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Despite optimal medical therapy, many patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progress to end-stage renal disease. The identification of new biomarkers and drug targets for DKD is required for the development of more effective therapies. The apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells is a key feature of the pathogenicity associated with DKD. SIK2, a salt-inducible kinase, regulates important biological processes, such as energy metabolism, cell cycle progression and cellular apoptosis. In our current study, a notable decrease in the expression of SIK2 was detected in the renal tubules of DKD patients and murine models. Functional experiments demonstrated that deficiency or inactivity of SIK2 aggravates tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis in diabetic mice. Based on transcriptome sequencing, molecular mechanism exploration revealed that SIK2 overexpression reduces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated tubular epithelial apoptosis by inhibiting the histone acetyltransferase activity of p300 to activate HSF1/Hsp70. Furthermore, the specific restoration of SIK2 in tubules blunts tubular and interstitial impairments in diabetic and vancomycin-induced kidney disease mice. Together, these findings indicate that SIK2 protects against renal tubular injury and the progression of kidney disease, and make a compelling case for targeting SIK2 for therapy in DKD.

Mechanical forces are the indispensable constituent of environmental cues, such as gravity, barometric pressure, vibration, and contact with bodies, which are involved in pattern and organogenesis, providing mechanical input to tissues and determining the ultimate fate of cells. Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness, the slow elastic force, carries the external physical force load onto the cell or outputs the internal force exerted by the cell and its neighbors into the environment. Accumulating evidence illustrates the pivotal role of ECM stiffness in the regulation of organogenesis, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and the development of multiple diseases, which is largely fulfilled through its systematical impact on cellular metabolism. This review summarizes the establishment and regulation of ECM stiffness, the mechanisms underlying how ECM stiffness is sensed by cells and signals to modulate diverse cell metabolic pathways, and the physiological and pathological significance of the ECM stiffness-cell metabolism axis.

Bei Lyu,1– 3 Xiaoyu Liao,4 Yanchao Yang5 1Business School, Henan University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Economics and Management, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, People’s Republic of China; 3Chinese Graduate School, Panyapiwat Institute of Management, Nonthaburi, Thailand; 4School of Humanities and Management, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China; 5Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Bei Lyu, School of Economics and Management, Huaibei Normal University, No. 100, Dongshan Road, Xiangshan District, Huaibei, Anhui Province, 235000, People’s Republic of China, Email peter1983123@hotmail.com Xiaoyu Liao, School of Humanities and Management, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, People’s Republic of China, Email 41023855@qq.comBackground: In recent years, temporal leadership has gradually attracted academic attention.Purpose: This paper discussed the impact of temporal leadership on team innovation performance.Methodology: Through the sample analysis of 385 team members in 98 teams. The measurements of temporal leadership, team innovation performance, transactive memory system, and team reflection were used to measure the relationships between temporal leadership, transactive memory systems and team innovation performance.Findings/Results: It is found that temporal leadership has a positive impact on team innovation performance, which is transmitted through the credibility dimension and coordination dimension of transactive memory systems. Positive team reflection regulates the relationship between temporal leadership and transactive memory systems.Value: This paper reveals the specific impact mechanism of temporal leadership on team innovation performance and provides a new perspective on how to improve team innovation performance in limited time resources.Keywords: temporal leadership, transactive memory systems, team innovation performance, team reflection

Background Mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs) afford pathogenic mitochondria carried women an opportunity to have related disease-free offspring with a genetic link. Among the fusion methods, HVJ-E-induced fusion has been considered the most promising method for MRTs clinical translation. Although HVJ-E has been confirmed to have no RNA activity, a decrease in blastocyst quality was observed in several MRTs studies with HVJ-E-induced fusion scheme. Nevertheless, HVJ-E has not been proven to be a single factor affecting embryonic development in MRTs. Safety has been the biggest obstacle for its clinical application. Methods Pronuclear transfer (PNT) was performed on mouse zygotes and human abnormal zygotes (3PN,1PN) with the traditional HVJ-E-induced fusion (original HVJ-E) and press-assisted HVJ-E-induced fusion (1%HVJ-E). Fusion rates and residual amount of HVJ-E (the relative HVJ-E fluorescence intensity) in reconstructed mouse and human zygotes were assessed. Cleavage rate, blastocyst formation rate, intracellular ROS levels and double-stranded DNA breaks (γH2A.X) of reconstructed mouse zygotes in traditional fusion and press-assisted fusion groups were assessed. Results No significant differences were observed in the fusion rates of the press-assisted fusion and traditional fusion group in mouse zygotes and human 3PN/1PN zygote. The relative HVJ-E fluorescence intensity of the press-assisted fusion group was greatly lower than traditional fusion group in mouse and human. The relative ROS fluorescence intensity and the γH2A.X loci of the press-assisted fusion group were lower than that in the traditional group. The blastocyst formation rates in the press-assisted fusion were higher than hat in the traditional fusion group. Conclusions In this study, we proved high concentration of HVJ-E used in traditional HVJ-E fusion scheme is an independent factor affecting embryonic development in MRTs, which might be caused by enhanced DNA damage due to increased ROS levels in reconstructed embryos. In order to minimize the amount of HVJ-E attached to the reconstructed zygotes without reducing the fusion efficiency in MRTs, we designed a new scheme for HVJ-E-induced fusion: the press-assisted fusion, which is beneficial to decrease the adverse factors affecting embryo development in MRTs.

Fluorescent sensing for specific detection of berberine is an important issue in view of its potential jeopardization to food safety and human health, but remains less investigated. To the best of our knowledge, there is no fluorescence turn-on and ratiometric sensors available for specific detection of berberine. In this study, calix[4]carbazole (3) has been synthesized and its property of recognizing berberine has been evaluated by UV–vis, fluorescence, NMR, DLS and TEM techniques. The results show that 3 selectively recognizes berberine among the tested drugs and detects it with turn-on and ratiometric fluorescence due to their co-assembly nature. Moreover, 3 is not only low toxic and can reduce toxicity of berberine to human normal liver L02 cell, but also can release berberine to tumor HepG2 cells at acid micro-environment. It therefore holds a great potential for further exploration

Higher contact resistance not only increases power consumption and temperature rise but also causes undesirable interconnectivity between electrode materials, which further influences the electrical lifespan and reliability of switching devices. However, relevant studies on the relationship between contact resistance and load force, and on the reduction of contact resistance by controlling the micro-structure of rough surfaces, especially for electrode materials with larger Sq (root mean square) values, are very limited. In this study, the contact resistance calculation method, based on classical Holm theory in combination with the elastic and plastic deformation, was reviewed. Then, typical curves of measured contact resistance and load force were analyzed and compared with the calculation results for smooth surfaces. Furthermore, experimental results for electrodes with bright and matt surfaces were compared. It was found that the average contact resistance of samples with matt surfaces was 0.162 mΩ for a load force of 5 N, which decreased by 18.52% compared to that of the bright surface. The standard deviation of the contact resistance greatly decreased to 0.008 mΩ for samples with matt surfaces, which indicated that the matt electrode surface could effectively produce low and stable contact resistance. In addition, the influences of the numbers and sizes of contact a-spots on the relationship between contact resistance and load force were investigated. It was found that denser asperities with smaller curvature radii for the matt surface were beneficial for lower contact resistance, even for the electrode material with larger Sq values. Finally, an empirical model of the contact resistance with error bands based on the experimental results was established and verified.

This study aimed to ascertain how gendered family emotional attachment of actual controlling shareholders influenced business violation and its boundary functions. Our study participants were 1 707...

In our previous study, we demonstrated that hypoglycemic agent DPP-4i changed the gut microbiota composition in diabetic patients and mice, and the DPP-4i-altered microbiome improved glucose tolerance in colonized mice. However, the mediators and their mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Comparing the intestinal metabolite profiles of HFD mice treated with or without sitagliptin (Sit) , we identified tryptophan derivative 5-methoxytryptomine (5-MT) was obviously increased after Sit treatment. In HFD and db/db mice, 5-MT treatment significantly reduced the body weight, improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, and ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay demonstrated the interaction between 5-MT and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) . Specific inhibition of AhR attenuated the effects of 5-MT on improving insulin resistance. Furthermore, molecular mechanism exploration revealed that 5-MT promoted the expression and secretion of chemokine Cxcl14, which promoted macrophages maturation into alternative activation (M2-like) , subsequently inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors. These data demonstrate novel beneficial roles of 5-MT in improving obesity-related inflammation, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Funding National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (No.81925007) , National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81700757)

The electrically-pumped terahertz quantum cascade laser (QCL) is characterized by high power emission, compact, broad frequency coverage, and so on, which shows abilities for frequency comb operations. Although free-running QCLs can work as frequency combs by designing the laser structure with small group velocity dispersions and/or inserting mirrors to compensate laser intrinsic dispersions, the ideal comb operation can only be obtained by firmly locking the repetition frequency and carrier frequency of a laser. In this work, we have reported a repetition frequency locking of a terahertz QCL emitting around 4.2 THz. When the 6-mm-long laser is operated in continuous wave mode without any locking techniques, the repetition frequency is measured to be ~6.15 GHz with a linewidth of hundred kilohertz. Once a phase lock loop (PLL) is applied to dynamically control the drive current of the QCL, we have demonstrated a successful repetition frequency locking of the laser with a signal to noise ratio of 80 dB. This technique can be employed for the frequency comb and dual-comb operations of terahertz QCLs for high-resolution applications.

The detection of baicalin is an important issue as far as food safety and human health are concerned, but remains less investigated. Up to now, there is no molecular fluorescent probe available for specific recognition of baicalin in water. In this study, a readily accessible method is described to prepare a conformation-locked diketocalix[3]carbazole (3). The hydrolysis of 3 generates a more rigid compound 5, which can specifically detect baicalin in water. Moreover, low toxicity of 5 toward both tumour and normal cells makes it promising for biological applications. Our work provides a facile method of preparing a conformation-frozen macrocyclic fluorescent probe for baicalin.

Due to its fast and high resolution characteristics, dual-comb spectroscopy has attracted an increasing amount of interest since its first demonstration. In the terahertz frequency range where abundant absorption lines (finger prints) of molecules are located, multiheterodyne spectroscopy that employs the dual-comb technique shows an advantage in real-time spectral detection over the traditional Fourier transform infrared or time domain spectroscopies. Here, we demonstrate compact terahertz dual-comb spectroscopy based on quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). In our experiment, two free-running QCLs generate approximately 120 GHz wide combs centered at 4.2 THz, with slightly different repetition frequencies. We observe that $\sim$490 nW terahertz power coupling of one laser into the other suffices for laser-self-detecting the dual-comb spectrum that is registered by a microwave spectrum analyzer. Furthermore, we demonstrate practical terahertz transmission dual-comb spectroscopy with our device, by implementing a short air path at room temperature. Spectra are shown of semiconductor samples and of moist air, the latter allowing rapid monitoring of the relative humidity. Our devices should be readily extendable to perform imaging, microscopy and near-field microscopy in the terahertz regime., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures

We demonstrate a laser beating system to investigate the frequency tuning characteristics of terahertz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) induced by temperature or drive current. The system is composed of two QCLs, one is operated as a frequency comb and the other is driven at lower current to emit a single frequency. Experimental results show that the frequency tuning coefficients of the terahertz QCL are 6.1 MHz/0.1 K (temperature tuning) and 2.7 MHz/mA (current tuning) that have not been revealed by traditional terahertz spectrometers.

In the terahertz frequency range, the commercialized spectrometers, such as the Fourier transform infrared and time domain spectroscopies, show spectral resolutions between a hundred megahertz and a few gigahertz. Therefore, the high precision frequency tuning ability of terahertz lasers cannot be revealed by these traditional spectroscopic techniques. In this work, we demonstrate a laser beating experiment to investigate the frequency tuning characteristics of terahertz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) induced by temperature or drive current. Two terahertz QCLs emitting around 4.2 THz with identical active regions and laser dimensions (150 µm wide and 6 mm long) are employed in the beating experiment. One laser is operated as a frequency comb and the other one is driven at a lower current to emit a single frequency. To measure the beating signal, the single mode laser is used as a fast detector (laser self-detection). The laser beating scheme allows the high precision measurement of the frequency tuning of the single mode terahertz QCL. The experimental results show that in the investigated temperature and current ranges, the frequency tuning coefficients of the terahertz QCL are 6.1 MHz/0.1 K (temperature tuning) and 2.7 MHz/mA (current tuning) that cannot be revealed by a traditional terahertz spectrometer. The laser beating technique shows potential abilities in high precision linewidth measurements of narrow absorption lines and multi-channel terahertz communications.

Epigenetic modification is a fundamental biological process in living organisms, which has significant impact on health and behavior. Metabolism refers to a set of life-sustaining chemical reactions, including the uptake of nutrients, the subsequent conversion of nutrients into energy or building blocks for organism growth, and finally the clearance of redundant or toxic substances. It is well established that epigenetic modifications govern the metabolic profile of a cell by modulating the expression of metabolic enzymes. Strikingly, almost all the epigenetic modifications require substrates produced by cellular metabolism, and a large proportion of metabolic enzymes can transfer into nucleus to locally produce substrates for epigenetic modification, thereby providing an alternative link between metabolism, epigenetic modification and gene expression. Here, we summarize the recent literature pertinent to metabolic enzymes functioning as epigenetic modulators in the regulation of chromatin architecture and gene expression.

Dual-comb sources with equally spaced and low phase noise frequency lines are of great importance for high resolution spectroscopy and metrology. In the terahertz frequency range, electrically pumped semiconductor quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are suitable candidates for frequency comb and dual-comb operation. For a single laser frequency comb, the repetition rate can be locked using a microwave injection locking and the carrier frequency can be locked to a highly stable source. However, for the locking of two laser combs, four frequencies (two repetition rates and two carrier offset frequencies) should be simultaneously locked; If one only refers to the dual-comb signal, two relative frequencies, i.e., the offset frequency and repetition frequency of one laser against those of the other laser, should be locked. Although the locking techniques that have been successfully used for a single laser comb can be, in principle, applied to a dual-comb laser source, the complete locking considerably complicates the implementation of such a system. Here, we propose a method to stabilize a terahertz QCL dual-comb source by phase locking one of the dual-comb lines to a radio frequency (RF) synthesizer. This technique forces one of the lasers to follow the tone of the other one (keeping the sum of the carrier offset frequency difference and repetition frequency difference between the two laser combs as a constant) by exploiting a laser self-detection that avoids the use of an external detector. Through the demonstration of this locking technique, we demonstrate that the dual-comb can generate periodic pulses over a 2 us time scale, showing that the terahertz QCL comb without a control of the repetition rate can produce pulsed-type waveforms., 21 pages, 5 figures

Optical feedback exists in most laser configurations and strongly affects laser performances depending on the feedback strength, length, and phase. In this paper, we investigate the frequency comb behaviour of a semiconductor quantum cascade laser emitting around 4.2 THz with external optical feedback. A periodic evolution of the laser inter-mode beatnote from single-line to multiple-line structures is experimentally observed with a minor change of optical feedback length (phase) on the wavelength scale. The comb stability of the laser with feedback is also measured and compared with the same laser without feedback. Furthermore, our simulations reveal that the dynamical oscillations invoked by optical feedback are responsible for the measured multiple-line beatnotes. It is found that the characteristic feedback period is determined by the half wavelength of the laser, while the comb operation is maintained at most feedback length positions. Therefore, terahertz quantum cascade laser combs are robust against the minor position vibration of the feedback mirror in practice, owing to the much smaller feedback phase change than that of common near-infrared laser diodes.

Cutaneous wound healing is a fundamental biologic and coordinated process, and failure to maintain this process contributes to the dysfunction of tissue homeostasis, increasing the global burden of diabetic foot ulcerations. However, the factors that mediate this process are not fully understood. Here, we identify the pivotal role of dedicator of cytokinesis 5 (Dock5) in keratinocyte functions contributing to the process of skin wound healing. Specifically, Dock5 is highly upregulated during the proliferative phase of wound repair and is predominantly expressed in epidermal keratinocytes. It regulates keratinocyte adhesion, migration, and proliferation and influences the functions of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by facilitating the ubiquitination of transcription factor ZEB1 to activate laminin-332/integrin signaling. Genetic ablation of Dock5 in mice leads to attenuated reepithelialization and granulation tissue formation, and Dock5 overexpression–improved skin repair can be abrogated by LAMA3 knockdown. Importantly, Dock5 expression in the skin edge is reduced in patients and animal models of diabetes, further suggesting a direct correlation between its abundance and healing capability. The rescue of Dock5 expression in diabetic mice causes a significant improvement in reepithelialization, collagen deposition, ECM production, and granulation. Our study provides a potential therapeutic target for wound healing impairment during diabetes.

In the terahertz frequency range, the quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a suitable platform for the frequency comb and dual-comb operation. Improved comb performances have been always much in demand. In this work, by employing a symmetric thermal dissipation scheme, we report an improved frequency comb and dual-comb operation of terahertz QCLs. Two configurations of cold fingers, i.e., type A and B with asymmetric and symmetric thermal dissipation schemes, respectively, are investigated here. A finite-element thermal analysis is carried out to study the parametric effects on the thermal management of the terahertz QCL. The modeling reveals that the symmetric thermal dissipation (type B) results in a more uniform thermal conduction and lower maximum temperature in the active region of the laser, compared to the traditional asymmetric thermal dissipation scheme (type A). To verify the simulation, experiments are further performed by measuring laser performance and comb characteristics of terahertz QCLs emitting around 4.2 THz mounted on type A and type B cold fingers. The experimental results show that the symmetric thermal dissipation approach (type B) is effective for improving the comb and dual-comb operation of terahertz QCLs, which can be further widely adopted for spectroscopy, imaging, and near-field applications., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and with 354 864 new cases each year. Cancer metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance are the main causes to cripples and deaths of OSCC patients. As potent growth factors, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are frequently susceptible to being hijacked by cancer cells. In this study, we show that FGF8 is upregulated in OSCC tissues and high FGF8 expression is related with a set of clinicopathologic parameters, including age, drinking, and survival time. FGF8 treatment enhances the invasive capability of OSCC cells. Lentivirus-based FGF8 expression promotes OSCC metastasis in a mouse lung metastasis model. Further, mechanistic study demonstrates that FGF8 induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in OSCC cells. These results highlight a pro-metastatic function of FGF8, and underscore the role of FGF8 in OSCC development.

Mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) is an integral component of the respiratory chain, and recent studies have suggested that it plays an important role in hepatic glucose homeostasis. However, its function in hepatic lipid metabolism is unclear. Here, we identified a role for mGPDH in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Specifically, mGPDH expression and activity were lower in fatty livers from patients and mice with NAFLD (ob/ob, high-fat diet [HFD] and db/db). Liver-specific depletion of mGPDH in mice or mGPDH knockdown in cultured hepatocytes exacerbated diet-induced triglyceride accumulation and steatosis through enhanced lipogenesis. RNA-sequencing revealed that mGPDH regulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related proteins and processes. mGPDH deletion exacerbated tunicamycin (ER stress inducer)-induced hepatic steatosis, whereas tauroursodeoxycholic acid (ER stress inhibitor) rescued mGPDH depletion-induced steatosis on an HFD. Moreover, ER stress induced by mGPDH depletion could be abrogated by the intracellular Ca2+ chelator 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane N,N,N´,N´-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) inhibitor cyclosporine A, or cyclophilin-D (Cyp-D) knockdown. mGPDH promoting Cyp-D ubiquitination was also observed. Finally, liver-specific mGPDH overexpression attenuated hepatic steatosis in ob/ob and HFD mice. Conclusion: mGPDH is a pivotal regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism. Its deficiency induces ER stress by suppressing Cyp-D ubiquitination, a key regulator of the mitochondrial Ca2+ conductance channel mPTP, and results in hepatic steatosis. mGPDH may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of NAFLD.

Background and Aims: Identification of new biomarkers and drug targets for diabetic nephropathy (DN) is required for the development of more effective therapy. In this study, we investigated the role of SIK2 in protecting against renal tubular injury. Methods: Diabetes was induced in C57BL/6 mice by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Inhibitor ARN-3236 was administered 4 weeks after STZ injection 6 weeks, and metabolic indices and renal function were assessed. The apoptosis of HK2 cells was detected by flow cytometric analysis. The transcriptome sequencing was performed after SIK2 overexpression. Results: Salt inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) expression was obviously decreased in the diseased kidneys from humans and mice, especially in the tubules. In vivo, downregulation of SIK2 with specific inhibitor ARN3236 accelerates tubular mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis in STZ mice. In tubular epithelial cells, SIK2 overexpression attenuates thapsigargin-induced ER stress and apoptosis, whereas SIK2 knockdown aggravates apoptosis. Mechanistically, SIK2 overexpression upregulates HSP70 expression by phosphorylating HSF1, and then inhibits ER stress. Conclusions: The newly identified SIK2/HSF1/HSP70 axis clarified the molecular mechanism of tubular epithelial cells apoptosis, indicating that SIK2 might be a novel target for therapeutic prevention of renal tubular injury. Disclosure X. Liao: None. B. Liu: None. H. Zheng: None.

White light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) have been considered as the next generation lighting technology due to their advantages such as high efficiency and environmental friendliness. However, current mainstream WLEDs, which are based on blue chips and the Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ yellow phosphor, suffer from the problem of low color rendering index (CRI). To solve this problem, a yellowish-green phosphor Ca1.5Y1.5Al3.5Si1.5O12:Ce3+ (CYAS:Ce3+) based on the garnet structure has been designed in this study. Its crystal structure, band structure, and luminescence properties have been investigated in detail. CYAS:Ce3+ exhibits efficient and thermal-stable yellowish-green emission. The 5d centroid shift and crystal splitting of the Ce3+ ion in CYAS have been analyzed together with the structure. Moreover, good warm white light with a low correlated color temperature (3210 K), high color rendering index (85.1) and luminous efficacy (88.5 lm W−1) has been obtained by combining CYAS:Ce3+ and the red phosphor CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ with a blue LED chip.

Lysosome associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3), a highly glycosylated protein, is one member of the LAMPs family. LAMPs family plays a critical role in the autolysosome fusion process. Autophagy was recently confirmed to regulate hepatic lipolysis. However, the physiological function of LAMP3 in lipid metabolism is not clear. In the current study, we discovered that the LAMP3 expression level was higher in the liver tissues of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients and high-fat diet and ob/ob mice than in the matched control groups. LAMP3 expression was also obviously increased in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells treated with free fatty acids. Moreover, marked accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets and triglycerides (TG) was observed after LAMP3 overexpression in HCC cells. Further study showed that LAMP3 overexpression activated Akt and upregulated the expression of the lipogenic enzymes FASN and SCD-1 in HepG2 cells. Additionally, the increased TG content induced by LAMP3 overexpression was attenuated by treatment with a PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor. Our findings demonstrated that LAMP3 is an important regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism, which provides a line of evidence for taking LAMP3 as a drug target in lipid metabolism disorder-associated diseases, such as NAFLD and obesity.

Chromatic optical lenses have promising applications in three-dimensional imaging, which allows fast spectral tomography without mechanical moving parts. The scanning range of current chromatic optical lenses is limited by their dispersion ability. The recent development in metasurfaces provides ideal blocks for optical wavefront manipulation and dispersion engineering of artificial materials at sub-wavelength scales. Hyper-dispersive metalenses can be realized by utilizing dispersive meta-atoms, which have enhanced dispersion compared to regular diffractive lenses. This is critical for increasing the imaging depth of fast spectral tomography. In this work, a hyper-dispersive metalens is realized with a chromatic dispersion 1.76 times greater than that of a regular diffractive metalens in the THz frequency range of 2.40–2.61 THz by simultaneously controlling the frequency-dependent phase, group delay (GD), and GD dispersion of the metalens. This approach can also be extended to other optical spectra and improve the performance of spectral tomography.