: We combine new analysis of the stochastic gravitational wave background to be expected from cosmic strings with the latest pulsar timing array (PTA) limits to give an upper bound on the energy scale of the possible cosmic string network, Gμ
Published: 2018
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17. Gravitational-Wave Tests of General Relativity with Ground-Based Detectors and Pulsar-Timing Arrays

Author: Nicolás Yunes and Xavier Siemens
Subjects: Alternative theories, Pulsar timing, General relativity, Gravitational waves, Observational tests, Experimental tests, Compact binaries, Atomic physics. Constitution and properties of matter, QC170-197
Abstract: This review is focused on tests of Einstein's theory of general relativity with gravitational waves that are detectable by ground-based interferometers and pulsar-timing experiments. Einstein’s theory has been greatly constrained in the quasi-linear, quasi-stationary regime, where gravity is weak and velocities are small. Gravitational waves will allow us to probe a complimentary, yet previously unexplored regime: the non-linear and dynamical strong-field regime. Such a regime is, for example, applicable to compact binaries coalescing, where characteristic velocities can reach fifty percent the speed of light and gravitational fields are large and dynamical. This review begins with the theoretical basis and the predicted gravitational-wave observables of modified gravity theories. The review continues with a brief description of the detectors, including both gravitational-wave interferometers and pulsar-timing arrays, leading to a discussion of the data analysis formalism that is applicable for such tests. The review ends with a discussion of gravitational-wave tests for compact binary systems.
Published: 2013
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18. The NANOGrav 11yr Data Set: Limits on Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in Galaxies within 500 Mpc

Author: Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Bence Bécsy, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Megan E. DeCesar, Paul B. Demorest, Timothy Dolch, Rodney D. Elliott, Justin A. Ellis, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, Emmanuel Fonseca, Nathan Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Deborah C. Good, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Kristina Islo, Ross J. Jennings, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Joey Shapiro Key, Michael T. Lam, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Chung-Pei Ma, Dustin R. Madison, Maura A. McLaughlin, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Timothy T. Pennucci, Nihan S. Pol, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Renée Spiewak, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Joseph K. Swiggum, Stephen R. Taylor, Michele Vallisneri, Sarah J. Vigeland, and Caitlin A. Witt
Subjects: Astrophysics, Astronomy
Abstract: Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) should form frequently in galactic nuclei as a result of galaxy mergers. At subparsec separations, binaries become strong sources of low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs), targeted by Pulsar Timing Arrays. We used recent upper limits on continuous GWs from the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) 11 yr data set to place constraints on putative SMBHBs in nearby massive galaxies. We compiled a comprehensive catalog of ∼44,000 galaxies in the local universe (up to redshift ∼0.05) and populated them with hypothetical binaries, assuming that the total mass of the binary is equal to the SMBH mass derived from global scaling relations. Assuming circular equal-mass binaries emitting at NANOGrav's most sensitive frequency of 8 nHz, we found that 216 galaxies are within NANOGrav's sensitivity volume. We ranked the potential SMBHBs based on GW detectability by calculating the total signal-to-noise ratio such binaries would induce within the NANOGrav array. We placed constraints on the chirp mass and mass ratio of the 216 hypothetical binaries. For 19 galaxies, only very unequal-mass binaries are allowed, with the mass of the secondary less than 10% that of the primary, roughly comparable to constraints on an SMBHB in the Milky Way. However, we demonstrated that the (typically large) uncertainties in the mass measurements can weaken the upper limits on the chirp mass. Additionally, we were able to exclude binaries delivered by major mergers (mass ratio of at least 1/4) for several of these galaxies. We also derived the first limit on the density of binaries delivered by major mergers purely based on GW data.
Published: 2021
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19. Astrophysics Milestones for Pulsar Timing Array Gravitational-wave Detection

Author: Nihan S. Pol, Stephen R. Taylor, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Sarah J. Vigeland, Joseph Simon, Siyuan Chen, Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Shami Chatterjee, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Megan E. DeCesar, Paul B. Demorest, Timothy Dolch, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Nathan Garver-Daniels, Deborah C. Good, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Ross J. Jennings, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Joey Shapiro Key, Michael T. Lam, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, Maura A. McLaughlin, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Timothy T. Pennucci, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Joseph K. Swiggum, Michele Vallisneri, Haley Wahl, and Caitlin A. Witt
Subjects: Astrophysics, Physics Of Elementary Particles And Fields
Abstract: The NANOGrav Collaboration reported strong Bayesian evidence for a common-spectrum stochastic process in its12.5 yr pulsar timing array data set, with median characteristic strain amplitude at periods of a year of A(yr) = 1.92(+0.75,-0.55) x 10^(-15). However, evidence for the quadrupolar Hellings & Downs interpulsar correlations, which are characteristic of gravitational-wave signals, was not yet significant. We emulate and extend the NANOGrav data set, injecting a wide range of stochastic gravitational-wave background(GWB)signals that encompass a variety of amplitudes and spectral shapes, and quantify three key milestones.(I)Given the amplitude measured in the 12.5 yr analysis and assuming this signal is a GWB, we expect to accumulate robust evidence of an interpulsar-correlated GWB signal with 15–17 yr of data, i.e., an additional 2–5 yr from the 12.5 yr data set.(II)At the initial detection, we expect a fractional uncertainty of 40% on the power-law strain spectrum slope, which is sufficient to distinguish a GWB of supermassive black hole binary origin from some models predicting more exotic origins.(III)Similarly, the measured GWB amplitude will have an uncertainty of 44% upon initial detection, allowing us to arbitrate between some population models of supermassive black hole binaries. In addition, power-law models are distinguishable from those having low-frequency spectral turnovers once 20 yr of data are reached. Even though our study is based on the NANOGrav data, we also derive relations that allow for a generalization to other pulsar timing array data sets. Most notably, by combining the data of individual arrays into the International Pulsar Timing Array, all of these milestones can be reached significantly earlier.
Published: 2021
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20. Multimessenger Gravitational-wave Searches with Pulsar Timing Arrays: Application to 3C 66B Using the NANOGrav 11-year Data Set

Author: Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T Baker, Adam Brazier, Paul R Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Bence Becsy, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, James M Cordes, Neil J Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Megan E DeCesar, Paul B Demorest, Timothy Dolch, Rodney D Elliott, Justin A Ellis, Robert D Ferdman, Elizabeth C Ferrara, Emmanuel Fonseca, Nathan Garver-Daniels, Peter A Gentile, Deborah C Good, Jeffrey S Hazboun, Kristina Islo, Ross J Jennings, Megan L Jones, Andrew R Kaiser, David L Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Joey Shapiro Key, Michael T Lam, T Joseph W Lazio, Lina Levin, Jing Luo, Ryan S Lynch, Dustin R Madison, Maura A McLaughlin, Chiara M F Mingarelli, Cherry Ng, David J Nice, Timothy T Pennucci, Nihan S Pol, Scott M Ransom, Paul S Ray, Brent J Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Renee Spiewak, Ingrid H Stairs, Daniel R Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Joseph K Swiggum, Stephen R Taylor, Michele Vallisneri, Sarah J Vigeland, Caitlin A Witt, and Weiwei Zhu
Subjects: Astronomy
Abstract: When galaxies merge, the supermassive black holes in their centers may form binaries and emit low-frequency gravitational radiation in the process. In this paper, we consider the galaxy 3C 66B, which was used as the target of the first multimessenger search for gravitational waves. Due to the observed periodicities present in the photometric and astrometric data of the source, it has been theorized to contain a supermassive black hole binary. Its apparent 1.05-year orbital period would place the gravitational-wave emission directly in the pulsar timing band. Since the first pulsar timing array study of 3C 66B, revised models of the source have been published, and timing array sensitivities and techniques have improved dramatically. With these advances, we further constrain the chirp mass of the potential supermassive black hole binary in 3C 66B to less than (1.65±0.02)×109Me using data from the NANOGrav 11-year data set. This upper limit provides a factor of 1.6 improvement over previous limits and a factor of 4.3 over the first search done. Nevertheless, the most recent orbital model for the source is still consistent with our limit from pulsar timing array data. In addition, we are able to quantify the improvement made by the inclusion of source properties gleaned from electromagnetic data over “blind” pulsar timing array searches. With these methods, it is apparent that it is not necessary to obtain exact a priori knowledge of the period of a binary to gain meaningful astrophysical inferences.
Published: 2020
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21. Gravitational Wave Statistics for Pulsar Timing Arrays: Examining Bias from Using a Finite Number of Pulsars

Author: Aaron D. Johnson, Sarah J. Vigeland, Xavier Siemens, and Stephen R. Taylor
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract: Recently, many different pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations have reported strong evidence for a common stochastic process in their data sets. The reported amplitudes are in tension with previously computed upper limits. In this paper, we investigate how using a subset of a set of pulsars biases Bayesian upper limit recovery. We generate 500 simulated PTA data sets based on the NANOGrav 11-year data set with an injected stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB). We then compute upper limits by sampling individual pulsar likelihoods, and combine them through a factorized version of the PTA likelihood to obtain upper limits on the GWB amplitude using different numbers of pulsars. We find that it is possible to recover an upper limit (95\% credible interval) \textit{below} the injected value, and that it is significantly more likely for this to occur when using a subset of pulsars to compute the upper limit. When picking pulsars to induce the maximum possible bias, we find that the 95\% Bayesian upper limit recovered is below the injected value in 10.6\% (53 of 500) of realizations. Further, we find that if we choose a subset of pulsars in order to obtain a lower upper limit than when using the full set of pulsars, the distribution of upper limits obtained from these 500 realizations is shifted to lower amplitude values., 10 pages, 6 figures; updated to journal version
Published: 2022

22. Gravitational-wave physics and astronomy in the 2020s and 2030s

Author: Harald Lück, S. Raychaudhury, Kelly Holley-Bockelmann, Bala R. Iyer, Y. Saito, M. Branchesi, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, Xavier Siemens, M. A. McLaughlin, James Ira Thorpe, Sheila Rowan, Karsten Danzmann, M. Punturo, Matthew Bailes, Scott M. Ransom, S. Katsanevas, G. Losurdo, Alberto Sesana, J. F. J. van den Brand, Matthew Evans, Stefano Vitale, David E. McClelland, G. H. Sanders, Hisa-aki Shinkai, Bernard F. Schutz, F. Ricci, Luis Lehner, Patrick Brady, David H. Reitze, D. H. Shoemaker, T. Kajita, Albert Lazzarini, B. K. Berger, and Michael Kramer
Subjects: Physics, Field (physics), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High-energy astronomy, Gravitational wave, General relativity, Electromagnetic spectrum, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, LIGO, Neutron star, symbols.namesake, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Einstein, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract: The 100 years since the publication of Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity saw significant development of the understanding of the theory, the identification of potential astrophysical sources of sufficiently strong gravitational waves and development of key technologies for gravitational-wave detectors. In 2015, the first gravitational-wave signals were detected by the two US Advanced LIGO instruments. In 2017, Advanced LIGO and the European Advanced Virgo detectors pinpointed a binary neutron star coalescence that was also seen across the electromagnetic spectrum. The field of gravitational-wave astronomy is just starting, and this Roadmap of future developments surveys the potential for growth in bandwidth and sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors, and discusses the science results anticipated to come from upcoming instruments.
Published: 2021
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23. Time-domain implementation of the optimal cross-correlation statistic for stochastic gravitational-wave background searches in pulsar timing data

Author: Sydney J. Chamberlin, Jolien D. E. Creighton, Xavier Siemens, Paul Demorest, Justin Ellis, Larry R. Price, and Joseph D. Romano
Published: 2015
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24. Erratum: 'Searches for Continuous Gravitational Waves from Nine Young Supernova Remnants' (2015, ApJ, 813, 39) *

Author: G. L. Mansell, Piotr Jaranowski, Florent Robinet, P. G. Murray, V. Dattilo, Tejinder Kaur, Edwin J. Son, Fabien Kéfélian, J. H. Hough, Stefan Hild, Y. Ma, Adam A. Libson, Douglas R. Cook, Michele Zanolin, S. H. Huttner, N. A. Robertson, A. Brillet, T. J. Massinger, V. Kalogera, C. Padilla, P. J. Sutton, C. C. Wipf, Alex B. Nielsen, J. H. Romie, Charlotte Bond, S. A. Usman, G. D. Hammond, C. Belczynski, M. A. Barton, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, A. Masserot, S. E. Hollitt, Alberto Vecchio, L. Prokhorov, R. Douglas, F. J. Raab, J. G. Bartlett, Márton Tápai, David Jonathan Hofman, L. R. Cominsky, G. McIntyre, Leo Singer, Sascha Husa, Meng Wang, D.B. DeBra, Mark Hannam, Samuel Deléglise, Will M. Farr, R. Gustafson, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam, Liam Cunningham, J. L. Willis, Nancy Aggarwal, M. R. Smith, M. Edwards, A. C. Lin, Tobias Eberle, Francesco Pannarale, A. Rocchi, Jong H. Chow, A. Pasqualetti, S. Mirshekari, F. Garufi, Howard Pan, Aaron Buikema, J. Macarthur, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, M. Tse, Máté Nagy, M. Agathos, S. R. Morriss, P. M. Meyers, Paul J. Groot, S. Raja, S. E. Strigin, Namjun Kim, C. Krueger, I. Dave, B. Hughey, D. M. Macleod, M. Barbet, M. Meinders, D. B. Kelley, E. Cesarini, Joseph Gleason, V. Fafone, X. Guo, K. Siellez, E. J. King, Zhihui Du, F. Mezzani, G. M. Keiser, S. Márka, J. Zweizig, Walter Winkler, K. A. Thorne, M. J. Cowart, S. E. Gossan, A. S. Markosyan, A. Mytidis, Harald Lück, B. L. Swinkels, Timothy A Welborn, John Veitch, M. Cho, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, D. Moraru, A. Gennai, S. S. Eikenberry, Fabio Marchesoni, P. Hello, J. R. Leong, S. C. McGuire, N. A. Gordon, Gianpietro Cagnoli, F. Vetrano, S. E. Dwyer, David Keitel, G. Mendell, M. MacInnis, P. Rapagnani, Alexander Khalaidovski, K. Haris, Ilya Mandel, D. Barker, Gerhard Heinzel, Suvadeep Bose, V. Predoi, Virginio Sannibale, David E. McClelland, P. Couvares, Benno Willke, Rosa Poggiani, C. Affeldt, Sebastian Steinlechner, D. Passuello, F. Magaña-Sandoval, Kyungmin Kim, B. O'Reilly, Z. Márka, S. Mitra, Ajay Kumar, G. Quiroga, Eric Oelker, J. Bergman, P. J. Veitch, L. P. Dartez, J. Ming, A. K. Poteomkin, Tyson Littenberg, M. Korobko, I. Maksimovic, Alberto Gatto, Chris Pankow, C. C. Arceneaux, S. Farinon, C. J. Bell, Soumya D. Mohanty, R. L. Ward, G. Hemming, Hyun Lee, B. Mours, A. Chiummo, R. Taylor, H. J. Bulten, Christian D. Ott, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, C. L. Mueller, C. Osthelder, M. Ducrot, D. O. Bridges, Rebecca Fisher, Badri Krishnan, H. Kaufer, P. Raffai, M. M. Hanke, L. K. Nuttall, K. Mason, S. B. Anderson, S. M. Koehlenbeck, A. Ain, Tristan Briant, T. P. Bodiya, S. Walsh, Q. Chu, C. Maglione, Grant David Meadors, C. Buy, Jeffery Kline, T. Huynh-Dinh, E. C. Ferreira, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, C. Messenger, Peter Aufmuth, F. Carbognani, B. Behnke, Luca Gammaitoni, E. O. Lebigot, Peter Wessels, Ruslan Vaulin, Bala R. Iyer, G. M. Harry, A. R. Wade, G. Kuehn, K. Venkateswara, J. Hanks, Prayush Kumar, R. M. Martin, V. Dolique, Kieran Craig, Alessandra Buonanno, Jiayi Qin, A. Singer, F. Jiménez-Forteza, J. B. Kanner, Oscar Reula, G. P. Newton, M. Fyffe, J. S. Kissel, N. Letendre, P. Thomas, A. M. Sintes, C. Baune, S. McCormick, M. Branchesi, J. C. Batch, C. M. Mow-Lowry, M. Boer, Marc Favata, L. E. Wade, J. N. Marx, László Á. Gergely, Yuri Levin, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, A. Idrisy, Xavier Siemens, Fumiko Kawazoe, A. Conte, Roger Jones, V. J. Roma, W. D. Vousden, Gabriela Gonzalez, C. Aulbert, R. Cavalieri, D. Ugolini, K. A. Hodge, F. Marion, E. Katsavounidis, N. Leroy, K. Nedkova, Laura Cadonati, D. D. Brown, Chandra Kant Mishra, R. Bhandare, N. van Bakel, D. Rosińska, J. O'Dell, Christopher M. Biwer, L. Matone, T. P. Downes, Si Xie, Robert Stone, H. Radkins, R. Chakraborty, A. Di Virgilio, S. Frasca, S. S. Premachandra, A. Viceré, D. Simakov, Yi Chen, M. Pedraza, A. Basti, M. Kasprzack, V. Re, E. A. Houston, Bruce Gendre, B. E. Aylott, Reinhard Prix, X. F. Wang, K. Kawabe, S. M. Aston, H. Fehrmann, J.-P. Coulon, M. Lormand, G. Debreczeni, M. Brinkmann, Z. Frei, Stefaan Franco, Maria Alessandra Papa, B. F. Whiting, Michael W. Coughlin, Sung-Po Chao, E. Schreiber, David Coward, M. J. Lubinski, A. R. Williamson, C. Tomlinson, M. Mageswaran, J. D. Lough, Rana X. Adhikari, F. Cavalier, Soma Mukherjee, Drew Keppel, Mikhail L. Gorodetsky, Sheon Chua, C. J. Guido, V. Sequino, Robinjeet Singh, R. De Rosa, S. Chung, I. Nardecchia, M. E. Normandin, Jonathan F. Stebbins, T. Etzel, R. Bonnand, H. P. Daveloza, L. Bonelli, J.-D. Fournier, J. Aasi, Jade Powell, V. Mangano, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, Paul D. Lasky, Philip F. Hopkins, Carl Blair, Archana Pai, M. Yvert, Fan Zhang, C. S. Unnikrishnan, Carlos Cepeda, M. Prijatelj, P. J. King, T. Dal Canton, J. Warner, R. Passaquieti, M. Huynh, Teviet Creighton, F. Paoletti, P. Ruggi, Xing-Jiang Zhu, B. Machenschalk, Kevin M. McLin, Matthew Pitkin, J. T. Whelan, H. R. Paris, Collin Capano, S. G. Crowder, Robert J. McCarthy, M. Wade, Linqing Wen, G. Kang, Ryan DeRosa, I. Fiori, Christian Gräf, M. Jacobson, A. Mullavey, M. Granata, Satya Mohapatra, Curt Cutler, William Yam, L. Wallace, F. Donovan, M. Razzano, J. Poeld, A. Królak, R. Frey, David H. Reitze, A. Nitz, B. C. Pant, Yi-Ming Hu, C. Van Den Broeck, Jessica Steinlechner, Hee-Suk Cho, M. Damjanic, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, Minchuan Zhou, F. Martelli, J. R. Sanders, G. A. Prodi, S. Fairhurst, J. Prasad, M. Born, I. Di Palma, Vuk Mandic, Vladimir B. Braginsky, H. Vahlbruch, R. DeSalvo, Sourav Ghosh, Imre Bartos, J. Eichholz, S. Fuentes-Tapia, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, Alessandra Corsi, Malik Rakhmanov, J. Worden, Gleb Romanov, Sweta Shah, K. E. Ramirez, L. Rei, Chad Hanna, B. Shapiro, M. Heurs, Gijs Nelemans, E. D. Hall, L. Williams, D. Meacher, A. Rüdiger, N. M. Brown, Reed Essick, S. Caride, C. Wilkinson, K. Mailand, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, F. Piergiovanni, Lindy Blackburn, Steven Bloemen, Jonathan R. Gair, Riccardo Bassiri, Qi Fang, A. K. Zadrożny, V. Boschi, K. Riles, Th. S. Bauer, V. Quetschke, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, K. Holt, Chunglee Kim, A. L. Stuver, Benjamin William Allen, S. Kandhasamy, G. Szeifert, M. van Beuzekom, Y. Ji, B. Sorazu, Ryan Lynch, Matthew Abernathy, Martin M. Fejer, Kasem Mossavi, J. R. Smith, V. Sandberg, R. Bork, J. Logue, R. Mittleman, J. Y. Vinet, H. Middleton, Nelson Christensen, P. T. Baker, D. S. Rabeling, M. Neri, Q. Yang, E. J. Daw, J. A. Giaime, V. Lockett, N. A. Lockerbie, Blake Moore, K. E. Gushwa, E. Maros, D. Amariutei, T. Nash, P. Leaci, A. Colla, M. Davier, M. Factourovich, Roland Schilling, Y. M. Kim, Rocco Romano, J. S. Key, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, A. Kutynia, Markus A. Wimmer, M. Weinert, F. Fidecaro, John D. Scott, G. M. Guidi, D. C. Coyne, M. Fays, B. M. Levine, A. Di Lieto, S. M. Scott, Andrea Chincarini, J. Betzwieser, D. L. Kinzel, K. Izumi, R. A. Mercer, D. Steinmeyer, Jordan Camp, L. Naticchioni, D. Feldbaum, Karsten Danzmann, Thomas Dent, S. J. Chamberlin, M. Vasúth, G. Dojcinoski, G. Serna, Simon Stevenson, S. A. Pai, D. Nolting, Antoine Heidmann, Swetha Bhagwat, Hua Wang, M. Colombini, Salvatore Vitale, Kipp Cannon, M. Steinke, F. Travasso, M. Punturo, T. Z. Summerscales, Michał Bejger, Shane L. Larson, Leopoldo Milano, Jonathan Cripe, W. Katzman, A. Moggi, A. Effler, R. S. Ottens, A. L. Urban, Vladimir Dergachev, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, M. A. Bizouard, Xi-Long Fan, S. P. Tarabrin, P. Ajith, S. T. Countryman, D. B. Tanner, H. Overmier, Jesper Munch, N. Mazumder, F. Nocera, J. C. Barayoga, D. J. White, Hartmut Grote, T. Denker, G. Losurdo, F. Frasconi, A. Perreca, Kevin M. Ryan, G. Gemme, M. Drago, C. Zhao, V. Necula, I. Santiago-Prieto, Surabhi Sachdev, Ettore Majorana, M. De Laurentis, Christopher P. L. Berry, Andrea Taracchini, A. D. Silva, Guenakh Mitselmakher, A. F. Brooks, C-H. Lee, Slawomir Gras, V. V. Frolov, D. Schuette, Albert Lazzarini, D. Sellers, R. Flaminio, A. Pal-Singh, Sebastien Biscans, P. Ehrens, Katrin Dahl, Y.-H. Zhang, A. M. Sergeev, J. Meidam, Riccardo Sturani, P. Puppo, A. Staley, W. Ortega, F. Cleva, S. Jawahar, T. B. Edo, M. Pichot, Evan Ochsner, Z. Shao, Neil J. Cornish, B. Moe, M. Bitossi, G. Bergmann, Lionel Martellini, Odylio D. Aguiar, I. W. Martin, Matthew Evans, E. A. Huerta, Marco Aurelio Diaz, A. J. Weinstein, M. V. van der Sluys, D. Hoak, D. Sentenac, Patrick Brady, T. Prestegard, K. Kokeyama, N. D. Smith-Lefebvre, J. Calderón Bustillo, K. Wette, T. Theeg, Denis Martynov, John J. Oh, R. Goetz, László Gondán, Timothy Evans, I. Yakushin, J. J. Hacker, L. Sammut, Stanislav Babak, Tarun Souradeep, S. Doravari, R. Inta, Peter Fritschel, M. Constancio, Duncan A. Brown, S. Klimenko, Igor Neri, Rory Smith, C. Adams, J. Birch, R. J. S. Greenhalgh, Gavin Davies, D. Sigg, S. W. Ballmer, D. J. Hosken, V. Loriette, L. Pinard, E. Coccia, C. Palomba, M. C. Araya, S. Privitera, O. Puncken, M. E. Zucker, B. A. Weaver, Federico Ferrini, Francesco Salemi, M. Landry, M. S. Shahriar, R. M. Magee, L. Di Fiore, M. Tonelli, Larry R. Price, C. Lazzaro, J. G. Rollins, Michelle E. Walker, G. Moreno, Patricia Schmidt, V. Brisson, L.-W. Wei, G. Vajente, H. Dereli, S. Ast, C. M. Reed, M. Leonardi, Kip S. Thorne, E. Dominguez, E. A. Quintero, Enrico Calloni, Jessica McIver, S. D'Antonio, S. E. Zuraw, G. Traylor, Thomas Corbitt, C. A. Costa, S. Kaufer, T. Chalermsongsak, Alessandro Bertolini, M. Barsuglia, B. Sassolas, Rainer Weiss, F. Ricci, Andrew Lundgren, T. Regimbau, C. I. Torrie, W. W. Johnson, A. Grant, N. Straniero, Laleh Sadeghian, David Tshilumba, V. P. Mitrofanov, P. Bojtos, Thanh Vinh Nguyen, D. R. Ingram, David Blair, M. Saleem, W. Del Pozzo, P. F. Cohadon, L. Zhang, Trevor Sidery, H. Heitmann, D. Bersanetti, G. Tellez, J. V. van Heijningen, Joshua Yablon, John S. Lewis, Eric Thrane, Roman Schnabel, J. E. Brau, A. A. van Veggel, Efim A. Khazanov, C. Michel, G. Ballardin, Sarah Caudill, R. Quitzow-James, R. Day, M. Phelps, F. Ohme, V. B. Adya, R. Robie, F. Clara, J. S. Areeda, Z. Patrick, V. Malvezzi, Sasha Buchman, Timothy MacDonald, Carl-Johan Haster, L. Rolland, N. Indik, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, N. Man, K. A. Strain, H. J. Jang, K. Haughian, I. M. Pinto, Nam-Gyu Kim, W. Z. Korth, D. Talukder, C. V. Torres, I. W. Harry, Tobias Westphal, R. Gouaty, David Jones, Marco Cavaglia, Fausto Acernese, Mi Zhang, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, M. Mantovani, A. W. Heptonstall, Vivien Raymond, Peter R. Saulson, R. Abbott, Vaibhav Tiwari, B. C. Stephens, J. P. Zendri, A. Giazotto, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, D. Verkindt, P. Charlton, M. T. Hartman, V. Kringel, B. Lantz, S. Goßler, Philip Graff, I. A. Bilenko, David J. Ottaway, J. D. E. Creighton, R. M. S. Schofield, Matthew Benacquista, Benjamin J. Owen, J. F. J. van den Brand, Tomasz Bulik, M. Tacca, Richard J. Oram, Martin Hendry, François Bondu, T. Hardwick, Martin Hewitson, Junwei Cao, P. Fulda, S. E. Barclay, Tjonnie G. F. Li, Eric Howell, S. Leavey, Jon M. Miller, G. Billingsley, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, T. Isogai, F. Y. Khalili, Graham Woan, A. Allocca, Stuart Reid, G. Rajalakshmi, G. Valdes, Jacob Scheuer, G. Islas, T. T. Fricke, Bernard F. Schutz, Li Ju, M. Was, Daniel A. Shaddock, J. Hanson, H. Vocca, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, Guido Mueller, G. Vedovato, D. B. Kozak, C. Vorvick, A. Sevigny, David Murphy, G. Mazzolo, A. L. Lombardi, C. C. Yancey, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, Giacomo Ciani, B. P. Abbott, E. K. Gustafson, S. Vass, R. Vincent-Finley, R. Coyne, Fabrice Matichard, W. Kells, J. Le, T. Sadecki, S. Grunewald, J. C. Isler, D. H. Shoemaker, Kenneth G. Libbrecht, A. Cumming, E. Genin, F. Baldaccini, A. J. Miller, M. J. Hart, A. M. Gretarsson, J. K. Blackburn, A. Sawadsky, E. Chassande-Mottin, Sheila Rowan, M. Pürrer, Todd Adams, Jan Harms, A. S. Sengupta, Viswanath Bavigadda, Samaya Nissanke, D. Buskulic, E. Cuoco, A. Post, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, B. J. J. Slagmolen, Margaret Millhouse, S. G. Gaonkar, Haixing Miao, S. L. Danilishin, G. Bogaert, M. Shaltev, O. Bock, István Rácz, K. L. Dooley, Lisa Barsotti, R. J. G. Jonker, V. Kondrashov, A. Alemic, Y. Minenkov, H. Wittel, Matthew Heintze, T. M. C. Abbott, J. C. Driggers, Michael Thomas, Koji Arai, Roy Williams, G. Pillant, I. Kowalska, A. Pele, Nergis Mavalvala, Jerome Degallaix, B. C. Barish, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, Christophe Collette, Ho-Gyu Lee, N. Gehrels, T. Vo, Marek Szczepanczyk, C. Bradaschia, P. Oppermann, Michele Vallisneri, Ik Siong Heng, S. Steplewski, P. Astone, Larne Pekowsky, E. Goetz, S. Penn, and (Astro)-Particles Physics
Subjects: Physics, Supernova, Space and Planetary Science, Gravitational wave, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Limit (mathematics), Astrophysics, Vela, Table (information)
Abstract: Equation (7) of the published article (Aasi et al. 2015) is in error; it should read (Equation presented). The upper limits on ò presented in the published article are unaffected by this error. Equation (8) of the published article is in error; it should read (Equation presented) The upper limits on α presented in Figure 3 and Table 4 of the published article were computed incorrectly. The revised Figure 3 (bottom) shows the corrected upper limits on α for the G266.2-1.2 (Vela Jr.) wide search. The revised Table 4 is provided here. The correct lowest upper limit on α (quoted in the Abstract of the published article) is 3 × 10-6. Figure 4 shows the incorrect and corrected upper limits on α for the G266.2-1.2 (Vela Jr.) wide search, which have been surpassed by upper limits from Abbott et al. (2019).
Published: 2021
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25. The NANOGrav 12.5-year Data Set: Search for Non-Einsteinian Polarization Modes in the Gravitational-wave Background

Author: Zaven Arzoumanian, Paul T. Baker, Harsha Blumer, Bence Bécsy, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Siyuan Chen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Megan E. DeCesar, Dallas M. DeGan, Paul B. Demorest, Timothy Dolch, Brendan Drachler, Justin A. Ellis, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, William Fiore, Emmanuel Fonseca, Nathan Garver-Daniels, Peter A. Gentile, Deborah C. Good, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, A. Miguel Holgado, Kristina Islo, Ross J. Jennings, Megan L. Jones, Andrew R. Kaiser, David L. Kaplan, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Joey Shapiro Key, Nima Laal, Michael T. Lam, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Duncan R. Lorimer, Tingting Liu, Jing Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Dustin R. Madison, Alexander McEwen, Maura A. McLaughlin, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Cherry Ng, David J. Nice, Ken D. Olum, Timothy T. Pennucci, Nihan S. Pol, Scott M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Joseph D. Romano, Shashwat C. Sardesai, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Xavier Siemens, Joseph Simon, Magdalena S. Siwek, Renée Spiewak, Ingrid H. Stairs, Daniel R. Stinebring, Kevin Stovall, Jerry P. Sun, Joseph K. Swiggum, Stephen R. Taylor, Jacob E. Turner, Michele Vallisneri, Sarah J. Vigeland, Haley M. Wahl, Caitlin A. Witt, Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and NANOGrav
Subjects: noise, family, gravitation: model, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), power spectrum, 01 natural sciences, Bayesian, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, pulsar, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), polarization, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, gravitational radiation: background, Astronomy and Astrophysics, NANOGrav, solar system, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, transverse, space-time, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), correlation, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: We search NANOGrav's 12.5-year data set for evidence of a gravitational wave background (GWB) with all the spatial correlations allowed by general metric theories of gravity. We find no substantial evidence in favor of the existence of such correlations in our data. We find that scalar-transverse (ST) correlations yield signal-to-noise ratios and Bayes factors that are higher than quadrupolar (tensor transverse, TT) correlations. Specifically, we find ST correlations with a signal-to-noise ratio of 2.8 that are preferred over TT correlations (Hellings and Downs correlations) with Bayesian odds of about 20:1. However, the significance of ST correlations is reduced dramatically when we include modeling of the Solar System ephemeris systematics and/or remove pulsar J0030$+$0451 entirely from consideration. Even taking the nominal signal-to-noise ratios at face value, analyses of simulated data sets show that such values are not extremely unlikely to be observed in cases where only the usual TT modes are present in the GWB. In the absence of a detection of any polarization mode of gravity, we place upper limits on their amplitudes for a spectral index of $\gamma = 5$ and a reference frequency of $f_\text{yr} = 1 \text{yr}^{-1}$. Among the upper limits for eight general families of metric theories of gravity, we find the values of $A^{95\%}_{TT} = (9.7 \pm 0.4)\times 10^{-16}$ and $A^{95\%}_{ST} = (1.4 \pm 0.03)\times 10^{-15}$ for the family of metric spacetime theories that contain both TT and ST modes., Comment: 24 pages, 18 figures, 3 appendices. Please send any comments/questions to Nima Laal (laaln@oregonstate.edu)
Published: 2021
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26. Astrophysics Milestones for Pulsar Timing Array Gravitational-wave Detection

Author: Paul R. Brook, Megan E. Decesar, David J. Nice, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Timothy T. Pennucci, H. Thankful Cromartie, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Nathan Garver-Daniels, Timothy Dolch, Daniel R. Stinebring, Paul Demorest, Alexander McEwen, Ryan S. Lynch, Siyuan Chen, James M. Cordes, Scott M. Ransom, Paul T. Baker, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Ingrid H. Stairs, Megan L. Jones, Neil J. Cornish, Ross J. Jennings, Paul S. Ray, Haley M. Wahl, Adam Brazier, Joseph Simon, William Fiore, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Joseph K. Swiggum, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Cherry Ng, Joey Shapiro Key, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, Michael T. Lam, Xavier Siemens, Jing Luo, D. R. Madison, Deborah C. Good, Maura McLaughlin, Sarah J. Vigeland, B. Bécsy, Michele Vallisneri, Zaven Arzoumanian, David L. Kaplan, Caitlin A. Witt, Fronefield Crawford, Shami Chatterjee, Emmanuel Fonseca, Stephen Taylor, Andrew R. Kaiser, Nihan Pol, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and NANOGrav
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, gravitational radiation: stochastic, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Gravitational-wave astronomy, Bayesian, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitational wave background, Pulsar timing array, Pulsar, Millisecond pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, black hole, gravitational radiation: spectrum, cosmic string, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, spectrum: slope, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, pulsar, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Gravitational wave, gravitational radiation: background, Astronomy and Astrophysics, NANOGrav, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Cosmic string, Amplitude, black hole: binary, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), correlation, fractional, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], spectral, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: The NANOGrav Collaboration reported strong Bayesian evidence for a common-spectrum stochastic process in its 12.5-yr pulsar timing array dataset, with median characteristic strain amplitude at periods of a year of $A_{\rm yr} = 1.92^{+0.75}_{-0.55} \times 10^{-15}$. However, evidence for the quadrupolar Hellings \& Downs interpulsar correlations, which are characteristic of gravitational wave signals, was not yet significant. We emulate and extend the NANOGrav dataset, injecting a wide range of stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB) signals that encompass a variety of amplitudes and spectral shapes, and quantify three key milestones: (I) Given the amplitude measured in the 12.5 yr analysis and assuming this signal is a GWB, we expect to accumulate robust evidence of an interpulsar-correlated GWB signal with 15--17 yrs of data, i.e., an additional 2--5 yrs from the 12.5 yr dataset; (II) At the initial detection, we expect a fractional uncertainty of $40\%$ on the power-law strain spectrum slope, which is sufficient to distinguish a GWB of supermassive black-hole binary origin from some models predicting more exotic origins;(III) Similarly, the measured GWB amplitude will have an uncertainty of $44\%$ upon initial detection, allowing us to arbitrate between some population models of supermassive black-hole binaries. In addition, power-law models are distinguishable from those having low-frequency spectral turnovers once 20~yrs of data are reached. Even though our study is based on the NANOGrav data, we also derive relations that allow for a generalization to other pulsar-timing array datasets. Most notably, by combining the data of individual arrays into the International Pulsar Timing Array, all of these milestones can be reached significantly earlier., 15 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2021
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27. Multimessenger gravitational-wave searches with pulsar timing arrays: Application to 3C 66B using the NANOGrav 11-year data set

Author: Maria Charisi, Ryan S. Lynch, Daniel R. Stinebring, David J. Nice, Timothy Dolch, Justin A. Ellis, Paul Demorest, Weiwei Zhu, Dustin R. Madison, Jing Luo, Peter A. Gentile, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Maura McLaughlin, K. Islo, Nathan Garver-Daniels, Scott M. Ransom, Rodney D. Elliott, Nihan Pol, Stephen Taylor, Ingrid H. Stairs, H. Thankful Cromartie, Fronefield Crawford, Michael T. Lam, Timothy T. Pennucci, Joseph Simon, Michele Vallisneri, James M. Cordes, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Andrew R. Kaiser, Shami Chatterjee, Kevin Stovall, Joseph K. Swiggum, David L. Kaplan, Cherry Ng, Ross J. Jennings, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, Paul R. Brook, Xavier Siemens, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Joey Shapiro Key, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Adam Brazier, Megan E. DeCesar, Caitlin A. Witt, Emmanuel Fonseca, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Paul T. Baker, Neil J. Cornish, Bence Bécsy, Kathryn Crowter, Megan L. Jones, Paul S. Ray, Renée Spiewak, Deborah C. Good, Zaven Arzoumanian, Lina Levin, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Robert D. Ferdman, and Sarah J. Vigeland
Subjects: Physics, Supermassive black hole, Active galactic nucleus, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Binary number, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Orbital period, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Pulsar timing array, Pulsar, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: When galaxies merge, the supermassive black holes in their centers may form binaries and emit low-frequency gravitational radiation in the process. In this paper, we consider the galaxy 3C 66B, which was used as the target of the first multimessenger search for gravitational waves. Due to the observed periodicities present in the photometric and astrometric data of the source, it has been theorized to contain a supermassive black hole binary. Its apparent 1.05-year orbital period would place the gravitational-wave emission directly in the pulsar timing band. Since the first pulsar timing array study of 3C 66B, revised models of the source have been published, and timing array sensitivities and techniques have improved dramatically. With these advances, we further constrain the chirp mass of the potential supermassive black hole binary in 3C 66B to less than (1.65 ± 0.02) × 109 M ⊙ using data from the NANOGrav 11-year data set. This upper limit provides a factor of 1.6 improvement over previous limits and a factor of 4.3 over the first search done. Nevertheless, the most recent orbital model for the source is still consistent with our limit from pulsar timing array data. In addition, we are able to quantify the improvement made by the inclusion of source properties gleaned from electromagnetic data over “blind” pulsar timing array searches. With these methods, it is apparent that it is not necessary to obtain exact a priori knowledge of the period of a binary to gain meaningful astrophysical inferences.
Published: 2020

28. The Green Bank North Celestial Cap Pulsar Survey: V. Pulsar Census and Survey Sensitivity

Author: Scott M. Ransom, Mayuresh Surnis, M. LaRose, M. Mingyar, Harsha Blumer, Xavier Siemens, H. Al Noori, Megan E. DeCesar, Ann Marie Schmiedekamp, Carl Schmiedekamp, David L. Kaplan, P. Chawla, V. I. Kondratiev, Alexander McEwen, Renée Spiewak, G. Y. Agazie, Joseph K. Swiggum, William Fiore, Kevin Stovall, V. M. Kaspi, Mallory S. E. Roberts, Maura McLaughlin, Ryan S. Lynch, Ingrid H. Stairs, J. van Leeuwen, Lina Levin, and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Population, Flux, FOS: Physical sciences, Scale (descriptive set theory), Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), education.field_of_study, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Census, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Survey data collection, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The Green Bank North Celestial Cap (GBNCC) pulsar survey will cover the entire northern sky (δ > −40°) at 350 MHz, and is one of the most uniform and sensitive all-sky pulsar surveys to date. We have created a pipeline to reanalyze GBNCC survey data to take a 350 MHz census of all pulsars detected by the survey, regardless of their discovery survey. Of the 1413 pulsars in the survey region, we were able to recover 670. For these we present measured signal-to-noise ratios (S/N), flux densities, pulse widths, profiles, and where appropriate, refined measurements of dispersion measures (DMs) (656 out of 670) and new or improved spectral indices (339 out of 670 total, 47 new, 292 improved). We also measure the period-pulse width relation at 350 MHz to scale as W ∝ P-0.27. Detection scans for several hundred sources were reanalyzed in order to inspect pulsars' single pulse behavior and 223 were found to exhibit evidence of nulling. With a detailed analysis of measured and expected S/N values and the evolving radio frequency interference environment at 350 MHz, we assess the GBNCC survey's sensitivity as a function of spin period, DM, and sky position. We find the sky-averaged limiting flux density of the survey to be 0.74 mJy. Combining this analysis with PsrPopPy pulsar population simulations, we predict 60/5 nonrecycled/MSP discoveries in the survey's remaining 21,000 pointings, and we begin to place constraints on population model parameters.
Published: 2020

29. NANOGrav 11 yr Data Set: Evolution of Gravitational-wave Background Statistics

Author: Lina Levin, Scott M. Ransom, J. E. Turner, Jing Luo, D. R. Stinebring, I. H. Stairs, D. R. Lorimer, Peter A. Gentile, E. C. Ferrara, Joseph K. Swiggum, Paul Demorest, Deborah C. Good, A. M. Holgado, Adam Brazier, D. R. Madison, Robert D. Ferdman, R. van Haasteren, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, J. M. Cordes, H. T. Cromartie, K. Islo, M. E. DeCesar, Fronefield Crawford, Nihan Pol, M. L. Jones, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Kevin Stovall, Timothy Dolch, N. Garver-Daniels, Andrea N. Lommen, Kathryn Crowter, Caitlin A. Witt, Andrew R. Kaiser, Paul S. Ray, E. A. Huerta, Sourav Chatterjee, Paul T. Baker, Cherry Ng, G. Jones, Xavier Siemens, David L. Kaplan, Neil J. Cornish, Ross J. Jennings, Joseph Simon, Michael T. Lam, Stephen Taylor, Joey Shapiro Key, Emmanuel Fonseca, Zaven Arzoumanian, Maura McLaughlin, Michele Vallisneri, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, T. J. W. Lazio, R. S. Lynch, Sarah J. Vigeland, Sean T. McWilliams, David J. Nice, Timothy T. Pennucci, R. Spiewak, Wenbai Zhu, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, and J. A. Ellis
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Spectral index, Supermassive black hole, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitational wave background, Pulsar, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Colors of noise, Millisecond pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, Statistics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Noise (radio)
Abstract: An ensemble of inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries should produce a stochastic background of very low frequency gravitational waves. This stochastic background is predicted to be a power law, with a spectral index of -2/3, and it should be detectable by a network of precisely timed millisecond pulsars, widely distributed on the sky. This paper reports a new "time slicing" analysis of the 11-year data release from the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) using 34 millisecond pulsars. Methods to flag potential "false positive" signatures are developed, including techniques to identify responsible pulsars. Mitigation strategies are then presented. We demonstrate how an incorrect noise model can lead to spurious signals, and show how independently modeling noise across 30 Fourier components, spanning NANOGrav's frequency range, effectively diagnoses and absorbs the excess power in gravitational-wave searches. This results in a nominal, and expected, progression of our gravitational-wave statistics. Additionally we show that the first interstellar medium event in PSR J1713+0747 pollutes the common red noise process with low-spectral index noise, and use a tailored noise model to remove these effects., 14 pages, 13 figures, fixed typo in abstract of earlier version
Published: 2020

30. The NANOGrav 11 yr Data Set: Limits on Gravitational Wave Memory

Author: A. M. Holgado, K. Islo, Timothy Dolch, Glenn Jones, Nihan Pol, Paul R. Brook, Renée Spiewak, R. van Haasteren, Stephen Taylor, Ryan S. Lynch, Scott M. Ransom, Megan E. DeCesar, Caitlin A. Witt, J. Luo, Adam Brazier, Emmanuel Fonseca, Sean T. McWilliams, Cherry Ng, Peter A. Gentile, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, David J. Nice, Timothy T. Pennucci, Xavier Siemens, Ross J. Jennings, Robert D. Ferdman, David L. Kaplan, Paul Demorest, Duncan R. Lorimer, Fronefield Crawford, Shami Chatterjee, Kevin Stovall, Kathryn Crowter, Zaven Arzoumanian, Neil J. Cornish, Megan L. Jones, Paul S. Ray, E. A. Huerta, N. Garver-Daniels, Joseph Simon, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Daniel R. Stinebring, Lina Levin, P. T. Baker, Joey Shapiro Key, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Maura McLaughlin, Michele Vallisneri, James M. Cordes, Michael T. Lam, Wenbai Zhu, Deborah C. Good, Joseph K. Swiggum, H. T. Cromartie, Sarah J. Vigeland, D. R. Madison, Kshitij Aggarwal, J. A. Ellis, Ingrid H. Stairs, Luke Zoltan Kelley, and T. J. W. Lazio
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Supermassive black hole, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gravitational wave, media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitation, Amplitude, Pulsar, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Millisecond pulsar, Observatory, Sky, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: The mergers of supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) promise to be incredible sources of gravitational waves (GWs). While the oscillatory part of the merger gravitational waveform will be outside the frequency sensitivity range of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), the non-oscillatory GW memory effect is detectable. Further, any burst of gravitational waves will produce GW memory, making memory a useful probe of unmodeled exotic sources and new physics. We searched the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) 11-year data set for GW memory. This dataset is sensitive to very low frequency GWs of $\sim3$ to $400$ nHz (periods of $\sim11$ yr $-$ $1$ mon). Finding no evidence for GWs, we placed limits on the strain amplitude of GW memory events during the observation period. We then used the strain upper limits to place limits on the rate of GW memory causing events. At a strain of $2.5\times10^{-14}$, corresponding to the median upper limit as a function of source sky position, we set a limit on the rate of GW memory events at $, Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, submitted to ApJ
Published: 2020

31. The NANOGrav 12.5-year Data Set: Wideband Timing of 47 Millisecond Pulsars

Author: Cherry Ng, Yhamil Garcia, Xavier Siemens, Jing Luo, Robert D. Ferdman, Timothy Dolch, Jordan A. Gusdorff, Paul Demorest, Joseph Simon, Duncan R. Lorimer, Joshua Ramette, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Keeisi Caballero, Emmanuel Fonseca, Justin A. Ellis, Megan E. Decesar, Fronefield Crawford, Scott M. Ransom, David J. Nice, Maura McLaughlin, Shami Chatterjee, Ryan S. Lynch, Megan L. Jones, Kevin Stovall, Cody Jessup, Paul S. Ray, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, D. R. Madison, Joey Shapiro Key, Daniel Halmrast, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Daniel R. Stinebring, Caitlin A. Witt, Andrew R. Kaiser, Timothy T. Pennucci, Peter A. Gentile, Renée Spiewak, Faisal Alam, Michael T. Lam, Rachel L. Chamberlain, Michael Tripepi, Paul T. Baker, Harsha Blumer, David L. Kaplan, Ross J. Jennings, Benjamin M. X. Nguyen, Deborah C. Good, Stephen Taylor, Zaven Arzoumanian, James M. Cordes, Richard Camuccio, Neil J. Cornish, Keith E. Bohler, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, K. Islo, Paul R. Brook, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, H. Thankful Cromartie, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Michele Vallisneri, Nihan Pol, William Fiore, Weiwei Zhu, Joseph K. Swiggum, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Kaleb Maraccini, Adam Brazier, Nathan Garver-Daniels, Sarah J. Vigeland, and Ingrid H. Stairs
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Data set, Pulsar timing array, Narrowband, Pulsar, Space and Planetary Science, Observatory, Millisecond pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, Wideband, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract: We present a new analysis of the profile data from the 47 millisecond pulsars comprising the 12.5-year data set of the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), which is presented in a parallel paper (Alam et al. 2021a; NG12.5). Our reprocessing is performed using "wideband" timing methods, which use frequency-dependent template profiles, simultaneous time-of-arrival (TOA) and dispersion measure (DM) measurements from broadband observations, and novel analysis techniques. In particular, the wideband DM measurements are used to constrain the DM portion of the timing model. We compare the ensemble timing results to NG12.5 by examining the timing residuals, timing models, and noise model components. There is a remarkable level of agreement across all metrics considered. Our best-timed pulsars produce encouragingly similar results to those from NG12.5. In certain cases, such as high-DM pulsars with profile broadening, or sources that are weak and scintillating, wideband timing techniques prove to be beneficial, leading to more precise timing model parameters by 10-15%. The high-precision, multi-band measurements of several pulsars indicate frequency-dependent DMs. Compared to the narrowband analysis in NG12.5, the TOA volume is reduced by a factor of 33, which may ultimately facilitate computational speed-ups for complex pulsar timing array analyses. This first wideband pulsar timing data set is a stepping stone, and its consistent results with NG12.5 assure us that such data sets are appropriate for gravitational wave analyses., Comment: 62 pages, 55 figures, 5 tables, 3 appendices. Data available at http://nanograv.org/data/ and via DOI 10.5281/zenodo.4312887
Published: 2020
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32. Common-spectrum process versus cross-correlation for gravitational-wave searches using pulsar timing arrays

Author: Joseph D. Romano, Anne M. Archibald, Xavier Siemens, and Jeffrey S. Hazboun
Subjects: Physics, Cross-correlation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, Estimator, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Expected value, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Pulsar, Frequentist inference, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Noise (radio)
Abstract: The North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) has recently reported strong statistical evidence for a common-spectrum red-noise process for all pulsars, as seen in their 12.5-yr analysis for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background. However, there is currently very little evidence for quadrupolar spatial correlations across the pulsars in the array, which is needed to make a confident claim of detection of a stochastic background. Here we give a frequentist analysis of a very simple signal+noise model showing that the current lack of evidence for spatial correlations is consistent with the magnitude of the correlation coefficients for pairs of Earth-pulsar baselines in the array, and the fact that pulsar timing arraysbare most-likely operating in the intermediate-signal regime. We derive analytic expressions that allow one to compare the expected values of the signal-to-noise ratios for both the common-spectrum and cross-correlation estimators., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2020
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33. First Discovery of a Fast Radio Burst at 350 MHz by the GBNCC Survey

Author: William Fiore, Ann Marie Schmiedekamp, Jason W. T. Hessels, Scott M. Ransom, Evan F. Lewis, G. Y. Agazie, Mayuresh Surnis, A. E. McEwen, V. M. Kaspi, Joseph K. Swiggum, P. Chawla, C. Schmiedekamp, Renée Spiewak, Ingrid H. Stairs, David L. Kaplan, Harsha Blumer, Lina Levin, M. LaRose, V. I. Kondratiev, Maura McLaughlin, M. Mingyar, J. van Leeuwen, Mallory S. E. Roberts, E. Parent, Megan E. DeCesar, Emmanuel Fonseca, H. Al Noori, Xavier Siemens, Ryan S. Lynch, and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Electron density, Line-of-sight, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Fast radio burst, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Green Bank Telescope, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Comoving distance, 01 natural sciences, Redshift, Galaxy, Pulsar, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We report the first discovery of a fast radio burst (FRB), FRB 20200125A, by the Green Bank Northern Celestial Cap (GBNCC) Pulsar Survey conducted with the Green Bank Telescope at 350 MHz. FRB 20200125A was detected at a Galactic latitude of 58.43 degrees with a dispersion measure of 179 pc cm$^{-3}$, while electron density models predict a maximum Galactic contribution of 25 pc cm$^{-3}$ along this line of sight. Moreover, no apparent Galactic foreground sources of ionized gas that could account for the excess DM are visible in multi-wavelength surveys of this region. This argues that the source is extragalactic. The maximum redshift for the host galaxy is $z_{max}=0.17$, corresponding to a maximum comoving distance of approximately 750 Mpc. The measured peak flux density for FRB 20200125A is 0.37 Jy, and we measure a pulse width of 3.7 ms, consistent with the distribution of FRB widths observed at higher frequencies. Based on this detection and assuming an Euclidean flux density distribution of FRBs, we calculate an all-sky rate at 350 MHz of $3.4^{+15.4}_{-3.3} \times 10^3$ FRBs sky$^{-1}$ day$^{-1}$ above a peak flux density of 0.42 Jy for an unscattered pulse having an intrinsic width of 5 ms, consistent with rates reported at higher frequencies. Given the recent improvements in our single-pulse search pipeline, we also revisit the GBNCC survey sensitivity to various burst properties. Finally, we find no evidence of interstellar scattering in FRB 20200125A, adding to the growing evidence that some FRBs have circumburst environments where free-free absorption and scattering are not significant., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, Submitted to ApJ
Published: 2020
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34. Model Dependence of Bayesian Gravitational-Wave Background Statistics for Pulsar Timing Arrays

Author: Xavier Siemens, Joseph D. Romano, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, and Joseph Simon
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Pulsar timing array, Pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, Statistics, Prior probability, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Gravitational wave, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Bayesian statistics, Noise, Amplitude, Space and Planetary Science, Colors of noise, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an)
Abstract: Pulsar timing array (PTA) searches for a gravitational-wave background (GWB) typically include time-correlated "red" noise models intrinsic to each pulsar. Using a simple simulated PTA dataset with an injected GWB signal we show that the details of the red noise models used, including the choice of amplitude priors and even which pulsars have red noise, have a striking impact on the GWB statistics, including both upper limits and estimates of the GWB amplitude. We find that the standard use of uniform priors on the red noise amplitude leads to 95% upper limits, as calculated from one-sided Bayesian credible intervals, that are less than the injected GWB amplitude 50% of the time. In addition, amplitude estimates of the GWB are systematically lower than the injected value by 10-40%, depending on which models and priors are chosen for the intrinsic red noise. We tally the effects of model and prior choice and demonstrate how a "dropout" model, which allows flexible use of red noise models in a Bayesian approach, can improve GWB estimates throughout., Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2020
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35. The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Observations and Narrowband Timing of 47 Millisecond Pulsars

Author: Benjamin M. X. Nguyen, Yhamil Garcia, Jordan A. Gusdorff, Paul R. Brook, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Rachel L. Chamberlain, Paul Demorest, Scott M. Ransom, Fronefield Crawford, Timothy Dolch, Stephen Taylor, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Joshua Ramette, Shami Chatterjee, Kevin Stovall, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, Robert D. Ferdman, Nathan Garver-Daniels, William Fiore, Peter A. Gentile, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Harsha Blumer, Cody Jessup, Kaleb Maraccini, Caitlin A. Witt, Joseph K. Swiggum, David L. Kaplan, Daniel Halmrast, Paul S. Ray, H. Thankful Cromartie, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, James M. Cordes, D. R. Madison, Cherry Ng, Daniel R. Stinebring, Sarah J. Vigeland, Joseph Simon, Renée Spiewak, Deborah C. Good, Xavier Siemens, Faisal Alam, Keith E. Bohler, Michael T. Lam, Ryan S. Lynch, Ingrid H. Stairs, Megan E. Decesar, Justin A. Ellis, Emmanuel Fonseca, Maura McLaughlin, Keeisi Caballero, Weiwei Zhu, Joey Shapiro Key, David J. Nice, Timothy T. Pennucci, Duncan R. Lorimer, Paul T. Baker, Richard Camuccio, Neil J. Cornish, Ross J. Jennings, Jing Luo, Andrew R. Kaiser, Megan L. Jones, K. Islo, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Nihan Pol, Michael Tripepi, Adam Brazier, Zaven Arzoumanian, and Michele Vallisneri
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrometry, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Shapiro delay, Binary pulsar, Pulsar, Space and Planetary Science, Millisecond pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, Arecibo Observatory, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Radio astronomy
Abstract: We present time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements and timing models of 47 millisecond pulsars (MSPs) observed from 2004 to 2017 at the Arecibo Observatory and the Green Bank Telescope by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav). The observing cadence was three to four weeks for most pulsars over most of this time span, with weekly observations of six sources. These data were collected for use in low-frequency gravitational wave searches and for other astrophysical purposes. We detail our observational methods and present a set of TOA measurements, based on "narrowband" analysis, in which many TOAs are calculated within narrow radio-frequency bands for data collected simultaneously across a wide bandwidth. A separate set of "wideband" TOAs will be presented in a companion paper. We detail a number of methodological changes compared to our previous work which yield a cleaner and more uniformly processed data set. Our timing models include several new astrometric and binary pulsar measurements, including previously unpublished values for the parallaxes of PSRs J1832-0836 and J2322+2057, the secular derivatives of the projected semi-major orbital axes of PSRs J0613-0200 and J2229+2643, and the first detection of the Shapiro delay in PSR J2145-0750. We report detectable levels of red noise in the time series for 14 pulsars. As a check on timing model reliability, we investigate the stability of astrometric parameters across data sets of different lengths. We report flux density measurements for all pulsars observed. Searches for stochastic and continuous gravitational waves using these data will be subjects of forthcoming publications., Comment: 54 pages, 52 figures, 7 tables, 1 appendix. Data are available at http://nanograv.org/data/ and via the DOI 10.5281/zenodo.4312297
Published: 2020
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36. Constraining the p -Mode– g -Mode Tidal Instability with GW170817

Author: P. Oppermann, R. Mittleman, Nelson Christensen, K. E. Ramirez, D. Moffa, J. J. McCann, T. J. Slaven-Blair, S. P. Stevenson, B. U. Gadre, Sebastien Biscans, Leo Singer, Ryan Magee, J. W. W. Pratt, A. Gennai, Rahul Kumar, Harald P. Pfeiffer, A. Cirone, Hyun Lee, J. Calderón Bustillo, M. Rizzo, V. Predoi, I. W. Martin, C. Messenger, N. Leroy, B. Bécsy, B. Khamesra, M. Kasprzack, David Cohen, David E. McClelland, G. Rutins, Graham Woan, E. Schreiber, P. Kumar, Miftar Ganija, D. Huet, S. H. Huttner, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, A. Masserot, Robert L. Byer, Stuart Reid, A. Samajdar, B. R. Hall, S. J. Kapadia, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, Mark Hannam, F. Thies, B. D. Cheeseboro, G. Cerretani, C. R. Billman, Tanja Hinderer, A. Strunk, Héctor Estellés, N. Letendre, M. F. Carney, P. J. Easter, J. M. Isac, C. Aulbert, R. Cavalieri, D. Rosińska, Patrice Hello, Jacob Scheuer, G. Pagano, J. P. Zendri, T. Hardwick, D. Steinmeyer, T. Huynh-Dinh, Chunglee Kim, Bernard F. Schutz, Li Ju, P. T.H. Pang, T. Etzel, John Worden, P. Couvares, Jonathan Newport, Bala R. Iyer, A. K. Srivastava, A. E. Pace, A. Fernandez-Galiana, S. Appert, A. Giazotto, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, H. Cao, D. J. Vine, Daniel A. Shaddock, Brittany Kamai, Y. Bouffanais, C. V. Kalaghatgi, J. Hanson, K. Napier, Guido Mueller, A. Miller, L. Trozzo, Priscilla Canizares, Nicolas Sanchis-Gual, Michael E Zucker, W. H. Wang, E. G. Thomas, A. Basti, P. Charlton, Kejia Lee, S. McCormick, Ryan N. Lang, Lloyd Paul Aiello, G. Wang, L. Matone, Albert Lazzarini, M. Bensch, F. Travasso, A. Effler, Kevin Barkett, B. C. Pant, Marc Favata, Roger Jones, V. J. Roma, A. P. Spencer, D. D. Brown, Hang Yu, Jan Harms, A. S. Sengupta, Haocun Yu, Sourav Ghosh, J.-P. Coulon, I. Dorrington, Imre Bartos, E. A. Chase, Z. Frei, A. J. K. Chua, C. Krämer, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, M. Laxen, Charalampos Markakis, Anthony A. Amato, N. van Bakel, Yongjung Kim, M. H. Wimmer, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, A. Perreca, G. Gemme, M. Drago, V. Sequino, Samuele Cortese, Samaya Nissanke, S. Caride, M. Bawaj, J.-D. Fournier, M. Yvert, Zifan Zhou, I. A. Bilenko, T. Theeg, I. Di Palma, B. Lantz, Tania Regimbau, Guenakh Mitselmakher, Collin D. Capano, B. A. Boom, A. M. Sergeev, Philip F. Hopkins, V. Dolique, Denis Martynov, Marco Bazzan, Britton D. Smith, A. C. Green, M. Boer, V. Quetschke, W. Parker, S. B. Anderson, B. D. Lackey, F. Brighenti, Piotr Jaranowski, J. D. E. Creighton, Fausto Acernese, Kipp Cannon, M. Steinke, Martin M. Fejer, G. Vedovato, J. R. Smith, R. Bork, S. Ghonge, Aniello Grado, I. Fiori, David J. Ottaway, A. Paoli, D. Ugolini, P. Clearwater, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, M. Hulko, Serena Vinciguerra, R. Pedurand, Benno Willke, K. Kawabe, D. Buskulic, S. M. Aston, P. Booker, M. B. Shaner, S. B. Coughlin, C. Fee, Binlei Ding, A. Gupta, C. Ingram, K. AultONeal, Archisman Ghosh, R. M. S. Schofield, K. Ueno, Michael W. Coughlin, I. Khan, Debnandini Mukherjee, C. D. Booth, W. Katzman, C. Cahillane, J. Hennig, S. Doravari, J. Birch, S. Bae, E. Coccia, L. van der Schaaf, S. A. Pai, C. Graef, B. A. Weaver, Cody Messick, J. G. Rollins, L.-W. Wei, Jessica Steinlechner, A. Neunzert, T. Chmiel, F. Y. Khalili, Benjamin J. Owen, A. Post, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, J. F. J. van den Brand, A. F. Brooks, M. Heurs, K. G. Arun, D. M. Wilken, Innocenzo M. Pinto, I. Belahcene, M. Fitz-Axen, F. Salemi, P. Bacon, Daniel E. Holz, S. T. Countryman, M. Fays, M. Leonardi, Federico Ferrini, Lijing Shao, G. Vajente, S. M. Gaebel, S. Sunil, M. Tacca, Sascha Husa, Andrew Matas, L. E. Wade, Martin Hendry, Cecilio García-Quirós, M. C. Díaz, Surabhi Sachdev, Christopher J. Moore, K. V. Tokmakov, G. Venugopalan, V. Gayathri, S. Walsh, Miriam Cabero, Alessandra Buonanno, D.B. DeBra, Antonios Kontos, Kris Ryan, E. A. Quintero, R. Kirchhoff, Junwei Cao, R. Metzdorff, Gabrielle Allen, B. L. Pearlstone, Samuel Deléglise, Mi Zhang, S. Mastrogiovanni, R. K. Lanza, Christian Pedersen, L. Pinard, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, T. J. Shaffer, Reed Essick, D. S. Rabeling, S. Kandhasamy, B. Sorazu, M. Mantovani, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, M. Lormand, V. Fafone, Rana X. Adhikari, B. Patricelli, J. McIver, A. Bohe, D. S. Wu, Margaret Millhouse, G. Valdes, P. Puppo, A. W. Muir, Antoni Ramos-Buades, V. V. Frolov, A. Singhal, Lee McCuller, N. Mazumder, Y. Boetzel, A. Kutynia, T. T. Nguyen, Alena Ananyeva, Benoit Sassolas, Ken K. Y. Ng, A. Hreibi, C. Pankow, P. Dupej, A. Di Lieto, Nevin N. Weinberg, P. M. Meyers, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, K. W. Chung, X. Guo, S. J. Chamberlin, M. Vasúth, K. Siellez, D. J. Stops, S. G. Gaonkar, Zachariah B. Etienne, Haixing Miao, H. Y. Chia, B. Gateley, Howard Pan, Aaron Buikema, F. Magaña-Sandoval, T. D. Abbott, Jennifer Watchi, M. Bejger, F. Marion, Jonathan Cripe, Zoheyr Doctor, H. Ohta, Andrea Chincarini, B. Machenschalk, Felix Wellmann, F. Donovan, William Yam, L. Wallace, A. Królak, R. Frey, S. Ascenzi, Duncan Meacher, J. Derby, K. A. Thorne, W. Z. Korth, S. C. Tait, Barry C. Barish, Alessandro Bertolini, J. Warner, R. Passaquieti, J. J. Bero, O. Bock, K. L. Dooley, Aaron Zimmerman, Paul J. Groot, M. Zevin, Torrey Cullen, Isabel Cordero-Carrión, Francesco Pannarale, Fangchen Feng, Lisa Barsotti, E. A. Huerta, C. Whittle, R. Goetz, Tarun Souradeep, Stanislav Babak, C. C. Wipf, E. J. King, S. Koley, M. Brinkmann, M. Di Giovanni, M. Constancio, K. E. Gushwa, Soichiro Morisaki, John Veitch, Roy Williams, C. F. Da Silva Costa, Mairi Sakellariadou, M. Was, J. Lehmann, Edward K. Porter, M. J. Cowart, P. J. Veitch, T. Z. Summerscales, S. Gaudio, Anirban Dasgupta, Jong H. Chow, J. Liu, A. Pasqualetti, D. M. Macleod, R. Kennedy, D. Pascucci, E. A. Muñiz, S. Brunett, A. Dmitriev, C. Bradaschia, R. J. G. Jonker, C. Beer, V. Bossilkov, F. J. Hernandez, A. Cumming, P. Fulda, A. Rocchi, V. Germain, Moritz Mehmet, K. Bossie, Michael L. Gorodetsky, Ryan Lynch, B. Shapiro, David Jones, G. Pillant, Geoffrey Lovelace, P. G. Murray, A. Bisht, R. C. Walet, B. K. Berger, V. P. Mitrofanov, Marco Cavaglia, F. Di Renzo, E. Genin, N. Arnaud, Maggie Tse, Fabien Kéfélian, C. Rajan, M. M. Hanke, B. L. Swinkels, J. Zhang, F. Baldaccini, L. F. Ortega, Sylvia J. Zhu, C. L. Romel, H. M. Lee, J. H. Hough, P. W. F. Forsyth, S. Mitra, Otto A. Hannuksela, H. Vocca, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, M. J. Hart, S. E. Barclay, J. L. Willis, M. Eisenmann, Ofek Birnholtz, C. De Rossi, W. Del Pozzo, P. F. Cohadon, H. Heitmann, F. Garufi, Surendra Nadh Somala, Hongyu Shen, Sumanta Tewari, C. Cocchieri, B. Goncharov, R. Birney, Lionel London, Milan Gupta, D. C. Coyne, G. Mendell, J. Trinastic, M. Kinley-Hanlon, Vijay Varma, M. MacInnis, P. Rapagnani, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, O. Halim, K. Izumi, V. Loriette, Rebecca Fisher, K. S. Phukon, J. Li, J. Eichholz, S. Katsanevas, J. Suresh, D. B. Tanner, Madeline Wade, P. Leaci, A. Colla, D. Nolting, M. Korobko, P. T. Baker, L. Naticchioni, Salvatore Vitale, A. L. Urban, O. de Varona, D. Mendoza-Gandara, K. W. Tsang, J. R. Palamos, Colm Talbot, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, Paul D. Lasky, Matthew Pitkin, R. K.L. Lo, M. Granata, Minchuan Zhou, J. K. Blackburn, E. Chassande-Mottin, Sheila Rowan, M. Pürrer, S. Kwang, Todd Adams, Michele Zanolin, I. Magaña Hernandez, A. W. Heptonstall, Pablo Cerdá-Durán, Vivien Raymond, Peter R. Saulson, Z. Tornasi, Terry G. McRae, L. G. Prokhorov, A. A. Shah, A. L. Stuver, Vuk Mandic, Tenglin Li, I. Kowalska, D. Estevez, X. Liu, Eric Howell, S. Leavey, Hai-Ping Cheng, M. Katolik, A. Iess, L. K. Nuttall, Jon M. Miller, R. Macas, G. Billingsley, S. Macfoy, M. Rakhmanov, G. M. Harry, K. Venkateswara, R. Cotesta, Yuri Levin, Robert Stone, Alessandro Nagar, A. R. Williamson, S. D'Antonio, T. P. Downes, B. B. Miller, Tyson Littenberg, Xing-Jiang Zhu, M. Haney, T. A. Callister, N. Kijbunchoo, V. Tiwari, M. Fyffe, Gabriela Gonzalez, K. R. Corley, A. Ain, B. Pang, Marie-Anne Bizouard, A. K. Lenon, F. Frasconi, E. Mejuto-Villa, R. De Pietri, J. B. Kanner, Rocco Romano, John D. Scott, R. A. Mercer, S. Ossokine, Jinsook Kim, T. J. Massinger, G. A. Prodi, T. Vo, V. Kalogera, R. DeSalvo, M. A. Okada, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, F. Piergiovanni, R. Flaminio, M. Pedraza, Shubhanshu Tiwari, S. Barnum, Leopoldo Milano, Badri Krishnan, D. Tuyenbayev, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, P. A. Altin, J. A. Giaime, H. Fong, G. Greco, M. Agathos, D. Barker, D. Fiorucci, J. Junker, R. A. Eisenstein, B. J. J. Slagmolen, Hee-Suk Cho, Hsiao-Wen Chen, Maher Yazback, G. D. Meadors, H. Fehrmann, T. Prestegard, A. Pele, A. R. Wade, Nergis Mavalvala, Jerome Degallaix, J. S. Kissel, C. M. Mow-Lowry, W. Ren, Benjamin William Allen, P. B. Covas, Felice Sorrentino, A. Sawadsky, G. D. Hammond, M. Chan, Javed Rana, Maria Alessandra Papa, F. Cavalier, M. C. Edwards, Mandar Patil, Abhirup Ghosh, Karsten Danzmann, T. Sadecki, T. Dal Canton, Martin Obergaulinger, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, S. Grunewald, A. Chiummo, D. Moraru, C. Casentini, T. Zelenova, Riccardo Bassiri, Magnus Manske, Gianpietro Cagnoli, Hua Wang, E. Maros, M. Gosselin, R. Green, E. E. Cowan, V. Kondrashov, W. K. Wong, M. Davier, M. J. Yap, Hartmut Grote, B. F. Whiting, Slawomir Gras, J. Casanueva Diaz, S. W. S. Ng, M. Nery, Saniya Khan, G. Losurdo, Ettore Majorana, P. Ehrens, Paul M. Ricker, D. C. Vander-Hyde, Laura Sampson, Odylio D. Aguiar, Arunava Mukherjee, Y. Setyawati, H. Khan, Tristan Briant, Jade Powell, L. Sun, V. Mangano, D. H. Shoemaker, M. Bitossi, G. Bergmann, P. Schale, K. Wette, P. Weßels, J. Ming, Giuseppe Intini, Y. Minenkov, John J. Oh, Timothy Evans, James Healy, P. Brockill, C. Palomba, S. Privitera, Sung-Po Chao, C. Van Den Broeck, M. S. Shahriar, Rory Smith, C. Adams, R. M. Blair, D. Sigg, D. B. Kozak, D. Stocks, C. Vorvick, S. W. Ballmer, D. M. Shoemaker, S. Hochheim, N. A. Robertson, J. C. Bayley, J. G. Bartlett, Michelle E. Walker, G. Moreno, Luca Gammaitoni, G. D. O'Dea, Bruno Giacomazzo, L. Sammut, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, E. Capocasa, J. C. Driggers, A. Schönbeck, B. Rajbhandari, C. C. Yancey, H. Wittel, M. Deenadayalan, Daniel Wysocki, Márton Tápai, David Jonathan Hofman, S. G. Schwalbe, A. Markowitz, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, S. L. Danilishin, Giacomo Ciani, M. Phelps, F. Aubin, R. G. Ormiston, G. Stratta, B. P. Abbott, E. K. Gustafson, A. Allocca, S. V. Angelova, F. Vetrano, H. K. Gulati, David H. Reitze, G. Dálya, S. G. Crowder, J. Bosveld, S. Vass, R. Coyne, Fabrice Matichard, B. Day, Jesper Munch, Chandra Kant Mishra, R. Bhandare, R. De Rosa, Carl-Johan Haster, M. C. Tringali, S. Antier, M. Dovale Álvarez, S. Kaufer, L. Rolland, E. K. Wessel, Neil J. Cornish, E. Cuoco, M. C. Araya, M. K. M. Bader, S. E. Dwyer, David Keitel, S. J. Cooper, C. Lazzaro, Patricia Schmidt, V. Brisson, J. Prasad, Liam Cunningham, I. Nardecchia, N. Indik, Rainer Weiss, F. Ricci, A. Brillet, O. Chaibi, A. Lartaux-Vollard, Daniel Johnson, Jonathan Blackman, Carlos Cepeda, Robert J. McCarthy, F. Cipriano, Suvadeep Bose, R. Gouaty, C. Collins, W. W. Johnson, Z. Márka, C. C. Buchanan, M. Merzougui, Steven Bloemen, Jonathan R. Gair, L. M. Perri, N. A. Lockerbie, S. Frasca, Kai Staats, P. Popolizio, Koji Arai, David Blair, Jordan Camp, C. Horst, Alberto Vecchio, Linqing Wen, L. Conti, E. J. Sanchez, J. M. Fishner, G. Giordano, K. Toland, Achamveedu Gopakumar, Christopher P. L. Berry, Will M. Farr, A. D. Silva, Alejandro Torres-Forné, M. De Laurentis, Sanjay Kumar, Matthew Evans, Stephen Fairhurst, Carl Blair, Archana Pai, M. Montani, T. D. Creighton, Nancy Aggarwal, Zahoor Ali Khan, R. Inta, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, W. S. Kim, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, Christophe Collette, C. J. Perez, N. Man, K. Haughian, F. Paoletti, P. Ruggi, B. D. O'Brien, A. Mullavey, T. J. N. Nelson, I. Dave, E. Cesarini, José A. Font, Maya Fishbach, Marek Szczepanczyk, M. Fletcher, B. Hughey, C-H. Lee, D. Schuette, Xiaohui Fan, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, S. E. Gossan, J. A. Taylor, B. Steltner, Leo Tsukada, Ik Siong Heng, A. Rüdiger, C. North, Thomas Dent, P. Corban, Vladimir Dergachev, E. Z. Hamilton, A. K. Zadrożny, James Whelan, P. Ajith, J. Page, V. Boschi, S. Márka, J. C. Barayoga, Richard J. Abbott, M. van Beuzekom, J. Neilson, H. J. Bulten, L. Glover, Kenneth A. Strain, Jimin George, M. Sieniawska, M. C. Milovich-Goff, S. Biscoveanu, J. L. Wright, Alessandra Corsi, D. Talukder, David A. Williams, O. J. Piccinni, P. J. Sutton, Alyssa Garcia, A. L. Miller, K. S. Karvinen, Alex B. Nielsen, Gregory Ashton, J. H. Romie, G. Kuehn, Fabio Marchesoni, N. Mukund, L. R. Cominsky, R. Gustafson, C. Affeldt, Zhihui Du, A. Parida, S. S. Eikenberry, P. Astone, Larne Pekowsky, Kyungmin Kim, R. Taylor, E. J. Daw, Maurizio Canepa, M. Punturo, P. H. Nguyen, S. Raja, Antonio Marquina, S. E. Strigin, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, I. W. Harry, C. Dreissigacker, J. K. Wofford, M. A. Page, C. Buy, J. Zweizig, Debarati Chatterjee, T. Denker, Rosa Poggiani, B. O'Reilly, P. Gruning, V. Frey, E. L. Merilh, Olivier Minazzoli, E. Bonilla, Sebastian Steinlechner, J. S. Lange, S. Farinon, P. Raffai, M. Razzano, A. Nitz, Nikhil Sarin, Peter Aufmuth, N. Bode, J. Hanks, Dániel Barta, D. Lumaca, Chunnong Zhao, Travis Robson, S. A. Bilgili, T. Di Girolamo, Jing Wang, Nicholas Demos, J. D. Lough, Soma Mukherjee, K. Mason, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, László Á. Gergely, F. Martelli, Frank Ohme, M. Tonelli, Karan Jani, E. C. Ferreira, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, Daichi Tsuna, Xin Chen, R. M. Martin, L. Rei, Huang-Wei Pan, Gijs Nelemans, S. Karki, D. Verkindt, V. Kringel, E. A. Houston, E. D. Hall, J. Westerweck, K. Mogushi, David A. Nichols, R. Tso, Patrick M. Koch, P. J. King, K. Holt, S. Banagiri, Tomasz Bulik, K. H. Lai, Aaron Viets, V. Sandberg, J. Feicht, O. Puncken, Xavier Siemens, Joey Shapiro Key, J. R. Sanders, S. S. Forsyth, Alessandro Longo, Richard J. Oram, François Bondu, F. Badaracco, M. Muratore, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, A. Viceré, Riccardo Ciolfi, Yi Chen, Athol J. Kemball, B. W. Schulte, H. F. Hamilton, M. C. Heintze, F. Carbognani, Andrew Lundgren, S. Xiao, A. A. Ciobanu, E. Katsavounidis, J. Betzwieser, Xiuling Li, Antoine Heidmann, H. Radkins, D. Töyrä, H. Overmier, A. Bozzi, N. A. Holland, D. Sellers, J. Meidam, David Coward, Sheon Chua, Riccardo Sturani, J.-Y. Vinet, R. Bonnand, D. Hoak, D. Sentenac, Patrick Brady, E. Goetz, S. Penn, G. L. Mansell, V. Dattilo, Edwin J. Son, M. Saleem, Stefan Hild, Y. Ma, M. Vardaro, F. Robinet, A. Avila-Alvarez, K. Gill, Walter Winkler, A. S. Markosyan, Harald Lück, L. Nevin, M. Cho, G. Gaur, S. C. McGuire, J. F. Read, S. Di Pace, I. Maksimovic, R. L. Ward, G. Hemming, S. M. Koehlenbeck, Q. Chu, T. Zhang, H. Qi, L. Magaña Zertuche, Lili Yang, Thibaut Jacqmin, M. Branchesi, J. C. Batch, C. I. Torrie, E. Massera, L. Possenti, S. Klimenko, Edward Seidel, M. Ast, O. E. S. Sauter, M. Oliver, Douglas Davis, Geraint Pratten, H. Fair, J. Woehler, Andrea Taracchini, D. Bersanetti, B. Agarwal, J. V. van Heijningen, Yu Wang, D. Passuello, S. Chung, G. Bogaert, Eric Thrane, C. Michel, Sarah Caudill, T. D. Knowles, R. Quitzow-James, V. B. Adya, F. Cleva, M. P. Ross, T. B. Edo, M. Pichot, Maximiliano Isi, Lionel Martellini, E. M. Gretarsson, D. Beniwal, Peter Fritschel, M. Masso-Reid, Yu Zhang, L. E. Sanchez, Enrico Calloni, G. Traylor, Thomas Corbitt, L. Salconi, C. A. Costa, D. V. Atallah, Laura Cadonati, L. Kleybolte, Daniel R. George, Susan M. Scott, C. E. Cirelli, Chad Hanna, A. Bramley, J. Oberling, M. Pirello, N. V. Keerthana, A. J. Weinstein, F. Nocera, Alicia M. Sintes, Jay D. Tasson, M. Landry, L. Di Fiore, B. Mours, C. Austin, M. Barsuglia, K. Chatziioannou, Hyang Woon Lee, A. Grant, L. Zhang, S. A. Usman, Roman Schnabel, J. E. Brau, A. A. van Veggel, Efim A. Khazanov, G. Ballardin, D. J. McManus, S. D. Linker, R. Robie, Mark A. Scheel, F. Clara, M. A. Aloy, J. S. Areeda, P. Thomas, M. Arène, L. Mereni, M. Thomas, H. Vahlbruch, J. C. Mills, K. Riles, H. Middleton, M. Weinert, H. A. G. Gabbard, F. Fidecaro, G. M. Guidi, H. N. Isa, G. Kang, and A. Pal-Singh
Subjects: Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, General Physics and Astronomy, Breaking wave, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Instability, Computational physics, Neutron star, Stars, Amplitude, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Waveform, Extreme value theory, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract: We analyze the impact of a proposed tidal instability coupling p modes and g modes within neutron stars on GW170817. This nonresonant instability transfers energy from the orbit of the binary to internal modes of the stars, accelerating the gravitational-wave driven inspiral. We model the impact of this instability on the phasing of the gravitational wave signal using three parameters per star: An overall amplitude, a saturation frequency, and a spectral index. Incorporating these additional parameters, we compute the Bayes factor (lnB!pgpg) comparing our p-g model to a standard one. We find that the observed signal is consistent with waveform models that neglect p-g effects, with lnB!pgpg=0.03-0.58+0.70 (maximum a posteriori and 90% credible region). By injecting simulated signals that do not include p-g effects and recovering them with the p-g model, we show that there is a ≃50% probability of obtaining similar lnB!pgpg even when p-g effects are absent. We find that the p-g amplitude for 1.4 MâSneutron stars is constrained to less than a few tenths of the theoretical maximum, with maxima a posteriori near one-Tenth this maximum and p-g saturation frequency ∼70 Hz. This suggests that there are less than a few hundred excited modes, assuming they all saturate by wave breaking. For comparison, theoretical upper bounds suggest a103 modes saturate by wave breaking. Thus, the measured constraints only rule out extreme values of the p-g parameters. They also imply that the instability dissipates a1051 erg over the entire inspiral, i.e., less than a few percent of the energy radiated as gravitational waves.
Published: 2019
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37. Tests of General Relativity with GW170817

Author: L. Trozzo, Priscilla Canizares, Albert Lazzarini, M. Bensch, M. Bawaj, Leo Singer, P. T.H. Pang, Surendra Nadh Somala, D. Bersanetti, T. Etzel, Samaya Nissanke, Tania Regimbau, S. B. Anderson, Tim Dietrich, Lloyd Paul Aiello, B. C. Pant, K. Venkateswara, R. Cotesta, Yuri Levin, Charalampos Markakis, Sourav Ghosh, Imre Bartos, A. Avila-Alvarez, C. Fee, A. Bohe, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, T. Theeg, P. Kumar, V. Quetschke, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, G. M. Guidi, L. Sammut, Martin M. Fejer, J. R. Smith, R. Bork, S. Ghonge, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, E. Capocasa, K. AultONeal, J. C. Driggers, M. Fays, B. R. Hall, Robert Stone, Alessandro Nagar, Serena Vinciguerra, R. Pedurand, Benno Willke, L. van der Schaaf, S. A. Pai, Cody Messick, Zachariah B. Etienne, Jennifer Watchi, Ryan Magee, J. W. W. Pratt, K. Gill, G. Pillant, Gregory M. Harry, Walter Winkler, J. Birch, S. Bae, E. Coccia, C. Graef, B. A. Weaver, J. G. Rollins, L.-W. Wei, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, W. S. Kim, H. M. Lee, Milan Gupta, F. Carbognani, G. Mendell, J. Trinastic, M. Chan, A. Schönbeck, B. Rajbhandari, Daniel Wysocki, J. Prasad, Héctor Estellés, Rebecca Fisher, K. S. Phukon, A. S. Markosyan, J. Li, A. R. Williamson, R. Flaminio, J.-P. Coulon, J. Eichholz, M. Fyffe, Gabriela Gonzalez, K. R. Corley, A. Di Lieto, Tyson Littenberg, C. D. Booth, T. P. Downes, C. Cahillane, Christophe Collette, C. J. Perez, S. T. Countryman, Andrew Matas, A. Pasqualetti, Olivier Minazzoli, Surabhi Sachdev, Christopher J. Moore, Antoni Ramos-Buades, V. V. Frolov, S. J. Chamberlin, N. V. Keerthana, A. Singhal, Xing-Jiang Zhu, M. Pedraza, Harald Lück, L. Nevin, B. D. O'Brien, J. S. Kissel, D. Verkindt, M. J. Yap, Alena Ananyeva, Rahul Kumar, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Stanislav Babak, M. Constancio, Michael L. Gorodetsky, M. Razzano, Irene Fiori, G. A. Prodi, C. Aulbert, A. K. Srivastava, A. E. Pace, G. Gemme, M. Cho, A. Nitz, Christian Pedersen, L. Pinard, J. Hennig, V. Gayathri, Jonathan Cripe, G. Gaur, S. C. 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E., Briant, T., Brighenti, F., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. D., Brunett, S., Buchanan, C. C., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. L., Cabero, M., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Bustillo, J. C., Callister, T. A., Calloni, E., Camp, J. B., Canepa, M., Canizares, P., Cannon, K. C., Cao, H., Cao, J., Capano, C. D., Capocasa, E., Carbognani, F., Caride, S., Carney, M. F., Carullo, G., Diaz, J. C., Casentini, C., Caudill, S., Cavaglia, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Cella, G., Cepeda, C. B., Cerda-Duran, P., Cerretani, G., Cesarini, E., Chaibi, O., Chamberlin, S. J., Chan, M., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chase, E., Chassande-Mottin, E., Chatterjee, D., Chatziioannou, K., Cheeseboro, B. D., Chen, H. Y., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Cheng, H. -P., Chia, H. Y., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Chmiel, T., Cho, H. S., Cho, M., Chow, J. H., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, A. J. K., Chua, S., Chung, K. W., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Ciobanu, A. A., Ciolfi, R., Cipriano, F., Cirelli, C. E., Cirone, A., Clara, F., Clark, J. A., Clearwater, P., Cleva, F., Cocchieri, C., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. -F., Cohen, D., Colla, A., Collette, C. G., Collins, C., Cominsky, L. R., Constancio, M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Cordero-Carrion, I., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Cotesta, R., Coughlin, M. W., Coughlin, S. B., Coulon, J. -P., Countryman, S. T., Couvares, P., Covas, P. B., Cowan, E. E., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Cripe, J., Crowder, S. G., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Canton, T. D., Dalya, G., Danilishin, S. L., D'Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dasgupta, A., Costa, C. F. D. S., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davis, D., Daw, E. J., Day, B., Debra, D., Deenadayalan, M., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deleglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Demos, N., Denker, T., Dent, T., De Pietri, R., Derby, J., Dergachev, V., De Rosa, R., De Rossi, C., Desalvo, R., De Varona, O., Dhurandhar, S., Diaz, M. C., Dietrich, T., Di Fiore, L., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Ding, B., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Dmitriev, A., Doctor, Z., Dolique, V., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Alvarez, M. D., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Dreissigacker, C., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Dupej, P., Dwyer, S. E., Easter, P. J., Edo, T. B., Edwards, M. C., Effler, A., Eggenstein, H. -B., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenmann, M., Eisenstein, R. A., Essick, R. C., Estelles, H., Estevez, D., Etienne, Z. B., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fee, C., Fehrmann, H., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Feng, F., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. C., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Fiori, I., Fiorucci, D., Fishbach, M., Fisher, R. P., Fishner, J. M., Fitz-Axen, M., Flaminio, R., Fletcher, M., Fong, H., Font, J. A., Forsyth, P. W. F., Forsyth, S. S., Fournier, J. -D., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Frey, V., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H. A., Gadre, B. U., Gaebel, S. M., Gair, J. R., Gammaitoni, L., Ganija, M. R., Gaonkar, S. G., Garcia, A., Garcia-Quiros, C., Garufi, F., Gateley, B., Gaudio, S., Gaur, G., Gayathri, V., Gemme, G., Genin, E., Gennai, A., George, D., George, J., Gergely, L., Germain, V., Ghonge, S., Ghosh, A., Ghosh, S., Giacomazzo, B., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Giazotto, A., Gill, K., Giordano, G., Glover, L., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Goncharov, B., Gonzalez, G., Castro, J. M. G., Gopakumar, A., Gorodetsky, M. L., Gossan, S. E., Gosselin, M., Gouaty, R., Grado, A., Graef, C., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Gray, C., Greco, G., Green, A. C., Green, R., Gretarsson, E. M., Groot, P., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Gruning, P., Guidi, G. M., Gulati, H. K., Guo, X., Gupta, A., Gupta, M. K., Gushwa, K. E., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Halim, O., Hall, B. R., Hall, E. D., Hamilton, E. Z., Hamilton, H. F., Hammond, G., Haney, M., Hanke, M. M., Hanks, J., Hanna, C., Hannam, M. D., Hannuksela, O. A., Hanson, J., Hardwick, T., Harms, J., Harry, G. M., Harry, I. W., Hart, M. J., Haster, C. -J., Haughian, K., Healy, J., Heidmann, A., Heintze, M. C., Heitmann, H., Hello, P., Hemming, G., Hendry, M., Heng, I. S., Hennig, J., Heptonstall, A. W., Hernandez, F. J., Heurs, M., Hild, S., Hinderer, T., Hoak, D., Hochheim, S., Hofman, D., Holland, N. A., Holt, K., Holz, D. E., Hopkins, P., Horst, C., Hough, J., Houston, E. A., Howell, E. J., Hreibi, A., Huerta, E. A., Huet, D., Hughey, B., Hulko, M., Husa, S., Huttner, S. H., Huynh-Dinh, T., Iess, A., Indik, N., Ingram, C., Inta, R., Intini, G., Isa, H. N., Isac, J. -M., Isi, M., Iyer, B. R., Izumi, K., Jacqmin, T., Jani, K., Jaranowski, P., Johnson, D. S., Johnson, W. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, R., Jonker, R. J. G., Ju, L., Junker, J., Kalaghatgi, C. V., Kalogera, V., Kamai, B., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Kapadia, S. J., Karki, S., Karvinen, K. S., Kasprzack, M., Katolik, M., Katsanevas, S., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, S., Kawabe, K., Keerthana, N. V., Kefelian, F., Keitel, D., Kemball, A. J., Kennedy, R., Key, J. S., Khalili, F. Y., Khamesra, B., Khan, H., Khan, I., Khan, S., Khan, Z., Khazanov, E. A., Kijbunchoo, N., Kim, C., Kim, J. C., Kim, K., Kim, W., Kim, W. S., Kim, Y. -M., King, E. J., King, P. J., Kinley-Hanlon, M., Kirchhoff, R., Kissel, J. S., Kleybolte, L., Klimenko, S., Knowles, T. D., Koch, P., Koehlenbeck, S. M., Koley, S., Kondrashov, V., Kontos, A., Korobko, M., Korth, W. Z., Kowalska, I., Kozak, D. B., Kramer, C., Kringel, V., Krishnan, B., Krolak, A., Kuehn, G., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Kuo, L., Kutynia, A., Kwang, S., Lackey, B. D., Lai, K. H., Landry, M., Lang, R. N., Lange, J., Lantz, B., Lanza, R. K., Lartaux-Vollard, A., Lasky, P. D., Laxen, M., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. K., Lee, H. M., Lee, H. W., Lee, K., Lehmann, J., Lenon, A., Leonardi, M., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levin, Y., Li, J., Li, T. G. F., Li, X., Linker, S. D., Littenberg, T. B., Liu, J., Liu, X., Lo, R. K. L., Lockerbie, N. A., London, L. T., Longo, A., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lough, J. D., Lousto, C. O., Lovelace, G., Luck, H., Lumaca, D., Lundgren, A. P., Lynch, R., Ma, Y., Macas, R., Macfoy, S., Machenschalk, B., Macinnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Hernandez, I. M., Magana-Sandoval, F., Zertuche, L. M., Magee, R. M., Majorana, E., Maksimovic, I., Man, N., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mansell, G. L., Manske, M., Mantovani, M., Marchesoni, F., Marion, F., Marka, S., Marka, Z., Markakis, C., Markosyan, A. S., Markowitz, A., Maros, E., Marquina, A., Marsat, S., Martelli, F., Martellini, L., Martin, I. W., Martin, R. M., Martynov, D. V., Mason, K., Massera, E., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. J., Masso-Reid, M., Mastrogiovanni, S., Matas, A., Matichard, F., Matone, L., Mavalvala, N., Mazumder, N., Mccann, J. J., Mccarthy, R., Mcclelland, D. E., Mccormick, S., Mcculler, L., Mcguire, S. C., Mciver, J., Mcmanus, D. J., Mcrae, T., Mcwilliams, S. T., Meacher, D., Meadors, G. D., Mehmet, M., Meidam, J., Mejuto-Villa, E., Melatos, A., Mendell, G., Mendoza-Gandara, D., Mercer, R. A., Mereni, L., Merilh, E. L., Merzougui, M., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Messick, C., Metzdorff, R., Meyers, P. M., Miao, H., Michel, C., Middleton, H., Mikhailov, E. E., Milano, L., Miller, A. L., Miller, A., Miller, B. B., Miller, J., Millhouse, M., Mills, J., Milovich-Goff, M. C., Minazzoli, O., Minenkov, Y., Ming, J., Mishra, C., Mitra, S., Mitrofanov, V. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Moffa, D., Mogushi, K., Mohan, M., Mohapatra, S. R. P., Montani, M., Moore, C. J., Moraru, D., Moreno, G., Morisaki, S., Mours, B., Mow-Lowry, C. M., Mueller, G., Muir, A. W., Mukherjee, A., Mukherjee, D., Mukherjee, S., Mukund, N., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Muniz, E. A., Muratore, M., Murray, P. G., Nagar, A., Napier, K., Nardecchia, I., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, R. K., Neilson, J., Nelemans, G., Nelson, T. J. N., Nery, M., Neunzert, A., Nevin, L., Newport, J. M., Ng, K. Y., Ng, S., Nguyen, P., Nguyen, T. T., Nichols, D., Nielsen, A. B., Nissanke, S., Nitz, A., Nocera, F., Nolting, D., North, C., Nuttall, L. K., Obergaulinger, M., Oberling, J., O'Brien, B. D., O'Dea, G. D., Ogin, G. H., Oh, J. J., Oh, S. H., Ohme, F., Ohta, H., Okada, M. A., Oliver, M., Oppermann, P., Oram, R. J., O'Reilly, B., Ormiston, R., Ortega, L. F., O'Shaughnessy, R., Ossokine, S., Ottaway, D. J., Overmier, H., Owen, B. J., Pace, A. E., Pagano, G., Page, J., Page, M. A., Pai, A., Pai, S. A., Palamos, J. R., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pal-Singh, A., Pan, H., Pan, H. -W., Pang, B., Pang, P. T. H., Pankow, C., Pannarale, F., Pant, B. C., Paoletti, F., Paoli, A., Papa, M. A., Parida, A., Parker, W., Pascucci, D., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Patil, M., Patricelli, B., Pearlstone, B. L., Pedersen, C., Pedraza, M., Pedurand, R., Pekowsky, L., Pele, A., Penn, S., Perez, C. J., Perreca, A., Perri, L. M., Pfeiffer, H. P., Phelps, M., Phukon, K. S., Piccinni, O. J., Pichot, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pierro, V., Pillant, G., Pinard, L., Pinto, I. M., Pirello, M., Pitkin, M., Poggiani, R., Popolizio, P., Porter, E. K., Possenti, L., Post, A., Powell, J., Prasad, J., Pratt, J. W. W., Pratten, G., Predoi, V., Prestegard, T., Principe, M., Privitera, S., Prodi, G. A., Prokhorov, L. G., Puncken, O., Punturo, M., Puppo, P., Purrer, M., Qi, H., Quetschke, V., Quintero, E. A., Quitzow-James, R., Raab, F. J., Rabeling, D. S., Radkins, H., Raffai, P., Raja, S., Rajan, C., Rajbhandari, B., Rakhmanov, M., Ramirez, K. E., Ramos-Buades, A., Rana, J., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Razzano, M., Read, J., Regimbau, T., Rei, L., Reid, S., Reitze, D. H., Ren, W., Ricci, F., Ricker, P. M., Riemenschneider, G. M., Riles, K., Rizzo, M., Robertson, N. A., Robie, R., Robinet, F., Robson, T., Rocchi, A., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Roma, V. J., Romano, R., Romel, C. L., Romie, J. H., Rosinska, D., Ross, M. P., Rowan, S., Rudiger, A., Ruggi, P., Rutins, G., Ryan, K., Sachdev, S., Sadecki, T., Sakellariadou, M., Salconi, L., Saleem, M., Salemi, F., Samajdar, A., Sammut, L., Sampson, L. M., Sanchez, E. J., Sanchez, L. E., Sanchis-Gual, N., Sandberg, V., Sanders, J. R., Sarin, N., Sassolas, B., Sathyaprakash, B. S., Saulson, P. R., Sauter, O., Savage, R. L., Sawadsky, A., Schale, P., Scheel, M., Scheuer, J., Schmidt, P., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. M. S., Schonbeck, A., Schreiber, E., Schuette, D., Schulte, B. W., Schutz, B. F., Schwalbe, S. G., Scott, J., Scott, S. M., Seidel, E., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. S., Sennett, N., Sentenac, D., Sequino, V., Sergeev, A., Setyawati, Y., Shaddock, D. A., Shaffer, T. J., Shah, A. A., Shahriar, M. S., Shaner, M. B., Shao, L., Shapiro, B., Shawhan, P., Shen, H., Shoemaker, D. H., Shoemaker, D. M., Siellez, K., Siemens, X., Sieniawska, M., Sigg, D., Silva, A. D., Singer, L. P., Singh, A., Singhal, A., Sintes, A. M., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Slaven-Blair, T. J., Smith, B., Smith, J. R., Smith, R. J. E., Somala, S., Son, E. J., Sorazu, B., Sorrentino, F., Souradeep, T., Spencer, A. P., Srivastava, A. K., Staats, K., Steer, D. A., Steinke, M., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Steinmeyer, D., Steltner, B., Stevenson, S. P., Stocks, D., Stone, R., Stops, D. J., Strain, K. A., Stratta, G., Strigin, S. E., Strunk, A., Sturani, R., Stuver, A. L., Summerscales, T. Z., Sun, L., Sunil, S., Suresh, J., Sutton, P. J., Swinkels, B. L., Szczepanczyk, M. J., Tacca, M., Tait, S. C., Talbot, C., Talukder, D., Tamanini, N., Tanner, D. B., Tapai, M., Taracchini, A., Tasson, J. D., Taylor, J. A., Taylor, R., Tewari, S. V., Theeg, T., Thies, F., Thomas, E. G., Thomas, M., Thomas, P., Thorne, K. A., Thrane, E., Tiwari, S., Tiwari, V., Tokmakov, K. V., Toland, K., Tonelli, M., Tornasi, Z., Torres-Forne, A., Torrie, C. I., Toyra, D., Travasso, F., Traylor, G., Trinastic, J., Tringali, M. C., Trozzo, L., Tsang, K. W., Tse, M., Tso, R., Tsukada, L., Tsuna, D., Tuyenbayev, D., Ueno, K., Ugolini, D., Urban, A. L., Usman, S. A., Vahlbruch, H., Vajente, G., Valdes, G., Van Bakel, N., Van Beuzekom, M., Van Den Brand, J. F. J., Van Den Broeck, C., Vander-Hyde, D. C., Van Der Schaaf, L., Van Heijningen, J. V., Van Veggel, A. A., Vardaro, M., Varma, V., Vass, S., Vasuth, M., Vecchio, A., Vedovato, G., Veitch, J., Veitch, P. J., Venkateswara, K., Venugopalan, G., Verkindt, D., Vetrano, F., Vicere, A., Viets, A. D., Vinciguerra, S., Vine, D. J., Vinet, J. -Y., Vitale, S., Vo, T., Vocca, H., Vorvick, C., Vyatchanin, S. P., Wade, A. R., Wade, L. E., Wade, M., Walet, R., Walker, M., Wallace, L., Walsh, S., Wang, G., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, W. H., Wang, Y. F., Ward, R. L., Warner, J., Was, M., Watchi, J., Weaver, B., Wei, L. -W., Weinert, M., Weinstein, A. J., Weiss, R., Wellmann, F., Wen, L., Wessel, E. K., Wessels, P., Westerweck, J., Wette, K., Whelan, J. T., Whiting, B. F., Whittle, C., Wilken, D., Williams, D., Williams, R. D., Williamson, A. R., Willis, J. L., Willke, B., Wimmer, M. H., Winkler, W., Wipf, C. C., Wittel, H., Woan, G., Woehler, J., Wofford, J. K., Wong, W. K., Worden, J., Wright, J. L., Wu, D. S., Wysocki, D. M., Xiao, S., Yam, W., Yamamoto, H., Yancey, C. C., Yang, L., Yap, M. J., Yazback, M., Yu, H., Yvert, M., Zadrozny, A., Zanolin, M., Zelenova, T., Zendri, J. -P., Zevin, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y. -H., Zhao, C., Zhou, M., Zhou, Z., Zhu, S. J., Zhu, X. J., Zimmerman, A. B., Zucker, M. 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Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'informatiON (Institut FOTON), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB [Collège de France]), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Collège de France (CdF)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon, ESPCI ParisTech, Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques (IHES), IHES, LIGO Scientific, Virgo, Abbott, B, Abbott, R, Abbott, T, Acernese, F, Ackley, K, Adams, C, Adams, T, Addesso, P, Adhikari, R, Adya, V, Affeldt, C, Agarwal, B, Agathos, M, Agatsuma, K, Aggarwal, N, Aguiar, O, Aiello, L, Ain, A, Ajith, P, Allen, B, Allen, G, Allocca, A, Aloy, M, Altin, P, Amato, A, Ananyeva, A, Anderson, S, Anderson, W, Angelova, S, Antier, S, Appert, S, Arai, K, Araya, M, Areeda, J, Arene, M, Arnaud, N, Arun, K, Ascenzi, S, Ashton, G, Ast, M, Aston, S, Astone, P, Atallah, D, Aubin, F, Aufmuth, P, Aulbert, C, Aultoneal, K, Austin, C, Avila-Alvarez, A, Babak, S, Bacon, P, Badaracco, F, Bader, M, Bae, S, Baker, P, Baldaccini, F, Ballardin, G, Ballmer, S, Banagiri, S, Barayoga, J, Barclay, S, Barish, B, Barker, D, Barkett, K, Barnum, S, Barone, F, Barr, B, Barsotti, L, Barsuglia, M, Barta, D, Bartlett, J, Bartos, I, Bassiri, R, Basti, A, Batch, J, Bawaj, M, Bayley, J, Bazzan, M, Becsy, B, Beer, C, Bejger, M, Belahcene, I, Bell, A, Beniwal, D, Bensch, M, Berger, B, Bergmann, G, Bernuzzi, S, Bero, J, Berry, C, Bersanetti, D, Bertolini, A, Betzwieser, J, Bhandare, R, Bilenko, I, Bilgili, S, Billingsley, G, Billman, C, Birch, J, Birney, R, Birnholtz, O, Biscans, S, Biscoveanu, S, Bisht, A, Bitossi, M, Bizouard, M, Blackburn, J, Blackman, J, Blair, C, Blair, D, Blair, R, Bloemen, S, Bock, O, Bode, N, Boer, M, Boetzel, Y, Bogaert, G, Bohe, A, Bondu, F, Bonilla, E, Bonnand, R, Booker, P, Boom, B, Booth, C, Bork, R, Boschi, V, Bose, S, Bossie, K, Bossilkov, V, Bosveld, J, Bouffanais, Y, Bozzi, A, Bradaschia, C, Brady, P, Bramley, A, Branchesi, M, Brau, J, Briant, T, Brighenti, F, Brillet, A, Brinkmann, M, Brisson, V, Brockill, P, Brooks, A, Brown, D, Brunett, S, Buchanan, C, Buikema, A, Bulik, T, Bulten, H, Buonanno, A, Buskulic, D, Buy, C, Byer, R, Cabero, M, Cadonati, L, Cagnoli, G, Cahillane, C, Bustillo, J, Callister, T, Calloni, E, Camp, J, Canepa, M, Canizares, P, Cannon, K, Cao, H, Cao, J, Capano, C, Capocasa, E, Carbognani, F, Caride, S, Carney, M, Carullo, G, Diaz, J, Casentini, C, Caudill, S, Cavaglia, M, Cavalier, F, Cavalieri, R, Cella, G, Cepeda, C, Cerda-Duran, P, Cerretani, G, Cesarini, E, Chaibi, O, Chamberlin, S, Chan, M, Chao, S, Charlton, P, Chase, E, Chassande-Mottin, E, Chatterjee, D, Chatziioannou, K, Cheeseboro, B, Chen, H, Chen, X, Chen, Y, Cheng, H, Chia, H, Chincarini, A, Chiummo, A, Chmiel, T, Cho, H, Cho, M, Chow, J, Christensen, N, Chu, Q, Chua, A, Chua, S, Chung, K, Chung, S, Ciani, G, Ciobanu, A, Ciolfi, R, Cipriano, F, Cirelli, C, Cirone, A, Clara, F, Clark, J, Clearwater, P, Cleva, F, Cocchieri, C, Coccia, E, Cohadon, P, Cohen, D, Colla, A, Collette, C, Collins, C, Cominsky, L, Constancio, M, Conti, L, Cooper, S, Corban, P, Corbitt, T, Cordero-Carrion, I, Corley, K, Cornish, N, Corsi, A, Cortese, S, Costa, C, Cotesta, R, Coughlin, M, Coughlin, S, Coulon, J, Countryman, S, Couvares, P, Covas, P, Cowan, E, Coward, D, Cowart, M, Coyne, D, Coyne, R, Creighton, J, Creighton, T, Cripe, J, Crowder, S, Cullen, T, Cumming, A, Cunningham, L, Cuoco, E, Canton, T, Dalya, G, Danilishin, S, D'Antonio, S, Danzmann, K, Dasgupta, A, Dattilo, V, Dave, I, Davier, M, Davis, D, Daw, E, Day, B, Debra, D, Deenadayalan, M, Degallaix, J, De Laurentis, M, Deleglise, S, Del Pozzo, W, Demos, N, Denker, T, Dent, T, De Pietri, R, Derby, J, Dergachev, V, De Rosa, R, De Rossi, C, Desalvo, R, De Varona, O, Dhurandhar, S, Diaz, M, Dietrich, T, Di Fiore, L, Di Giovanni, M, Di Girolamo, T, Di Lieto, A, Ding, B, Di Pace, S, Di Palma, I, Di Renzo, F, Dmitriev, A, Doctor, Z, Dolique, V, Donovan, F, Dooley, K, Doravari, S, Dorrington, I, Alvarez, M, Downes, T, Drago, M, Dreissigacker, C, Driggers, J, Du, Z, Dupej, P, Dwyer, S, Easter, P, Edo, T, Edwards, M, Effler, A, Eggenstein, H, Ehrens, P, Eichholz, J, Eikenberry, S, Eisenmann, M, Eisenstein, R, Essick, R, Estelles, H, Estevez, D, Etienne, Z, Etzel, T, Evans, M, Evans, T, Fafone, V, Fair, H, Fairhurst, S, Fan, X, Farinon, S, Farr, B, Farr, W, Fauchon-Jones, E, Favata, M, Fays, M, Fee, C, Fehrmann, H, Feicht, J, Fejer, M, Feng, F, Fernandez-Galiana, A, Ferrante, I, Ferreira, E, Ferrini, F, Fidecaro, F, Fiori, I, Fiorucci, D, Fishbach, M, Fisher, R, Fishner, J, Fitz-Axen, M, Flaminio, R, Fletcher, M, Fong, H, Font, J, Forsyth, P, Forsyth, S, Fournier, J, Frasca, S, Frasconi, F, Frei, Z, Freise, A, Frey, R, Frey, V, Fritschel, P, Frolov, V, Fulda, P, Fyffe, M, Gabbard, H, Gadre, B, Gaebel, S, Gair, J, Gammaitoni, L, Ganija, M, Gaonkar, S, Garcia, A, Garcia-Quiros, C, Garufi, F, Gateley, B, Gaudio, S, Gaur, G, Gayathri, V, Gemme, G, Genin, E, Gennai, A, George, D, George, J, Gergely, L, Germain, V, Ghonge, S, Ghosh, A, Ghosh, S, Giacomazzo, B, Giaime, J, Giardina, K, Giazotto, A, Gill, K, Giordano, G, Glover, L, Goetz, E, Goetz, R, Goncharov, B, Gonzalez, G, Castro, J, Gopakumar, A, Gorodetsky, M, Gossan, S, Gosselin, M, Gouaty, R, Grado, A, Graef, C, Granata, M, Grant, A, Gras, S, Gray, C, Greco, G, Green, A, Green, R, Gretarsson, E, Groot, P, Grote, H, Grunewald, S, Gruning, P, Guidi, G, Gulati, H, Guo, X, Gupta, A, Gupta, M, Gushwa, K, Gustafson, E, Gustafson, R, Halim, O, Hall, B, Hall, E, Hamilton, E, Hamilton, H, Hammond, G, Haney, M, Hanke, M, Hanks, J, Hanna, C, Hannam, M, Hannuksela, O, Hanson, J, Hardwick, T, Harms, J, Harry, G, Harry, I, Hart, M, Haster, C, Haughian, K, Healy, J, Heidmann, A, Heintze, M, Heitmann, H, Hello, P, Hemming, G, Hendry, M, Heng, I, Hennig, J, Heptonstall, A, Hernandez, F, Heurs, M, Hild, S, Hinderer, T, Hoak, D, Hochheim, S, Hofman, D, Holland, N, Holt, K, Holz, D, Hopkins, P, Horst, C, Hough, J, Houston, E, Howell, E, Hreibi, A, Huerta, E, Huet, D, Hughey, B, Hulko, M, Husa, S, Huttner, S, Huynh-Dinh, T, Iess, A, Indik, N, Ingram, C, Inta, R, Intini, G, Isa, H, Isac, J, Isi, M, Iyer, B, Izumi, K, Jacqmin, T, Jani, K, Jaranowski, P, Johnson, D, Johnson, W, Jones, D, Jones, R, Jonker, R, Ju, L, Junker, J, Kalaghatgi, C, Kalogera, V, Kamai, B, Kandhasamy, S, Kang, G, Kanner, J, Kapadia, S, Karki, S, Karvinen, K, Kasprzack, M, Katolik, M, Katsanevas, S, Katsavounidis, E, Katzman, W, Kaufer, S, Kawabe, K, Keerthana, N, Kefelian, F, Keitel, D, Kemball, A, Kennedy, R, Key, J, Khalili, F, Khamesra, B, Khan, H, Khan, I, Khan, S, Khan, Z, Khazanov, E, Kijbunchoo, N, Kim, C, Kim, J, Kim, K, Kim, W, Kim, Y, King, E, King, P, Kinley-Hanlon, M, Kirchhoff, R, Kissel, J, Kleybolte, L, Klimenko, S, Knowles, T, Koch, P, Koehlenbeck, S, Koley, S, Kondrashov, V, Kontos, A, Korobko, M, Korth, W, Kowalska, I, Kozak, D, Kramer, C, Kringel, V, Krishnan, B, Krolak, A, Kuehn, G, Kumar, P, Kumar, R, Kumar, S, Kuo, L, Kutynia, A, Kwang, S, Lackey, B, Lai, K, Landry, M, Lang, R, Lange, J, Lantz, B, Lanza, R, Lartaux-Vollard, A, Lasky, P, Laxen, M, Lazzarini, A, Lazzaro, C, Leaci, P, Leavey, S, Lee, C, Lee, H, Lee, K, Lehmann, J, Lenon, A, Leonardi, M, Leroy, N, Letendre, N, Levin, Y, Li, J, Li, T, Li, X, Linker, S, Littenberg, T, Liu, J, Liu, X, Lo, R, Lockerbie, N, London, L, Longo, A, Lorenzini, M, Loriette, V, Lormand, M, Losurdo, G, Lough, J, Lousto, C, Lovelace, G, Luck, H, Lumaca, D, Lundgren, A, Lynch, R, Ma, Y, Macas, R, Macfoy, S, Machenschalk, B, Macinnis, M, Macleod, D, Hernandez, I, Magana-Sandoval, F, Zertuche, L, Magee, R, Majorana, E, Maksimovic, I, Man, N, Mandic, V, Mangano, V, Mansell, G, Manske, M, Mantovani, M, Marchesoni, F, Marion, F, Marka, S, Marka, Z, Markakis, C, Markosyan, A, Markowitz, A, Maros, E, Marquina, A, Marsat, S, Martelli, F, Martellini, L, Martin, I, Martin, R, Martynov, D, Mason, K, Massera, E, Masserot, A, Massinger, T, Masso-Reid, M, Mastrogiovanni, S, Matas, A, Matichard, F, Matone, L, Mavalvala, N, Mazumder, N, Mccann, J, Mccarthy, R, Mcclelland, D, Mccormick, S, Mcculler, L, Mcguire, S, Mciver, J, Mcmanus, D, Mcrae, T, Mcwilliams, S, Meacher, D, Meadors, G, Mehmet, M, Meidam, J, Mejuto-Villa, E, Melatos, A, Mendell, G, Mendoza-Gandara, D, Mercer, R, Mereni, L, Merilh, E, Merzougui, M, Meshkov, S, Messenger, C, Messick, C, Metzdorff, R, Meyers, P, Miao, H, Michel, C, Middleton, H, Mikhailov, E, Milano, L, Miller, A, Miller, B, Miller, J, Millhouse, M, Mills, J, Milovich-Goff, M, Minazzoli, O, Minenkov, Y, Ming, J, Mishra, C, Mitra, S, Mitrofanov, V, Mitselmakher, G, Mittleman, R, Moffa, D, Mogushi, K, Mohan, M, Mohapatra, S, Montani, M, Moore, C, Moraru, D, Moreno, G, Morisaki, S, Mours, B, Mow-Lowry, C, Mueller, G, Muir, A, Mukherjee, A, Mukherjee, D, Mukherjee, S, Mukund, N, Mullavey, A, Munch, J, Muniz, E, Muratore, M, Murray, P, Nagar, A, Napier, K, Nardecchia, I, Naticchioni, L, Nayak, R, Neilson, J, Nelemans, G, Nelson, T, Nery, M, Neunzert, A, Nevin, L, Newport, J, Ng, K, Ng, S, Nguyen, P, Nguyen, T, Nichols, D, Nielsen, A, Nissanke, S, Nitz, A, Nocera, F, Nolting, D, North, C, Nuttall, L, Obergaulinger, M, Oberling, J, O'Brien, B, O'Dea, G, Ogin, G, Oh, J, Oh, S, Ohme, F, Ohta, H, Okada, M, Oliver, M, Oppermann, P, Oram, R, O'Reilly, B, Ormiston, R, Ortega, L, O'Shaughnessy, R, Ossokine, S, Ottaway, D, Overmier, H, Owen, B, Pace, A, Pagano, G, Page, J, Page, M, Pai, A, Pai, S, Palamos, J, Palashov, O, Palomba, C, Pal-Singh, A, Pan, H, Pang, B, Pang, P, Pankow, C, Pannarale, F, Pant, B, Paoletti, F, Paoli, A, Papa, M, Parida, A, Parker, W, Pascucci, D, Pasqualetti, A, Passaquieti, R, Passuello, D, Patil, M, Patricelli, B, Pearlstone, B, Pedersen, C, Pedraza, M, Pedurand, R, Pekowsky, L, Pele, A, Penn, S, Perez, C, Perreca, A, Perri, L, Pfeiffer, H, Phelps, M, Phukon, K, Piccinni, O, Pichot, M, Piergiovanni, F, Pierro, V, Pillant, G, Pinard, L, Pinto, I, Pirello, M, Pitkin, M, Poggiani, R, Popolizio, P, Porter, E, Possenti, L, Post, A, Powell, J, Prasad, J, Pratt, J, Pratten, G, Predoi, V, Prestegard, T, Principe, M, Privitera, S, Prodi, G, Prokhorov, L, Puncken, O, Punturo, M, Puppo, P, Purrer, M, Qi, H, Quetschke, V, Quintero, E, Quitzow-James, R, Raab, F, Rabeling, D, Radkins, H, Raffai, P, Raja, S, Rajan, C, Rajbhandari, B, Rakhmanov, M, Ramirez, K, Ramos-Buades, A, Rana, J, Rapagnani, P, Raymond, V, Razzano, M, Read, J, Regimbau, T, Rei, L, Reid, S, Reitze, D, Ren, W, Ricci, F, Ricker, P, Riemenschneider, G, Riles, K, Rizzo, M, Robertson, N, Robie, R, Robinet, F, Robson, T, Rocchi, A, Rolland, L, Rollins, J, Roma, V, Romano, R, Romel, C, Romie, J, Rosinska, D, Ross, M, Rowan, S, Rudiger, A, Ruggi, P, Rutins, G, Ryan, K, Sachdev, S, Sadecki, T, Sakellariadou, M, Salconi, L, Saleem, M, Salemi, F, Samajdar, A, Sammut, L, Sampson, L, Sanchez, E, Sanchez, L, Sanchis-Gual, N, Sandberg, V, Sanders, J, Sarin, N, Sassolas, B, Sathyaprakash, B, Saulson, P, Sauter, O, Savage, R, Sawadsky, A, Schale, P, Scheel, M, Scheuer, J, Schmidt, P, Schnabel, R, Schofield, R, Schonbeck, A, Schreiber, E, Schuette, D, Schulte, B, Schutz, B, Schwalbe, S, Scott, J, Scott, S, Seidel, E, Sellers, D, Sengupta, A, Sennett, N, Sentenac, D, Sequino, V, Sergeev, A, Setyawati, Y, Shaddock, D, Shaffer, T, Shah, A, Shahriar, M, Shaner, M, Shao, L, Shapiro, B, Shawhan, P, Shen, H, Shoemaker, D, Siellez, K, Siemens, X, Sieniawska, M, Sigg, D, Silva, A, Singer, L, Singh, A, Singhal, A, Sintes, A, Slagmolen, B, Slaven-Blair, T, Smith, B, Smith, J, Smith, R, Somala, S, Son, E, Sorazu, B, Sorrentino, F, Souradeep, T, Spencer, A, Srivastava, A, Staats, K, Steer, D, Steinke, M, Steinlechner, J, Steinlechner, S, Steinmeyer, D, Steltner, B, Stevenson, S, Stocks, D, Stone, R, Stops, D, Strain, K, Stratta, G, Strigin, S, Strunk, A, Sturani, R, Stuver, A, Summerscales, T, Sun, L, Sunil, S, Suresh, J, Sutton, P, Swinkels, B, Szczepanczyk, M, Tacca, M, Tait, S, Talbot, C, Talukder, D, Tamanini, N, Tanner, D, Tapai, M, Taracchini, A, Tasson, J, Taylor, J, Taylor, R, Tewari, S, Theeg, T, Thies, F, Thomas, E, Thomas, M, Thomas, P, Thorne, K, Thrane, E, Tiwari, S, Tiwari, V, Tokmakov, K, Toland, K, Tonelli, M, Tornasi, Z, Torres-Forne, A, Torrie, C, Toyra, D, Travasso, F, Traylor, G, Trinastic, J, Tringali, M, Trozzo, L, Tsang, K, Tse, M, Tso, R, Tsukada, L, Tsuna, D, Tuyenbayev, D, Ueno, K, Ugolini, D, Urban, A, Usman, S, Vahlbruch, H, Vajente, G, Valdes, G, Van Bakel, N, Van Beuzekom, M, Van Den Brand, J, Van Den Broeck, C, Vander-Hyde, D, Van Der Schaaf, L, Van Heijningen, J, Van Veggel, A, Vardaro, M, Varma, V, Vass, S, Vasuth, M, Vecchio, A, Vedovato, G, Veitch, J, Veitch, P, Venkateswara, K, Venugopalan, G, Verkindt, D, Vetrano, F, Vicere, A, Viets, A, Vinciguerra, S, Vine, D, Vinet, J, Vitale, S, Vo, T, Vocca, H, Vorvick, C, Vyatchanin, S, Wade, A, Wade, L, Wade, M, Walet, R, Walker, M, Wallace, L, Walsh, S, Wang, G, Wang, H, Wang, J, Wang, W, Wang, Y, Ward, R, Warner, J, Was, M, Watchi, J, Weaver, B, Wei, L, Weinert, M, Weinstein, A, Weiss, R, Wellmann, F, Wen, L, Wessel, E, Wessels, P, Westerweck, J, Wette, K, Whelan, J, Whiting, B, Whittle, C, Wilken, D, Williams, D, Williams, R, Williamson, A, Willis, J, Willke, B, Wimmer, M, Winkler, W, Wipf, C, Wittel, H, Woan, G, Woehler, J, Wofford, J, Wong, W, Worden, J, Wright, J, Wu, D, Wysocki, D, Xiao, S, Yam, W, Yamamoto, H, Yancey, C, Yang, L, Yap, M, Yazback, M, Yu, H, Yvert, M, Zadrozny, A, Zanolin, M, Zelenova, T, Zendri, J, Zevin, M, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, M, Zhang, T, Zhang, Y, Zhao, C, Zhou, M, Zhou, Z, Zhu, S, Zhu, X, Zimmerman, A, Zucker, M, Zweizig, J, (Astro)-Particles Physics, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution)), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, and The Virgo Collaboration
Subjects: Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::550 | Geowissenschaften, neutron star: binary, Astronomy, Testing, Gravitational Wave, General Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, strong field, ddc:550, general relativity, LIGO, QC, Settore FIS/01, Physics, Gravitational effects, article, Polarization (waves), Gravitational-wave signals, Extra dimensions, gravitational waves, Physical Sciences, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Large extra dimension, dispersion, Binary neutron stars, gravitational radiation: polarization, General Relativity, General relativity, gr-qc, Physics, Multidisciplinary, GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE OBSERVATIONS, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), gravitational waves,black holes, Gravity waves, MASS, gravitational radiation: direct detection, Gravitation and Astrophysics, electromagnetic field: production, Relativity, Dipole radiations, GRAVITY, Tests of general relativity, gravitation: weak field, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, High Energy Physics, capture, 010306 general physics, STFC, radiation: dipole, polarization, Science & Technology, Strong field, Gravitational wave, gravitational radiation, RCUK, binary: compact, gravitational radiation detector, Neutron star, VIRGO, Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::530 | Physik, Newtonians, higher-dimensional
Abstract: The recent discovery by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo of a gravitational wave signal from a binary neutron star inspiral has enabled tests of general relativity (GR) with this new type of source. This source, for the first time, permits tests of strong-field dynamics of compact binaries in presence of matter. In this paper, we place constraints on the dipole radiation and possible deviations from GR in the post-Newtonian coefficients that govern the inspiral regime. Bounds on modified dispersion of gravitational waves are obtained; in combination with information from the observed electromagnetic counterpart we can also constrain effects due to large extra dimensions. Finally, the polarization content of the gravitational wave signal is studied. The results of all tests performed here show good agreement with GR., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures. Matches journal submission
Published: 2019
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38. The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Search for an Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational-wave Background

Author: Harsha Blumer, D. R. Madison, Ryan S. Lynch, Paul Demorest, Deborah C. Good, Paul R. Brook, Megan L. Jones, Renée Spiewak, Paul T. Baker, Nathan Garver-Daniels, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Luke Zoltan Kelley, A. Miguel Holgado, Scott M. Ransom, Caitlin A. Witt, Neil J. Cornish, Nima Laal, Joseph Simon, Timothy T. Pennucci, Michele Vallisneri, Jing Luo, Siyuan Chen, Fronefield Crawford, Zaven Arzoumanian, Ross J. Jennings, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Joey Shapiro Key, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, Shami Chatterjee, Cherry Ng, Adam Brazier, Jerry P. Sun, Kevin Stovall, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Sarah J. Vigeland, Xavier Siemens, James M. Cordes, William Fiore, Timothy Dolch, Joseph K. Swiggum, Peter A. Gentile, H. Thankful Cromartie, Brent J. Shapiro-Albert, Jacob E. Turner, Paul S. Ray, B. Bécsy, David J. Nice, David L. Kaplan, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Ingrid H. Stairs, K. Islo, Nihan Pol, Duncan R. Lorimer, Justin A. Ellis, Maura McLaughlin, Andrew R. Kaiser, Michael T. Lam, Megan E. DeCesar, Emmanuel Fonseca, Stephen Taylor, Daniel R. Stinebring, Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), NANOGrav, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: noise, gravitational radiation: stochastic, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General relativity, Population, Astrophysics, Bayesian, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitational wave background, Pulsar, Millisecond pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, general relativity, black hole, education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, pulsar, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, education.field_of_study, Gravitational wave, gravitational radiation: background, Astronomy and Astrophysics, solar system, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, observatory, Black hole, Amplitude, black hole: binary, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, correlation, slope, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], spectral, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: We search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the $12.5$-year pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves. Our analysis finds strong evidence of a stochastic process, modeled as a power-law, with common amplitude and spectral slope across pulsars. The Bayesian posterior of the amplitude for an $f^{-2/3}$ power-law spectrum, expressed as the characteristic GW strain, has median $1.92 \times 10^{-15}$ and $5\%$--$95\%$ quantiles of $1.37$--$2.67 \times 10^{-15}$ at a reference frequency of $f_\mathrm{yr} = 1 ~\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. The Bayes factor in favor of the common-spectrum process versus independent red-noise processes in each pulsar exceeds $10,000$. However, we find no statistically significant evidence that this process has quadrupolar spatial correlations, which we would consider necessary to claim a GWB detection consistent with general relativity. We find that the process has neither monopolar nor dipolar correlations, which may arise from, for example, reference clock or solar system ephemeris systematics, respectively. The amplitude posterior has significant support above previously reported upper limits; we explain this in terms of the Bayesian priors assumed for intrinsic pulsar red noise. We examine potential implications for the supermassive black hole binary population under the hypothesis that the signal is indeed astrophysical in nature., Comment: 25 pages, 14 figures, 5 tables, 3 appendices. Published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Please send any comments/questions to Joseph Simon (joe.simon@nanograv.org). Jupyter notebook tutorials and some MCMC chain files are available at https://github.com/nanograv/12p5yr_stochastic_analysis
Published: 2020
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39. The Green Bank North Celestial Cap Pulsar Survey

Author: Ryan S. Lynch, G. Lunsford, Victoria M. Kaspi, J. Flanigan, Mallory S. E. Roberts, Maura McLaughlin, Fredrick A. Jenet, Kevin Stovall, Hind Al Noori, Renée Spiewak, L. P. Dartez, Jason Boyles, D. Day, Megan E. DeCesar, A. J. Ford, Bingyi Cui, S. Leake, Anne M. Archibald, Arielle N. Walker, Emmanuel Fonseca, S. Bradley Cenko, M. D. Rohr, Scott M. Ransom, V. I. Kondratiev, Ingrid H. Stairs, J. Hinojosa, B. L. Wells, Jason W. T. Hessels, S. Banaszak, A. Mata, Xavier Siemens, Lina Levin, Pradip Gatkine, Joeri van Leeuwen, P. Chawla, J. G. Martinez, Joseph K. Swiggum, David L. Kaplan, C. Karako-Argaman, Christopher M. Biwer, and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Proper motion, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Green Bank Telescope, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Shapiro delay, general [pulsars], Binary pulsar, Neutron star, Pulsar, proper motions, surveys, Space and Planetary Science, Millisecond pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract: We provide timing solutions for 45 radio pulsars discovered by the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope. These pulsars were found in the Green Bank North Celestial Cap pulsar survey, an all-GBT-sky survey being carried out at a frequency of 350 MHz. We include pulsar timing data from the Green Bank Telescope and Low Frequency Array. Our sample includes five fully recycled millisecond pulsars (MSPs, three of which are in a binary system), a new relativistic double neutron star system, an intermediate mass binary pulsar, a mode-changing pulsar, a 138-ms pulsar with a very low magnetic field, and several nulling pulsars. We have measured two post-Keplerian parameters and thus the masses of both objects in the double neutron star system. We also report a tentative companion mass measurement via Shapiro delay in a binary MSP. Two of the MSPs can be timed with high precision and have been included in pulsar timing arrays being used to search for low-frequency gravitational waves, while a third MSP is a member of the black widow class of binaries. Proper motion is measurable in five pulsars and we provide an estimate of their space velocity. We report on an optical counterpart to a new black widow system and provide constraints on the optical counterparts to other binary MSPs. We also present a preliminary analysis of nulling pulsars in our sample. These results demonstrate the scientific return of long timing campaigns on pulsars of all types., Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal; 30 pages, 9 figures, 8 tables
Published: 2018
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40. The NANOGrav 11 Year Data Set:Pulsar-timing Constraints on the Stochastic Gravitational-wave Background

Author: Megan E. DeCesar, Renée Spiewak, Timothy Dolch, Timothy T. Pennucci, Emmanuel Fonseca, Alexander Rasskazov, D. R. Madison, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, Jing Luo, Justin A. Ellis, David L. Kaplan, William M. Folkner, V. M. Kaspi, B. Christy, Maura McLaughlin, T. J. W. Lazio, Neil J. Cornish, Weiwei Zhu, Ryan S. Park, P. T. Baker, Sean T. McWilliams, Joseph Simon, Glenn Jones, Stephen Taylor, Ryan S. Lynch, David J. Nice, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Kathryn Crowter, Michael T. Lam, Paul S. Ray, E. A. Huerta, Peter A. Gentile, K. Islo, Daniel R. Stinebring, Nihan Pol, M. L. Jones, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Andrea N. Lommen, Roland Haas, Sarah J. Vigeland, Lina Levin, Robert D. Ferdman, S. J. Chamberlin, Fronefield Crawford, Joseph K. Swiggum, Shami Chatterjee, Kevin Stovall, Ingrid H. Stairs, H. Thankful Cromartie, Michele Vallisneri, James M. Cordes, Scott M. Ransom, R. van Haasteren, Adam Brazier, Cherry Ng, Xavier Siemens, Paul Demorest, Zaven Arzoumanian, N. Garver-Daniels, and Duncan R. Lorimer
Subjects: Stellar mass, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Population, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, general [pulsars], General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitational wave background, Pulsar timing array, Pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, data analysis [methods], ephemeredes, inflation, education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), education.field_of_study, Supermassive black hole, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, supermassive black holes [quasars], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Quasar, 16. Peace & justice, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, gravitational waves, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the newly released $11$-year dataset from the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav). While we find no significant evidence for a GWB, we place constraints on a GWB from a population of supermassive black-hole binaries, cosmic strings, and a primordial GWB. For the first time, we find that the GWB upper limits and detection statistics are sensitive to the Solar System ephemeris (SSE) model used, and that SSE errors can mimic a GWB signal. We developed an approach that bridges systematic SSE differences, producing the first PTA constraints that are robust against SSE uncertainties. We thus place a $95\%$ upper limit on the GW strain amplitude of $A_\mathrm{GWB}, 21 pages, 12 figures, 9 tables. Published in The Astrophysical Journal. Please send any comments/questions to S. R. Taylor (srtaylor@caltech.edu)
Published: 2018
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41. GW170817: Implications for the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from Compact Binary Coalescences

Author: C.-J. Haster, Fabien Kéfélian, J. H. Hough, P. W. F. Forsyth, Nicolas Sanchis-Gual, Roman Schnabel, A. Lenon, J. E. Brau, A. A. van Veggel, Efim A. Khazanov, G. Ballardin, Moritz Mehmet, Michael E Zucker, O. Halim, K. W. Tsang, I. Magaña Hernandez, B. D. Lackey, Charalampos Markakis, T. J. Massinger, B. Lantz, T. Vo, Serena Vinciguerra, M. Favata, V. Kalogera, R. Kirchhoff, B. L. Swinkels, B. L. Pearlstone, R. Pedurand, Benno Willke, S. D. Linker, M. Kasprzack, J. Ming, M. Rakhmanov, E. Mejuto-Villa, Michael L. Gorodetsky, F. Y. Khalili, D. Sellers, A. Chiummo, P. Hopkins, Ryan Lynch, Kipp Cannon, M. Steinke, S. Vass, T. Dal Canton, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, B. Pang, Simon Stevenson, C. Graef, D. Rosińska, S. E. Gossan, Mark A. Scheel, Patrice Hello, P. Ehrens, J. Hennig, G. Vedovato, S. J. Chamberlin, A. Mullavey, M. Vardaro, Tania Regimbau, W. Parker, S. B. Anderson, M. Boer, A. Sawadsky, G. D. Hammond, F. Magaña-Sandoval, H. Y. Chia, M. Haney, Hartmut Grote, T. P. Downes, Luca Gammaitoni, A. Bohe, S. D'Antonio, H. Fehrmann, V. Gayathri, S. Walsh, Miriam Cabero, Alessandra Buonanno, R. Metzdorff, K. Holt, S. G. Crowder, Soumi De, G. Losurdo, M. Constancio, Neil J. Cornish, B. K. Berger, F. Ohme, B. Weaver, David B. Tanner, S. C. McGuire, P. Puppo, A. W. Muir, Zachariah B. Etienne, Jennifer Watchi, A. Dasgupta, Wu D. S., S. Gaudio, M. Leonardi, M. K. M. Bader, A. Brillet, T. Huynh-Dinh, S. Márka, J. B. Kanner, Kenneth A. Strain, M. Sieniawska, Gregory Ashton, Fabio Marchesoni, Kyungmin Kim, Debarati Chatterjee, B. O'Reilly, P. Gruning, Walter Winkler, Jing Wang, E. A. Huerta, László Á. Gergely, N. Letendre, M. Wade, Christopher M. Biwer, H. Yamamoto, Gabrielle Allen, J.-M. Isac, Benjamin J. Owen, J. F. J. van den Brand, S. Sunil, M. Tacca, Martin Hendry, Cecilio García-Quirós, L. Rolland, N. Indik, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, Mark Thomas, N. Man, R. Flaminio, J.-P. Coulon, V. Germain, W. Ren, Benjamin William Allen, Mandar Patil, Abhirup Ghosh, Karsten Danzmann, Hua Wang, T. Sadecki, J. Hanks, Colm Talbot, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, I. Dorrington, Collin D. Capano, M. C. Heintze, R. Goetz, Daichi Tsuna, S. Banagiri, E. A. Houston, J. Westerweck, C. F. Da Silva Costa, Christopher Wipf, M. C. Díaz, G. Ciani, A. Parida, Slawomir Gras, Paul D. Lasky, Oh S. H., Piotr Jaranowski, Yu Haocun, Y.-M. Kim, K. Mogushi, Laura Cadonati, M. Ast, Z. Tornasi, T. Etzel, P. J. King, S. Gomes, K. H. Lai, Aaron Viets, Harald Lück, S. Rieger, L. Nevin, L. Kuo, J. Feicht, P. A. Altin, S. Frasca, Alvin J. K. Chua, J. Worden, Joey Shapiro Key, J. R. Sanders, S. B. Coughlin, Kai Staats, D. Verkindt, M. Bejger, F. Marion, Sylvia J. Zhu, K. G. Arun, D. Barker, Matthew Pitkin, B. Sassolas, A. K. W. Chung, S. Mastrogiovanni, R. K. Lanza, C. L. Romel, F. Cavalier, Antonios Kontos, D. Lumaca, M. Cho, H. Radkins, Rosa Poggiani, V. Frey, D. M. Wilken, M. Fitz-Axen, Michael Zevin, P. Dupej, Sumit Kumar, S. Farinon, A. Pele, Erik Katsavounidis, D. Sentenac, J. A. Sonnenberg, A. Cirone, G. Gaur, K. Mason, Stephen Fairhurst, Carl Blair, C. A. Costa, S. Di Pace, E. Genin, A. Perreca, Daniel R. George, D. Hoak, Junwei Cao, Odylio D. Aguiar, J. Calderón Bustillo, A. Sergeev, P. Bacon, Daniel E. Holz, David A. Williams, I. W. Harry, C. Krämer, Denis Martynov, Marco Bazzan, H. K. Lee, B. Gateley, Howard Pan, Aaron Buikema, G. L. Mansell, Susan M. Scott, I. Khan, Y. Wang, Tristan Briant, F. Garufi, Surendra Nadh Somala, J. V. van Heijningen, M. B. Shaner, V. Fafone, Jessica Steinlechner, Yu Hang, Xin Chen, R. M. Martin, David A. Nichols, M. Granata, J. Devenson, Archana Pai, F. Paoletti, Rajesh Kumar, T. J. N. Nelson, L. Sun, H. Vahlbruch, K. Riles, D. Bersanetti, A. Lazzarini, H. Fong, L. Trozzo, Priscilla Canizares, R. Passaquieti, A. Kutynia, N. A. Robertson, Federico Ferrini, K. S. Karvinen, Lijing Shao, G. Vajente, S. M. Gaebel, P. Raffai, R. Bork, I. Maksimovic, B. Patricelli, Margaret Millhouse, Roy Williams, C. E. Cirelli, H. Middleton, Chad Hanna, G. Rutins, P. J. Sutton, Graham Woan, Chunnong Zhao, P. Aufmuth, R. L. Ward, G. Hemming, A. E. Pace, A. Neunzert, T. Chmiel, M. Heurs, C. Dreissigacker, W. H. Wang, Xavier Siemens, Shiuh Chao, J-Y. Vinet, Reed Essick, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, C. Mishra, C. Lazzaro, T. Z. Summerscales, Patricia Schmidt, A. Avila-Alvarez, V. Brisson, David Jonathan Hofman, M. C. Edwards, S. G. Gaonkar, R. P. Fisher, P. Leaci, A. Colla, R. Bhandare, Robert L. Byer, Stuart Reid, Angela Delli Paoli, Lee McCuller, N. Mazumder, S. Ascenzi, G. Valdes, Samaya Nissanke, A. Samajdar, L. McNeill, Steven D. Penn, M. Pichot, C. Palomba, Haixing Miao, Mairi Sakellariadou, Nicholas Demos, J. D. Lough, M. Pirello, A. K. Srivastava, T. B. Edo, Fiodor Sorrentino, Jacob Scheuer, T. D. Abbott, O. Puncken, F. Fidecaro, A. F. Brooks, Tyson Littenberg, G. Gemme, K. V. Tokmakov, O. de Varona, J. J. Bero, J. C. Bayley, S. M. Koehlenbeck, K. L. Dooley, A. Rüdiger, S. Kandhasamy, S. Mitra, B. Sorazu, T. Prestegard, A. Viceré, Otto A. Hannuksela, E. G. Thomas, A. Basti, Ng K. K. Y., Ryan N. Lang, Riccardo Ciolfi, Yi Chen, Leopoldo Milano, Badri Krishnan, Leo Tsukada, W. Z. Korth, E. Z. Hamilton, D. Nolting, R. Tso, P. B. Covas, Jonathan Blackman, H. N. Isa, Zoheyr Doctor, D. Mukherjee, Alessandro Bertolini, J.-P. Zendri, Bernard F. Schutz, Li Ju, K. Toland, Lisa Barsotti, C. Messenger, Patrick M. Koch, Daniel A. Shaddock, Brittany Kamai, Athol J. Kemball, B. W. Schulte, Tomasz Bulik, D. Fiorucci, X. Fan, A. Królak, Y. Bouffanais, E. A. Muñiz, Alicia M. Sintes, T. A. Callister, A. A. Shah, V. Sandberg, T. T. Nguyen, Andrea Chincarini, Yuri Levin, C. Fee, N. Kijbunchoo, C. M. Mow-Lowry, K. Haughian, Jens Birch, E. A. Chase, Z. Frei, Jong H. Chow, J. Liu, Samuele Cortese, B. R. Hall, A. R. Wade, K. Napier, Richard J. Oram, S. Chung, D. C. Vander-Hyde, V. V. Frolov, S. Brunett, S. Bae, L. Rei, E. Coccia, Guido Mueller, R. Cavalieri, S. Khan, L. Sammut, A. Cumming, F. Di Renzo, Laleh Sadeghian, R. C. Walet, J. C. Driggers, B. Shapiro, G. Mendell, S. Grunewald, François Bondu, Q. Chu, José A. Font, M. P. Ross, F. Baldaccini, L. F. Ortega, L.-W. Wei, L. E. Wade, Robert Stone, J.-D. Fournier, E. J. King, E. L. Merilh, P. Brockill, A. Bisht, E. E. Cowan, N. Leroy, M. Merzougui, C. Buy, J. D. Romano, Swetha Bhagwat, R. M. S. Schofield, V. Boschi, R. J. G. Jonker, J. Casanueva Diaz, Rana X. Adhikari, B. Machenschalk, T. Hardwick, R. M. Blair, F. Donovan, I. Kowalska, S. Dhurandhar, M. Muratore, D. M. Macleod, Samuel Deléglise, A. Schönbeck, B. Rajbhandari, A. Fernandez-Galiana, Daniel Wysocki, V. P. Mitrofanov, M. C. Araya, W. Del Pozzo, P. F. Cohadon, H. Heitmann, Maximiliano Isi, M. H. Wimmer, A. Effler, Lionel Martellini, G. Bergmann, E. M. Gretarsson, Irene Fiori, K. Venkateswara, G. A. Prodi, Peter Fritschel, D. J. McManus, M. J. Hart, M. Masso-Reid, C. De Rossi, Maya Fishbach, H. Overmier, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, K. Izumi, C. Van Den Broeck, B. Bécsy, Jade Powell, V. Mangano, P. Schale, S. V. Angelova, L. Magaña Zertuche, Britton D. Smith, J. Oberling, Alex B. Nielsen, G. Kuehn, Richard J. Abbott, C. Pankow, P. M. Meyers, Xing-Jiang Zhu, A. C. Green, R. Kennedy, Jay D. Tasson, M. Landry, Geoffrey Lovelace, Lili Yang, L. Di Fiore, B. Mours, D. Steinmeyer, Archisman Ghosh, E. A. Quintero, Barry C. Barish, Steven Bloemen, R. Douglas, F. J. Raab, V. Kondrashov, Jonathan R. Gair, L. M. Perri, H. A. G. Gabbard, Yu Zhang, V. Raymond, J. K. Blackburn, S. Raja, E. Chassande-Mottin, M. Korobko, Sheila Rowan, M. Pürrer, R. A. Eisenstein, B. J. J. Slagmolen, P. Fulda, Fausto Acernese, J. H. Romie, M. Branchesi, S. Chua, Paul J. Groot, N. Mukund, L. R. Cominsky, Mi Zhang, G. D. Meadors, M. Pedraza, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, T. Zelenova, Riccardo Bassiri, O. Bock, John Veitch, J. Lehmann, K. Lee, P. T. Baker, M. Bawaj, J. C. Batch, M. Mantovani, Alejandro Torres-Forné, L. Naticchioni, M. Weinert, Salvatore Vitale, M. Drago, J. Meidam, Guenakh Mitselmakher, L. Wallace, Z. Du, E. Schreiber, R. Gustafson, E. Maros, E. Massera, G. Kang, R. Inta, S. E. Barclay, N. A. Lockerbie, S. S. Eikenberry, Ofek Birnholtz, Y. Q. Ma, C. C. Yancey, L. E. Sanchez, S. Kwang, J. C. Barayoga, J. R. Palamos, Enrico Calloni, Thomas Corbitt, A. L. Stuver, M. C. Milovich-Goff, S. E. Dwyer, Todd Adams, Marie-Anne Bizouard, D. Talukder, B. A. Boom, A. Pal-Singh, F. Frasconi, J. Suresh, Eric Howell, M. Barsuglia, N. Arnaud, Maggie Tse, J. L. Wright, Magnus Manske, Hyang Woon Lee, Edward K. Porter, M. Lormand, Vijay Varma, M. MacInnis, A. S. Sengupta, A. L. Urban, M. Laxen, P. Rapagnani, D. Pascucci, Sascha Husa, G. Venugopalan, Carlos O. Lousto, Edward Seidel, C. North, Thomas Dent, S. Leavey, Hai-Ping Cheng, M. Katolik, P. Corban, L. Salconi, C. Bradaschia, M. K. Gupta, Vladimir Dergachev, M. F. Carney, J. Woehler, M. Prijatelj, D. V. Atallah, D. C. Coyne, D.B. DeBra, S. Doravari, M. A. Okada, P. Thomas, Lionel London, S. E. Strigin, S. J. Kapadia, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, R. Quitzow-James, L. K. Nuttall, K. Bossie, R. Macas, G. Billingsley, S. Macfoy, J. Neilson, V. Loriette, Li T. G. F., G. Cerretani, M. Factourovich, J. E. Lord, R. Sturani, K. A. Thorne, Innocenzo M. Pinto, Shubhanshu Tiwari, James Whelan, P. Ajith, Vuk Mandic, E. M. Fries, D. Passuello, T. Zhang, Thibaut Jacqmin, B. R. Iyer, Nergis Mavalvala, M. Zanolin, X. Guo, C. I. Torrie, Jan Harms, J. Hanson, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, L. Zhang, O. Sauter, P. Oppermann, R. Mittleman, J. Zweizig, L. Conti, Francesco Salemi, Jerome Degallaix, L. Cunningham, C. Casentini, S. R. Morriss, Chunglee Kim, B. B. Miller, Antoine Heidmann, E. J. Daw, Maurizio Canepa, M. Punturo, A. W. Heptonstall, D. Barta, J. S. Kissel, H. Cao, D. J. Vine, S. Klimenko, D. B. Kozak, Isabel Cordero-Carrión, H. Qi, Douglas Davis, Geraint Pratten, H. Fair, M. Nery, Antonio Marquina, M. Yvert, E. C. Ferreira, Nelson Christensen, G. Bogaert, S. A. Usman, Aniello Grado, Sebastian Steinlechner, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, J. K. Wofford, Steven Reyes, Ettore Majorana, Oh J. J., D. Töyrä, D. Schuette, A. Ananyeva, S. Karki, Roger Jones, V. J. Roma, A. P. Spencer, Paul M. Ricker, Hsiao-Wen Chen, Andrea Taracchini, Maher Yazback, P. J. Veitch, D. D. Brown, M. Fyffe, Anthony A. Amato, N. van Bakel, Eric Thrane, M. A. Page, K. E. Ramirez, D. Moffa, Jocelyn Read, S. P. Vyatchanin, V. Kringel, Ben Farr, A. Masserot, C. Michel, D. Finstad, F. Robinet, A. Post, Sarah Caudill, V. Dattilo, M. Brinkmann, T. D. Knowles, J. S. Lange, K. Kawabe, V. B. Adya, S. M. Aston, K. Ueno, Michael W. Coughlin, M. Gosselin, Z. Márka, W. S. Kim, Stefan Hild, Christophe Collette, Ho-Gyu Lee, C. J. Perez, B. U. Gadre, Sebastien Biscans, D. H. Reitze, G. McIntyre, M. Bitossi, K. Wette, F. Thies, G. Traylor, Leo Singer, Patrick Brady, J. S. Areeda, T. Theeg, H. S. Cho, Ryan Magee, A. Gupta, N. Gehrels, J. W. W. Pratt, Gregory M. Harry, O. J. Piccinni, J. A. Taylor, Ik Siong Heng, T. Souradeep, Timothy Evans, J. Page, E. Bonilla, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, Harald P. Pfeiffer, J. Schmidt, M. Tonelli, A. L. Miller, Mingliang Zhou, P. Couvares, P. Astone, Larne Pekowsky, A. Giazotto, A. Sheperd, S. L. Danilishin, M. Rizzo, V. Predoi, I. W. Martin, P. G. Murray, David Cohen, David E. McClelland, Rory Smith, C. Adams, Arunava Mukherjee, M. Tápai, P. Shawhan, Y. Minenkov, C. Vorvick, S. J. Kimbrell, H. Wittel, S. G. Schwalbe, S. S. Forsyth, J. A. Clark, A. S. Markosyan, M. Phelps, R. G. Ormiston, B. Day, E. Cuoco, B. Agarwal, Andrew Lundgren, S. Xiao, D. Sigg, S. W. Ballmer, D. M. Shoemaker, C. C. Buchanan, P. Popolizio, Koji Arai, E. J. Sanchez, J. McIver, I. Ferrante, Z. Khan, Michelle E. Walker, J. George, A. Bozzi, G. Moreno, S. C. Tait, Zifan Zhou, F. Travasso, I. A. Bilenko, David Coward, David J. Ottaway, R. Bonnand, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, S. Appert, R. De Rosa, L. Pinard, M. C. Tringali, I. Nardecchia, Carlos Cepeda, D. Meacher, Linqing Wen, G. Pillant, Lo R. K. L., I. Di Palma, L. Kleybolte, J. Warner, Torrey Cullen, K. Siellez, A. K. Zadrożny, E. J. Son, M. van Beuzekom, H. J. Bulten, Bernard F. Whiting, L. Glover, Tobias Westphal, Olivier Minazzoli, T. Di Girolamo, David Jones, Karl Gill, M. Fays, A. Di Lieto, M. Saleem, M. Razzano, J. L. Willis, A. Nitz, V. Tiwari, Jonathan Cripe, C. Beer, Marco Cavaglia, Subroto Mukherjee, M. J. Szczepańczyk, Kevin M. Ryan, F. Vetrano, R. Frey, Pablo Cerdá-Durán, Peter R. Saulson, J. Prasad, D. Estevez, Karan Jani, E. Goetz, E. Capocasa, Terry G. McRae, Huang-Wei Pan, J. Betzwieser, Gijs Nelemans, John Miller, L. G. Prokhorov, F. Nocera, E. D. Hall, Jolien D. E. Creighton, Laura Sampson, T. Shaffer, D. S. Rabeling, James G. Bartlett, M. Di Giovanni, K. E. Gushwa, R. De Pietri, Rocco Romano, S. Ossokine, Jinsook Kim, D. H. Shoemaker, J. Junker, James Healy, M. Vasúth, A. Moggi, C. Messick, A. Gopakumar, G. Stratta, Jesper Munch, C. Austin, D. Buskulic, M. Poe, M. De Laurentis, G. D. O'Dea, C. Affeldt, D. Ugolini, C. Cahillane, R. Taylor, J. Scott, A. Ain, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, A. Corsi, B. P. Abbott, M. J. Yap, M. S. Shahriar, P. Ruggi, C. V. Kalaghatgi, M. Chan, E. K. Gustafson, R. T. DeRosa, A. Markowitz, P. Charlton, R. Coyne, Fabrice Matichard, K. W. K. Wong, G. Dálya, M. Oliver, E. K. Wessel, S. Kaufer, A. J. Weinstein, E. Cesarini, Rainer Weiss, A. S. Bell, F. Ricci, S. Caride, P. Kumar, K. Barkett, W. W. Johnson, David Blair, A. Hreibi, Jordan Camp, N. Bode, M. Was, R. Robie, M. M. Hanke, H. Vocca, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, J. A. Giaime, T. Denker, Christopher P. L. Berry, A. D. Silva, A. Grant, L. Matone, A. Staley, S. Jawahar, Matthew Evans, T. D. Creighton, J. G. Rollins, V. Dolique, P. Clearwater, M. A. Papa, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, D. J. Stops, C. Rajan, S. Meshkov, R. DeSalvo, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, F. Piergiovanni, Chang-Hwan Lee, M. Davier, P. T.H. 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Belahcene, G. P. Newton, Gabriela Gonzalez, K. R. Corley, M. J. Cowart, Hu Y. M., Francesco Pannarale, A. Rocchi, Sumanta Tewari, C. Cocchieri, B. Goncharov, R. Birney, M. Kinley-Hanlon, R. A. Mercer, S. Privitera, D. Tuyenbayev, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, M. Agathos, C. Horst, Alberto Vecchio, F. Martelli, Will M. Farr, M. Montani, P. Weßels, Nancy Aggarwal, S. Koley, I. Dave, M. Fletcher, B. Hughey, A. Gennai, (Astro)-Particles Physics, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des matériaux avancés (LMA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'informatiON (Institut FOTON), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB [Collège de France]), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), LIGO Scientific, Virgo, The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, Abbott, B. 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J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Cordero-Carrión, I., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Coughlin, M. W., Coughlin, S. B., Coulon, J. -P., Countryman, S. T., Couvares, P., Covas, P. B., Cowan, E. E., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Cripe, J., Crowder, S. G., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Dal Canton, T., Dálya, G., Danilishin, S. L., D’Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dasgupta, A., Da Silva Costa, C. F., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davis, D., Daw, E. J., Day, B., De, S., Debra, D., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deléglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Demos, N., Denker, T., Dent, T., De Pietri, R., Dergachev, V., De Rosa, Rosario., Derosa, R. T., De Rossi, C., Desalvo, R., de Varona, O., Devenson, J., Dhurandhar, S., Díaz, M. C., Di Fiore, L., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Doctor, Z., Dolique, V., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Douglas, R., Dovale Álvarez, M., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Dreissigacker, C., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Ducrot, M., Dupej, P., Dwyer, S. E., Edo, T. B., Edwards, M. C., Effler, A., Eggenstein, H. -B., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenstein, R. A., Essick, R. C., Estevez, D., Etienne, Z. B., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Factourovich, M., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fee, C., Fehrmann, H., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. C., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Finstad, D., Fiori, I., Fiorucci, D., Fishbach, M., Fisher, R. P., Fitz-Axen, M., Flaminio, R., Fletcher, M., Fong, H., Font, J. A., Forsyth, P. W. F., Forsyth, S. S., Fournier, J. -D., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Frey, V., Fries, E. M., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H., Gadre, B. U., Gaebel, S. M., Gair, J. R., Gammaitoni, L., Ganija, M. R., Gaonkar, S. G., Garcia-Quiros, C., Garufi, F., Gateley, B., Gaudio, S., Gaur, G., Gayathri, V., Gehrels, N., Gemme, G., Genin, E., Gennai, A., George, D., George, J., Gergely, L., Germain, V., Ghonge, S., Ghosh, Abhirup, Ghosh, Archisman, Ghosh, S., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Giazotto, A., Gill, K., Glover, L., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Gomes, S., Goncharov, B., González, G., Gonzalez Castro, J. M., Gopakumar, A., Gorodetsky, M. L., Gossan, S. E., Gosselin, M., Gouaty, R., Grado, A., Graef, C., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Gray, C., Greco, G., Green, A. C., Gretarsson, E. M., Groot, P., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Gruning, P., Guidi, G. M., Guo, X., Gupta, A., Gupta, M. K., Gushwa, K. E., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Halim, O., Hall, B. 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E., Zweizig, J., ITA, USA, GBR, FRA, DEU, ESP, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))
Subjects: Design sensitivity, neutron star: binary, gravitational radiation: stochastic, Astronomy, X-ray binary, General Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, localization, Gravitational wave background, Gravitational Waves, Neutron Stars, Stochastic Background, Virgo, LIGO, black hole, LIGO, stochastic model, QC, QB, Physics, GAMMA-RAY BURSTS, Signal to noise ratio, Stochastic systems, Black holes, Gravitational effects, article, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Gravitational wave sources, Experimental studies of gravity, Gravitational Waves, Gravitation, Binary neutron stars, X-ray burster, Bins, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, MERGERS, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Gravity waves, gravitational radiation: direct detection, Binary pulsar, Neutron stars, STAR-FORMATION, Physics and Astronomy (all), Binary black hole, binary: coalescence, 0103 physical sciences, Frequency bands, ddc:530, RATES, INTERFEROMETERS, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Neutrons, Gravitational Waves, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, Virgo, gravitational radiation: background, gravitational radiation, Neutron Stars, 530 Physik, binary: compact, sensitivity, Stars, background: stochastic, EVOLUTION, signal noise ratio, VIRGO, Physics and Astronomy, black hole: binary, gravitational radiation: emission, Stellar black hole, Stochastic Background, Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::530 | Physik, HIGH-REDSHIFT, neutron star: coalescence
Abstract: The LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations have announced the first detection of gravitational waves from the coalescence of two neutron stars. The merger rate of binary neutron stars estimated from this event suggests that distant, unresolvable binary neutron stars create a significant astrophysical stochastic gravitational-wave background. The binary neutron star background will add to the background from binary black holes, increasing the amplitude of the total astrophysical background relative to previous expectations. In the Advanced LIGO-Virgo frequency band most sensitive to stochastic backgrounds (near 25 Hz), we predict a total astrophysical background with amplitude $\Omega_{\rm GW} (f=25 \text{Hz}) = 1.8_{-1.3}^{+2.7} \times 10^{-9}$ with $90\%$ confidence, compared with $\Omega_{\rm GW} (f=25 \text{Hz}) = 1.1_{-0.7}^{+1.2} \times 10^{-9}$ from binary black holes alone. Assuming the most probable rate for compact binary mergers, we find that the total background may be detectable with a signal-to-noise-ratio of 3 after 40 months of total observation time, based on the expected timeline for Advanced LIGO and Virgo to reach their design sensitivity., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2018
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42. First Search for Nontensorial Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars

Author: F. Frasconi, R. Flaminio, J.-P. Coulon, S. T. Countryman, Andrew Matas, R. Kirchhoff, B. L. Pearlstone, D. M. Macleod, J. Moore, B. L. Swinkels, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, G. Bergmann, D. Passuello, J. Daw, B. D. Cheeseboro, G. Cerretani, A. Cirone, C. Ferreira, V. Tiwari, Yann Bouffanais, T. Huynh-Dinh, S. R. Morriss, D. Barta, H. Cao, D. J. Vine, L. Willis, J. Calderón Bustillo, Edward K. Porter, John T. Kissel, Marc Favata, M. Perri, Roger Jones, V. J. Roma, A. P. Spencer, Anthony A. Amato, N. van Bakel, V. Kringel, Jacob Broida, F. Garufi, Lucas Guillemot, C. Messenger, D. Bersanetti, Piotr Jaranowski, Tyson Littenberg, Leopoldo Milano, V. Fafone, A. Masserot, J. Owen, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, K. Kawabe, S. N. Tiwari, S. M. Aston, K. Ueno, A. Strain, Michael W. Coughlin, P. Singer, Odylio D. Aguiar, Bala R. Iyer, Surabhi Sachdev, Christopher J. Moore, M. Scott, S. McCormick, P. Spencer, V. V. Frolov, M. M. Reid, A. Singhal, A. Bizouard, N. Leroy, J. Camp, P. Coulon, Chunnong Zhao, Badri Krishnan, A. Sonnenberg, D. Fiorucci, A. R. Wade, G. Kuehn, F. Magaña-Sandoval, L. Byer, Benoit Sassolas, V. Kondrashov, Stanislav Babak, Arunava Mukherjee, Y. Minenkov, K. Lanza, H. Wittel, S. G. Schwalbe, M. Phelps, R. G. Ormiston, I. Khan, I. Torrie, T. D. Canton, B. Day, C. Aulbert, W. D. Vousden, L. Matone, Haocun Yu, B. Agarwal, B. Bécsy, M. Kasprzack, C. M. Mow-Lowry, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, E. Schreiber, P. J. Sutton, G. Thomas, J. H. Romie, F. J. Raab, M. H. Wimmer, C. Krämer, C. C. Buchanan, P. Popolizio, Koji Arai, E. J. Sanchez, M. Shoemaker, M. Gosselin, E. E. Cowan, Sarah Williams, S. Gaudio, M. Constancio, S. Karki, T. J. Cullen, R. Douglas, N. Mukund, A. K. W. Chung, S. Mastrogiovanni, R. K. Lanza, Sumit Kumar, B. F. Whiting, P. Abbott, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, J. Casanueva Diaz, P. Schale, V. Germain, S. Gomes, A. Huerta, C. Lazzaro, Patricia Schmidt, A. Avila-Alvarez, V. Brisson, K. S. Karvinen, L. R. Cominsky, R. Gustafson, P. Thomas, John A. 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Barayoga, Lloyd Paul Aiello, B. C. Pant, N. Indik, W. W. Johnson, D. Aguiar, A. Giazotto, N. Arnaud, Maggie Tse, M. S. Shahriar, M. Bejger, D. B. Tanner, E. L. Merilh, M. J. Cowart, K. E. Ramirez, P. Downes, M. Afrough, F. Jiménez-Forteza, Sourav Ghosh, Imre Bartos, H. Fehrmann, M. Factourovich, S. Cho, C. R. Billman, F. Cleva, S. G. Crowder, N. Kijbunchoo, K. Wessel, F. Carbognani, Sebastian Steinlechner, Vijay Varma, Soumi De, M. Weinert, H. A. G. Gabbard, M. MacInnis, F. Fidecaro, G. M. Guidi, Sibilla Di Pace, P. Ross, E. A. Houston, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, J. McIver, P. Puppo, A. W. Muir, P. Charlton, Kejia Lee, I. Maksimovic, S. Mitra, D. V. Voss, R. L. Ward, Otto A. Hannuksela, Lu Zhang, Rana X. Adhikari, M. Korobko, B. U. Gadre, Sebastien Biscans, G. Hemming, G. McIntyre, T. B. Edo, M. Pichot, Maximiliano Isi, Leo Singer, N. Letendre, P. Drever, Abhirup Ghosh, M. Aston, H. Ogin, H. N. Isa, M. Nery, B. Machenschalk, F. Donovan, S. A. Usman, Roman Schnabel, J. E. Brau, Karsten Danzmann, A. A. van Veggel, Javier Sánchez, Hua Wang, B. Tanner, P. Rapagnani, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, Paul D. Lasky, Matthew Pitkin, R. K.L. Lo, E. A. Huerta, M. Granata, Ettore Majorana, R. Goetz, Tarun Souradeep, M. Fries, C. L. Romel, E. Katsavounidis, V. Quetschke, M. Was, S. M. Koehlenbeck, H. Vocca, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, L. Rolland, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, N. Man, K. Haughian, A. Quintero, Martin M. Fejer, J. R. Smith, R. Bork, S. Ghonge, K. AultONeal, M. Punturo, J. Betzwieser, Q. Chu, Slawomir Gras, John Miller, Matthew Ross, Lionel Martellini, M. E. N. Normandin, H. Shoemaker, S. Areeda, Madeline Wade, P. Leaci, A. Colla, L. Mansell, Y. Khalili, D. Nolting, Ryan Magee, J. W. W. Pratt, Gregory M. Harry, M. Ast, R. Kennedy, Efim A. Khazanov, G. Ballardin, K. Porter, Antoine Heidmann, Geoffrey Lovelace, H. Lai, P. A. Altin, Alvin J. K. Chua, D. Barker, Denis Martynov, Marco Bazzan, K. H. Lai, A. A. Shah, Minchuan Zhou, J. Haster, D. J. McManus, Vuk Mandic, Peter Fritschel, M. Masso-Reid, D. Töyrä, H. Radkins, H. Overmier, A. Bozzi, C. Baune, D. Sellers, Alessandro Ridolfi, M. Hu, C. F. Da Silva Costa, M. Neri, D. Lumaca, J. A. Giaime, J. Meidam, L. Pinard, Aaron Viets, Sung-Po Chao, R. De Rosa, M. C. Tringali, Peter Weßels, Zifan Zhou, I. A. Bilenko, David J. Ottaway, A. Paoli, M. Gaebel, D. Talukder, S. Rabeling, David A. Williams, D. C. Vander-Hyde, I. W. Harry, H. Qi, L. Magaña Zertuche, I. Nardecchia, Carlos Cepeda, M. Branchesi, J. C. Batch, A. Gennai, Rahul Kumar, Harald P. Pfeiffer, M. Farr, K. Mason, J. Mcmanus, J. Devenson, D. Hall, A. Chiummo, H.-B. Eggenstein, Luca Gammaitoni, J. Zhu, P. T. Baker, R. Robie, P. Ehrens, Paul M. Ricker, M. Brinkmann, Anders Nielsen, S. Kaufer, Rainer Weiss, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, F. Ricci, Alessandro Corongiu, Y. M. Kim, Hsiao-Wen Chen, Federico Ferrini, Lijing Shao, G. Vajente, S. M. Gaebel, T. Prestegard, K. K.Y. Ng, Riccardo Sturani, Robert J. McCarthy, Linqing Wen, A. Sheperd, E. C. Ferreira, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, M. Sampson, Ryan Shannon, Z. Tornasi, I. Di Palma, M. Rizzo, V. Predoi, I. W. Martin, David E. McClelland, S. Appert, P. B. Covas, Edward Seidel, F. Clara, Tristan Briant, O. E. S. Sauter, J. Feicht, B. Sandeen, M. C. Edwards, L. Naticchioni, Salvatore Vitale, S. Sathyaprakash, Joey Shapiro Key, Yu Zhang, S. Ascenzi, Kip S. Thorne, J. R. Sanders, Gang Wang, Alessandro Bertolini, J. C. Driggers, R. W. P. Drever, David Coward, E. Schmidt, Sheon Chua, B. Braginsky, R. Bonnand, J. Woehler, A. K. Zadrożny, T. Derosa, M. van Beuzekom, B. Rei, David A. Nichols, J. Raab, E. M. Fries, Britton D. Smith, A. L. Urban, A. Usman, A. Giaime, L. Sun, A. C. Green, S. Chung, L. Danilishin, Evan Ochsner, W. Z. Korth, D. Hoak, Stefan L. Danilishin, D. Sentenac, A. J. Weinstein, Patrick Brady, J. S. Areeda, L. Trozzo, Priscilla Canizares, L. Swinkels, T. Sadecki, Laleh Sadeghian, R. C. Walet, V. P. Mitrofanov, M. Coward, H. J. Bulten, L. Glover, Fausto Acernese, Albert Lazzarini, M. Bitossi, T. Di Girolamo, M. C. Araya, A. G. Clark, V. Boschi, S. Penn, D. Schuette, A. Ananyeva, M. Landry, M. K. M. Bader, Mi Zhang, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, T. J. Shaffer, O. J. Piccinni, K. Wette, John J. Oh, Timothy Evans, L. Di Fiore, Xavier Siemens, Jochen Schmidt, S. Grunewald, C. Celestino Silva, W. Del Pozzo, P. F. Cohadon, H. Heitmann, A. Bilenko, C. Affeldt, M. Bawaj, M. Mantovani, P. Mohapatra, R. C. Devine, Christopher M. Biwer, M. Newport, Samaya Nissanke, R. Taylor, S. Frasca, G. L. Mansell, A. Houston, George Hobbs, M. Barsuglia, Enrico Calloni, G. Traylor, V. Dattilo, Edwin J. Son, P. Aufmuth, Thomas Corbitt, M. Lee, Olivier Minazzoli, Chandra Kant Mishra, S. Koley, Amanda J. Page, David Blair, Laura Sampson, J. Perez, R. Bhandare, M. Razzano, Lee McCuller, N. Mazumder, R. T. DeRosa, A. Grant, David Jones, L. Salconi, C. A. Costa, Marco Cavaglia, A. Viceré, Stefan Hild, D. Pascucci, Tiantian Zhang, Y. Ma, A. Possenti, Riccardo Ciolfi, Yi Chen, Athol J. Kemball, Roger Smith, James G. Bartlett, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, Adam A. Libson, Robinjeet Singh, A. Brillet, J. Roma, L. Conti, J. Slagmolen, F. Martelli, Karan Jani, C. Bradaschia, M. Gonzalez Castro, A. Thorne, F. Mezzani, L. Savage, Frank Ohme, M. Tonelli, Ismaël Cognard, Paulo C. C. Freire, Sau Lan Wu, James Healy, L. Pearlstone, S. Bae, B. Mours, P. Mitrofanov, C. Adams, R. M. Blair, D. Sigg, M. Vardaro, A. Post, M. Leonardi, Alessandro Costa, F. Robinet, S. Márka, M. Yvert, T. D. Abbott, O. Puncken, Zoheyr Doctor, Stephen Fairhurst, Carl Blair, E. Coccia, M. E. Zucker, C. Graef, B. A. Weaver, Laura Cadonati, L. Rei, J. G. Rollins, L.-W. Wei, Gijs Nelemans, E. D. Hall, Jolien D. E. Creighton, A. W. Heptonstall, Vivien Raymond, Peter R. Saulson, Archana Pai, P. Brockill, F. Paoletti, G. Vedovato, William Yam, L. Wallace, D. B. Kozak, S. J. Kimbrell, L. Kleybolte, J. Ottaway, P. Ruggi, L. Cerboni Baiardi, M. Kim, Terry G. McRae, S. S. Forsyth, A. Mullavey, T. J. N. Nelson, Kenneth A. Strain, Jimin George, M. Sieniawska, S. W. Ballmer, Gregory Ashton, K. Holt, Chunglee Kim, V. Sandberg, A. Perreca, Fabio Marchesoni, C. Vorvick, Daniel R. George, Kris Ryan, E. A. Quintero, Andrew Lundgren, Susan M. Scott, Y. Wang, A. Królak, R. Frey, Duncan Meacher, M. Macleod, Xiaohui Fan, W. S. Kim, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, E. A. Muñiz, T. Denker, Christopher P. L. Berry, A. D. Silva, S. Brunett, Michelle E. Walker, B. Shapiro, Debarati Chatterjee, J. K. Nelson, C. E. Cirelli, Daniele Trifirò, Chad Hanna, T. A. Callister, N. M. Brown, D. S. Rabeling, M. Di Giovanni, K. E. Gushwa, Reinhard Prix, M. Haney, J. Oberling, Rocco Romano, John D. Scott, A. Boom, B. O'Reilly, P. Gruning, Jade Powell, V. Mangano, H-P Cheng, Eric Oelker, R. A. Mercer, J. Jonker, Jinsook Kim, G. Moreno, C. Pant, David H. Reitze, D. N. Brown, Yi-Ming Hu, A. Bisht, A. Staley, F. Nocera, A. Moggi, J. Ming, Michael L. Gorodetsky, T. Westphal, Ryan Lynch, C. Cannon, C. Coyne, G. Stratta, C. C. Yancey, A. Ain, Alicia M. Sintes, W. Tsang, Swetha Bhagwat, Thibaut Jacqmin, Jesper Munch, J. Vine, D. Buskulic, B. Pang, Achamveedu Gopakumar, A. Callister, S. Jawahar, M. De Laurentis, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, Dwayne D. Giardina, C. I. Torrie, A. K. Lenon, D. C. Coyne, G. Arun, D. Rosińska, Patrice Hello, C-H. Lee, Matthew Evans, Z. Korth, Giacomo Ciani, Richard J. Abbott, K. Izumi, Hartmut Grote, T. Hardwick, D. Steinmeyer, A. F. Brooks, D. R. Ingram, M. Oliver, Douglas Davis, H. Fair, G. Losurdo, B. P. Abbott, M. Mow-Lowry, E. K. Gustafson, Andrea Taracchini, J. V. van Heijningen, G. Cagnoli, O. Bock, Neil J. Cornish, Eric Thrane, T. D. Creighton, P. Lundgren, S. Vass, S. Privitera, F. Travasso, C. Michel, M. Koehlenbeck, Lionel London, Sarah Caudill, R. Inta, S. Karvinen, R. Coyne, V. Loriette, Fabrice Matichard, S. Klimenko, R. Quitzow-James, V. B. Adya, Francesco Salemi, A. Prodi, A. Effler, A. K. Y. Li, G. Gemme, M. Drago, V. Dolique, I. Dorrington, J. Duncan, Steven Reyes, E. K. Wessel, S. D'Antonio, D. Ugolini, Collin D. Capano, P. Pfeiffer, Guenakh Mitselmakher, B. Adya, B. A. Boom, A. M. Sergeev, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, M. Lormand, J. Massinger, M. Prijatelj, J. Warner, S. B. Coughlin, Jessica Steinlechner, H. Rew, R. Passaquieti, Alexander H. Nitz, C. Rajan, A. Neunzert, J. Bulten, Debnandini Mukherjee, T. Chmiel, M. Heurs, J-Y. Vinet, Reed Essick, G. A. Prodi, R. DeSalvo, S. Kandhasamy, B. Sorazu, D Shoemaker, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, F. Piergiovanni, S. Doravari, L. Lo, J. Cullen, A. Kutynia, T. T. Nguyen, Andrea Chincarini, T. Z. Summerscales, Innocenzo M. Pinto, M. Davier, P. G. Murray, B. Kozak, B. K. Berger, Fabien Kéfélian, J. H. Hough, P. W. F. Forsyth, J. R. Palamos, Michele Zanolin, T. J. Massinger, T. Vo, V. Kalogera, G. D. Hammond, L. Sammut, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, E. Capocasa, A. Schönbeck, J. Prasad, Steven Bloemen, Jonathan R. Gair, L. M. Perri, N. A. Lockerbie, Blake Moore, Carlos O. Lousto, Kishora Nayak, Thomas Dent, P. Corban, Vladimir Dergachev, C. Barish, James Whelan, P. Ajith, Andrew Lyne, M. Gabel, Zhihui Du, S. S. Eikenberry, Rosa Poggiani, V. Frey, S. Farinon, P. Raffai, J. Hanks, J. D. Lough, Soma Mukherjee, A. Mercer, H. R. Paris, A. Eisenstein, P. Kumar, B. R. Hall, A. Shaddock, R. Cavalieri, A. K. Srivastava, A. E. Pace, E. G. Thomas, A. Basti, Ryan N. Lang, Jens Birch, Z. Frei, V. Sequino, S. Caride, J.-D. Fournier, Philip F. Hopkins, I. Fiori, J. P. Henry, P. Vyatchanin, M. F. Carney, John Worden, P. Couvares, Archisman Ghosh, Jan Harms, A. S. Sengupta, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, Sascha Husa, Matthew Kerr, G. Venugopalan, Meng Wang, D.B. DeBra, Evan Goetz, Aniello Grado, J. M. Newport, T. Theeg, E. Cuoco, A. Gupta, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, K. G. Arun, X. Guo, K. Siellez, A. Vo, P. Bacon, Daniel E. Holz, P. J. Veitch, B. Patricelli, D. S. Wu, Margaret Millhouse, S. G. Gaonkar, P. Cheng, Haixing Miao, G. Bogaert, L. Wright, K. L. Dooley, Lisa Barsotti, Anirban Dasgupta, K. Venkateswara, P. Zendri, Yuri Levin, Robert Stone, R. J. G. Jonker, M. Isac, A. R. Williamson, A. Cumming, F. Di Renzo, Albrecht Rüdiger, Xing-Jiang Zhu, E. Genin, R. A. Eisenstein, B. J. J. Slagmolen, Hee-Suk Cho, Benjamin Stappers, G. D. Meadors, T. Zelenova, Riccardo Bassiri, Magnus Manske, S. Qiu, E. Maros, A. Lockerbie, F. Baldaccini, L. F. Ortega, M. J. Hart, J. K. Blackburn, A. Sawadsky, E. Chassande-Mottin, Sheila Rowan, S. Kwang, Todd Adams, Felice Sorrentino, D. Moraru, Giuseppe Intini, A. Allocca, F. Vetrano, S. Antier, M. Dovale Álvarez, H. Reitze, S. E. Dwyer, David Keitel, S. J. Cooper, A. Lartaux-Vollard, Suvadeep Bose, R. Gouaty, Z. Márka, Andrew Robertson, B. Lantz, L. Romel, W. Katzman, L. van der Schaaf, S. A. Pai, Cody Messick, C. Whittle, Milan Gupta, C. Kent, G. Mendell, J. Trinastic, M. Ducrot, M. Merzougui, Rebecca Fisher, J. Eichholz, G. P. Newton, A. Bohe, M. Fyffe, Gabriela Gonzalez, K. R. Corley, L. Ward, A.M. Taylor, J. Junker, I. Belahcene, Tania Regimbau, M. M. Hanke, W. Parker, S. B. Anderson, C. Devine, Zachariah B. Etienne, Jennifer Watchi, J. Son, C. Buy, C. Essick, T. P. Downes, P. H. Fisher, M. Pedraza, E. Cesarini, M. Chan, Maria Alessandra Papa, F. Cavalier, N. Bode, Ian P. Jones, J. L. Wright, Alessandra Corsi, J. E. Lord, E. J. Daw, Maurizio Canepa, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, J. K. Wofford, M. A. Page, Francesco Pannarale, J. S. Lange, A. Rocchi, N. A. Robertson, C. Cocchieri, R. Birney, R. M. S. Schofield, Márton Tápai, David Jonathan Hofman, S. Kissel, Liam Cunningham, A. Noack, Jonathan Blackman, Benjamin J. Owen, G.A. Blair, J. F. J. van den Brand, K. Toland, D. Tuyenbayev, S. Sunil, M. Tacca, Martin Hendry, M. C. Díaz, J. H. Howell, K. V. Tokmakov, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, M. Agathos, C. Horst, Antonios Kontos, Alberto Vecchio, S. Kim, L. Prokhorov, Will M. Farr, Junwei Cao, M. Montani, Nancy Aggarwal, Zahoor Ali Khan, A. Papa, C. Stephens, S. Thorne, L. Dooley, I. Dave, H. Lee, Graham Woan, Robert L. Byer, M. Fletcher, B. Hughey, Stuart Reid, G. Valdes, A. Samajdar, S. Rieger, S. Unnikrishnan, Jacob Scheuer, J. Piccinni, Phil D. C. King, M. Pinto, J.-P. Zendri, Bernard F. Schutz, S. E. Gossan, L. Merilh, Li Ju, Daniel A. Shaddock, C. V. Kalaghatgi, J. Hanson, K. Napier, Guido Mueller, A. Miller, Hang Yu, Michael J. I. Brown, P. Fulda, S. E. Barclay, Ofek Birnholtz, K. Gustafson, Eric Howell, S. Leavey, M. Katolik, L. K. Nuttall, G. Billingsley, S. Macfoy, B. B. Miller, Z. Summerscales, Jong H. Chow, J. Liu, A. Pasqualetti, LIGO, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) (AEI), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Department of Physics, Columbia University [New York], Dipartimento di Physica E. Firmi, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik ( Albert-Einstein-Institut ) (AEI), Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences (CAMK), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), LAboratoire de REcherche en Géodésie [Paris] (LAREG), Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l'Information Géographique (LaSTIG), École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des matériaux avancés (LMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Jussieu)), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Science and Engineering Research Board, Royal Society, Australian Research Council, Narodowe Centrum Nauki, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, National Science Foundation, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Conselleria d’Economia i Competitivitat and Conselleria d’Educació, Cultura i Universitats of the Govern de les Illes Balears, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Lyon Institute of Origins, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Kavli Foundation, Research Corporation for Science Advancement, European Commission, Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, National Research Foundation of Korea, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Leverhulme Trust, Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Scottish Funding Council, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Országos Tudományos Kutatási Alapprogramok, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Les instituts techniques agricoles (Acta), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI), Mairie de Paris, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Albert Einstein Institute, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), APC - Cosmologie, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), APC - THEORIE, Institut für theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg (UHH)-Universität Hamburg (UHH)-AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC), Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Afrough, M., Agarwal, B., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Allen, G., Allocca, A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arnaud, N., Arun, K. G., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Ast, M., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aufmuth, P., Aulbert, C., Aultoneal, K., Avila-Alvarez, A., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Bader, M. K. M., Bae, S., Baker, P. T., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Banagiri, S., Barayoga, J. C., Barclay, S. E., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Batch, J. C., Baune, C., Bawaj, M., Bazzan, M., Bécsy, B., Beer, C., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Bell, A. S., Berger, B. K., Bergmann, G., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhagwat, S., Bhandare, R., Bilenko, I. A., Billingsley, G., Billman, C. R., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Biwer, C., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blackman, J., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bloemen, S., Bock, O., Bode, N., Boer, M., Bogaert, G., Bohe, A., Bondu, F., Bonnand, R., Boom, B. A., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Braginsky, V. B., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Briant, T., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Broida, J. E., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. A., Brown, D. D., Brown, N. M., Brunett, S., Buchanan, C. C., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. L., Cabero, M., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Calderón Bustillo, J., Callister, T. A., Calloni, E., Camp, J. B., Canepa, M., Canizares, P., Cannon, K. C., Cao, H., Cao, J., Capano, C. D., Capocasa, E., Carbognani, F., Caride, S., Carney, M. F., Casanueva Diaz, J., Casentini, C., Caudill, S., Cavaglià, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Cella, G., Cepeda, C. B., Cerboni Baiardi, L., Cerretani, G., Cesarini, E., Chamberlin, S. J., Chan, M., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chassande-Mottin, E., Chatterjee, D., Cheeseboro, B. D., Chen, H. Y., Chen, Y., Cheng, H. -P., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Chmiel, T., Cho, H. S., Cho, M., Chow, J. H., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, A. J. K., Chua, S., Chung, A. K. W., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Ciolfi, R., Cirelli, C. E., Cirone, A., Clara, F., Clark, J. A., Cleva, F., Cocchieri, C., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. -F., Colla, A., Collette, C. G., Cominsky, L. R., Constancio, M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Coughlin, M. W., Coughlin, S. B., Coulon, J. -P., Countryman, S. T., Couvares, P., Covas, P. B., Cowan, E. E., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Cripe, J., Crowder, S. G., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Canton, T. Dal, Danilishin, S. L., D'Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dasgupta, A., Da Silva Costa, C. F., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davis, D., Daw, E. J., Day, B., De, S., Debra, D., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deléglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Denker, T., Dent, T., Dergachev, V., De Rosa, Rosario., Derosa, R. T., Desalvo, R., Devenson, J., Devine, R. C., Dhurandhar, S., Díaz, M. C., Di Fiore, L., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Doctor, Z., Dolique, V., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Douglas, R., Dovale Álvarez, M., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Drever, R. W. P., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Ducrot, M., Duncan, J., Dwyer, S. E., Edo, T. B., Edwards, M. C., Effler, A., Eggenstein, H. -B., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenstein, R. A., Essick, R. C., Etienne, Z. B., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Factourovich, M., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fehrmann, H., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. C., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Fiori, I., Fiorucci, D., Fisher, R. P., Flaminio, R., Fletcher, M., Fong, H., Forsyth, P. W. F., Forsyth, S. S., Fournier, J. -D., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Frey, V., Fries, E. M., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H., Gabel, M., Gadre, B. U., Gaebel, S. M., Gair, J. R., Gammaitoni, L., Ganija, M. R., Gaonkar, S. G., Garufi, F., Gaudio, S., Gaur, G., Gayathri, V., Gehrels, N., Gemme, G., Genin, E., Gennai, A., George, D., George, J., Gergely, L., Germain, V., Ghonge, S., Ghosh, Abhirup, Ghosh, Archisman, Ghosh, S., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Giazotto, A., Gill, K., Glover, L., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Gomes, S., González, G., Gonzalez Castro, J. M., Gopakumar, A., Gorodetsky, M. L., Gossan, S. E., Gosselin, M., Gouaty, R., Grado, A., Graef, C., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Gray, C., Greco, G., Green, A. C., Groot, P., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Gruning, P., Guidi, G. M., Guo, X., Gupta, A., Gupta, M. K., Gushwa, K. E., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Hall, B. R., Hall, E. D., Hammond, G., Haney, M., Hanke, M. M., Hanks, J., Hanna, C., Hannuksela, O. A., Hanson, J., Hardwick, T., Harms, J., Harry, G. M., Harry, I. W., Hart, M. J., Haster, C. -J., Haughian, K., Healy, J., Heidmann, A., Heintze, M. C., Heitmann, H., Hello, P., Hemming, G., Hendry, M., Heng, I. S., Hennig, J., Henry, J., Heptonstall, A. W., Heurs, M., Hild, S., Hoak, D., Hofman, D., Holt, K., Holz, D. E., Hopkins, P., Horst, C., Hough, J., Houston, E. A., Howell, E. J., Hu, Y. M., Huerta, E. A., Huet, D., Hughey, B., Husa, S., Huttner, S. H., Huynh-Dinh, T., Indik, N., Ingram, D. R., Inta, R., Intini, G., Isa, H. N., Isac, J. -M., Isi, M., Iyer, B. R., Izumi, K., Jacqmin, T., Jani, K., Jaranowski, P., Jawahar, S., Jiménez-Forteza, F., Johnson, W. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, R., Jonker, R. J. G., Ju, L., Junker, J., Kalaghatgi, C. V., Kalogera, V., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Karki, S., Karvinen, K. S., Kasprzack, M., Katolik, M., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, S., Kawabe, K., Kéfélian, F., Keitel, D., Kemball, A. J., Kennedy, R., Kent, C., Key, J. S., Khalili, F. Y., Khan, I., Khan, S., Khan, Z., Khazanov, E. A., Kijbunchoo, N., Kim, Chunglee, Kim, J. C., Kim, W., Kim, W. S., Kim, Y. -M., Kimbrell, S. J., King, E. J., King, P. J., Kirchhoff, R., Kissel, J. S., Kleybolte, L., Klimenko, S., Koch, P., Koehlenbeck, S. M., Koley, S., Kondrashov, V., Kontos, A., Korobko, M., Korth, W. Z., Kowalska, I., Kozak, D. B., Krämer, C., Kringel, V., Krishnan, B., Królak, A., Kuehn, G., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Kuo, L., Kutynia, A., Kwang, S., Lackey, B. D., Lai, K. H., Landry, M., Lang, R. N., Lange, J., Lantz, B., Lanza, R. K., Lartaux-Vollard, A., Lasky, P. D., Laxen, M., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. K., Lee, H. M., Lee, H. W., Lee, K., Lehmann, J., Lenon, A., Leonardi, M., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levin, Y., Li, T. G. F., Libson, A., Littenberg, T. B., Liu, J., Lo, R. K. L., Lockerbie, N. A., London, L. T., Lord, J. E., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lough, J. D., Lousto, C. O., Lovelace, G., Lück, H., Lumaca, D., Lundgren, A. P., Lynch, R., Ma, Y., Macfoy, S., Machenschalk, B., Macinnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Magaña Hernandez, I., Magaña-Sandoval, F., Magaña Zertuche, L., Magee, R. M., Majorana, E., Maksimovic, I., Man, N., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mansell, G. L., Manske, M., Mantovani, M., Marchesoni, F., Marion, F., Márka, S., Márka, Z., Markakis, C., Markosyan, A. S., Maros, E., Martelli, F., Martellini, L., Martin, I. W., Martynov, D. V., Mason, K., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. J., Masso-Reid, M., Mastrogiovanni, S., Matas, A., Matichard, F., Matone, L., Mavalvala, N., Mazumder, N., Mccarthy, R., Mcclelland, D. E., Mccormick, S., Mcculler, L., Mcguire, S. C., Mcintyre, G., Mciver, J., Mcmanus, D. J., Mcrae, T., Mcwilliams, S. T., Meacher, D., Meadors, G. D., Meidam, J., Mejuto-Villa, E., Melatos, A., Mendell, G., Mercer, R. A., Merilh, E. L., Merzougui, M., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Messick, C., Metzdorff, R., Meyers, P. M., Mezzani, F., Miao, H., Michel, C., Middleton, H., Mikhailov, E. E., Milano, L., Miller, A. L., Miller, A., Miller, B. B., Miller, J., Millhouse, M., Minazzoli, O., Minenkov, Y., Ming, J., Mishra, C., Mitra, S., Mitrofanov, V. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Moggi, A., Mohan, M., Mohapatra, S. R. P., Montani, M., Moore, B. C., Moore, C. J., Moraru, D., Moreno, G., Morriss, S. R., Mours, B., Mow-Lowry, C. M., Mueller, G., Muir, A. W., Mukherjee, Arunava, Mukherjee, D., Mukherjee, S., Mukund, N., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Muniz, E. A. M., Murray, P. G., Napier, K., Nardecchia, I., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, R. K., Nelemans, G., Nelson, T. J. N., Neri, M., Nery, M., Neunzert, A., Newport, J. M., Newton, G., Ng, K. K. Y., Nguyen, T. T., Nichols, D., Nielsen, A. B., Nissanke, S., Nitz, A., Noack, A., Nocera, F., Nolting, D., Normandin, M. E. N., Nuttall, L. K., Oberling, J., Ochsner, E., Oelker, E., Ogin, G. H., Oh, J. J., Oh, S. H., Ohme, F., Oliver, M., Oppermann, P., Oram, Richard J., O'Reilly, B., Ormiston, R., Ortega, L. F., O'Shaughnessy, R., Ottaway, D. J., Overmier, H., Owen, B. J., Pace, A. E., Page, J., Page, M. A., Pai, A., Pai, S. A., Palamos, J. R., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pal-Singh, A., Pan, H., Pang, B., Pang, P. T. H., Pankow, C., Pannarale, F., Pant, B. 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M., Siellez, K., Siemens, X., Sieniawska, M., Sigg, D., Silva, A. D., Singer, A., Singer, L. P., Singh, A., Singh, R., Singhal, A., Sintes, A. M., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Smith, B., Smith, J. R., Smith, R. J. E., Son, E. J., Sonnenberg, J. A., Sorazu, B., Sorrentino, F., Souradeep, T., Spencer, A. P., Srivastava, A. K., Staley, A., Steinke, M., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Steinmeyer, D., Stephens, B. C., Stone, R., Strain, K. A., Stratta, G., Strigin, S. E., Sturani, R., Stuver, A. L., Summerscales, T. Z., Sun, L., Sunil, S., Sutton, P. J., Swinkels, B. L., Szczepańczyk, M. J., Tacca, M., Talukder, D., Tanner, D. B., Tápai, M., Taracchini, A., Taylor, J. A., Taylor, R., Theeg, T., Thomas, E. G., Thomas, M., Thomas, P., Thorne, K. A., Thorne, K. S., Thrane, E., Tiwari, S., Tiwari, V., Tokmakov, K. V., Toland, K., Tonelli, M., Tornasi, Z., Torrie, C. I., Töyrä, D., Travasso, F., Traylor, G., Trifirò, D., Trinastic, J., Tringali, M. C., Trozzo, L., Tsang, K. 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T., Whiting, B. F., Whittle, C., Williams, D., Williams, R. D., Williamson, A. R., Willis, J. L., Willke, B., Wimmer, M. H., Winkler, W., Wipf, C. C., Wittel, H., Woan, G., Woehler, J., Wofford, J., Wong, K. W. K., Worden, J., Wright, J. L., Wu, D. S., Wu, G., Yam, W., Yamamoto, H., Yancey, C. C., Yap, M. J., Yu, Hang, Yu, Haocun, Yvert, M., Zadrożny, A., Zanolin, M., Zelenova, T., Zendri, J. -P., Zevin, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y. -H., Zhao, C., Zhou, M., Zhou, Z., Zhu, S. J., Zhu, X. J., Zucker, M. E., Zweizig, J., Buchner, S., Cognard, I., Corongiu, A., Freire, P. C. C., Guillemot, L., Hobbs, G. B., Kerr, M., Lyne, A. G., Possenti, A., Ridolfi, A., Shannon, R. M., Stappers, B. W., Weltevrede, P., The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, and (Astro)-Particles Physics
Subjects: Gravitational-wave observatory, Astronomy, Speed of gravity, General Physics and Astronomy, Tensors, stochastic gravitational-wave, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Strain, Gravitational field, gravitational waves, LIGO, Linearized gravity, Directed searches, TOOL, Theory of gravity, QC, QB, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], non-tensorial, Gravitational effects, article, Rotational frequency, Upper limits, Classical mechanics, Gravitational redshift, General Relativity, General relativity, Gravitational waves, pulsars, non-tensorial, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Gravity waves, Gravitational waves, Relativity, Physics and Astronomy (all), 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, Tensor polarization, 010306 general physics, Pulsars, polarization, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, 530 Physik, Nonsymmetric gravitational theory, gravity, Physics and Astronomy, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::530 | Physik, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: We present results from the first directed search for nontensorial gravitational waves. While general relativity allows for tensorial (plus and cross) modes only, a generic metric theory may, in principle, predict waves with up to six different polarizations. This analysis is sensitive to continuous signals of scalar, vector or tensor polarizations, and does not rely on any specific theory of gravity. After searching data from the first observation run of the advanced LIGO detectors for signals at twice the rotational frequency of 200 known pulsars, we find no evidence of gravitational waves of any polarization. We report the first upper limits for scalar and vector strains, finding values comparable in magnitude to previously-published limits for tensor strain. Our results may be translated into constraints on specific alternative theories of gravity., Comment: journal version
Published: 2018
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43. The NANOGrav 11-Year Data Set: Limits on Gravitational Waves from Individual Supermassive Black Hole Binaries

Author: David L. Kaplan, Adam Brazier, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Megan E. DeCesar, Emmanuel Fonseca, R. van Haasteren, Joseph Simon, Joey Shapiro Key, Robert D. Ferdman, Cherry Ng, Zaven Arzoumanian, Lina Levin, Peter A. Gentile, N. Garver-Daniels, Neil J. Cornish, Ryan S. Lynch, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, A. M. Holgado, Xavier Siemens, Kathryn Crowter, Justin A. Ellis, Stephen Taylor, J. E. Turner, Weiwei Zhu, Caitlin A. Witt, Ingrid H. Stairs, Paul Demorest, T. J. W. Lazio, Paul S. Ray, Michele Vallisneri, Ross J. Jennings, K. Islo, E. A. Huerta, J. Luo, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Sean T. McWilliams, David J. Nice, Maura McLaughlin, D. R. Madison, Daniel R. Stinebring, James M. Cordes, Renée Spiewak, P. T. Baker, M. R. Brinson, Kshitij Aggarwal, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, Nihan Pol, M. L. Jones, Glenn Jones, Paul R. Brook, Timothy Dolch, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Scott M. Ransom, Michael T. Lam, Joseph K. Swiggum, H. T. Cromartie, Fronefield Crawford, Duncan R. Lorimer, Shami Chatterjee, Kevin Stovall, Andrew R. Kaiser, Timothy T. Pennucci, and Sarah J. Vigeland
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Pulsar, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Supermassive black hole, Solar mass, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Virgo Cluster, Galaxy, Black hole, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Observations indicate that nearly all galaxies contain supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at their centers. When galaxies merge, their component black holes form SMBH binaries (SMBHBs), which emit low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) that can be detected by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). We have searched the recently-released North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) 11-year data set for GWs from individual SMBHBs in circular orbits. As we did not find strong evidence for GWs in our data, we placed 95\% upper limits on the strength of GWs from such sources as a function of GW frequency and sky location. We placed a sky-averaged upper limit on the GW strain of $h_0 < 7.3(3) \times 10^{-15}$ at $f_\mathrm{gw}= 8$ nHz. We also developed a technique to determine the significance of a particular signal in each pulsar using ``dropout' parameters as a way of identifying spurious signals in measurements from individual pulsars. We used our upper limits on the GW strain to place lower limits on the distances to individual SMBHBs. At the most-sensitive sky location, we ruled out SMBHBs emitting GWs with $f_\mathrm{gw}= 8$ nHz within 120 Mpc for $\mathcal{M} = 10^9 \, M_\odot$, and within 5.5 Gpc for $\mathcal{M} = 10^{10} \, M_\odot$. We also determined that there are no SMBHBs with $\mathcal{M} > 1.6 \times 10^9 \, M_\odot$ emitting GWs in the Virgo Cluster. Finally, we estimated the number of potentially detectable sources given our current strain upper limits based on galaxies in Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) and merger rates from the Illustris cosmological simulation project. Only 34 out of 75,000 realizations of the local Universe contained a detectable source, from which we concluded it was unsurprising that we did not detect any individual sources given our current sensitivity to GWs., 10 pages, 11 figures. Accepted by Astrophysical Journal. Please send any comments/questions to S. J. Vigeland (vigeland@uwm.edu)
Published: 2018
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44. The Astrophysics of Nanohertz Gravitational Waves

Author: Tristan L. Smith, Joseph Simon, Alexander Rasskazov, Jeffrey S. Hazboun, Stephen Taylor, A. Miguel Holgado, Natasha McMann, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Luke Zoltan Kelley, Maria Charisi, Xavier Siemens, Dustin R. Madison, and Timothy Dolch
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Supermassive black hole, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gravitational wave, Dark matter, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Cosmology, Galaxy, Cosmic string, Pulsar timing array, Space and Planetary Science, Millisecond pulsar, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations in North America, Australia, and Europe, have been exploiting the exquisite timing precision of millisecond pulsars over decades of observations to search for correlated timing deviations induced by gravitational waves (GWs). PTAs are sensitive to the frequency band ranging just below 1 nanohertz to a few tens of microhertz. The discovery space of this band is potentially rich with populations of inspiraling supermassive black-holes binaries, decaying cosmic string networks, relic post-inflation GWs, and even non-GW imprints of axionic dark matter. This article aims to provide an understanding of the exciting open science questions in cosmology, galaxy evolution, and fundamental physics that will be addressed by the detection and study of GWs through PTAs. The focus of the article is on providing an understanding of the mechanisms by which PTAs can address specific questions in these fields, and to outline some of the subtleties and difficulties in each case. The material included is weighted most heavily towards the questions which we expect will be answered in the near-term with PTAs; however, we have made efforts to include most currently anticipated applications of nanohertz GWs., Comment: Accepted to The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review (A&ARv)
Published: 2018
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45. GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State

Author: S. Penn, F. Garufi, P. Fulda, Surendra Nadh Somala, D. Bersanetti, G. L. Mansell, V. Dattilo, S. E. Barclay, J. L. Willis, M. Eisenmann, Ofek Birnholtz, Laura Cadonati, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, Sascha Husa, L. Trozzo, G. Venugopalan, D.B. DeBra, Priscilla Canizares, Albert Lazzarini, M. Bensch, M. Fays, M. Saleem, G. Greco, Stefan Hild, H. Estelles, Y. Ma, J. Suresh, Tjonnie G. F. Li, Eric Howell, S. Leavey, Hai-Ping Cheng, M. Katolik, A. Iess, L. K. Nuttall, D. Moraru, L. Kleybolte, A. Perreca, Daniel R. George, W. S. Kim, Christophe Collette, C. J. Perez, B. D. O'Brien, Milan Gupta, Tyson Littenberg, G. Gemme, T. D. Creighton, S. Barnum, Leopoldo Milano, Badri Krishnan, Gianpietro Cagnoli, Susan M. Scott, I. Khan, Marek Szczepanczyk, F. Carbognani, G. Mendell, Samuele Cortese, E. K. Porter, Y. Wang, C. E. Cirelli, Chad Hanna, A. Bramley, Jon M. Miller, R. Macas, G. Billingsley, S. Macfoy, B. B. Miller, J. A. Taylor, Ik Siong Heng, A. Rüdiger, J. Page, P. Booker, J. Trinastic, Rebecca Fisher, F. Robinet, J. Oberling, M. Pirello, Fiodor Sorrentino, X. Guo, K. Siellez, A. Di Lieto, S. J. Chamberlin, Jonathan Cripe, B. Lantz, G. Vedovato, K. S. Phukon, J. Li, A. R. Wade, C. M. Mow-Lowry, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, Giuseppe Intini, A. Allocca, A. F. Brooks, Samaya Nissanke, A. L. Miller, Mingliang Zhou, K. S. Karvinen, S. B. Coughlin, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, J. Eichholz, M. Fyffe, A. Avila-Alvarez, R. M. S. Schofield, K. Gill, C. Beer, V. Bossilkov, J. Derby, K. A. Thorne, D. B. Tanner, Isabel Cordero-Carrión, H. Qi, B. Irwin, Benjamin J. Owen, J. F. J. van den Brand, Rana X. Adhikari, Gabriela Gonzalez, K. R. Corley, S. Sunil, M. Tacca, Martin Hendry, Cecilio García-Quirós, R. Green, E. E. Cowan, S. Antier, M. Dovale Álvarez, J. Casanueva Diaz, P. Schale, S. E. Dwyer, David Keitel, P. Astone, Larne Pekowsky, C. Van Den Broeck, V. Kondrashov, M. Laxen, Walter Winkler, S. L. Danilishin, Arunava Mukherjee, B. Machenschalk, Alicia M. Sintes, Y. Minenkov, P. A. Altin, F. Y. Khalili, A. S. Markosyan, C. Fee, J. Birch, S. Bae, Harald Lück, L. Nevin, E. Coccia, C. Graef, B. A. Weaver, J. G. Rollins, Miguel-Ángel Aloy, L.-W. Wei, Kevin M. Ryan, F. Vetrano, D. Verkindt, M. Korobko, M. C. Díaz, K. V. Tokmakov, Antonios Kontos, Junwei Cao, Y. Boetzel, Jonathan Newport, D. Barker, B. Sassolas, P. J. Veitch, M. Cho, F. Donovan, R. Kennedy, S. J. Cooper, A. Lartaux-Vollard, Suvadeep Bose, R. Gouaty, C. Krämer, L. Sammut, Tim Dietrich, Lionel London, G. Valdes, Ken K. Y. Ng, Leo Singer, Subhabrata Mitra, Irene Fiori, G. A. Prodi, E. A. Quintero, J. C. Bayley, H. Wittel, M. Deenadayalan, S. G. Schwalbe, M. Phelps, R. G. Ormiston, G. Gaur, S. C. McGuire, S. Di Pace, Denis Martynov, V. Loriette, Charalampos Markakis, Z. Márka, Marco Bazzan, C. Ingram, A. Hreibi, D. C. Vander-Hyde, Jong H. Chow, J. Liu, Tristan Briant, M. Was, K. Venkateswara, R. Cotesta, Yuri Levin, P. T.H. Pang, D. M. Macleod, T. Etzel, G. Bergmann, J. Junker, Y. Setyawati, V. Tiwari, L. Conti, Serena Vinciguerra, R. Pedurand, Benno Willke, C. D. Booth, M. M. Hanke, R. Kirchhoff, B. L. Pearlstone, A. Ain, C. Cahillane, J. Hennig, M. A. Okada, Shubhanshu Tiwari, Bala R. Iyer, S. McCormick, G. Rutins, Graham Woan, Robert L. Byer, Stuart Reid, A. Samajdar, Jacob Scheuer, G. Pagano, S. A. Usman, F. Salemi, Federico Ferrini, H. Vocca, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, X. Liu, N. Letendre, Nikhil Sarin, I. Maksimovic, R. L. Ward, G. Hemming, M. Pichot, C. Palomba, S. M. Koehlenbeck, M. P. Ross, T. B. Edo, Maximiliano Isi, Lionel Martellini, E. M. Gretarsson, D. Beniwal, C. Horst, Alberto Vecchio, J. M. Fishner, F. Martelli, L. Sun, Will M. Farr, D. B. Kozak, H. Y. Chia, F. Magaña-Sandoval, Lloyd Paul Aiello, B. C. Pant, Sourav Ghosh, Imre Bartos, G. Wang, L. Matone, Roman Schnabel, J. E. Brau, A. A. van Veggel, B. Day, E. Cuoco, Lijing Shao, G. Vajente, S. M. Gaebel, V. Gayathri, S. Walsh, Miriam Cabero, Alessandra Buonanno, R. Metzdorff, Gabrielle Allen, Geoffrey Lovelace, P. T. Baker, Ryan Magee, J. W. W. Pratt, Gregory M. Harry, J.-P. Zendri, Bernard F. Schutz, Li Ju, Daniel A. Shaddock, Brittany Kamai, Y. Bouffanais, C. V. Kalaghatgi, J. Hanson, K. Napier, W. K. Wong, S. Hochheim, Nicolas Sanchis-Gual, N. A. Robertson, Michael E Zucker, B. D. Lackey, D. Stocks, C. Vorvick, G. D. O'Dea, Robert Stone, C. Whittle, D. Buskulic, Alessandro Nagar, K. W. Chung, M. Montani, Nancy Aggarwal, Zahoor Ali Khan, S. Koley, Chandra Kant Mishra, A. C. Green, T. Theeg, V. Germain, S. Gaudio, R. Bhandare, D. Lumaca, Moritz Mehmet, C. Affeldt, V. Quetschke, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, Michael L. Gorodetsky, Ryan Lynch, G. M. Guidi, Martin M. Fejer, J. R. Smith, R. Bork, S. Ghonge, K. AultONeal, L. Naticchioni, Salvatore Vitale, Peter Fritschel, M. Masso-Reid, Yu Zhang, Efim A. Khazanov, G. Ballardin, Fausto Acernese, Bruno Giacomazzo, Sylvia J. Zhu, J. G. Bartlett, Márton Tápai, David Jonathan Hofman, Angela Delli Paoli, S. Ascenzi, Jordan Camp, Haocun Yu, A. J. K. Chua, C. C. Yancey, R. Taylor, A. Corsi, Liam Cunningham, I. Dave, M. Fletcher, B. Hughey, F. Cipriano, Michael Thomas, M. Bejger, C. Collins, C. C. Buchanan, P. Kumar, P. Popolizio, Koji Arai, F. Marion, Gregorio Carullo, A. L. Urban, K. Mason, B. Pang, B. R. Hall, E. C. Ferreira, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, W. Katzman, L. van der Schaaf, S. A. Pai, Cody Messick, A. Chiummo, B. L. Swinkels, Guido Mueller, Kipp Cannon, A. Miller, M. Steinke, Hang Yu, M. Vardaro, A. K. Lenon, Lee McCuller, N. Mazumder, D. M. Wilken, T. D. Abbott, Beverly J. Smith, A. R. Williamson, Xing-Jiang Zhu, M. F. Carney, Zoheyr Doctor, A. Gennai, Q. Chu, D. J. McManus, Mi Zhang, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, S. D. Linker, P. Couvares, Alessandro Bertolini, C. Aulbert, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, B. P. Abbott, E. K. Gustafson, M. Oliver, E. Cesarini, T. J. Shaffer, Jonathan Blackman, Luca Gammaitoni, A. K. Srivastava, A. E. Pace, A. Fernandez-Galiana, M. Mantovani, Xin Chen, R. M. Martin, David A. Nichols, S. V. Angelova, E. J. Sanchez, S. E. Gossan, G. Giordano, K. Toland, I. Belahcene, S. T. Countryman, Andrew Matas, W. H. Wang, R. Cavalieri, E. G. Thomas, A. Basti, Ryan N. Lang, Harald P. Pfeiffer, M. H. Wimmer, A. Effler, R. Robie, J. McIver, P. Puppo, A. W. Muir, R. A. Eisenstein, B. J. J. Slagmolen, Hee-Suk Cho, A. Dmitriev, R. Passaquieti, S. Katsanevas, Madeline Wade, L. E. Sanchez, Enrico Calloni, C. I. Torrie, Jan Harms, A. S. Sengupta, Vuk Mandic, L. Magaña Zertuche, Lili Yang, S. Vass, William Yam, L. Wallace, A. Królak, R. Frey, R. Coyne, Duncan Meacher, Fabrice Matichard, E. A. Muñiz, S. Brunett, E. A. Chase, Z. Frei, J. A. Giaime, Y. M. Kim, Hartmut Grote, N. Bode, M. K. M. Bader, A. Brillet, José A. Font, M. Branchesi, S. Chua, J. C. Batch, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, Mark A. Scheel, F. Clara, Francesco Pannarale, R. Flaminio, J.-P. Coulon, Soichiro Morisaki, Xavier Siemens, Maya Fishbach, O. Chaibi, M. Leonardi, L. E. Wade, Maher Yazback, S. Caride, G. Traylor, Thomas Corbitt, L. Salconi, C. A. Costa, E. K. Wessel, E. Massera, A. A. Shah, M. Merzougui, Roy Williams, G. D. Meadors, Mairi Sakellariadou, M. Brinkmann, T. Zelenova, Riccardo Bassiri, Magnus Manske, M. Rizzo, V. Predoi, I. W. Martin, David Cohen, David E. McClelland, G. Losurdo, J.-D. Fournier, Philip F. Hopkins, S. Frasca, A. Pasqualetti, Surabhi Sachdev, Christopher J. Moore, Christopher P. L. Berry, V. V. Frolov, A. Singhal, P. Leaci, A. Colla, D. Nolting, O. de Varona, Kai Staats, Miftar Ganija, D. Huet, A. Ramos-Buades, A. Rocchi, Sumanta Tewari, C. Cocchieri, B. Goncharov, R. Birney, Devon S. Johnson, M. Kinley-Hanlon, D. Pascucci, C. Bradaschia, E. A. Huerta, R. Goetz, M. C. Milovich-Goff, A. L. Stuver, Edward Seidel, K. Bossie, Odylio D. Aguiar, J. L. Wright, L. Rei, Samuel Deléglise, R. De Rosa, E. Maros, M. C. Tringali, S. H. Huttner, A. Viceré, Riccardo Ciolfi, Yi Chen, Athol J. Kemball, B. W. Schulte, F. Brighenti, Aniello Grado, R. C. Walet, V. P. Mitrofanov, Neil J. Cornish, T. Di Girolamo, H. S. Chen, B. Shapiro, A. Bisht, I. Nardecchia, D. V. Atallah, T. Zhang, M. Ast, Carlos Cepeda, Stephen Fairhurst, Carl Blair, Robert J. McCarthy, Linqing Wen, C. Buy, A. D. Silva, J. Woehler, A. Cirone, Alena Ananyeva, Stanislav Babak, M. Constancio, Archana Pai, Philippe Landry, F. Paoletti, F. Cleva, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, Tarun Souradeep, M. Yvert, Sanjay Kumar, C. L. Romel, Piotr Jaranowski, M. Hulko, Binlei Ding, A. Gupta, D. Passuello, M. Nery, Thibaut Jacqmin, I. Kowalska, D. Estevez, Ettore Majorana, E. J. Daw, S. Chung, P. Ehrens, F. J. Hernandez, Paul M. Ricker, H. F. Hamilton, A. A. Ciobanu, H. Khan, Mark Hannam, F. Thies, Peter Aufmuth, T. Sadecki, Jing Wang, S. Grunewald, M. Bitossi, P. Thomas, K. Wette, John J. Oh, Timothy Evans, A. Post, Maurizio Canepa, M. Punturo, P. H. Nguyen, Antonio Marquina, Rory Smith, C. Adams, Marie-Anne Bizouard, R. M. Blair, M. Agathos, Hyun Lee, J. Calderón Bustillo, W. Del Pozzo, D. Sigg, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, C. Pankow, S. W. Ballmer, A. Mullavey, T. J. N. Nelson, D. M. Shoemaker, P. M. Meyers, M. Arène, P. F. Cohadon, H. Heitmann, Michelle E. Walker, C. R. Billman, Tanja Hinderer, C. Dreissigacker, G. Moreno, S. Mastrogiovanni, R. K. Lanza, L. Possenti, S. Klimenko, P. Dupej, A. K. Zadrożny, J. K. Wofford, M. A. Page, D. Tuyenbayev, D. Rosińska, Patrice Hello, G. Bogaert, D. Schuette, Kevin Barkett, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, M. C. Araya, Xiaohui Fan, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, Saniya Khan, Laura Sampson, Douglas Davis, Geraint Pratten, H. Fair, K. G. Arun, D. H. Shoemaker, A. Strunk, E. J. Son, E. Capocasa, I. Dorrington, M. van Beuzekom, H. J. Bulten, I. Di Palma, L. Glover, S. Biscoveanu, Hongyu Shen, D. C. Coyne, K. Izumi, Collin D. Capano, T. Hardwick, D. Steinmeyer, M. Fitz-Axen, P. Bacon, Daniel E. Holz, C. Lazzaro, Patricia Schmidt, Matthew Evans, J. Worden, V. Brisson, A. Trovato, M. B. Shaner, Andrea Taracchini, V. Fafone, B. Gateley, Howard Pan, László Á. Gergely, D. Sentenac, Jessica Steinlechner, A. Neunzert, T. Chmiel, M. Heurs, Aaron Buikema, C. C. Wipf, E. J. King, J-Y. Vinet, Daichi Tsuna, J. S. Lange, James Healy, Reed Essick, P. Brockill, B. Sorazu, C. Messenger, Chunnong Zhao, Travis Robson, S. A. Bilgili, S. Karki, A. Kutynia, T. T. Nguyen, Andrea Chincarini, Nergis Mavalvala, Jerome Degallaix, T. Z. Summerscales, B. Agarwal, J. V. van Heijningen, Leo Tsukada, Barry C. Barish, M. Bawaj, P. J. Sutton, Alyssa Garcia, V. Sequino, Alex B. Nielsen, J. H. Romie, M. J. Cowart, E. Z. Hamilton, B. Patricelli, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, D. S. Wu, Margaret Millhouse, S. G. Gaonkar, Eric Thrane, O. Halim, D. Mendoza-Gandara, N. Leroy, Rajesh Kumar, H. Vahlbruch, Gunnar Riemenschneider, J. C. Mills, Haixing Miao, H. Ohta, C. Casentini, V. Kringel, R. Inta, Tania Regimbau, K. W. Tsang, K. Riles, H. Middleton, J. M. Isac, Paul J. Groot, M. Zevin, M. J. Yap, C. Michel, G. Kuehn, M. Drago, Guenakh Mitselmakher, Sarah Caudill, F. J. Raab, N. Mukund, L. R. Cominsky, J. J. Bero, W. Parker, S. B. Anderson, O. Bock, R. Tso, K. L. Dooley, Aaron Zimmerman, T. D. Knowles, R. Quitzow-James, B. Bécsy, B. Khamesra, M. Kasprzack, L. Mereni, Fangchen Feng, Lisa Barsotti, E. A. Houston, M. Weinert, H. A. G. Gabbard, Patrick M. Koch, J. Westerweck, F. Fidecaro, Anirban Dasgupta, S. Banagiri, J. C. Barayoga, A. Bohe, Tomasz Bulik, Alessandro Longo, D. Fiorucci, V. B. Adya, Otto A. Hannuksela, Zachariah B. Etienne, M. Rakhmanov, Albino Perego, R. Gustafson, S. Privitera, Richard J. Abbott, Jennifer Watchi, A. Cumming, Richard J. Oram, E. Schreiber, G. Kang, A. Pal-Singh, J. J. McCann, E. Mejuto-Villa, H. N. Isa, M. S. Shahriar, P. Ruggi, F. Di Renzo, E. Genin, François Bondu, J. Zhang, F. Baldaccini, L. F. Ortega, K. Mogushi, N. V. Keerthana, A. Markowitz, S. Raja, S. E. Strigin, T. P. Downes, B. A. Boom, A. M. Sergeev, John Veitch, F. Badaracco, J. Lehmann, A. J. Weinstein, Debnandini Mukherjee, F. Frasconi, M. Boer, J. B. Kanner, H. Fong, M. J. Hart, C. De Rossi, J. Zweizig, V. Boschi, R. J. G. Jonker, M. Pedraza, M. Chan, Maria Alessandra Papa, F. Cavalier, J. K. Blackburn, E. Chassande-Mottin, Sheila Rowan, P. J. King, M. Pürrer, S. Kwang, P. Oppermann, R. Mittleman, Jay D. Tasson, M. Landry, Nelson Christensen, S. D'Antonio, H. Fehrmann, G. Dálya, Yosef Zlochower, E. L. Merilh, L. Di Fiore, B. Mours, T. Dal Canton, N. Arnaud, Maggie Tse, S. G. Crowder, S. Doravari, C. Austin, M. Barsuglia, Innocenzo M. Pinto, W. Ren, Benjamin William Allen, J. Bosveld, Mandar Patil, Abhirup Ghosh, Karsten Danzmann, Sebastian Steinlechner, Hua Wang, K. H. Lai, Aaron Viets, K. Chatziioannou, Vijay Varma, M. MacInnis, J. S. Areeda, S. Kaufer, Rainer Weiss, K. E. Ramirez, D. Moffa, Jocelyn Read, Hyang Woon Lee, A. Grant, Slawomir Gras, S. W. S. Ng, F. Ricci, P. Rapagnani, Carl-Johan Haster, Colm Talbot, L. Rolland, N. Indik, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, Paul D. Lasky, W. W. Johnson, L. Zhang, J. Feicht, O. Puncken, N. Man, Joey Shapiro Key, J. R. Sanders, T. J. Slaven-Blair, O. Sauter, S. P. Stevenson, Matthew Pitkin, R. K.L. Lo, P. B. Covas, David Blair, V. Dolique, K. Haughian, B. U. Gadre, Sebastien Biscans, M. Granata, D. Ugolini, P. Clearwater, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, M. Lormand, D. J. Stops, D. Talukder, David A. Williams, I. W. Harry, Shiuh Chao, Felix Wellmann, J. Warner, C. Rajan, R. DeSalvo, T. Prestegard, M. C. Edwards, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, F. Piergiovanni, S. Márka, M. Davier, S. J. Kapadia, Kenneth A. Strain, Jimin George, M. Sieniawska, Gregory Ashton, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, B. D. Cheeseboro, G. Cerretani, P. J. Easter, Fabio Marchesoni, Kyungmin Kim, Debarati Chatterjee, T. Denker, B. O'Reilly, P. Gruning, T. Huynh-Dinh, Chunglee Kim, D. Barta, J. S. Kissel, H. Cao, D. J. Vine, Marc Favata, Roger Jones, V. J. Roma, A. P. Spencer, D. D. Brown, Anthony A. Amato, N. van Bakel, A. Masserot, K. Kawabe, S. M. Aston, K. Ueno, Michael W. Coughlin, Zhihui Du, G. Ciani, A. Parida, S. S. Eikenberry, Rosa Poggiani, V. Frey, S. Farinon, A. Pele, P. Raffai, J. Hanks, Nicholas Demos, J. D. Lough, Soma Mukherjee, C. F. Da Silva Costa, P. G. Murray, B. K. Berger, Fabien Kéfélian, J. H. Hough, P. W. F. Forsyth, J. R. Palamos, S. Appert, A. Giazotto, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, P. Charlton, Kejia Lee, Zifan Zhou, I. A. Bilenko, David J. Ottaway, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Christian Pedersen, L. Pinard, W. Z. Korth, S. C. Tait, Torrey Cullen, Bernard F. Whiting, David Jones, Marco Cavaglia, A. W. Heptonstall, Pablo Cerdá-Durán, Vivien Raymond, Peter R. Saulson, Z. Tornasi, Terry G. McRae, L. G. Prokhorov, J. Betzwieser, Antoine Heidmann, D. Töyrä, H. Overmier, N. A. Holland, D. Sellers, J. Meidam, M. Gosselin, Riccardo Sturani, D. Hoak, Patrick Brady, M. Haney, T. A. Callister, N. Kijbunchoo, Jade Powell, V. Mangano, H. K. Gulati, David H. Reitze, Alejandro Torres-Forné, J. Neilson, O. J. Piccinni, E. Bonilla, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, Frank Ohme, Vicky Kalogera, M. Tonelli, H. M. Lee, S. S. Forsyth, Andrew Lundgren, S. Xiao, D. S. Rabeling, M. Di Giovanni, K. E. Gushwa, R. De Pietri, Rocco Romano, John D. Scott, R. A. Mercer, S. Ossokine, Jinsook Kim, M. Vasúth, J. Ming, F. Aubin, G. Stratta, Jesper Munch, Achamveedu Gopakumar, M. De Laurentis, C-H. Lee, M. Muratore, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, M. C. Heintze, E. Katsavounidis, Xiuling Li, H. Radkins, A. Bozzi, F. Travasso, David Coward, R. Bonnand, G. Pillant, Olivier Minazzoli, M. Razzano, A. Nitz, Karan Jani, E. Goetz, Huang-Wei Pan, Gijs Nelemans, F. Nocera, E. D. Hall, Jolien D. E. Creighton, K. Holt, V. Sandberg, T. Adams, Michele Zanolin, I. Magaña Hernandez, T. J. Massinger, T. Vo, A. Sawadsky, G. D. Hammond, Javed Rana, Martin Obergaulinger, Wynn C. G. Ho, P. Weßels, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, J. C. 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P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agarwal, B., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Allen, B., Allen, G., Allocca, A., Aloy, M. A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Angelova, S. V., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arène, M., Arnaud, N., Arun, K. G., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Ast, M., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Atallah, D. V., Aubin, F., Aufmuth, P., Aulbert, C., Aultoneal, K., Austin, C., Avila-Alvarez, A., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Badaracco, F., Bader, M. K. M., Bae, S., Baker, P. T., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Banagiri, S., Barayoga, J. C., Barclay, S. E., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barkett, K., Barnum, S., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Batch, J. C., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Bazzan, M., Bécsy, B., Beer, C., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Bell, A. S., Beniwal, D., Bensch, M., Berger, B. K., Bergmann, G., Bernuzzi, S., Bero, J. J., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhandare, R., Bilenko, I. A., Bilgili, S. A., Billingsley, G., Billman, C. R., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blackman, J., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bloemen, S., Bock, O., Bode, N., Boer, M., Boetzel, Y., Bogaert, G., Bohe, A., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Booker, P., Boom, B. A., Booth, C. D., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bossie, K., Bossilkov, V., Bosveld, J., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Bramley, A., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Briant, T., Brighenti, F., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. D., Brunett, S., Buchanan, C. C., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. L., Cabero, M., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Calderón Bustillo, J., Callister, T. A., Calloni, E., Camp, J. B., Canepa, M., Canizares, P., Cannon, K. C., Cao, H., Cao, J., Capano, C. D., Capocasa, E., Carbognani, F., Caride, S., Carney, M. F., Carullo, G., Casanueva Diaz, J., Casentini, C., Caudill, S., Cavaglià, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Cella, G., Cepeda, C. B., Cerdá-Durán, P., Cerretani, G., Cesarini, E., Chaibi, O., Chamberlin, S. J., Chan, M., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chase, E., Chassande-Mottin, E., Chatterjee, D., Chatziioannou, K., Cheeseboro, B. D., Chen, H. Y., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Cheng, H. -P., Chia, H. Y., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Chmiel, T., Cho, H. S., Cho, M., Chow, J. H., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, A. J. K., Chua, S., Chung, K. W., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Ciobanu, A. A., Ciolfi, R., Cipriano, F., Cirelli, C. E., Cirone, A., Clara, F., Clark, J. A., Clearwater, P., Cleva, F., Cocchieri, C., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. -F., Cohen, D., Colla, A., Collette, C. G., Collins, C., Cominsky, L. R., Constancio, M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Cordero-Carrión, I., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Cotesta, R., Coughlin, M. W., Coughlin, S. B., Coulon, J. -P., Countryman, S. T., Couvares, P., Covas, P. B., Cowan, E. E., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Cripe, J., Crowder, S. G., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Canton, T. Dal, Dálya, G., Danilishin, S. L., D'Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dasgupta, A., Da Silva Costa, C. F., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davis, D., Daw, E. J., Day, B., Debra, D., Deenadayalan, M., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deléglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Demos, N., Denker, T., Dent, T., De Pietri, R., Derby, J., Dergachev, V., De Rosa, Rosario, De Rossi, C., Desalvo, R., De Varona, O., Dhurandhar, S., Díaz, M. C., Dietrich, T., Di Fiore, L., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Ding, B., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Dmitriev, A., Doctor, Z., Dolique, V., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Dovale Álvarez, M., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Dreissigacker, C., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Dupej, P., Dwyer, S. E., Easter, P. J., Edo, T. B., Edwards, M. C., Effler, A., Eggenstein, H. -B., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenmann, M., Eisenstein, R. A., Essick, R. C., Estelles, H., Estevez, D., Etienne, Z. B., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fee, C., Fehrmann, H., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Feng, F., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. C., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Fiori, I., Fiorucci, D., Fishbach, M., Fisher, R. P., Fishner, J. M., Fitz-Axen, M., Flaminio, R., Fletcher, M., Fong, H., Font, J. A., Forsyth, P. W. F., Forsyth, S. S., Fournier, J. -D., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Frey, V., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H. A., Gadre, B. U., Gaebel, S. M., Gair, J. R., Gammaitoni, L., Ganija, M. R., Gaonkar, S. G., Garcia, A., García-Quirós, C., Garufi, F., Gateley, B., Gaudio, S., Gaur, G., Gayathri, V., Gemme, G., Genin, E., Gennai, A., George, D., George, J., Gergely, L., Germain, V., Ghonge, S., Ghosh, Abhirup, Ghosh, Archisman, Ghosh, S., Giacomazzo, B., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Giazotto, A., Gill, K., Giordano, G., Glover, L., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Goncharov, B., González, G., Gonzalez Castro, J. M., Gopakumar, A., Gorodetsky, M. L., Gossan, S. E., Gosselin, M., Gouaty, R., Grado, A., Graef, C., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Gray, C., Greco, G., Green, A. C., Green, R., Gretarsson, E. M., Groot, P., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Gruning, P., Guidi, G. M., Gulati, H. K., Guo, X., Gupta, A., Gupta, M. K., Gushwa, K. E., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Halim, O., Hall, B. R., Hall, E. D., Hamilton, E. Z., Hamilton, H. F., Hammond, G., Haney, M., Hanke, M. M., Hanks, J., Hanna, C., Hannam, M. D., Hannuksela, O. A., Hanson, J., Hardwick, T., Harms, J., Harry, G. M., Harry, I. W., Hart, M. J., Haster, C. -J., Haughian, K., Healy, J., Heidmann, A., Heintze, M. C., Heitmann, H., Hello, P., Hemming, G., Hendry, M., Heng, I. S., Hennig, J., Heptonstall, A. W., Hernandez, F. J., Heurs, M., Hild, S., Hinderer, T., Ho, W. C. G., Hoak, D., Hochheim, S., Hofman, D., Holland, N. A., Holt, K., Holz, D. E., Hopkins, P., Horst, C., Hough, J., Houston, E. A., Howell, E. J., Hreibi, A., Huerta, E. A., Huet, D., Hughey, B., Hulko, M., Husa, S., Huttner, S. H., Huynh-Dinh, T., Iess, A., Indik, N., Ingram, C., Inta, R., Intini, G., Irwin, B. S., Isa, H. N., Isac, J. -M., Isi, M., Iyer, B. R., Izumi, K., Jacqmin, T., Jani, K., Jaranowski, P., Johnson, D. S., Johnson, W. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, R., Jonker, R. J. G., Ju, L., Junker, J., Kalaghatgi, C. V., Kalogera, V., Kamai, B., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Kapadia, S. J., Karki, S., Karvinen, K. S., Kasprzack, M., Katolik, M., Katsanevas, S., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, S., Kawabe, K., Keerthana, N. V., Kéfélian, F., Keitel, D., Kemball, A. J., Kennedy, R., Key, J. S., Khalili, F. Y., Khamesra, B., Khan, H., Khan, I., Khan, S., Khan, Z., Khazanov, E. A., Kijbunchoo, N., Kim, Chunglee, Kim, J. C., Kim, K., Kim, W., Kim, W. S., Kim, Y. -M., King, E. J., King, P. J., Kinley-Hanlon, M., Kirchhoff, R., Kissel, J. S., Kleybolte, L., Klimenko, S., Knowles, T. D., Koch, P., Koehlenbeck, S. M., Koley, S., Kondrashov, V., Kontos, A., Korobko, M., Korth, W. Z., Kowalska, I., Kozak, D. B., Krämer, C., Kringel, V., Krishnan, B., Królak, A., Kuehn, G., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Kuo, L., Kutynia, A., Kwang, S., Lackey, B. D., Lai, K. H., Landry, M., Landry, P., Lang, R. N., Lange, J., Lantz, B., Lanza, R. K., Lartaux-Vollard, A., Lasky, P. D., Laxen, M., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. K., Lee, H. M., Lee, H. W., Lee, K., Lehmann, J., Lenon, A., Leonardi, M., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levin, Y., Li, J., Li, T. G. F., Li, X., Linker, S. D., Littenberg, T. B., Liu, J., Liu, X., Lo, R. K. L., Lockerbie, N. A., London, L. T., Longo, A., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lough, J. D., Lousto, C. O., Lovelace, G., Lück, H., Lumaca, D., Lundgren, A. P., Lynch, R., Ma, Y., Macas, R., Macfoy, S., Machenschalk, B., Macinnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Magaña Hernandez, I., Magaña-Sandoval, F., Magaña Zertuche, L., Magee, R. M., Majorana, E., Maksimovic, I., Man, N., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mansell, G. L., Manske, M., Mantovani, M., Marchesoni, F., Marion, F., Márka, S., Márka, Z., Markakis, C., Markosyan, A. S., Markowitz, A., Maros, E., Marquina, A., Martelli, F., Martellini, L., Martin, I. W., Martin, R. M., Martynov, D. V., Mason, K., Massera, E., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. J., Masso-Reid, M., Mastrogiovanni, S., Matas, A., Matichard, F., Matone, L., Mavalvala, N., Mazumder, N., Mccann, J. J., Mccarthy, R., Mcclelland, D. E., Mccormick, S., Mcculler, L., Mcguire, S. C., Mciver, J., Mcmanus, D. J., Mcrae, T., Mcwilliams, S. T., Meacher, D., Meadors, G. D., Mehmet, M., Meidam, J., Mejuto-Villa, E., Melatos, A., Mendell, G., Mendoza-Gandara, D., Mercer, R. A., Mereni, L., Merilh, E. L., Merzougui, M., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Messick, C., Metzdorff, R., Meyers, P. M., Miao, H., Michel, C., Middleton, H., Mikhailov, E. 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Ward, R, Wei, L, Weinstein, A, Wessel, E, Weßels, P, Whelan, J, Whiting, B, Williams, R, Williamson, A, Willis, J, Wimmer, M, Wipf, C, Wofford, J, Wong, W, Wright, J, Wysocki, D, Yancey, C, Yap, M, Zadrożny, A, Zendri, J, Zhang, Y, Zhu, S, Zhu, X, Zimmerman, A, and Zucker, M
Subjects: Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::550 | Geowissenschaften, neutron star: binary, Astronomy, General Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, GRAVITATIONAL-WAVES, GW170817, BINARIES, ddc:550, DENSE, LIGO, DENSE MATTER, Equation of State, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, QB, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, Physics, Neutron Star Radius, Gravitational effects, Equations of state, Parametrizations, Electromagnetic observations, Gravitational-wave signals, 3. Good health, QUADRUPOLE-MOMENTS, Macroscopic properties, Physical Sciences, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Gravitational wave source, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Equations of state of nuclear matter, Gravitational wave, saturation: density, Binary neutron stars, NUCLEON MATTER, Gravitational wave sources, Gravitational waves, Nuclear matter in neutron stars, General relativity, gr-qc, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, GW170817, Neutron Star Radius, Equation of State, Physics, Multidisciplinary, neutron star: spin, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Gravity waves, gravitational radiation: direct detection, Gravitation and Astrophysics, electromagnetic field: production, Physics and Astronomy (all), Pulsar, galaxy: binary, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, Neutron, MASSES, STFC, equation of state: parametrization, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Neutrons, Extreme conditions, Equation of state, Science & Technology, Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, gravitational radiation, RCUK, Flocculation, Saturation density, UNIVERSAL RELATIONS, Stars, gravitational radiation detector, Neutron star, VIRGO, Physics and Astronomy, gravitational radiation: emission, neutron star: binary: coalescence, Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::530 | Physik, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], MATTER
Abstract: On 17 August 2017, the LIGO and Virgo observatories made the first direct detection of gravitational waves from the coalescence of a neutron star binary system. The detection of this gravitational-wave signal, GW170817, offers a novel opportunity to directly probe the properties of matter at the extreme conditions found in the interior of these stars. The initial, minimal-assumption analysis of the LIGO and Virgo data placed constraints on the tidal effects of the coalescing bodies, which were then translated to constraints on neutron star radii. Here, we expand upon previous analyses by working under the hypothesis that both bodies were neutron stars that are described by the same equation of state and have spins within the range observed in Galactic binary neutron stars. Our analysis employs two methods: the use of equation-of-state-insensitive relations between various macroscopic properties of the neutron stars and the use of an efficient parametrization of the defining function $p(\rho)$ of the equation of state itself. From the LIGO and Virgo data alone and the first method, we measure the two neutron star radii as $R_1=10.8^{+2.0}_{-1.7}$ km for the heavier star and $R_2= 10.7^{+2.1}_{-1.5}$ km for the lighter star at the 90% credible level. If we additionally require that the equation of state supports neutron stars with masses larger than $1.97 \,M_\odot$ as required from electromagnetic observations and employ the equation-of-state parametrization, we further constrain $R_1= 11.9^{+1.4}_{-1.4}$ km and $R_2= 11.9^{+1.4}_{-1.4}$ km at the 90% credible level. Finally, we obtain constraints on $p(\rho)$ at supranuclear densities, with pressure at twice nuclear saturation density measured at $3.5^{+2.7}_{-1.7}\times 10^{34} \,\mathrm{dyn}/\mathrm{cm}^{2}$ at the 90% level., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures; v2 matches published version; data associated with the figures can be found at https://dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-P1800115/public
Published: 2018
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46. Search for Tensor, Vector, and Scalar Polarizations in the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background

Author: T. A. Callister, N. Kijbunchoo, G. Kang, C. C. Yancey, C. A. Costa, A. Dasgupta, M. C. Milovich-Goff, I. Belahcene, Jade Powell, V. Mangano, P. Schale, J. L. Wright, P. T.H. Pang, Francesco Pannarale, R. Flaminio, J.-P. Coulon, Yi-Ming Hu, C. Aulbert, A. Rocchi, A. E. Pace, Sumanta Tewari, C. Cocchieri, Alejandro Torres-Forné, B. Goncharov, R. Birney, Lloyd Paul Aiello, B. C. Pant, M. Afrough, R. A. Mercer, F. Jiménez-Forteza, Sourav Ghosh, Imre Bartos, W. H. Wang, Odylio D. Aguiar, J. E. Lord, E. J. Daw, Maurizio Canepa, M. Punturo, J. Neilson, Alex B. Nielsen, V. Quetschke, G. M. Guidi, G. Kuehn, S. Privitera, Antonio Marquina, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, D. Tuyenbayev, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, M. Agathos, Martin M. Fejer, J. R. Smith, S. Ghonge, K. AultONeal, C. S. Unnikrishnan, W. Katzman, R. Douglas, F. J. Raab, V. Kondrashov, N. Mukund, L. R. Cominsky, J. K. Wofford, M. A. Page, S. Khan, A. Lazzarini, C. Lazzaro, T. Z. Summerscales, V. Boschi, R. J. G. Jonker, Jay D. Tasson, M. Landry, L. Sammut, M. Factourovich, J. S. Lange, Patricia Schmidt, A. Avila-Alvarez, V. Brisson, J. C. Driggers, L. Di Fiore, B. Mours, C. Austin, A. Schönbeck, B. Rajbhandari, Daniel Wysocki, M. Barsuglia, Yuri Levin, G. Greco, L. van der Schaaf, S. A. Pai, D. Moraru, Antoine Heidmann, D. Töyrä, R. Gustafson, G. Rutins, P. J. Sutton, Graham Woan, Robert L. Byer, Stuart Reid, G. Valdes, A. Samajdar, Steven D. Penn, Jacob Scheuer, Gianpietro Cagnoli, Giuseppe Intini, Hyang Woon Lee, Robert Stone, D. Steinmeyer, E. G. Thomas, A. Basti, Ryan N. Lang, Jens Birch, E. A. Chase, D. Tao, P. A. Altin, Alvin J. K. Chua, D. Barker, B. Sassolas, Tristan Briant, L. Sun, H. Fong, O. Sauter, E. J. King, M. Muratore, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, Z. Du, P. Aufmuth, R. Bhandare, M. Gosselin, A. Allocca, Xing-Jiang Zhu, S. Antier, M. Dovale Álvarez, S. E. Strigin, M. Kasprzack, Michael L. Gorodetsky, J.-P. Zendri, Bernard F. Schutz, Li Ju, Daniel A. Shaddock, David Keitel, J. H. Romie, M. Drago, J. Meidam, Guenakh Mitselmakher, L. Wallace, Z. Frei, S. J. Cooper, J.-D. Fournier, S. Dhurandhar, Samuele Cortese, K. K.Y. Ng, A. Pal-Singh, Jong H. Chow, J. Liu, D. M. Macleod, Charalampos Markakis, S. T. Countryman, K. A. Thorne, Ryan Lynch, Brittany Kamai, Y. Bouffanais, Y. Q. Ma, B. A. Boom, L. Cunningham, A. Lartaux-Vollard, Suvadeep Bose, Vuk Mandic, R. A. Eisenstein, B. J. J. Slagmolen, R. Gouaty, Steven Bloemen, F. Frasconi, Jonathan R. Gair, Roman Schnabel, A. Lenon, B. R. Hall, C. Horst, G. D. Meadors, J. E. Brau, A. A. van Veggel, Andrew Matas, A. Pasqualetti, Surabhi Sachdev, Christopher J. Moore, J. Zweizig, K. Napier, Guido Mueller, Hang Yu, S. Doravari, Hsiao-Wen Chen, Maher Yazback, M. Pedraza, Patrick Brady, J. S. Areeda, T. Theeg, H. S. Cho, Efim A. Khazanov, G. Ballardin, Moritz Mehmet, S. J. Kapadia, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, R. Quitzow-James, R. M. S. Schofield, G. Cerretani, S. Biscoveanu, R. Sturani, Innocenzo M. Pinto, B. R. Iyer, M. Zanolin, Lee McCuller, Serena Vinciguerra, N. Mazumder, R. Pedurand, Benno Willke, P. Ehrens, J. Hennig, O. J. Piccinni, Antoni Ramos-Buades, A. Singhal, T. D. Abbott, O. Puncken, Zoheyr Doctor, A. W. Heptonstall, V. Gayathri, L. M. Perri, H. A. G. Gabbard, Alberto Vecchio, F. Martelli, T. Zelenova, M. Bawaj, Riccardo Bassiri, Magnus Manske, Will M. Farr, M. Montani, P. Weßels, A. Królak, Rana X. Adhikari, B. Pang, Simon Stevenson, Nancy Aggarwal, M. Vardaro, J. Ming, S. Koley, N. A. Lockerbie, S. S. Eikenberry, E. A. Muñiz, S. Brunett, B. Machenschalk, S. Walsh, F. Donovan, F. Y. Khalili, D. Sellers, E. Bonilla, G. Bergmann, L. Rei, Sebastian Steinlechner, B. Shapiro, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, Archisman Ghosh, E. L. Merilh, R. Kennedy, S. D. Linker, A. Bozzi, Stanislav Babak, M. Tonelli, A. Bisht, S. R. Morriss, Chunglee Kim, Miriam Cabero, E. Coughlin, Alessandra Buonanno, T. Hardwick, M. H. Wimmer, A. Effler, R. Metzdorff, H. Yamamoto, Gabrielle Allen, D. Barta, Soumi De, J.-M. Isac, J. S. Kissel, H. Cao, D. J. Vine, Duncan A. Brown, Tania Regimbau, W. Parker, I. Dave, M. Fletcher, B. Hughey, S. B. Anderson, A. Bohe, Geoffrey Lovelace, P. Hopkins, K. Izumi, B. D. Cheeseboro, C. Graef, Mark A. Scheel, M. Bejger, R. Kirchhoff, B. L. Pearlstone, David B. Tanner, S. C. McGuire, P. G. Murray, Hartmut Grote, T. P. Downes, N. Letendre, Roger Jones, T. Denker, G. Losurdo, A. Noack, V. J. Roma, S. J. Kimbrell, P. T. Baker, F. Travasso, A. P. Spencer, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, Lei Zhang, C. Whittle, S. S. Forsyth, J. A. Clark, A. S. Markosyan, G. Traylor, D. D. Brown, M. Fyffe, David Coward, Anthony A. Amato, N. van Bakel, Zachariah B. Etienne, P. Oppermann, M. J. Yap, Jennifer Watchi, R. Mittleman, P. Fulda, F. Marion, C. F. Da Silva Costa, Andrew Lundgren, S. Xiao, Nelson Christensen, V. Kringel, F. Carbognani, S. A. Usman, Carlos O. Lousto, C. Kent, J. Trinastic, A. Gennai, H. Y. Chia, M. Haney, L. Naticchioni, Piotr Jaranowski, R. Bonnand, D. Talukder, A. Masserot, M. Weinert, Salvatore Vitale, K. Kawabe, M. Constancio, A. R. Williamson, T. Sadecki, W. S. Kim, S. E. Barclay, D. Lumaca, Sascha Husa, K. E. Ramirez, A. S. Sengupta, S. M. Aston, K. Ueno, Michael W. Coughlin, A. L. Urban, M. Laxen, G. Venugopalan, D.B. DeBra, A. Giazotto, M. Tápai, P. Shawhan, M. Ducrot, I. Ferrante, Z. Khan, D. S. Rabeling, M. Di Giovanni, K. E. Gushwa, Ofek Birnholtz, K. Mason, J. Suresh, D. Hoak, M. F. Carney, R. Passaquieti, Neil J. Cornish, D. C. Coyne, V. Sandberg, R. Cavalieri, F. Cavalier, J. Eichholz, B. Weaver, D. Moffa, A. K. W. Chung, Erik Katsavounidis, R. De Pietri, Jocelyn Read, G. P. Newton, Gabriela Gonzalez, S. Gaudio, N. A. Robertson, D. Sentenac, J. A. Sonnenberg, Eric Howell, V. Germain, S. Gomes, R. De Rosa, K. R. Corley, J. M. Newport, S. Mastrogiovanni, R. K. Lanza, Sylvia J. Zhu, Samuel Deléglise, S. C. Tait, Rocco Romano, Rajesh Kumar, A. Fernandez-Galiana, Zifan Zhou, I. A. Bilenko, David J. Ottaway, P. Leaci, A. Colla, S. Leavey, Hai-Ping Cheng, M. Katolik, S. Ossokine, Jinsook Kim, L. K. Nuttall, Xin Chen, R. M. Martin, David A. Nichols, D. Nolting, C. North, Thomas Dent, C. Pankow, B. U. Gadre, Sebastien Biscans, D. H. Reitze, M. S. Shahriar, P. Ruggi, C. V. Kalaghatgi, M. J. Cowart, Michael Zevin, P. Dupej, Sumit Kumar, David Jonathan Hofman, B. Gateley, P. Corban, M. C. Tringali, I. Nardecchia, X. Guo, H. Vahlbruch, K. Riles, Vladimir Dergachev, R. Macas, P. M. Meyers, Barry C. Barish, G. Billingsley, S. Macfoy, L. Trozzo, Priscilla Canizares, H. Middleton, B. B. Miller, Howard Pan, Aaron Buikema, J. Hanson, Isabel Cordero-Carrión, Paul J. Groot, Samaya Nissanke, F. Fidecaro, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, M. Vasúth, S. Appert, L. Pinard, A. Cirone, Xavier Siemens, C. I. Torrie, Jan Harms, C. Mishra, B. Lantz, M. Favata, John Veitch, J. Lehmann, J. C. Barayoga, James Whelan, Jonathan Blackman, A. Moggi, C. Messick, J. Calderón Bustillo, A. Sergeev, H. N. Isa, M. Leonardi, P. Ajith, Carlos Cepeda, K. Toland, Linqing Wen, S. Grunewald, M. Chan, G. Vedovato, H. Qi, A. Viceré, A. Gopakumar, N. Arnaud, Maggie Tse, Vijay Varma, C. Fee, D. Meacher, M. MacInnis, S. Bae, P. Rapagnani, J. Hanks, E. Coccia, L. Kleybolte, Colm Talbot, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, Paul D. Lasky, G. Stratta, Torrey Cullen, K. Siellez, L.-W. Wei, Bernard F. Whiting, Tobias Westphal, S. J. Chamberlin, Riccardo Ciolfi, Yi Chen, Athol J. Kemball, B. W. Schulte, S. Márka, Jesper Munch, Matthew Pitkin, R. K.L. Lo, José A. Font, L. McNeill, Maya Fishbach, A. F. Brooks, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, P. J. Veitch, R. M. Blair, Irene Fiori, K. Venkateswara, G. A. Prodi, Benjamin J. Owen, M. De Laurentis, R. P. Fisher, S. Mitra, C. Messenger, X. Fan, David Jones, E. A. Quintero, M. Granata, J. Devenson, K. S. Karvinen, Marco Cavaglia, J. F. J. van den Brand, Subroto Mukherjee, A. Markowitz, P. Charlton, R. Frey, K. W. K. Wong, P. Brockill, N. Leroy, Shiuh Chao, M. Nery, S. Sunil, M. Tacca, Otto A. Hannuksela, Martin Hendry, Cecilio García-Quirós, Christopher Wipf, M. C. Díaz, K. V. Tokmakov, M. Yvert, E. C. Ferreira, Aniello Grado, B. Bécsy, Kenneth A. Strain, M. Sieniawska, M. Kinley-Hanlon, Pablo Cerdá-Durán, Peter R. Saulson, J. Prasad, T. Prestegard, Gregory Ashton, Terry G. McRae, Antonios Kontos, Fabio Marchesoni, P. B. Covas, Kyungmin Kim, Debarati Chatterjee, B. O'Reilly, P. Gruning, G. Pillant, Junwei Cao, J. Warner, L. G. Prokhorov, Olivier Minazzoli, M. Razzano, J. L. Willis, A. Nitz, V. Tiwari, M. J. Szczepańczyk, Fabien Kéfélian, E. Schreiber, F. Robinet, A. Post, Seog Oh, J. H. Hough, P. W. F. Forsyth, G. McIntyre, A. Cumming, F. Di Renzo, G. Mendell, F. Baldaccini, G. Dálya, Karan Jani, E. Goetz, E. Capocasa, Huang-Wei Pan, Gijs Nelemans, Leo Singer, L. F. Ortega, M. J. Hart, F. Nocera, I. Magaña Hernandez, E. D. Hall, T. J. Massinger, Jolien D. E. Creighton, T. Vo, C. De Rossi, Ryan Magee, A. Gupta, T. Shaffer, V. Raymond, J. K. Blackburn, S. Raja, J. W. W. Pratt, E. Chassande-Mottin, M. Korobko, Gregory M. Harry, V. Kalogera, A. K. Zadrożny, Sheila Rowan, M. Pürrer, S. Kwang, S. E. Dwyer, A. Sawadsky, Todd Adams, G. D. Hammond, Harald P. Pfeiffer, D. M. Wilken, M. Fitz-Axen, P. Bacon, Daniel E. Holz, G. Ciani, A. Parida, E. J. Son, A. Sheperd, M. van Beuzekom, M. Rizzo, H. K. Lee, V. Predoi, I. W. Martin, H. J. Bulten, David Cohen, David E. McClelland, B. Patricelli, D. S. Wu, Margaret Millhouse, Rosa Poggiani, L. Glover, S. G. Gaonkar, Haixing Miao, V. Frey, T. Di Girolamo, Karl Gill, S. Farinon, A. Pele, J. J. Bero, O. Bock, G. L. Mansell, K. L. Dooley, S. L. Danilishin, Lisa Barsotti, Arunava Mukherjee, M. Fays, R. Bork, Jing Wang, Y. Minenkov, A. Di Lieto, M. Saleem, C. Vorvick, Nicholas Demos, J. D. Lough, S. Kaufer, Jonathan Cripe, C. Beer, László Á. Gergely, Daichi Tsuna, Kevin M. Ryan, F. Vetrano, Rainer Weiss, F. Ricci, E. A. Houston, J. Westerweck, Y.-M. Kim, K. Mogushi, D. Estevez, Z. Tornasi, T. Etzel, P. J. King, K. H. Lai, Aaron Viets, J. Feicht, Joey Shapiro Key, J. R. Sanders, S. B. Coughlin, J. Betzwieser, John Miller, S. Caride, J. C. Bayley, H. Wittel, S. G. Schwalbe, D. Buskulic, W. W. Johnson, M. Poe, M. Phelps, R. G. Ormiston, C. Affeldt, D. Ugolini, C. Cahillane, R. Taylor, B. Day, A. Corsi, R. T. DeRosa, David Blair, M. Oliver, A. J. Weinstein, E. Cesarini, V. Dolique, A. Chiummo, E. Cuoco, N. Bode, Luca Gammaitoni, J. A. Giaime, B. K. Berger, F. Ohme, P. Clearwater, M. A. Papa, A. S. Bell, M. K. M. Bader, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, A. Brillet, T. Huynh-Dinh, M. Wade, D. J. Stops, P. Kumar, Christopher M. Biwer, S. Frasca, C. Rajan, Kai Staats, S. Meshkov, R. DeSalvo, Stephen Fairhurst, Carl Blair, C. C. Buchanan, A. Hreibi, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, F. Piergiovanni, Chang-Hwan Lee, M. Davier, M. Was, R. Robie, M. M. Hanke, Jordan Camp, P. Popolizio, Koji Arai, K. Lee, Edward K. Porter, H. Vocca, Christopher P. L. Berry, A. D. Silva, A. Grant, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, A. A. Shah, M. Merzougui, L. Matone, A. Staley, Lionel London, S. Jawahar, V. Loriette, L. Conti, A. L. Stuver, Matthew Evans, T. D. Creighton, J. G. Rollins, E. J. Sanchez, Steven Reyes, J. McIver, Archana Pai, F. Paoletti, Laura Sampson, James G. Bartlett, T. J. N. Nelson, D. Schuette, D. H. Shoemaker, J. Junker, James Healy, Roy Williams, Mairi Sakellariadou, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, A. Rüdiger, O. de Varona, Leo Tsukada, W. Z. Korth, E. Z. Hamilton, Tenglin Li, C. Buy, G. D. O'Dea, I. Kowalska, H. Overmier, Swetha Bhagwat, J. Scott, A. Ain, E. Maros, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, Richard J. Abbott, Marie-Anne Bizouard, B. P. Abbott, E. K. Gustafson, R. Coyne, Fabrice Matichard, E. K. Wessel, Nergis Mavalvala, Jerome Degallaix, C. Casentini, Ben Farr, Christophe Collette, Ho-Gyu Lee, C. J. Perez, N. Gehrels, C.-J. Haster, O. Halim, J. A. Taylor, K. W. Tsang, M. Rakhmanov, Ik Siong Heng, T. Souradeep, E. Mejuto-Villa, J. Page, M. Boer, A. L. Miller, Mingliang Zhou, P. Astone, Larne Pekowsky, S. D'Antonio, H. Fehrmann, W. Ren, Benjamin William Allen, Mandar Patil, Abhirup Ghosh, Karsten Danzmann, Hua Wang, Slawomir Gras, C. Krämer, Denis Martynov, Marco Bazzan, A. Kutynia, F. Salemi, Federico Ferrini, Lijing Shao, G. Vajente, S. M. Gaebel, P. Raffai, M. C. Edwards, Angela Delli Paoli, S. Ascenzi, D. Mukherjee, Alessandro Bertolini, Miftar Ganija, Laleh Sadeghian, R. C. Walet, V. P. Mitrofanov, D. Huet, S. H. Huttner, M. C. Araya, F. Cleva, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, W. Del Pozzo, P. F. Cohadon, H. Heitmann, Mark Hannam, R. L. McCarthy, C. R. Billman, Tanja Hinderer, A. Strunk, R. L. Savage, M. P. Ross, Maximiliano Isi, V. Sequino, Lionel Martellini, E. M. Gretarsson, Peter Fritschel, D. J. McManus, M. Masso-Reid, Yu Zhang, L. E. Sanchez, J. R. Palamos, Enrico Calloni, Thomas Corbitt, L. Salconi, Jacob Broida, M. K. Gupta, D. V. Atallah, Laura Cadonati, A. Perreca, Daniel R. George, S. McCormick, Susan M. Scott, I. Khan, Y. Wang, Q. Chu, G. Wang, C. E. Cirelli, L. E. Wade, Chad Hanna, M. Pirello, A. K. Srivastava, T. B. Edo, Haocun Yu, F. Clara, S. V. Angelova, L. Magaña Zertuche, Lili Yang, M. Branchesi, S. Chua, Fiodor Sorrentino, J. C. Batch, E. Massera, R. Inta, Alicia M. Sintes, Edward Seidel, M. Ast, T. Zhang, Thibaut Jacqmin, J. Woehler, M. Prijatelj, E. M. Fries, S. Klimenko, D. Passuello, D. B. Kozak, Douglas Davis, Geraint Pratten, H. Fair, G. Bogaert, Andrea Taracchini, B. Agarwal, Eric Thrane, J. B. Kanner, Walter Winkler, Chunnong Zhao, C. Michel, D. Finstad, Harald Lück, S. Rieger, L. Nevin, L. Kuo, D. Verkindt, Sarah Caudill, T. D. Knowles, M. Cho, H. Radkins, V. B. Adya, G. Gaur, S. Di Pace, E. Genin, J. V. van Heijningen, I. Maksimovic, R. L. Ward, G. Hemming, M. Pichot, C. Palomba, S. M. Koehlenbeck, A. Ananyeva, S. Karki, S. P. Vyatchanin, V. Dattilo, M. Brinkmann, Z. Márka, Stefan Hild, J. Schmidt, P. Couvares, R. Tso, Patrick M. Koch, S. Banagiri, F. Garufi, Surendra Nadh Somala, D. Bersanetti, Tomasz Bulik, D. Fiorucci, Richard J. Oram, V. V. Frolov, François Bondu, Britton D. Smith, J. Oberling, A. C. Green, Fausto Acernese, Tyson Littenberg, Mi Zhang, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, M. Mantovani, G. Gemme, D. Pascucci, C. Bradaschia, K. Bossie, S. Vass, T. Dal Canton, Leopoldo Milano, S. G. Crowder, L. Rolland, N. Indik, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, Mark Thomas, N. Man, J. Worden, David A. Williams, I. W. Harry, C. M. Mow-Lowry, K. Haughian, A. R. Wade, S. Chung, D. C. Vander-Hyde, E. E. Cowan, J. D. Romano, J. Casanueva Diaz, C. Van Den Broeck, Nicolas Sanchis-Gual, Michael E Zucker, B. D. Lackey, B. L. Swinkels, Kipp Cannon, M. Steinke, A. Mullavey, F. Magaña-Sandoval, P. Puppo, A. W. Muir, E. A. Huerta, M. C. Heintze, R. Goetz, C. L. Romel, M. Lormand, M. A. Okada, P. Thomas, Shubhanshu Tiwari, Ettore Majorana, Paul M. Ricker, M. Bitossi, K. Wette, F. Thies, John J. Oh, Timothy Evans, Rory Smith, C. Adams, D. Sigg, S. W. Ballmer, D. M. Shoemaker, Michelle E. Walker, J. George, G. Moreno, D. 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Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Albert Einstein Institute, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics, Columbia University [New York], Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry [Stockholm] (ACES), Stockholm University, Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), Department of Astrophysics [Nijmegen], Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen], LAboratoire de REcherche en Géodésie [Paris] (LAREG), Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l'Information Géographique (LaSTIG), École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN), Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, University of Alberta, Physics Department, University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Département de Physique, Universita degli studi di Genova, Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, CSSAR, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Department of Chemistry [West Bengal], Kalyani University, UMR CNRS 8179, Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Northfield], Carleton College, Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - 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Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Clermont Université-Sigma CLERMONT (Sigma CLERMONT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Polymer-Institut, University of Karlsruhe, University of Karlsruhe (TH), Los Gatos Res Inc, Los, Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (INFN, Sezione di Firenze), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Lhomond)), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Virgo, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), JIFRESSE, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy, ArcelorMittal Maizières Research SA, ArcelorMittal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), ESPCI ParisTech, Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Division [London], Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London]-King‘s College London, Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), School of Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Climate System, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), Forestry School, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), Photonics and photonic materials group, Departement of Physics, University of bath, University of Bath [Bath], Laboratoire de Mesures et Modélisation de la Migration des Radionucléides (L3MR), Service d'Etudes du Comportement des Radionucléides (SECR), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Océan du Large et Variabilité Climatique (OLVAC), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto IMEM-CNR, Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Genova] (IMEM-CNR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Department of Physics Department [Fayetteville], University of Arkansas [Fayetteville], Politecnico di Torino [Torino] (Polito), SensorDynamics AG, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), State Key Lab Marine Geology, Laboratoire de physique et chimie des nano-objets (LPCNO), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Otago, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC - UMR 7164), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Association de Coordination Technique Agricole, LAboratoire de REcherche en Géodésie [Paris] (LAREG/IGN), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN), University of Massachusetts, Laboratoire des Fluides Complexes et leurs Réservoirs (LFCR), TOTAL FINA ELF-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Minnesota [Minneapolis], University of California at Los Angeles [Los Angeles] (UCLA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Universidad de Extremadura, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), OLVAC LEGOS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES), University of Malaya = Universiti Malaya [Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie] (UM), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) (AEI), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Les instituts techniques agricoles (Acta), Radboud University [Nijmegen]-Radboud University [Nijmegen], Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), The University of Western Australia (UWA), Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Università degli studi di Parma = University of Parma (UNIPR), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Clermont Université-SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European gravitational Observatory (EGO), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik (PDI), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Minnesota System, Civil and Environmental Engineering [Illinois] (CEE), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik ( Albert-Einstein-Institut ) (AEI), Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura (UEX), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo [Genova] (IMEM-CNR), Politecnico di Torino = Polytechnic of Turin (Polito), LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours (UT), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome]-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, (Astro)-Particles Physics, Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Afrough, M., Agarwal, B., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Allen, B., Allen, G., Allocca, A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Angelova, S. V., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arnaud, N., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Ast, M., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Atallah, D. V., Aufmuth, P., Aulbert, C., Aultoneal, K., Austin, C., Avila-Alvarez, A., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Bader, M. K. M., Bae, S., Baker, P. T., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Banagiri, S., Barayoga, J. C., Barclay, S. E., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barkett, K., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Batch, J. C., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Bazzan, M., Bécsy, B., Beer, C., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Bell, A. S., Berger, B. K., Bergmann, G., Bero, J. J., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhagwat, S., Bhandare, R., Bilenko, I. A., Billingsley, G., Billman, C. R., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Biwer, C., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blackman, J., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bloemen, S., Bock, O., Bode, N., Boer, M., Bogaert, G., Bohe, A., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Boom, B. A., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bossie, K., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Briant, T., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Broida, J. E., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. A., Brown, D. D., Brunett, S., Buchanan, C. C., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. L., Cabero, M., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Calderón Bustillo, J., Callister, T. A., Calloni, E., Camp, J. B., Canepa, M., Canizares, P., Cannon, K. C., Cao, H., Cao, J., Capano, C. D., Capocasa, E., Carbognani, F., Caride, S., Carney, M. F., Diaz, J. Casanueva, Casentini, C., Caudill, S., Cavaglià, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Cella, G., Cepeda, C. B., Cerdá-Durán, P., Cerretani, G., Cesarini, E., Chamberlin, S. J., Chan, M., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chase, E., Chassande-Mottin, E., Chatterjee, D., Cheeseboro, B. D., Chen, H. Y., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Cheng, H. -P., Chia, H., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Chmiel, T., Cho, H. S., Cho, M., Chow, J. H., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, A. J. K., Chua, S., Chung, A. K. W., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Ciolfi, R., Cirelli, C. E., Cirone, A., Clara, F., Clark, J. A., Clearwater, P., Cleva, F., Cocchieri, C., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. -F., Cohen, D., Colla, A., Collette, C. G., Cominsky, L. R., Constancio, M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Cordero-Carrión, I., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Coughlin, E., Coughlin, M. W., Coughlin, S. B., Coulon, J. -P., Countryman, S. T., Couvares, P., Covas, P. B., Cowan, E. E., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Cripe, J., Crowder, S. G., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Canton, T. Dal, Dálya, G., Danilishin, S. L., D'Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dasgupta, A., Da Silva Costa, C. F., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davis, D., Daw, E. J., Day, B., De, S., Debra, D., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deléglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Demos, N., Denker, T., Dent, T., De Pietri, R., Dergachev, V., De Rosa, Rosario, Derosa, R. T., De Rossi, C., Desalvo, R., De Varona, O., Devenson, J., Dhurandhar, S., Díaz, M. C., Di Fiore, L., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Doctor, Z., Dolique, V., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Douglas, R., Dovale Álvarez, M., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Dreissigacker, C., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Ducrot, M., Dupej, P., Dwyer, S. E., Edo, T. B., Edwards, M. C., Effler, A., Eggenstein, H. -B., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenstein, R. A., Essick, R. C., Estevez, D., Etienne, Z. B., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Factourovich, M., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fee, C., Fehrmann, H., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. C., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Finstad, D., Fiori, I., Fiorucci, D., Fishbach, M., Fisher, R. P., Fitz-Axen, M., Flaminio, R., Fletcher, M., Fong, H., Font, J. A., Forsyth, P. W. F., Forsyth, S. S., Fournier, J. -D., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Frey, V., Fries, E. M., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H., Gadre, B. U., Gaebel, S. M., Gair, J. R., Gammaitoni, L., Ganija, M. R., Gaonkar, S. G., Garcia-Quiros, C., Garufi, F., Gateley, B., Gaudio, S., Gaur, G., Gayathri, V., Gehrels, N., Gemme, G., Genin, E., Gennai, A., George, D., George, J., Gergely, L., Germain, V., Ghonge, S., Ghosh, Abhirup, Ghosh, Archisman, Ghosh, S., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Giazotto, A., Gill, K., Glover, L., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Gomes, S., Goncharov, B., González, G., Gonzalez Castro, J. M., Gopakumar, A., Gorodetsky, M. L., Gossan, S. E., Gosselin, M., Gouaty, R., Grado, A., Graef, C., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Gray, C., Greco, G., Green, A. C., Gretarsson, E. M., Groot, P., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Gruning, P., Guidi, G. M., Guo, X., Gupta, A., Gupta, M. K., Gushwa, K. E., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Halim, O., Hall, B. 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W., Mukherjee, Arunava, Mukherjee, D., Mukherjee, S., Mukund, N., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Muñiz, E. A., Muratore, M., Murray, P. G., Napier, K., Nardecchia, I., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, R. K., Neilson, J., Nelemans, G., Nelson, T. J. N., Nery, M., Neunzert, A., Nevin, L., Newport, J. M., Newton, G., Ng, K. K. Y., Nguyen, T. T., Nichols, D., Nielsen, A. B., Nissanke, S., Nitz, A., Noack, A., Nocera, F., Nolting, D., North, C., Nuttall, L. K., Oberling, J., O'Dea, G. D., Ogin, G. H., Oh, J. J., Oh, S. H., Ohme, F., Okada, M. A., Oliver, M., Oppermann, P., Oram, Richard J., O'Reilly, B., Ormiston, R., Ortega, L. F., O'Shaughnessy, R., Ossokine, S., Ottaway, D. J., Overmier, H., Owen, B. J., Pace, A. E., Page, J., Page, M. A., Pai, A., Pai, S. A., Palamos, J. R., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pal-Singh, A., Pan, Howard, Pan, Huang-Wei, Pang, B., Pang, P. T. H., Pankow, C., Pannarale, F., Pant, B. C., Paoletti, F., Paoli, A., Papa, M. A., Parida, A., Parker, W., Pascucci, D., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Patil, M., Patricelli, B., Pearlstone, B. L., Pedraza, M., Pedurand, R., Pekowsky, L., Pele, A., Penn, S., Perez, C. J., Perreca, A., Perri, L. M., Pfeiffer, H. P., Phelps, M., Piccinni, O. J., Pichot, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pierro, V., Pillant, G., Pinard, L., Pinto, I. M., Pirello, M., Pitkin, M., Poe, M., Poggiani, R., Popolizio, P., Porter, E. K., Post, A., Powell, J., Prasad, J., Pratt, J. W. W., Pratten, G., Predoi, V., Prestegard, T., Prijatelj, M., Principe, M., Privitera, S., Prodi, G. A., Prokhorov, L. G., Puncken, O., Punturo, M., Puppo, P., Pürrer, M., Qi, H., Quetschke, V., Quintero, E. A., Quitzow-James, R., Raab, F. J., Rabeling, D. S., Radkins, H., Raffai, P., Raja, S., Rajan, C., Rajbhandari, B., Rakhmanov, M., Ramirez, K. E., Ramos-Buades, A., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Razzano, M., Read, J., Regimbau, T., Rei, L., Reid, S., Reitze, D. H., Ren, W., Reyes, S. D., Ricci, F., Ricker, P. M., Rieger, S., Riles, K., Rizzo, M., Robertson, N. A., Robie, R., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Roma, V. J., Romano, J. D., Romano, R., Romel, C. L., Romie, J. H., Rosińska, D., Ross, M. P., Rowan, S., Rüdiger, A., Ruggi, P., Rutins, G., Ryan, K., Sachdev, S., Sadecki, T., Sadeghian, L., Sakellariadou, M., Salconi, L., Saleem, M., Salemi, F., Samajdar, A., Sammut, L., Sampson, L. M., Sanchez, E. J., Sanchez, L. E., Sanchis-Gual, N., Sandberg, V., Sanders, J. R., Sassolas, B., Saulson, P. R., Sauter, O., Savage, R. L., Sawadsky, A., Schale, P., Scheel, M., Scheuer, J., Schmidt, J., Schmidt, P., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. M. S., Schönbeck, A., Schreiber, E., Schuette, D., Schulte, B. W., Schutz, B. F., Schwalbe, S. G., Scott, J., Scott, S. M., Seidel, E., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. S., Sentenac, D., Sequino, V., Sergeev, A., Shaddock, D. A., Shaffer, T. J., Shah, A. A., Shahriar, M. S., Shaner, M. B., Shao, L., Shapiro, B., Shawhan, P., Sheperd, A., Shoemaker, D. H., Shoemaker, D. M., Siellez, K., Siemens, X., Sieniawska, M., Sigg, D., Silva, A. D., Singer, L. P., Singh, A., Singhal, A., Sintes, A. M., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Smith, B., Smith, J. R., Smith, R. J. E., Somala, S., Son, E. J., Sonnenberg, J. A., Sorazu, B., Sorrentino, F., Souradeep, T., Spencer, A. P., Srivastava, A. K., Staats, K., Staley, A., Steinke, M., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Steinmeyer, D., Stevenson, S. P., Stone, R., Stops, D. J., Strain, K. A., Stratta, G., Strigin, S. E., Strunk, A., Sturani, R., Stuver, A. L., Summerscales, T. Z., Sun, L., Sunil, S., Suresh, J., Sutton, P. J., Swinkels, B. L., Szczepańczyk, M. J., Tacca, M., Tait, S. C., Talbot, C., Talukder, D., Tanner, D. B., Tao, D., Tápai, M., Taracchini, A., Tasson, J. D., Taylor, J. A., Taylor, R., Tewari, S. V., Theeg, T., Thies, F., Thomas, E. G., Thomas, M., Thomas, P., Thorne, K. A., Thrane, E., Tiwari, S., Tiwari, V., Tokmakov, K. 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E., Zweizig, J., COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome]
Subjects: Astronomy, Testing, detection, General Physics and Astronomy, EFFICIENT, TESTING RELATIVISTIC GRAVITY, Tensors, Spectral shapes, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitational wave background, Energy density, TOOL, QC, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, stochastic model, Mathematical physics, QB, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Stochastic systems, Gravitational effects, article, Vectors, Polarization (waves), gravitational waves, astro-ph.CO, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), General relativity, gr-qc, FOS: Physical sciences, experimental studies of gravity, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Gravity waves, Relativity, Reference frequency, Physics and Astronomy (all), Theory of relativity, Scalar modes, Tests of general relativity, 0103 physical sciences, Advanced LIGO, ddc:530, Tensor, 010306 general physics, STFC, Gravitational Waves, polarization, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, RCUK, Astrophysical sources, LIGO, Physics and Astronomy, gravitation, RADIATION, Stochastic Background, Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::530 | Physik, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], cosmology, Gravitational Waves, Stochastic Background, Advanced LIGO
Abstract: The detection of gravitational waves with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo has enabled novel tests of general relativity, including direct study of the polarization of gravitational waves. While general relativity allows for only two tensor gravitational-wave polarizations, general metric theories can additionally predict two vector and two scalar polarizations. The polarization of gravitational waves is encoded in the spectral shape of the stochastic gravitational-wave background, formed by the superposition of cosmological and individually-unresolved astrophysical sources. Using data recorded by Advanced LIGO during its first observing run, we search for a stochastic background of generically-polarized gravitational waves. We find no evidence for a background of any polarization, and place the first direct bounds on the contributions of vector and scalar polarizations to the stochastic background. Under log-uniform priors for the energy in each polarization, we limit the energy-densities of tensor, vector, and scalar modes at 95% credibility to $\Omega^T_0 < 5.6 \times 10^{-8}$, $\Omega^V_0 < 6.4\times 10^{-8}$, and $\Omega^S_0 < 1.1\times 10^{-7}$ at a reference frequency $f_0 = 25$ Hz., Comment: Minor updates to match published version
Published: 2018
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47. The NANOGrav 11-year Data Set: High-precision timing of 45 Millisecond Pulsars

Author: Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Megan E. DeCesar, Weiwei Zhu, Sean T. McWilliams, Emmanuel Fonseca, A. M. Matthews, David J. Nice, Fredrick A. Jenet, Paul Demorest, Joseph K. Swiggum, Andrea N. Lommen, Lina Levin, T. Joseph W. Lazio, Timothy T. Pennucci, Michael T. Lam, Renée Spiewak, Justin A. Ellis, Elizabeth C. Ferrara, Maura McLaughlin, Scott M. Ransom, Timothy Dolch, Ryan S. Lynch, D. R. Madison, Duncan R. Lorimer, Glenn Jones, Rutger van Haasteren, H. Thankful Cromartie, Michele Vallisneri, Ingrid H. Stairs, James M. Cordes, S. J. Chamberlin, Fronefield Crawford, Nathan Garver-Daniels, Stephen Taylor, Kathryn Crowter, Shami Chatterjee, Megan L. Jones, Paul S. Ray, Kevin Stovall, E. A. Huerta, Jing Luo, Robert D. Ferdman, B. Christy, Cherry Ng, Sarah J. Vigeland, Xavier Siemens, Cody Jessup, Daniel Halmrast, Daniel R. Stinebring, Peter A. Gentile, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, David L. Kaplan, Adam Brazier, Neil J. Cornish, Joseph Simon, and Zaven Arzoumanian
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Orbital elements, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Green Bank Telescope, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Shapiro delay, Pulsar, Space and Planetary Science, Observatory, Millisecond pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, Arecibo Observatory, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract: We present high-precision timing data over time spans of up to 11 years for 45 millisecond pulsars observed as part of the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) project, aimed at detecting and characterizing low-frequency gravitational waves. The pulsars were observed with the Arecibo Observatory and/or the Green Bank Telescope at frequencies ranging from 327 MHz to 2.3 GHz. Most pulsars were observed with approximately monthly cadence, with six high--timing-precision pulsars observed weekly, and all were observed at widely separated frequencies at each observing epoch in order to fit for time-variable dispersion delays. We describe our methods for data processing, time-of-arrival (TOA) calculation, and the implementation of a new, automated method for removing outlier TOAs. We fit a timing model for each pulsar that includes spin, astrometric, and, if necessary, binary parameters, in addition to time-variable dispersion delays and parameters that quantify pulse-profile evolution with frequency. The new timing solutions provide three new parallax measurements, two new Shapiro delay measurements, and two new measurements of large orbital-period variations. We fit models that characterize sources of noise for each pulsar. We find that 11 pulsars show significant red noise, with generally smaller spectral indices than typically measured for non-recycled pulsars, possibly suggesting a different origin. Future papers will use these data to constrain or detect the signatures of gravitational-wave signals., Published in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
Published: 2017

48. Directional limits on persistent gravitational waves from Advanced LIGO's first observing run

Author: H. J. Bulten, A. Fernández Galiana, I. Belahcene, D. B. Kelley, Zhihui Du, A. Avila-Alvarez, K. Gill, Bala R. Iyer, S. S. Eikenberry, A. Chiummo, Denis Martynov, Marco Bazzan, S. McCormick, Walter Winkler, A. Kutynia, Yanxi Zhang, A. S. Markosyan, J. Junker, Y. Setyawati, Harald Lück, Rosa Poggiani, V. Frey, G. Wang, S. Farinon, W. D. Vousden, Federico Ferrini, Francesco Pannarale, A. Rocchi, C. Cocchieri, R. Birney, D. Verkindt, S. A. Usman, Roman Schnabel, J. E. Brau, A. A. van Veggel, M. Cho, L. Matone, Tania Regimbau, M. M. Hanke, S. B. Anderson, G. Vajente, S. M. Gaebel, G. Gaur, S. C. McGuire, J. F. Read, Luca Gammaitoni, V. Malvezzi, T. Dal Canton, P. Raffai, Samuele Cortese, S. Di Pace, Haocun Yu, B. Lantz, S. G. Crowder, Y. F. Wang, J. Hanks, David B. Tanner, Zachariah B. Etienne, Jennifer Watchi, P. J. Sutton, Michael Pürrer, M. K. M. Bader, T. Isogai, Efim A. Khazanov, G. Ballardin, J. H. Romie, I. Maksimovic, D. V. Voss, R. L. Ward, Serena Vinciguerra, R. Pedurand, Benno Willke, E. Rhoades, S. Ascenzi, Alessandro Bertolini, J. C. Driggers, Christopher M. Biwer, S. Frasca, C. Tomlinson, A. Grado, R. Douglas, S. Ghonge, G. Hemming, N. Mukund, M. Pichot, T. P. Downes, D. S. Rabeling, M. Belgin, L. Rolland, M. Di Giovanni, K. E. Gushwa, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, C. Cahillane, L. R. Cominsky, Rocco Romano, John D. Scott, R. A. Mercer, Jinsook Kim, Rana X. Adhikari, J. D. Lough, Soma Mukherjee, H. R. Paris, A. Moggi, J. Ming, L. Conti, D. J. McManus, D. Tuyenbayev, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, M. Agathos, G. Stratta, Jesper Munch, Achamveedu Gopakumar, M. De Laurentis, N. Man, J. Hennig, V. Gayathri, S. Walsh, Miriam Cabero, E. Coughlin, R. Gustafson, S. M. Koehlenbeck, B. Machenschalk, F. Donovan, F. Garufi, A. Cumming, E. Genin, K. Haughian, G. Wu, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, M. C. Heintze, F. Carbognani, R. Kennedy, P. Kumar, M. Pedraza, B. R. Hall, M. Chan, Maria Alessandra Papa, F. Cavalier, S. Raja, S. E. Strigin, H. Radkins, A. Bozzi, C. Baune, M. Brinkmann, Alessandra Buonanno, R. Metzdorff, C.-J. Haster, Alberto Vecchio, R. Robie, David Coward, Sheon Chua, R. Bonnand, F. Baldaccini, F. Clara, Geoffrey Lovelace, V. Dolique, D. Ugolini, Laleh Sadeghian, V. P. Mitrofanov, Stephen Fairhurst, Carl Blair, J. Zweizig, D. Huet, S. H. Huttner, M. Razzano, E. L. Merilh, D. Talukder, J.-M. Isac, L. Sammut, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, E. Capocasa, A. Schönbeck, F. Martelli, Karan Jani, David A. Williams, I. W. Harry, M. J. Hart, Will M. Farr, L. Rei, Gijs Nelemans, S. Penn, F. Cleva, P. T. Baker, Andrew Melatos, N. Mazumder, E. D. Hall, R. M. S. Schofield, Jolien D. E. Creighton, J. S. Areeda, W. Del Pozzo, P. F. Cohadon, H. Heitmann, Sebastian Steinlechner, Adam A. Miller, Soumi De, T. Sadecki, Robinjeet Singh, T. D. Abbott, O. Puncken, M. Lorenzini, A. F. Brooks, M. Montani, K. Holt, Chunglee Kim, Piotr Jaranowski, N. A. Robertson, V. Sandberg, S. Babak, M. Bejger, J. G. Bartlett, S. T. Countryman, N. Letendre, F. Marion, M. Fays, C. Aulbert, R. Cavalieri, Nancy Aggarwal, Zahoor Ali Khan, A. K. Srivastava, A. E. Pace, J. Prasad, D. Mendoza-Gandara, Steven Bloemen, Benjamin J. Owen, G. L. Mansell, A. Di Lieto, L. Naticchioni, C. F. Da Silva Costa, Salvatore Vitale, V. Dattilo, Tejinder Kaur, Edwin J. Son, S. Grunewald, Zoheyr Doctor, S. J. Chamberlin, M. Vasúth, Márton Tápai, Mark Hannam, O. Bock, David Jonathan Hofman, C. R. Billman, K. Mason, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, Jonathan R. Gair, J. K. Blackburn, L. M. Perri, A. Sawadsky, J. F. J. van den Brand, E. Chassande-Mottin, M. Lormand, N. A. Lockerbie, S. Sunil, M. Tacca, Blake Moore, William Yam, L. Wallace, A. Królak, Laura Sampson, Sheila Rowan, Tyson Littenberg, A. L. Urban, Anne E. B. Nielsen, Stefan Hild, Y. Ma, Evan Ochsner, E. C. Ferreira, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, Andrew Matas, Adam A. Libson, D. Passuello, A. J. Weinstein, Jonathan Cripe, Liam Cunningham, Beverly J. Smith, A. Noack, Jonathan Blackman, Martin Hendry, N. Kijbunchoo, M. C. Díaz, K. V. Tokmakov, R. Frey, Duncan Meacher, S. Privitera, E. G. Thomas, A. Basti, Ryan N. Lang, Surabhi Sachdev, Christopher J. Moore, Chunnong Zhao, Carlos O. Lousto, M. Rakhmanov, D. H. Shoemaker, B. Klein, James Healy, S. Karki, P. Brockill, T. J. Cullen, V. Boschi, R. J. G. Jonker, S. Mastrogiovanni, R. K. Lanza, J. B. Kanner, A. Brillet, V. V. Frolov, A. Singhal, Xavier Siemens, W. A. Campbell, M. Landry, K. Toland, F. Frasconi, K. S. Karvinen, Hyun Lee, A. Mytidis, Lionel London, R. C. Devine, S. Brunett, J. Calderón Bustillo, I. Dave, Z. Frei, V. Sequino, S. Caride, Antonios Kontos, M. Fletcher, B. Hughey, J.-D. Fournier, Thomas Dent, Vladimir Dergachev, James Whelan, P. Ajith, M. T. Hartman, H. Fong, G. Greco, R. Tso, H. Fehrmann, J. Warner, H. Rew, R. Passaquieti, Alexander H. Nitz, Todd Adams, J. L. Willis, K. G. Arun, Howard Pan, Aaron Buikema, M. Vardaro, M. R. Abernathy, D. Fiorucci, V. Loriette, Junwei Cao, M. Korobko, B. Shapiro, L. Di Fiore, S. B. Coughlin, B. Mours, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, M. Barsuglia, M. Laxen, R. Flaminio, J.-P. Coulon, A. Viceré, Yi Chen, A. R. Wade, G. Kuehn, Madeline Wade, C. C. Wipf, Patrick M. Koch, P. Leaci, A. Colla, Francesco Salemi, Philip F. Hopkins, I. Fiori, J. S. Kissel, F. Robinet, E. J. King, Tomasz Bulik, P. Bacon, Daniel E. Holz, Q. Chu, C. M. Mow-Lowry, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, F. Y. Khalili, Richard J. Oram, A. Grant, Odylio D. Aguiar, A. Bisht, M. Turconi, M. J. Cowart, D. Nolting, C. Rajan, Steven Reyes, T. Di Girolamo, Archisman Ghosh, P. G. Murray, Alena Ananyeva, François Bondu, Benjamin William Allen, Abhirup Ghosh, Karsten Danzmann, M. Gosselin, B. K. Berger, Fabien Kéfélian, S. Mirshekari, J. H. Hough, H. Qi, M. Branchesi, L. Zhang, J. C. Batch, László Gondán, S. D'Antonio, John Miller, T. Prestegard, E. E. Cowan, J. D. Romano, A. C. Green, M. Boer, Archana Pai, F. Paoletti, G. A. Prodi, Hua Wang, J. R. Palamos, Graham Woan, M. Constancio, Duncan A. Brown, Fausto Acernese, Robert L. Byer, Stuart Reid, G. Valdes, A. Samajdar, M. Punturo, Leopoldo Milano, Slawomir Gras, A. Glaefke, B. Patricelli, D. S. Wu, Margaret Millhouse, Mi Zhang, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, B. F. Whiting, S. G. Gaonkar, A. P. Singh, T. J. Shaffer, D. C. Coyne, P. Ruggi, K. Izumi, D. Buskulic, M. Poe, A. Mullavey, T. J. N. Nelson, J. Casanueva Diaz, P. Schale, P. Thomas, S. Mitra, M. Was, M. Mantovani, C. Affeldt, J. L. Wright, Alessandra Corsi, Sascha Husa, Michele Zanolin, G. Venugopalan, Meng Wang, Jacob Scheuer, C. Messenger, R. DeSalvo, C. Whittle, T. Hardwick, D. Steinmeyer, T. J. Massinger, T. Vo, M. H. Wimmer, Haixing Miao, V. Kalogera, S. Koley, Bernard F. Schutz, M. Ast, O. E. S. Sauter, J. Woehler, M. Prijatelj, M. C. Araya, Xiaohui Fan, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, Catherine M. McGrath, C. Van Den Broeck, Erik Katsavounidis, C. Lazzaro, Patricia Schmidt, V. Brisson, J. E. Lord, H. Vocca, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, R. Taylor, D.B. DeBra, E. J. Daw, Maurizio Canepa, D. Pascucci, N. M. Brown, G. D. Hammond, Li Ju, G. Mendell, Daniel A. Shaddock, J. Trinastic, K. L. Dooley, E. M. Fries, F. Travasso, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, F. Piergiovanni, Chang-Hwan Lee, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, G. Vedovato, D. B. Kozak, A. Effler, Y. Bouffanais, S. E. Gossan, C. V. Kalaghatgi, J. Hanson, S. Chung, K. Napier, C. Vorvick, G. Bogaert, Michael E Zucker, M. Thomas, B. D. Lackey, Vladimir B. Braginsky, K. Venkateswara, Yuri Levin, Robert Stone, R. T. DeRosa, C. Buy, J. M. Newport, T. Theeg, X. Guo, T. Tippens, Guido Mueller, H. Vahlbruch, K. Riles, H. Middleton, Lisa Barsotti, Anirban Dasgupta, J. S. Lange, Hang Yu, D. Moraru, A. S. Biscoveanu, M. Weinert, H. A. G. Gabbard, F. Fidecaro, G. M. Guidi, M. Ducrot, Rebecca Fisher, A. Di Virgilio, J. Eichholz, A. R. Williamson, E. Cesarini, G. Gemme, K. A. Thorne, N. Leroy, M. Drago, Guenakh Mitselmakher, J. R. Leong, J. P. Henry, John Worden, P. Couvares, C. C. Yancey, Swetha Bhagwat, Kipp Cannon, M. Steinke, H. N. Isa, Albrecht Rüdiger, Xing-Jiang Zhu, G. P. Newton, M. Fyffe, Gabriela Gonzalez, W. G. Anderson, J. C. Barayoga, P. J. Veitch, Jan Harms, A. S. Sengupta, G. Cella, P. Fulda, Giacomo Ciani, Richard J. Abbott, B. J. J. Slagmolen, Dániel Barta, G. D. Meadors, B. P. Abbott, E. K. Gustafson, Gianpietro Cagnoli, M. Davier, Jordan Camp, M. Kasprzack, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, G. Debreczeni, B. A. Boom, A. M. Sergeev, S. E. Barclay, Ofek Birnholtz, Viswanath Bavigadda, Sung-Po Chao, S. Vass, J. McIver, P. Puppo, A. W. Muir, T. Etzel, Riccardo Bassiri, Magnus Manske, R. De Rosa, M. C. Tringali, R. Coyne, Fabrice Matichard, C. S. Unnikrishnan, M. Yvert, Eric Howell, Evan Goetz, S. Leavey, Hai-Ping Cheng, I. Nardecchia, A. L. Lombardi, S. Qiu, Carlos Cepeda, E. A. Huerta, Robert J. McCarthy, Lloyd Paul Aiello, B. C. Pant, Linqing Wen, E. Schreiber, N. Indik, E. Maros, L. K. Nuttall, Z. Tornasi, G. Billingsley, S. Macfoy, B. B. Miller, G. Kang, A. Pal-Singh, R. Goetz, Tarun Souradeep, F. Jiménez-Forteza, Sourav Ghosh, Imre Bartos, V. Quetschke, E. Cuoco, Debnandini Mukherjee, A. Gupta, E. Schmidt, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, Martin M. Fejer, J. R. Smith, R. Bork, A. K. Zadrożny, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, M. van Beuzekom, W. Katzman, L. van der Schaaf, A. Allocca, F. Vetrano, S. A. Pai, Cody Messick, S. Doravari, T. Denker, Christopher P. L. Berry, A. D. Silva, E. A. Muñiz, C. Krämer, A. Staley, R. Mittleman, S. Jawahar, Nelson Christensen, Matthew Evans, Innocenzo M. Pinto, T. D. Creighton, M. Dovale Álvarez, S. E. Dwyer, David Keitel, S. J. Cooper, R. Inta, S. Klimenko, A. Lartaux-Vollard, M. J. Yap, Suvadeep Bose, C. Palomba, M. S. Shahriar, S. Kaufer, P. A. Altin, Rainer Weiss, F. Ricci, R. W. P. Drever, R. Gouaty, Z. Márka, Alvin J. K. Chua, W. W. Johnson, D. Barker, M. Merzougui, B. Sassolas, David Blair, D. C. Vander-Hyde, D. Schuette, Tristan Briant, B. U. Gadre, L. Sun, Chandra Kant Mishra, R. Bhandare, Sebastien Biscans, G. McIntyre, Leo Singer, J. W. W. Pratt, Gregory M. Harry, A. Gennai, Rahul Kumar, Harald P. Pfeiffer, A. Sheperd, M. Rizzo, V. Predoi, I. W. Martin, David E. McClelland, A. L. Stuver, B. C. Stephens, J. P. Zendri, S. Appert, A. Giazotto, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, P. Charlton, Kejia Lee, Yongjung Kim, Peter Weßels, Zifan Zhou, I. A. Bilenko, David J. Ottaway, A. Paoli, W. Parker, L. Pinard, W. Z. Korth, K. Siellez, David Jones, Marco Cavaglia, A. W. Heptonstall, Vivien Raymond, Peter R. Saulson, L. Cerboni Baiardi, Terry G. McRae, L. G. Prokhorov, R. Kirchhoff, B. L. Pearlstone, V. Fafone, Kendall Ackley, F. Magaña-Sandoval, Peter Aufmuth, Jiayi Qin, A. Singer, László Á. Gergely, V. Re, E. A. Houston, V. Germain, Sylvia J. Zhu, L. E. Wade, P. J. King, Aaron Viets, Samuel Deléglise, Joey Shapiro Key, J. R. Sanders, D. Tao, Michael L. Gorodetsky, E. O. Lebigot, Jong H. Chow, J. Liu, A. Pasqualetti, T. Westphal, Ryan Lynch, Alejandro Bohé, D. M. Macleod, B. L. Swinkels, Simon Stevenson, C. Pankow, A. K. Lenon, P. M. Meyers, V. Tiwari, Hartmut Grote, G. Losurdo, Suresh Tiwari, Barry C. Barish, A. Ain, Paul J. Groot, M. Zevin, Neil J. Cornish, L. Zangrando, John Veitch, J. Lehmann, Vuk Mandic, N. Arnaud, Maggie Tse, F. Mezzani, S. Márka, Kenneth A. Strain, Jimin George, M. Sieniawska, M. Neri, M. Nery, Vijay Varma, J. A. Giaime, Gregory Ashton, Fabio Marchesoni, Hsiao-Wen Chen, B. O'Reilly, Ettore Majorana, M. MacInnis, P. Rapagnani, Eric Oelker, P. Ehrens, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, B. D. Cheeseboro, T. A. Callister, G. Cerretani, L. Trozzo, Albert Lazzarini, M. Bitossi, G. Bergmann, M. Haney, H. S. Cho, Jochen Schmidt, K. Wette, T. Huynh-Dinh, Christian Beer, John J. Oh, S. R. Morriss, Jade Powell, V. Mangano, Samaya Nissanke, Rory Smith, C. Adams, R. M. Blair, J. J. Hacker, H. Cao, J. Birch, E. Coccia, D. J. Vine, D. Sigg, C. Graef, B. A. Weaver, J. G. Rollins, S. W. Ballmer, D. M. Shoemaker, L.-W. Wei, Marc Favata, Roger Jones, Kris Ryan, E. A. Quintero, V. J. Roma, A. P. Spencer, D. D. Brown, Michelle E. Walker, G. Moreno, David H. Reitze, Yi-Ming Hu, N. van Bakel, D. Rosińska, Patrice Hello, I. Dorrington, I. Di Palma, Collin D. Capano, J. Page, V. Kringel, Jessica Steinlechner, A. Neunzert, T. Chmiel, M. Heurs, J-Y. Vinet, Reed Essick, R. Everett, S. Kandhasamy, B. Sorazu, A. Masserot, K. Kawabe, S. M. Aston, T. T. Nguyen, Andrea Chincarini, T. Z. Summerscales, Michael W. Coughlin, I. Khan, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, Paul D. Lasky, Matthew Pitkin, O. J. Piccinni, M. Granata, Minchuan Zhou, J. Devenson, Gavin Davies, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, M. Tonelli, A. Post, M. Leonardi, T. M. Evans, P. B. Covas, M. C. Edwards, S. J. Kimbrell, S. S. Forsyth, Andrew Lundgren, W. S. Kim, M. Factourovich, J. Betzwieser, Antoine Heidmann, D. Töyrä, H. Overmier, J. E. Broida, D. Sellers, J. Meidam, Riccardo Sturani, Roy Williams, Mairi Sakellariadou, G. Pillant, D. Hoak, D. Sentenac, Patrick Brady, T. Zhang, Thibaut Jacqmin, Tenglin Li, I. Kowalska, C. I. Torrie, N. Straniero, D. R. Ingram, M. Saleem, M. Oliver, Douglas Davis, H. Fair, Andrea Taracchini, D. Bersanetti, J. V. van Heijningen, Eric Thrane, Marie-Anne Bizouard, C. Michel, Sarah Caudill, A. Pele, Nergis Mavalvala, R. Quitzow-James, R. Day, S. Schlassa, Jerome Degallaix, C. Casentini, Sebastian Khan, F. Ohme, V. B. Adya, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, Christophe Collette, Ho-Gyu Lee, T. B. Edo, C. J. Perez, Maximiliano Isi, Lionel Martellini, M. E. N. Normandin, Peter Fritschel, M. Masso-Reid, N. Gehrels, Marek Szczepanczyk, C. Bradaschia, P. Oppermann, Ik Siong Heng, Enrico Calloni, G. Traylor, Thomas Corbitt, L. Salconi, C. A. Costa, M. K. Gupta, Laura Cadonati, L. Kleybolte, A. Perreca, Susan M. Scott, A. L. Miller, Daniele Trifirò, Chad Hanna, J. Oberling, P. Astone, Larne Pekowsky, Fiodor Sorrentino, V. Kondrashov, F. Nocera, Alicia M. Sintes, S. L. Danilishin, Arunava Mukherjee, Y. Minenkov, H. Wittel, S. G. Schwalbe, M. Phelps, B. Day, F. J. Raab, C. C. Buchanan, P. Popolizio, Koji Arai, E. J. Sanchez, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules ( LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules ), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux ( ARTEMIS ), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Physique de Rennes ( IPR ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VIRGO, LIGO, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science and Engineering Research Board, Royal Society, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Conselleria d’Economia i Competitivitat and Conselleria d’Educació, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Cultura i Universitats of the Govern de les Illes Balears, Lyon Institute of Origins, Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Kavli Foundation, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Research Corporation for Science Advancement, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, National Research Foundation of Korea, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Scottish Funding Council, European Commission, Australian Research Council, Országos Tudományos Kutatási Alapprogramok, Narodowe Centrum Nauki, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Science Foundation, Leverhulme Trust, Abbott, B. .p., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. .d., Abernathy, M. .r., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. .x., Adya, V. .b., Affeldt, C., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. .d., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Allen, B., Allocca, A., Altin, P. .a., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. .b., Anderson, W. .g., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. .c., Areeda, J. .s., Arnaud, N., Arun, K. .g., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Ast, M., Aston, S. .m., Astone, P., Aufmuth, P., Aulbert, C., Avila Alvarez, A., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Bader, M. .k. .m., Baker, P. .t., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. .w., Barayoga, J. .c., Barclay, S. .e., Barish, B. .c., Barker, D., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Batch, J. .c., Baune, C., Bavigadda, V., Bazzan, M., Beer, C., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Belgin, M., Bell, A. .s., Berger, B. .k., Bergmann, G., Berry, C. .p. .l., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhagwat, S., Bhandare, R., Bilenko, I. .a., Billingsley, G., Billman, C. .r., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Biscoveanu, A. .s., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Biwer, C., Bizouard, M. .a., Blackburn, J. .k., Blackman, J., Blair, C. .d., Blair, D. .g., Blair, R. .m., Bloemen, S., Bock, O., Boer, M., Bogaert, G., Bohe, A., Bondu, F., Bonnand, R., Boom, B. .a., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. .r., Braginsky, V. .b., BRANCHESI, MARICA, Brau, J. .e., Briant, T., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Broida, J. .e., Brooks, A. .f., Brown, D. .a., Brown, D. .d., Brown, N. .m., Brunett, S., Buchanan, C. .c., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. .j., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. .l., Cabero, M., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Calderón Bustillo, J., Callister, T. .a., Calloni, E., Camp, J. .b., Campbell, W., Canepa, M., Cannon, K. .c., Cao, H., Cao, J., Capano, C. .d., Capocasa, E., Carbognani, F., Caride, S., Casanueva Diaz, J., Casentini, C., Caudill, S., Cavaglià, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Cella, G., Cepeda, C. .b., CERBONI BAIARDI, LORENZO, Cerretani, G., Cesarini, E., Chamberlin, S. .j., Chan, M., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chassande Mottin, E., Cheeseboro, B. .d., Chen, H. .y., Chen, Y., Cheng, H. P., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Chmiel, T., Cho, H. .s., Cho, M., Chow, J. .h., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, A. .j. .k., Chua, S., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Clara, F., Clark, J. .a., Cleva, F., Cocchieri, C., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. F., Colla, A., Collette, C. .g., Cominsky, L., Constancio, M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. .j., Corbitt, T. .r., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. .a., Coughlin, E., Coughlin, M. .w., Coughlin, S. .b., Coulon, J. 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E, CALTECH, Louisiana State Univ, Amer Univ, Univ Salerno, Complesso Univ Monte S Angelo, Univ Florida, LIGO Livingston Observ, Univ Savoie Mt Blanc, Univ Sannio, INFN, Max Planck Inst Gravitat Phys, MIT, Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Gran Sasso Sci Inst, Inter Univ, Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee, Leibniz Univ Hannover, Univ Pisa, Australian Natl Univ, Calif State Univ Fullerton, Univ Paris 11, Chennai Math Inst, Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Univ Hamburg, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), West Virginia Univ, Univ Perugia, EGO, Syracuse Univ, Univ Glasgow, LIGO Hanford Observ, Columbia Univ, Stanford Univ, Univ Padua, Polish Acad Sci, Georgia Inst Technol, Univ Birmingham, Univ Genoa, Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Univ West Scotland, Univ Western Australia, Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Univ Cote Azur, Univ Rennes 1, Washington State Univ, Univ Urbino Carlo Bo, Univ Oregon, UPMC, Carleton Coll, Warsaw Univ, Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Univ Maryland, IN2P3, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Naples Federico II, NASA, Univ Tokyo, Univ Adelaide, Tsinghua Univ, Texas Tech Univ, Univ Mississippi, Penn State Univ, Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Charles Sturt Univ, Univ Chicago, Kenyon Coll, Korea Inst Sci & Technol Informat, Univ Cambridge, Univ Roma La Sapienza, Univ Brussels, Sonoma State Univ, Montana State Univ, Northwestern Univ, Univ Illes Balears, Univ Texas Rio Grande Valley, Bellevue Coll, Inst Plasma Res, Univ Sheffield, Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Univ Trento, Trento Inst Fundamental Phys & Applicat, Cardiff Univ, Montclair State Univ, Natl Astron Observ Japan, Univ Toronto, MTA Eotvos Univ, Univ Edinburgh, Univ & Inst Adv Res, IISER TVM, Univ Szeged, Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ, INAF, Univ Michigan, Rochester Inst Technol, Univ Illinois, Univ Biat ystok, Univ Strathclyde, Univ Southampton, Univ Washington, Inst Appl Phys, Seoul Natl Univ, Inje Univ Gimhae, Natl Inst Math Sci, Pusan Natl Univ, Monash Univ, Hanyang Univ, Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Univ Alabama, ESPCI, Univ Minnesota, Univ Camerino, Southern Univ, A&M Coll, Univ Melbourne, Coll William & Mary, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Whitman Coll, Univ Lyon 1, Hobart & William Smith Coll, Univ Zielona Gora, Univ London, IISER Kolkata, Indian Inst Technol, Andrews Univ, Univ Siena, Trinity Univ, and Abilene Christian Univ
Subjects: Gravitational-wave observatory, Astronomy, General Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysics, General GW directional, gravitational waves, Ligo-Virgo, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitational wave background, Galactic Center, Directed searches, NEUTRON-STAR, upper limits, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), QC, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Stochastic systems, Gravitational effects, article, ddc:530 Physik, Wave energy conversion, Supernova, Amplitude, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatories, Gravitational waves, persistent background, upper limits, O1, upper limit, Gravitational wave, Gravitational redshift, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Physics::General Physics, persistent background, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, Extended sources, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Gravity waves, O1, Gravitational waves, [ PHYS.GRQC ] Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Physics and Astronomy (all), Median frequency, Sensitive detector, 0103 physical sciences, Strain amplitude, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Interferometers, Wave energy density, [ PHYS.ASTR.HE ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], cosmos, 530 Physik, LIGO, Neutron star, Physics and Astronomy, RADIATION, Laser interferometry, Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::530 | Physik
Abstract: We employ gravitational-wave radiometry to map the gravitational waves stochastic background expected from a variety of contributing mechanisms and test the assumption of isotropy using data from Advanced LIGO's first observing run. We also search for persistent gravitational waves from point sources with only minimal assumptions over the 20 - 1726 Hz frequency band. Finding no evidence of gravitational waves from either point sources or a stochastic background, we set limits at 90% confidence. For broadband point sources, we report upper limits on the gravitational wave energy flux per unit frequency in the range $F_{\alpha,\Theta}(f) < (0.1 - 56) \times 10^{-8}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ Hz$^{-1}$ (f/25 Hz)$^{\alpha-1}$ depending on the sky location $\Theta$ and the spectral power index $\alpha$. For extended sources, we report upper limits on the fractional gravitational wave energy density required to close the Universe of $\Omega(f,\Theta) < (0.39-7.6) \times 10^{-8}$ sr$^{-1}$ (f/25 Hz)$^\alpha$ depending on $\Theta$ and $\alpha$. Directed searches for narrowband gravitational waves from astrophysically interesting objects (Scorpius X-1, Supernova 1987 A, and the Galactic Center) yield median frequency-dependent limits on strain amplitude of $h_0, Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2017
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49. Upper Limits on the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from Advanced LIGO’s First Observing Run

Author: John A. Clark, Ben Farr, A. L. Stuver, W. S. Kim, B. C. Stephens, Christophe Collette, Ho-Gyu Lee, J. P. Zendri, C. J. Perez, Adam A. Miller, S. Appert, Soumi De, N. Gehrels, Marek Szczepanczyk, A. Giazotto, C. Bradaschia, P. Oppermann, Ik Siong Heng, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, P. Charlton, Kejia Lee, Yongjung Kim, Peter Weßels, Zifan Zhou, I. A. Bilenko, David J. Ottaway, P. Astone, Larne Pekowsky, C. F. Da Silva Costa, W. Z. Korth, David Jones, Marco Cavaglia, A. W. Heptonstall, Vivien Raymond, Peter R. Saulson, L. Cerboni Baiardi, Terry G. McRae, L. G. Prokhorov, A. Paoli, Michael L. Gorodetsky, T. Westphal, Ryan Lynch, Alejandro Bohé, K. Mason, E. C. Ferreira, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, Denis Martynov, Marco Bazzan, W. Parker, V. Dolique, Simon Stevenson, A. K. Lenon, Archisman Ghosh, Hartmut Grote, Xavier Siemens, W. A. Campbell, R. C. Devine, S. Penn, L. Pinard, Federico Ferrini, K. Venkateswara, D. Ugolini, V. Kondrashov, S. L. Danilishin, Arunava Mukherjee, D. Rosińska, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, M. Lormand, Yuri Levin, G. Losurdo, David H. Shoemaker, S. Karki, T. J. Cullen, G. Vajente, L. Trozzo, Albert Lazzarini, T. B. Edo, D. Verkindt, A. Viceré, Y. Minenkov, Patrice Hello, Robert Stone, A. Di Virgilio, A. R. Williamson, M. Prijatelj, B. D. Lackey, Neil J. Cornish, S. M. Gaebel, Yi Chen, J. Warner, H. Rew, K. S. Karvinen, H. Wittel, Sascha Husa, G. Venugopalan, Meng Wang, Albrecht Rüdiger, Xing-Jiang Zhu, D.B. DeBra, S. G. Schwalbe, M. Phelps, R. Passaquieti, Alexander H. Nitz, D. Schuette, C. Rajan, B. Day, Jochen Schmidt, M. T. Hartman, M. Pichot, A. S. Biscoveanu, B. J. J. Slagmolen, F. Paoletti, S. Ascenzi, J. M. Newport, T. Theeg, Maximiliano Isi, G. L. Mansell, Kipp Cannon, M. Steinke, Samaya Nissanke, Lionel Martellini, M. E. N. Normandin, G. D. Meadors, X. Guo, Mauro Tonelli, K. Siellez, G. A. Prodi, R. DeSalvo, Sung-Po Chao, R. Tso, P. J. Sutton, K. A. Thorne, Riccardo Bassiri, H. J. Bulten, F. J. Raab, C. C. 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Weaver, N. Letendre, François Bondu, B. O'Reilly, W. Del Pozzo, P. F. Cohadon, G. Wu, S. Raja, H. Heitmann, Bala R. Iyer, S. McCormick, P. Ruggi, Tenglin Li, C. Aulbert, R. Cavalieri, I. Kowalska, J. McIver, Adam A. Libson, A. Mullavey, T. J. N. Nelson, P. Puppo, A. W. Muir, Howard Pan, Aaron Buikema, J. G. Rollins, P. A. Altin, C. C. Wipf, E. J. King, S. E. Strigin, M. Turconi, L.-W. Wei, Carlos Cepeda, Alvin J. K. Chua, Robert J. McCarthy, A. K. Srivastava, A. E. Pace, A. Grado, T. Sadecki, Eric Oelker, T. Denker, S. Grunewald, E. G. Thomas, A. Basti, S. B. Coughlin, Peter Aufmuth, N. Indik, C. Messenger, Marie-Anne Bizouard, Christopher P. L. Berry, A. D. Silva, M. J. Cowart, F. Jiménez-Forteza, Sourav Ghosh, Imre Bartos, J. Zweizig, G. Wang, V. Malvezzi, T. Dal Canton, S. Qiu, Linqing Wen, Jessica Steinlechner, A. Neunzert, T. Chmiel, M. Heurs, W. D. Vousden, Ryan N. Lang, Jiayi Qin, A. Singer, S. G. Crowder, M. Razzano, L. Matone, Kris Ryan, E. A. Quintero, E. L. Merilh, Z. 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Laxen, Fausto Acernese, F. Magaña-Sandoval, J. Trinastic, A. Glaefke, A. Di Lieto, N. Kijbunchoo, E. E. Cowan, J. D. Romano, B. F. Whiting, E. D. Hall, P. Ehrens, Jolien D. E. Creighton, T. Isogai, Madeline Wade, J. Casanueva Diaz, P. Leaci, A. Colla, F. Y. Khalili, Nelson Christensen, L. Naticchioni, Salvatore Vitale, S. J. Chamberlin, D. Nolting, A. Mytidis, Swetha Bhagwat, William Yam, L. Wallace, Mi Zhang, P. Schale, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, A. Królak, T. J. Shaffer, C. Van Den Broeck, M. Vasúth, M. Mantovani, Jonathan Cripe, K. V. Tokmakov, V. Germain, R. Frey, Duncan Meacher, M. Bitossi, G. Bergmann, Sylvia J. Zhu, S. Brunett, I. Maksimovic, D. V. Voss, R. L. Ward, M. Ducrot, Rebecca Fisher, A. L. Urban, M. Was, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, B. Shapiro, J. Eichholz, K. Holt, F. Nocera, J. C. Barayoga, Richard J. Abbott, H. Vocca, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, C. Zhao, Alicia M. Sintes, T. Zhang, D. Barker, K. Wette, A. Bisht, G. Hemming, S. Koley, John J. Oh, Thibaut Jacqmin, C. I. Torrie, N. 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I., Belgin, M., Bell, A. .s., Berger, B. .k., Bergmann, G., Berry, C. .p. .l., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhagwat, S., Bhandare, R., Bilenko, I. .a., Billingsley, G., Billman, C. .r., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Biscoveanu, A. .s., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Biwer, C., Bizouard, M. .a., Blackburn, J. .k., Blackman, J., Blair, C. .d., Blair, D. .g., Blair, R. .m., Bloemen, S., Bock, O., Boer, M., Bogaert, G., Bohe, A., Bondu, F., Bonnand, R., Boom, B. .a., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. .r., Braginsky, V. .b., BRANCHESI, MARICA, Brau, J. .e., Briant, T., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Broida, J. .e., Brooks, A. .f., Brown, D. .a., Brown, D. .d., Brown, N. .m., Brunett, S., Buchanan, C. .c., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. .j., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. .l., Cabero, M., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Calderón Bustillo, J., Callister, T. .a., Calloni, E., Camp, J. .b., Campbell, W., Canepa, M., Cannon, K. .c., Cao, H., Cao, J., Capano, C. .d., Capocasa, E., Carbognani, F., Caride, S., Casanueva Diaz, J., Casentini, C., Caudill, S., Cavaglià, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Cella, G., Cepeda, C. .b., CERBONI BAIARDI, LORENZO, Cerretani, G., Cesarini, E., Chamberlin, S. .j., Chan, M., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chassande Mottin, E., Cheeseboro, B. .d., Chen, H. .y., Chen, Y., Cheng, H. 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P., Zevin, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y., Zhao, C., Zhou, M., Zhou, Z., Zhu, S. .j., Zhu, X. .j., Zucker, M. .e., Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science and Engineering Research Board, Royal Society, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Australian Research Council, Országos Tudományos Kutatási Alapprogramok, Narodowe Centrum Nauki, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Science Foundation, Leverhulme Trust, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Conselleria d’Economia i Competitivitat and Conselleria d’Educació, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Cultura i Universitats of the Govern de les Illes Balears, Lyon Institute of Origins, Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Kavli Foundation, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Research Corporation for Science Advancement, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, National Research Foundation of Korea, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Scottish Funding Council, European Commission, Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Gravitational-wave observatory, Astronomy, STRING COSMOLOGY, General Physics and Astronomy, Gravitational waves, stochastic background, LIGO, O1, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitational wave background, Energy density, INFLATION, COMPACT BINARY COALESCENCES, PHASE-TRANSITIONS, PLANCK 2015, RADIATION, POPULATION, RATES, LIGO, QC, QB, Data display, astro-ph.HE, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, education.field_of_study, Stochastic systems, Energy density spectrum, Black holes, Gravitational effects, Gravitational-wave signals, stochastic background, Upper limits, gravitational waves, astro-ph.CO, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatories, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), gr-qc, Population, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Gravity waves, O1, Gravitational waves, LIGO detectors, [ PHYS.GRQC ] Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Physics and Astronomy (all), Binary black hole, 0103 physical sciences, GW151226, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, education, STFC, Inflation (cosmology), Interferometers, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, RCUK, Stochastic background, Flocculation, [ PHYS.ASTR.HE ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Physical Review, 530 Physik, Stars, Physics and Astronomy, Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::530 | Physik, Laser interferometry
Abstract: A wide variety of astrophysical and cosmological sources are expected to contribute to a stochastic gravitational-wave background. Following the observations of GW150914 and GW151226, the rate and mass of coalescing binary black holes appear to be greater than many previous expectations. As a result, the stochastic background from unresolved compact binary coalescences is expected to be particularly loud. We perform a search for the isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background using data from Advanced LIGO's first observing run. The data display no evidence of a stochastic gravitational-wave signal. We constrain the dimensionless energy density of gravitational waves to be $\Omega_0, Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2017
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50. All-sky search for short gravitational-wave bursts in the first Advanced LIGO run

Author: John A. Clark, Ben Farr, Samuele Cortese, W. S. Kim, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, M. C. Heintze, Michael Pürrer, Serena Vinciguerra, R. Pedurand, Benno Willke, Christophe Collette, Ho-Gyu Lee, C. J. Perez, F. Carbognani, A. Grado, C. Cahillane, S. H. Huttner, A. Chiummo, N. Gehrels, E. O. Lebigot, L. Trozzo, Rana X. Adhikari, B. Machenschalk, C. Bradaschia, S. T. Countryman, Albert Lazzarini, Y.-H. Zhang, Jochen Schmidt, M. Rakhmanov, Samaya Nissanke, P. Oppermann, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, A. Masserot, Ik Siong Heng, G. Kang, Archisman Ghosh, A. Pal-Singh, E. Katsavounidis, A. Zadro ny, T. Zhang, Thibaut Jacqmin, T. Regimbau, C. I. Torrie, J. Hennig, V. Gayathri, Luca Gammaitoni, S. Walsh, O. J. Piccinni, Gavin Davies, A. C. Green, F. Donovan, R. Kennedy, Frank Ohme, Geoffrey Lovelace, M. Tonelli, A. Post, M. Leonardi, Surabhi Sachdev, Christopher J. Moore, S. J. Kimbrell, S. S. Forsyth, B. Sassolas, Piotr Jaranowski, Aviral Singh, Andrew Lundgren, C. Krämer, N. Straniero, D. R. Ingram, M. Saleem, C. R. Billman, A. Cumming, V. V. Frolov, A. Singhal, H. Radkins, A. Bozzi, P. Astone, Larne Pekowsky, C. Baune, Miriam Cabero, Alessandra Buonanno, R. Metzdorff, Fausto Acernese, A. Glaefke, Mi Zhang, P. T. Baker, Adam A. Miller, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, Soumi De, R. Mittleman, Nelson Christensen, M. K. M. Bader, Douglas Davis, H. Fair, S. R. Morriss, B. Lantz, J. J. Hacker, E. Genin, M. Brinkmann, F. Baldaccini, Jordan Camp, R. De Rosa, T. J. Shaffer, M. Mantovani, J.-M. Isac, L. Naticchioni, Salvatore Vitale, A. S. Sengupta, A. L. Urban, J. Birch, S. Mastrogiovanni, R. K. Lanza, Felice Sorrentino, J. B. Kanner, Andrea Taracchini, T. Hardwick, D. Steinmeyer, E. Coccia, M. C. Tringali, I. Nardecchia, Lei Zhang, D. Huet, D. Moraru, Sascha Husa, G. Venugopalan, Meng Wang, Christopher M. Biwer, S. Frasca, L. Conti, David Coward, M. E. Zucker, C. Graef, B. A. Weaver, J. G. Rollins, Carlos Cepeda, Alena Ananyeva, Sheon Chua, L.-W. Wei, S. Koley, S. Babak, M. Bejger, R. Bonnand, Paul Hopkins, Jun Liu, D. Pascucci, Robert J. McCarthy, J. L. Willis, M. H. Wimmer, D. Bersanetti, J. V. van Heijningen, T. Denker, F. Travasso, Howard Pan, Eric Thrane, Linqing Wen, A. Mytidis, W. Z. Korth, Gianpietro Cagnoli, D.B. DeBra, Christopher P. L. Berry, A. D. Silva, S. D' Antonio, S. Qiu, Aaron Buikema, Stephen Fairhurst, Carl Blair, M. Constancio, Duncan A. Brown, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, R. M. S. Schofield, F. Frasconi, S. Penn, D. Schuette, G. L. Mansell, Roy Williams, H. Fong, G. Greco, C. C. Wipf, E. J. King, Mairi Sakellariadou, H. Fehrmann, E. A. Quintero, M. J. Hart, C. Michel, G. Pillant, Z. Tornasi, A. Staley, V. Dattilo, D. S. Rabeling, I. Di Palma, M. Di Giovanni, K. E. Gushwa, Tejinder Kaur, F. Mezzani, R. Flaminio, S. Márka, Benjamin J. Owen, V. Malvezzi, T. Dal Canton, J. F. J. van den Brand, C. F. Da Silva Costa, M. J. Cowart, S. Jawahar, Edwin J. Son, Sarah Caudill, Matthew Evans, R. Quitzow-James, R. Day, Kenneth A. Strain, Jimin George, B. U. Gadre, V. B. Adya, M. Sieniawska, Sebastien Biscans, Papa, G. Gemme, J. K. Blackburn, A. Sawadsky, E. Chassande-Mottin, T. Theeg, X. Guo, K. Siellez, Rocco Romano, M. Drago, Guenakh Mitselmakher, John D. Scott, S. G. Crowder, Stefan Hild, S. Sunil, M. Tacca, J. R. Leong, Martin Hendry, Y. Ma, A. F. Brooks, M. C. Díaz, R. A. Mercer, K. V. Tokmakov, Odylio D. Aguiar, E. Rhoades, H. S. Chen, Gregory Ashton, Adam A. Libson, Fabio Marchesoni, P. Hello, Bizouard, E. Schmidt, Shahriar, Tenglin Li, B. O'Reilly, David Jones, I. Kowalska, R. Inta, S. Mitra, Sheila Rowan, Laura Cadonati, G. McIntyre, Leo Singer, S. Klimenko, M. J. Yap, B. A. Boom, A. Allocca, Jinsook Kim, Carl-Johan Haster, A. M. Sergeev, F. Vetrano, L. Rolland, K. A. Thorne, A. Weinstein, Antonios Kontos, A. Brillet, László Gondán, O. Bock, T. Etzel, Junwei Cao, K. Mason, Eric Oelker, Marco Cavaglia, M. Vardaro, C. S. Unnikrishnan, C. Palomba, L. Kleybolte, Todd Adams, S. Mirshekari, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, Madeline Wade, N. Man, Jacob Broida, Jonathan Newport, H. J. Bulten, A. Moggi, J. Ming, Debnandini Mukherjee, J. P. Henry, P. Leaci, A. Colla, P. Couvares, K. Haughian, M. C. Araya, C. Lazzaro, Patricia Schmidt, V. Brisson, B. C. Pant, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, F. Robinet, Q. Chu, Paul D. Lasky, P. Fulda, B. Mours, Benjamin William Allen, A. Perreca, N. Indik, Michael L. Gorodetsky, T. Westphal, M. van Beuzekom, Matthew Abernathy, Abhirup Ghosh, Susan M. Scott, Matthew Pitkin, G. M. Harry, Y. Wang, Vuk Mandic, J. W. W. Pratt, Ryan Lynch, Alejandro Bohé, D. Nolting, M. Dovale Álvarez, S. Privitera, S. E. Dwyer, David Keitel, H. Qi, G. Stratta, Jesper Munch, L. Sammut, D. Buskulic, Sourav Ghosh, Imre Bartos, S. E. Barclay, Achamveedu Gopakumar, E. C. Ferreira, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, Ofek Birnholtz, Karsten Danzmann, A. W. Heptonstall, Vivien Raymond, Nergis Mavalvala, Jerome Degallaix, Peter R. Saulson, S. J. Cooper, S. Kaufer, M. Branchesi, Hua Wang, Daniele Trifirò, Chad Hanna, J. Oberling, S. Doravari, Simon Stevenson, Jan Harms, Rainer Weiss, A. K. Lenon, K. Venkateswara, F. Ricci, R. W. P. Drever, Yuri Levin, Lionel London, D. Talukder, David A. Williams, M. De Laurentis, J. C. Batch, P. J. Veitch, L. Cerboni Baiardi, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, A. Gennai, Rahul Kumar, Harald P. Pfeiffer, A. Lartaux-Vollard, M. Neri, V. Loriette, Bala R. Iyer, V. Quetschke, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, Martin M. Fejer, C. Casentini, Viswanath Bavigadda, Sebastian Khan, B. C. Barish, V. Kondrashov, J. R. Smith, Hartmut Grote, M. Granata, R. Bork, Eric Howell, Evan Ochsner, M. Ast, O. E. S. Sauter, M. Punturo, Leopoldo Milano, Slawomir Gras, W. W. Johnson, Suvadeep Bose, Innocenzo M. Pinto, Minchuan Zhou, M. Fays, J. A. Giaime, I. W. Harry, A. Di Lieto, P. B. Covas, A. Sheperd, S. J. Chamberlin, M. Vasúth, J. Page, J. Woehler, R. Gouaty, Terry G. McRae, E. M. Fries, S. McCormick, G. Losurdo, M. Rizzo, Francesco Salemi, S. Chung, P. Kumar, S. L. Danilishin, Arunava Mukherjee, S. Leavey, Hai-Ping Cheng, Y. Minenkov, M. Turconi, Z. Márka, G. Wang, W. Katzman, L. K. Nuttall, Robert Stone, Jon M. Miller, A. Di Virgilio, A. Avila-Alvarez, Evan Goetz, L. G. Prokhorov, David Blair, V. Dolique, I. W. Martin, David E. McClelland, M. Merzougui, D. Passuello, D. Tuyenbayev, J. Devenson, D. Ugolini, K. Gill, Chunnong Zhao, B. R. Hall, Neil J. Cornish, M. Razzano, Walter Winkler, A. S. Markosyan, Harald Lück, W. D. Vousden, A. R. Williamson, N. Letendre, L. van der Schaaf, S. A. Pai, Cody Messick, H. Wittel, S. G. Schwalbe, L. Matone, G. Billingsley, S. Macfoy, B. B. Miller, Peter Aufmuth, G. Mendell, F. Nocera, M. Cho, M. Phelps, Alberto Vecchio, N. Mazumder, S. Karki, T. J. Cullen, R. Kirchhoff, B. L. Pearlstone, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, M. Lormand, Jiayi Qin, Hyun Lee, J. Calderón Bustillo, V. Fafone, Robinjeet Singh, T. D. Abbott, O. Puncken, F. Martelli, G. Gaur, S. C. McGuire, J. F. Read, M. Prijatelj, S. Di Pace, J. Warner, D. Verkindt, Steven Reyes, K. S. Karvinen, H. Rew, R. Passaquieti, Alexander H. Nitz, E. Cuoco, A. Gupta, Jonathan Cripe, A. Singer, Karan Jani, L. Rei, J. Trinastic, Will M. Farr, B. Day, C. Aulbert, R. Cavalieri, M. Montani, F. Cleva, Graham Woan, Albrecht Rüdiger, Xing-Jiang Zhu, Robert L. Byer, Denis Martynov, Marco Bazzan, T. Sadecki, Stuart Reid, V. Boschi, László Á. Gergely, G. Valdes, Haocun Yu, T. B. Edo, M. Pichot, M. T. Hartman, B. C. Stephens, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, C. Rajan, Kendall Ackley, Shiuh Chao, P. Weßels, I. Maksimovic, Zoheyr Doctor, Gijs Nelemans, G. A. Prodi, E. D. Hall, R. DeSalvo, Archana Pai, F. Paoletti, P. Ruggi, K. G. Arun, Nancy Aggarwal, Zahoor Ali Khan, A. K. Srivastava, A. E. Pace, C. Messenger, F. Magaña-Sandoval, Jolien D. E. Creighton, D. Mendoza-Gandara, D. V. Voss, R. L. Ward, G. Hemming, J. P. Zendri, M. Ducrot, Rebecca Fisher, A. Samajdar, V. Re, E. A. Houston, Michael Thomas, Maximiliano Isi, Lionel Martellini, Jacob Scheuer, L. Pinard, R. Tso, Patrick M. Koch, M. Landry, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, F. Piergiovanni, Chang-Hwan Lee, William Yam, L. Wallace, A. Królak, R. Frey, K. Holt, Chunglee Kim, S. Grunewald, P. Bacon, A. Mullavey, T. J. N. Nelson, Daniel E. Holz, E. G. Thomas, A. Basti, V. Sandberg, Xiaohui Fan, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, Kevin M. Ryan, C. C. Buchanan, M. Korobko, S. Appert, Ryan N. Lang, S. M. Koehlenbeck, Xavier Siemens, J. Eichholz, G. P. Newton, M. Fyffe, Peter Fritschel, P. Popolizio, Koji Arai, M. Masso-Reid, Bernard F. Schutz, Li Ju, A. Giazotto, Federico Ferrini, G. Vajente, S. M. Gaebel, P. J. King, Aaron Viets, Daniel A. Shaddock, R. A. Eisenstein, B. J. J. Slagmolen, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, Tomasz Bulik, C. V. Kalaghatgi, J. Hanson, K. Napier, M. Davier, F. Marion, N. Leroy, Richard J. Oram, L. Di Fiore, T. Tippens, S. Brunett, B. Shapiro, Joey Shapiro Key, J. R. Sanders, A. L. Miller, J. Worden, D. Meacher, J.-P. Coulon, V. Germain, M. C. Edwards, C. Whittle, E. J. Sanchez, M. Kasprzack, N. M. Brown, I. Dave, Gabriela Gonzalez, M. Fletcher, B. Hughey, R. C. Devine, M.J. Szczepa czyk, Z. Frei, Laura Sampson, B. Patricelli, Guido Mueller, P. Charlton, Kejia Lee, François Bondu, Hang Yu, G. D. Meadors, V. Sequino, S. Caride, A. Bisht, Sylvia J. Zhu, G. Debreczeni, E. Schreiber, D. H. Shoemaker, J.-D. Fournier, D. S. Wu, Margaret Millhouse, A. Viceré, A. Effler, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, B. Klein, Riccardo Bassiri, Magnus Manske, Enrico Calloni, G. Traylor, D. C. Coyne, S. G. Gaonkar, James Healy, P. Brockill, Haixing Miao, Thomas Corbitt, L. Salconi, C. A. Costa, G. Vedovato, S. Ascenzi, I. Fiori, Alessandro Bertolini, Yongjung Kim, G. Bogaert, E. A. M. Muniz, Yi Chen, K. Izumi, B. D. Cheeseboro, G. Cerretani, M. K. Gupta, D. B. Kozak, C. Vorvick, Zifan Zhou, I. A. Bilenko, David J. Ottaway, S. E. Gossan, M. Barsuglia, Swetha Bhagwat, E. Maros, T. Di Girolamo, J. C. Driggers, T. Prestegard, A. Paoli, T. Huynh-Dinh, K. L. Dooley, J. C. 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E. Wade, S. Vass, M. Agathos, Efim A. Khazanov, G. Ballardin, Samuel Deléglise, R. Coyne, Fabrice Matichard, A. L. Lombardi, G. Wu, Dániel Barta, S. Raja, S. E. Strigin, C. Pankow, P. M. Meyers, D. J. McManus, Paul J. Groot, M. Zevin, L. Zangrando, John Veitch, J. Lehmann, R. Robie, N. Arnaud, Maggie Tse, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, M. Laxen, F. Clara, J. Zweizig, Vijay Varma, M. MacInnis, E. L. Merilh, T. Isogai, P. Rapagnani, Sebastian Steinlechner, J. S. Areeda, F. Y. Khalili, F. Garufi, M. Yvert, P. Thomas, M. Nery, Ettore Majorana, Vladimir B. Braginsky, H. Vahlbruch, K. Riles, J. Y. Vinet, H. Middleton, M. Weinert, H. A. G. Gabbard, F. Fidecaro, G. M. Guidi, H. N. Isa, P. Ehrens, Tyson Littenberg, T. D. Creighton, M. Was, Badri Krishnan, William Parker, D. Fiorucci, H. Vocca, A. R. Wade, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, G. Kuehn, C. M. Mow-Lowry, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, L. Aiello, M. Gosselin, E. E. Cowan, M. Bitossi, G. Bergmann, B. F. Whiting, J. Casanueva Diaz, K. Wette, P. Schale, C. 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Etienne, Jennifer Watchi, Jessica Steinlechner, A. Neunzert, T. Chmiel, M. Heurs, T. A. Callister, N. Kijbunchoo, T. P. Downes, M. Haney, H. S. Cho, Jade Powell, V. Mangano, M. Pedraza, C. Tomlinson, J. D. Lough, David H. Reitze, Yi-Ming Hu, Soma Mukherjee, Reed Essick, M. Factourovich, F. Cavalier, J. Betzwieser, Antoine Heidmann, D. Töyrä, H. Overmier, R. Everett, S. Kandhasamy, D. Sellers, J. Meidam, Riccardo Sturani, H. R. Paris, D. Hoak, D. Sentenac, B. Sorazu, Patrick Brady, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, E. Capocasa, A. Schönbeck, A. Kutynia, T. T. Nguyen, Andrea Chincarini, T. Z. Summerscales, Jong H. Chow, J. Prasad, A. Pasqualetti, D. M. Macleod, Steven Bloemen, B. L. Swinkels, Jonathan R. Gair, L. M. Perri, V. Tiwari, N. A. Lockerbie, Yann Bouffanais, Blake Moore, A. Ain, Thomas Dent, Vladimir Dergachev, James Whelan, M. 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P., Countryman, S. .t., Couvares, P., Covas, P. .b., Cowan, E. .e., Coward, D. .m., Cowart, M. .j., Coyne, D. .c., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. .d. .e., Creighton, T. .d., Cripe, J., Crowder, S. .g., Cullen, T. .j., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Dal Canton, T., Danilishin, S. .l., D’Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dasgupta, A., Da Silva Costa, C. .f., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davies, G. .s., Davis, D., Daw, E. .j., Day, B., Day, R., De, S., Debra, D., Debreczeni, G., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deléglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Denker, T., Dent, T., Dergachev, V., De Rosa, R., Derosa, R. .t., Desalvo, R., Devenson, J., Devine, R. .c., Dhurandhar, S., Díaz, M. .c., Di Fiore, L., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Virgilio, A., Doctor, Z., Dolique, V., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. .l., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Douglas, R., Dovale Álvarez, M., Downes, T. .p., Drago, M., Drever, R. .w. .p., Driggers, J. .c., Du, Z., Ducrot, M., Dwyer, S. .e., Edo, T. .b., Edwards, M. .c., Effler, A., Eggenstein, H. B., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. .s., Eisenstein, R. .a., Essick, R. .c., Etienne, Z., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. .m., Everett, R., Factourovich, M., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. .m., Fauchon Jones, E. .j., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fehrmann, H., Fejer, M. .m., Fernández Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. .c., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Fiori, I., Fiorucci, D., Fisher, R. .p., Flaminio, R., Fletcher, M., Fong, H., Forsyth, S. .s., Fournier, J. 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.c., Paoletti, F., Paoli, A., Papa, M. .a., Paris, H. .r., Parker, W., Pascucci, D., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Patricelli, B., Pearlstone, B. .l., Pedraza, M., Pedurand, R., Pekowsky, L., Pele, A., Penn, S., Perez, C. .j., Perreca, A., Perri, L. .m., Pfeiffer, H. .p., Phelps, M., Piccinni, O. .j., Pichot, M., PIERGIOVANNI, FRANCESCO, Pierro, V., Pillant, G., Pinard, L., Pinto, I. .m., Pitkin, M., Poe, M., Poggiani, R., Popolizio, P., Post, A., Powell, J., Prasad, J., Pratt, J. .w. .w., Predoi, V., Prestegard, T., Prijatelj, M., Principe, M., Privitera, S., Prodi, G. .a., Prokhorov, L. .g., Puncken, O., Punturo, M., Puppo, P., Pürrer, M., Qi, H., Qin, J., Qiu, S., Quetschke, V., Quintero, E. .a., Quitzow James, R., Raab, F. .j., Rabeling, D. .s., Radkins, H., Raffai, P., Raja, S., Rajan, C., Rakhmanov, M., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Razzano, M., Re, V., Read, J., Regimbau, T., Rei, L., Reid, S., Reitze, D. .h., Rew, H., Reyes, S. .d., Rhoades, E., Ricci, F., 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.s., Urban, A. .l., Usman, S. .a., Vahlbruch, H., Vajente, G., Valdes, G., van Bakel, N., van Beuzekom, M., van den Brand, J. .f. .j., Van Den Broeck, C., Vander Hyde, D. .c., van der Schaaf, L., van Heijningen, J. .v., van Veggel, A. .a., Vardaro, M., Varma, V., Vass, S., Vasúth, M., Vecchio, A., Vedovato, G., Veitch, J., Veitch, P. .j., Venkateswara, K., Venugopalan, G., Verkindt, D., VETRANO, FLAVIO, VICERE', ANDREA, Viets, A. .d., Vinciguerra, S., Vine, D. .j., Vinet, J. 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P., Zevin, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y., Zhao, C., Zhou, M., Zhou, Z., Zhu, S. .j., Zhu, X. .j., Zucker, M. .e., Zweizig, J., Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules ( LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules ), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire des matériaux avancés ( LMA ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux ( ARTEMIS ), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Physique de Rennes ( IPR ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VIRGO, LIGO, Abbott, B. 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M., Sanchez, E. J., Sanders, J. R., Sathyaprakash, B. S., Saulson, P. R., Savage, R. L., Schofield, R. M. S., Schutz, B. F., Schwalbe, S. G., Scott, S. M., Sengupta, A. S., Shaddock, D. A., Shaffer, T. J., Shahriar, M. S., Shoemaker, D. H., Shoemaker, D. M., Silva, A. D., Singer, L. P., Sintes, A. M., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Smith, J. R., Smith, R. J. E., Son, E. J., Spencer, A. P., Srivastava, A. K., Stephens, B. C., Stevenson, S. P., Strain, K. A., Stratta, G., Strigin, S. E., Stuver, A. L., Summerscales, T. Z., Sutton, P. J., Swinkels, B. L., Szczepańczyk, M. J., Tanner, D. B., Thomas, E. G., Thorne, K. A., Tokmakov, K. V., Torrie, C. I., Tringali, M. C., Unnikrishnan, C. S., Urban, A. L., Usman, S. A., Van Bakel, N., Van Beuzekom, M., Van Den Brand, J. F. J., Vander-Hyde, D. C., Van Der Schaaf, L., Van Heijningen, J. V., Van Veggel, A. A., Veitch, P. J., Vetrano, F., Viceré, A., Viets, A. D., Vine, D. J., Vinet, J. -Y., Voss, D. V., Vousden, W. D., Vyatchanin, S. P., Wade, A. 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Subjects: GW151226, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Astronomy, Gravitational Wave, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Burst, Search algorithm, LIGO, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, QB, astro-ph.HE, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Bursts, Detector, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Noise (radio), [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Frequency band, GW bursts, FOS: Physical sciences, GW150914, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), O1, LIGO detectors, Gravitational waves, [ PHYS.GRQC ] Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], 0103 physical sciences, Advanced LIGO, ddc:530, All-sky, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, [ PHYS.ASTR.HE ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], 530 Physik, Gravitational Waves, Bursts, O1, LIGO, Physics and Astronomy, Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::530 | Physik, Transient (oscillation)
Abstract: Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 Australian Research Council European Gravitational Observatory (EGO) consortium Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India Department of Science and Technology, India Science & Engineering Research Board, India Ministry of Human Resource Development, India Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of the Govern de les Illes Balears Conselleria d'Economia i Competitivitat of the Govern de les Illes Balears Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Universitats of the Govern de les Illes Balears National Science Centre of Poland European Commission Royal Society Scottish Funding Council Scottish Universities Physics Alliance Hungarian Scientific Research Fund Lyon Institute of Origins National Research Foundation of Korea Industry Canada Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Russian Foundation for Basic Research Leverhulme Trust Research Corporation Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan Kavli Foundation Science and Technology Facilities Council We present the results from an all-sky search for short-duration gravitational waves in the data of the first run of the Advanced LIGO detectors between September 2015 and January 2016. The search algorithms use minimal assumptions on the signal morphology, so they are sensitive to a wide range of sources emitting gravitational waves. The analyses target transient signals with duration ranging from milliseconds to seconds over the frequency band of 32 to 4096 Hz. The first observed gravitational-wave event, GW150914, has been detected with high confidence in this search; the other known gravitational-wave event, GW151226, falls below the search's sensitivity. Besides GW150914, all of the search results are consistent with the expected rate of accidental noise coincidences. Finally, we estimate rate-density limits for a broad range of non-binary-black-hole transient gravitational-wave sources as a function of their gravitational radiation emission energy and their characteristic frequency. These rate-density upper limits are stricter than those previously published by an order of magnitude. CALTECH, LIGO, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Amer Univ, Washington, DC 20016 USA Univ Salerno, I-84084 Salerno, Italy Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Complesso Univ Monte S Angelo, Sez Napoli, I-80126 Naples, Italy Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA LIGO Livingston Observ, Livingston, LA 70754 USA Univ Savoie Mt Blanc, LAPP, CNRS, IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy Le Vieux, France Univ Sannio Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Napoli, I-80100 Naples, Italy Albert Einstein Inst, Max Planck Inst Gravitat Phys, D-30167 Hannover, Germany Nikhef, Sci Pk, NL-1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands MIT, LIGO, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12227010 Sao Paulo, Brazil Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Gran Sasso Sci Inst, I-67100 Laquila, Italy Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy Interuniv Ctr Astron & Astrophys, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India Univ Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA Leibniz Univ Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany Univ Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Calif State Univ Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, IN2P3, CNRS,LAL, F-91898 Orsay, France Chennai Math Inst, Madras 603103, Tamil Nadu, India Univ Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy Univ Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma, I-00185 Rome, Italy Albert Einstein Inst, Max Planck Inst Gravitat Phys, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany Univ Paris Diderot, Observ Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cite, APC AstroParticule & Cosmol,CNRS,IN2P3,CEA Irfu, F-75205 Paris 13, France West Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA Univ Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy EGO, I-56021 Pisa, Italy Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA Univ Glasgow, SUPA, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland LIGO Hanford Observ, Richland, WA 99352 USA Wigner RCP, RMKI, Konkoly Thege Mikls 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis & Astron, I-35131 Padua, Italy Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Padova, I-35131 Padua, Italy Polish Acad Sci, Nicolaus Copernicus Astron Ctr, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland Georgia Inst Technol, Ctr Relativist Astrophys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA Univ Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England Univ Genoa, I-16146 Genoa, Italy Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Genova, I-16146 Genoa, Italy RRCAT, Indore 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Fac Phys, Moscow 119991, Russia Univ West Scotland, SUPA, Paisley PA1 2BE, Renfrew, Scotland Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Univ Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Astrophys, IMAPP, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands Univ Cote Azur, Artemis, CNRS, Observ Cote Azur,CS 34229, F-06304 Nice 4, France Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, Inst Phys Rennes, F-35042 Rennes, France Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA Univ Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Firenze, I-50019 Florence, Italy Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA ENS PSL Res Univ, CNRS, UPMC Sorbonne Univ, Coll France,Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75005 Paris, France Carleton Coll, Northfield, MN 55057 USA Warsaw Univ, Astron Observ, PL-00478 Warsaw, Poland Vrije Univ Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA CNRS, IN2P3, LMA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France Univ Naples Federico II, Complesso Univ Monte S Angelo, I-80126 Naples, Italy NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA Univ Tokyo, RESCEU, Tokyo 1130033, Japan Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia Tsinghua Univ, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China Univ Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan Charles Sturt Univ, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Kenyon Coll, Gambier, OH 43022 USA Korea Inst Sci & Technol Informat, Daejeon 305806, South Korea Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England Univ Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy Univ Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium Sonoma State Univ, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA Northwestern Univ, CIERA, Evanston, IL 60208 USA Univ Illes Balears, IEEC IAC3, E-07122 Palma De Mallorca, Spain Univ Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA Bellevue Coll, Bellevue, WA 98007 USA Inst Plasma Res, Bhat 382428, Gandhinagar, India Univ Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England Calif State Univ Los Angeles, 5154 State Univ Dr, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA Univ Trento, Dipartimento Fis, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Trento Inst Fundamental Phys & Applicat, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy Cardiff Univ, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales Montclair State Univ, Montclair, NJ 07043 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada MTA Eotvos Univ, Lendulet Astrophys Res Grp, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary Univ Edinburgh, Sch Math, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, Midlothian, Scotland Univ & Inst Adv Res, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India IISER TVM, CET Campus, Trivandrum 695016, Kerala, India Univ Szeged, Dom Ter 9, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Int Ctr Theoret Sci, Bengaluru 560089, Karnataka, India Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA Inst Fundamental Res, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India INAF, Osservatorio Astron Capodimonte, I-80131 Naples, Italy Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA Rochester Inst Technol, Rochester, NY 14623 USA Univ Illinois, NCSA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Bialystok, PL-15424 Bialystok, Poland Univ Strathclyde, SUPA, Glasgow G1 1XQ, Lanark, Scotland Univ Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England Univ Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011 USA Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod 603950, Russia Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul 151742, South Korea Inje Univ Gimhae, South Gyeongsang 621749, South Korea Natl Inst Math Sci, Daejeon 305390, South Korea Pusan Natl Univ, Busan 609735, South Korea NCBJ, PL-05400 Otwock, Poland Polish Acad Sci, Inst Math, PL-00656 Warsaw, Poland Monash Univ, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia Hanyang Univ, Seoul 133791, South Korea Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA CNRS, ESPCI, F-75005 Paris, France Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA Univ Camerino, Dipartimento Fis, I-62032 Camerino, Italy Southern Univ A&M Coll, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA Univ Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia Coll William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Fis Teor, ICTP, South Amer Inst Fundamental Res, BR-01140070 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Whitman Coll, 345 Boyer Ave, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA Univ Lyon, F-69361 Lyon, France Hobart & William Smith Coll, Geneva, NY 14456 USA Univ Zielona Gora, Janusz Gil Inst Astron, PL-65265 Zielona Gora, Poland Univ London, Kings Coll London, London WC2R 2LS, England IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur 741252, W Bengal, India Indian Inst Technol, Ahmadabad 382424, Gujarat, India Andrews Univ, Berrien Springs, MI 49104 USA Univ Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy Trinity Univ, San Antonio, TX 78212 USA Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA Abilene Christian Univ, Abilene, TX 79699 USA Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Fis Teor, ICTP, South Amer Inst Fundamental Res, BR-01140070 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N000072/1 Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L000326/1 Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K005014/1 Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M004090/1 Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I006269/1 Gravitational Waves Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I006269/1 Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K000845/1 Science and Technology Facilities Council: PPA/G/S/2002/00652 Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N000633/1
Published: 2017
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