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Background and objective Cystic lung cancer, a special type of lung cancer, has been paid more and more attention. The most common pathological type of cystic lung cancer is adenocarcinoma. The invasiveness of cystic lung adenocarcinoma is vital for the selection of clinical treatment and prognosis. The aim of this study is to analyze the multiple clinical features of cystic lung adenocarcinoma, explore the independent risk factors of its invasiveness, and establish a risk prediction model. Methods A total of 129 cases of cystic lung adenocarcinoma admitted to the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2021 to July 2022 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into pre-invasive group [atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA)] and invasive group [invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC)] according to pathological findings. There were 47 cases in the pre-invasive group, including 19 males and 28 females, with an average age of (51.23±14.96) years. There were 82 cases in the invasive group, including 60 males and 22 females, with an average age of (61.27±11.74) years. Multiple clinical features of the two groups were collected, including baseline data, imaging data and tumor markers. Univariate analysis, LASSO regression and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to screen out the independent risk factors of the invasiveness of cystic lung adenocarcinoma, and the risk prediction model was established. Results In univariate analysis, age, gender, smoking history, history of emphysema, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), number of cystic airspaces, lesion diameter, cystic cavity diameter, nodule diameter, solid components diameter, cyst wall nodule, smoothness of cyst wall, shape of cystic airspace, lobulation, short burr sign, pleural retraction, vascular penetration and bronchial penetration were statistically different between the pre-invasive group and invasive groups (P

Abstract Background Purple non-heading Chinese cabbage [Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. chinensis] has become popular because of its richness in anthocyanin. However, anthocyanin only accumulates in the upper epidermis of leaves. Further studies are needed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the specific accumulation of it. Results In this study, we used the laser capture frozen section method (LCM) to divide purple (ZBC) and green (LBC) non-heading Chinese cabbage leaves into upper and lower epidermis parts (Pup represents the purple upper epidermis, Plow represents the purple lower epidermis, Gup represents the green upper epidermis, Glow represents the green lower epidermis). Through transcriptome sequencing, we found that the DIHYDROFLAVONOL 4-REDUCTASE-encoding gene BcDFR, is strongly expressed in Pup but hardly in others (Plow, Gup, Glow). Further, a deletion and insertion in the promoter of BcDFR in LBC were found, which may interfere with BcDFR expression. Subsequent analysis of gene structure and conserved structural domains showed that BcDFR is highly conserved in Brassica species. The predicted protein-protein interaction network of BcDFR suggests that it interacts with almost all functional proteins in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Finally, the results of the tobacco transient expression also demonstrated that BcDFR promotes the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanin. Conclusions BcDFR is specifically highly expressed on the upper epidermis of purple non-heading Chinese cabbage leaves and regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation. Our study provides new insights into the functional analysis and transcriptional regulatory network of anthocyanin-related genes in purple non-heading Chinese cabbage.

Abstract Purpose Intraoperative frozen section pathology (FS) is widely used to guide surgical strategies while the accuracy is relatively low. Underestimating the pathological condition may result in inadequate surgical margins. This study aims to identify CT imaging features related to upgraded FS and develop a predictive model. Methods Collected data from 860 patients who underwent lung surgery from January to December 2019. We analyzed the consistency rate of FS and categorized the patients into three groups: Group 1 (n = 360) had both FS and Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded section (FP) as non-invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC); Group 2 (n = 128) had FS as non-IAC but FP as IAC; Group 3 (n = 372) had both FS and FP as IAC. Clinical baseline characteristics were compared and propensity score adjustment was used to mitigate the effects of these characteristics. Univariate analyses identified imaging features with inter-group differences. A multivariate analysis was conducted to screen independent risk factors for FS upgrade, after which a logistic regression prediction model was established and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted. Results The consistency rate of FS with FP was 84.19%. 26.67% of the patients with non-IAC FS diagnosis were upgraded to IAC. The predictive model’s Area Under Curve (AUC) is 0.785. Consolidation tumor ratio (CTR) ≤ 0.5 and smaller nodule diameter are associated with the underestimation of IAC in FS. Conclusion CT imaging has the capacity to effectively detect patients at risk of upstaging during FS.

Abstract Background To investigate the distribution pattern of V1+2d in the left superior pulmonary vein and its clinical significance. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted using three‐dimensional computed tomographic bronchography and angiography (3D‐CTBA) data from 500 lung cancer patients. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the incidence and drainage patterns of the three sub‐branches of V1+2d, namely V1+2d1, V1+2d2 and V1+2d3. Furthermore, clinical data from 10 patients' lesions involving V1+2d were reviewed to illustrate the impact of adjacency to V1+2d on the surgical approach. Results The incidences of V1+2d1, V1+2d2 and V1+2d3 were 100%, 76.4% and 100% respectively. The relative interlobar distribution sizes of B3a and B1+2c and the left upper division (LUD) vein type influenced the incidence of V1+2d2 (p B3a patterns. V1+2d2 was entirely absent in the B3a > B1+2c pattern. V1+2d2 exhibited a higher incidence in both the central vein (CV) type and the noncentral vein (NCV) type when compared to the semi‐central vein (SCV) type (100% vs. 100% vs. 64.8%). The most prevalent venous drainage pattern was the three sub‐branches of V1+2d constituting a major trunk to drain (41.2%). All 10 cases with lesions involving V1+2d successfully underwent sublobar resection with no complications, and the surgical margin was ≥2 cm. Conclusions The three sub‐branches of V1+2d exhibit a high incidence with diverse distribution patterns, yet a discernible pattern exists. For inter‐ or multi‐intersegmental nodules involving V1+2d, combined segmentectomy and subsegmentectomy or combined subsegmentectomy can ensure the safe margin.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-dependent Cl− channel, is closely associated with multiple pathogen infections, such as SARS-CoV-2. However, whether the function of the CFTR is involved in herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection has not been reported. To evaluate the association of CFTR activity with HSV infection, the antiviral effect of CFTR inhibitors in epithelial cells and HSV-infected mice was tested in this study. The data showed that treatment with CFTR inhibitors in different concentrations, Glyh-101 (5–20 μM), CFTRi-172 (5–20 μM) and IOWH-032 (5–20 μM), or the gene silence of the CFTR could suppress herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) replication in human HaCaT keratinocytes cells, and that a CFTR inhibitor, Glyh-101 (10–20 μM), protected mice from HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection. Intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i) was decreased after HSV infection via the activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC)-cAMP signaling pathways. CFTR inhibitors (20 μM) increased the reduced [Cl−]i caused by HSV infection in host epithelial cells. Additionally, CFTR inhibitors reduced the activity and phosphorylation of SGK1 in infected cells and tissues (from the eye and vagina). Our study found that CFTR inhibitors can effectively suppress HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection, revealing a previously unknown role of CFTR inhibitors in HSV infection and suggesting new perspectives on the mechanisms governing HSV infection in host epithelial cells, as well as leading to potential novel treatments.

Abscisic acid-responsive element-binding factor 1 (ABF1), a key transcription factor in the ABA signal transduction process, regulates the expression of downstream ABA-responsive genes and is involved in modulating plant responses to abiotic stress and developmental processes. However, there is currently limited research on the feedback regulation of ABF1 in ABA signaling. This study delves into the function of BcABF1 in Pakchoi. We observed a marked increase in BcABF1 expression in leaves upon ABA induction. The overexpression of BcABF1 not only spurred Arabidopsis growth but also augmented the levels of endogenous IAA. Furthermore, BcABF1 overexpression in Arabidopsis significantly decreased leaf water loss and enhanced the expression of genes associated with drought tolerance in the ABA pathway. Intriguingly, we found that BcABF1 can directly activate BcPYL4 expression, a critical receptor in the ABA pathway. Similar to BcABF1, the overexpression of BcPYL4 in Arabidopsis also reduces leaf water loss and promotes the expression of drought and other ABA-responsive genes. Finally, our findings suggested a novel feedback regulation mechanism within the ABA signaling pathway, wherein BcABF1 positively amplifies the ABA signal by directly binding to and activating the BcPYL4 promoter.

We present JWST/NIRSpec prism spectroscopy of MACS0647−JD, a triply lensed z ∼ 11 candidate discovered in Hubble Space Telescope imaging and spatially resolved by JWST imaging into two components, A and B. Spectroscopy of component A yields a spectroscopic redshift z = 10.17 based on seven detected emission lines: C iii ] λ λ 1907, 1909, [O ii ] λ 3727, [Ne iii ] λ 3869, [Ne iii ] λ 3968, H δ λ 4101, H γ λ 4340, and [O iii ] λ 4363. These are the second-most distant detections of these emission lines to date, in a galaxy observed just 460 million years after the Big Bang. Based on observed and extrapolated line flux ratios we derive a gas-phase metallicity 12 + log(O/H) ∼ 7.5–8.0, or Z ∼ (0.06–0.2) Z _⊙ , ionization parameter $\mathrm{log}(U)$ = −1.9 ± 0.2, and an ionizing photon production efficiency $\mathrm{log}({\xi }_{\mathrm{ion}})=25.2\pm 0.2\,$ erg ^−1 Hz. The spectrum has a softened Ly α break, evidence for a strong Ly α damping wing. The Ly α damping wing also suppresses the F150W photometry, explaining the slightly overestimated photometric redshift z = 10.6 ± 0.3. MACS0647−JD has a stellar mass log( M / M _⊙ ) = 8.1 ± 0.3, including ∼6 × 10 ^7 M _⊙ in component A, most of which formed recently (within ∼20 Myr) with a star formation rate ∼ 2 ± 1 M _⊙ yr ^−1 , all within an effective radius 70 ± 24 pc. Spectroscopy of a fainter companion galaxy C separated by a distance of ∼ 3 kpc reveals a Lyman break consistent with z ∼ 10.17. MACS0647−JD is likely the most distant galaxy merger known.

To understand how galaxies reionized the Universe, we must determine how the escape fraction of Lyman continuum (LyC) photons ( f _esc ) depends on galaxy properties. Using the z ∼ 0.3 Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), we develop and analyze new multivariate predictors of f _esc . These predictions use the Cox proportional hazards model, a survival analysis technique that incorporates both detections and upper limits. Our best model predicts the LzLCS f _esc detections with an rms scatter of 0.31 dex, better than single-variable correlations. According to ranking techniques, the most important predictors of f _esc are the equivalent width (EW) of Lyman-series absorption lines and the UV dust attenuation, which track line-of-sight absorption due to H i and dust. The H i absorption EW is uniquely crucial for predicting f _esc for the strongest LyC emitters, which show properties similar to weaker LyC emitters and whose high f _esc may therefore result from favorable orientation. In the absence of H i information, star formation rate surface density (Σ _SFR ) and [O iii ]/[O ii ] ratio are the most predictive variables and highlight the connection between feedback and f _esc . We generate a model suitable for z > 6, which uses only the UV slope, Σ _SFR , and [O iii ]/[O ii ]. We find that Σ _SFR is more important in predicting f _esc at higher stellar masses, whereas [O iii ]/[O ii ] plays a greater role at lower masses. We also analyze predictions for other parameters, such as the ionizing-to-nonionizing flux ratio and Ly α escape fraction. These multivariate models represent a promising tool for predicting f _esc at high redshift.

In the current JWST era, rest-frame UV spectra play a crucial role in enhancing our understanding of the interstellar medium (ISM) and stellar properties of the first galaxies in the epoch of reionization ( z > 6). Here, we compare well-known and reliable optical diagrams sensitive to the main ionization source (i.e., star formation, SF; active galactic nuclei, AGN; and shocks) to UV counterparts proposed in the literature—the so-called “UV–BPT diagrams”—using the HST COS Legacy Archive Spectroscopic SurveY (CLASSY), which is the largest high-quality, high-resolution, and broad-wavelength range atlas of far-UV spectra for 45 local star-forming galaxies. In particular, we explore where CLASSY UV line ratios are located in the different UV diagnostic plots, taking into account state-of-the-art photoionization and shock models, and, for the first time, the measured ISM and stellar properties (e.g., gas-phase metallicity, ionization parameter, carbon abundance, and stellar age). We find that the combination of C iii ] λ λ 1907,9 He ii λ 1640 and O iii ] λ 1666 can be a powerful tool to separate between SF, shocks, and AGN at subsolar metallicities. We also confirm that alternative diagrams without O iii ] λ 1666 still allow us to define an SF-locus, with some caveats. Diagrams including C iv λ λ 1548,51 should be taken with caution given the complexity of this doublet profile. Finally, we present a discussion detailing the ISM conditions required to detect UV emission lines, visible only in low gas-phase metallicity (12 + log(O/H) ≲ 8.3) and high ionization parameter (log( U ) ≳ −2.5) environments. Overall, CLASSY and our UV toolkit will be crucial in interpreting the spectra of the earliest galaxies that JWST is currently revealing.

We present results of [C ii ] 158 μ m emission line observations, and report the spectroscopic redshift confirmation of a strongly lensed ( μ ∼ 20) star-forming galaxy, MACS0308-zD1 at z = 6.2078 ± 0.0002. The [C ii ] emission line is detected with a signal-to-noise ratio >6 within the rest-frame UV-bright clump of the lensed galaxy (zD1.1) and exhibits multiple velocity components; the narrow [C ii ] has a velocity full width half maximum (FWHM) of 110 ± 20 km s ^−1 , while broader [C ii ] is seen with an FWHM of 230 ± 50 km s ^−1 . The broader [C ii ] component is blueshifted (−80 ± 20 km s ^−1 ) with respect to the narrow [C ii ] component, and has a morphology that extends beyond the UV-bright clump. We find that, while the narrow [C ii ] emission is most likely associated with zD1.1, the broader component is possibly associated with a physically distinct gas component from zD1.1 (e.g., outflowing or inflowing gas). Based on the nondetection of λ _158 _μ _m dust continuum, we find that MACS0308-zD1's star formation activity occurs in a dust-free environment indicated by a strong upper limit of infrared luminosity ≲9 × 10 ^8 L _⊙ . Targeting this strongly lensed faint galaxy for follow-up Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and JWST observations will be crucial to characterize the details of typical galaxy growth in the early Universe.

Background and objective At present, more and more studies predict invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC) through three-dimensional features of pulmonary nodules, but few studies have confirmed that three-dimensional features have more advantages in diagnosing IAC than traditional two-dimensional features of pulmonary nodules. This study analyzed the differences of chest computed tomography (CT) features between IAC and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) from three-dimensional and two-dimensional levels, and compared the ability of diagnosing IAC. The non-invasive adenocarcinoma group includes precursor glandular lesions (PGL) and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA). Methods The clinical data of 1,045 patients with ground glass opacity (GGO) from January to December 2019 were collected. Then the correlation between preoperative CT image characteristics and pathological results were analyzed retrospectively. The independent influencing factors for the identification of IAC were screened out according to two-dimensional and three-dimensional classification by multivariate Logistic regression and the cut-off point for the identification of IAC was found out through the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. At last, the ability of diagnosing IAC was evaluated by Yoden index. Results The diameter of nodule, the diameter of solid component, the diameter of mediastinal window nodule in two-dimensional factors, and the volume of nodule, the volume of solid part and the average CT value in three-dimensional factors were independent risk factors for the diagnosis of IAC. These factors were arranged by Yoden index: solid partial volume (0.601)>nodule volume (0.536)>solid component diameter (0.525)>nodule diameter (0.518)>mediastinal window nodule diameter (0.488)>proportion of solid component volume (0.471)>1-tumor disappearance ratio (TDR) (0.468)>consolidation tumor ratio (CTR) (0.394)>average CT value (0.380). Conclusion The CT features of three-dimensional are better than two-dimensional in the diagnosis of IAC, and the size of solid components is better than the overall size of nodules.

Background and objective At present, the research progress of targeted therapy for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene mutations in lung adenocarcinoma is very rapid, which brings new hope for the treatment of advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients. However, the specific imaging and pathological features of EGFR and ALK gene mutations in adenocarcinoma are still controversial. This study will further explore the correlation between EGFR, ALK gene mutations and imaging and pathological features in invasive lung adenocarcinoma. Methods A total of 525 patients with lung adenocarcinoma who underwent surgery in our center from January 2018 to December 2019 were included. According to the results of postoperative gene detection, the patients were divided into EGFR gene mutation group, ALK gene mutation group and wild group, and the EGFR gene mutation group was divided into exon 19 and exon 21 subtypes. The pathological features of the mutation group and wild group, such as histological subtype, lymph node metastasis, visceral pleural invasion (VPI) and imaging features such as tumor diameter, consolidation tumor ratio (CTR), lobulation sign, spiculation sign, pleural retraction sign, air bronchus sign and vacuole sign were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis to explore whether the gene mutation group had specific manifestations. Results EGFR gene mutation group was common in women (OR=2.041, P=0.001), with more pleural traction sign (OR=1.506, P=0.042), and had little correlation with lymph node metastasis and VPI (P>0.05). Among them, exon 21 subtype was more common in older (OR=1.022, P=0.036), women (OR=2.010, P=0.007), and was associated with larger tumor diameter (OR=1.360, P=0.039) and pleural traction sign (OR=1.754, P=0.029). Exon 19 subtype was common in women (OR=2.230, P=0.009), with a high proportion of solid components (OR=1.589, P=0.047) and more lobulation sign (OR=2.762, P=0.026). ALK gene mutations were likely to occur in younger patients (OR=2.950, P=0.045), with somking history (OR=1.070, P=0.002), and there were more micropapillary components (OR=4.184, P=0.019) and VPI (OR=2.986, P=0.034) in pathology. Conclusion The EGFR and ALK genes mutated adenocarcinomas have specific imaging and clinicopathological features, and the mutations in exon 19 or exon 21 subtype have different imaging features, which is of great significance in guiding the clinical diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules.

Objectives: Pulmonary air leakage is a common complication following lung resection. We have designed a new method combining oxidized regenerated cellulose and fibrin glue to cover the intersegmental plane in clinical lung segmentectomy to prevent postoperative air leakage. In this study, an excised porcine lung segmentectomy model was created to validate its adhesive strength and effect on reducing air leakage.Methods: In the pre-experiment, six different larger lung segments were separated using electrocautery on the fresh isolated porcine lungs (n = 5 in each group). The air leakage degree and operation time of the lung segments were comprehensively evaluated to select the most suitable target segment for establishing the ex vivo porcine lung segmentectomy models. In the experiment, according to the different materials covered on the intersegmental plane, these models were randomly divided into four groups: group A used fibrin glue and oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) mesh (n = 20); group B used fibrin glue and polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheet (n = 20); group C used fibrin glue (n = 20); group D was the blank control group (n = 20). The minimum air leakage pressure (MALP) of the selected target segment in each group was measured using a stepwise increase of airway pressure, and histological assessment was performed on the sealed area samples from the four groups.Results: The operation time of the a segment of the right cranial lobe (R1a) was shorter than that of other segments (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the air leakage pressures between the six isolated segments (p = 0.76); thus, R1a was chosen for segmentectomy. In addition, the MALP was significantly higher in group A (41.8 ± 4.5 cmH2O) than in groups C (28.1 ± 2.3 cmH2O) and D (17.3 ± 1.2 cmH2O) (both p < 0.001). The MALP of group B (69.5 ± 5.2 cmH2O) was significantly higher than that of group A (p < 0.001), whereas that of group C was significantly higher than that of group D (p < 0.001). Histological examination confirmed that the combined use of fibrin glue and ORC or PGA patch adhered more firmly to the intersegmental plane than that of fibrin glue alone, although some gaps could be seen between the fibrin glue and the surface of the lung segments in group C.Conclusion: The application of ORC combined with fibrin glue on the intersegmental plane has a good sealing performance in the ex vivo porcine lung segmentectomy model, suggesting that ORC may be an effective alternative material to replace PGA sheet to combine with fibrin glue for preventing air leakage after segmentectomy.

Background and objective Precise segmentectomy has become the first choice of surgical treatment for pulmonary nodules and early lung cancer, and the key and difficult point of the surgery lies in the precise location and resection of the lesion. DeepInsight is an auxiliary software for precise lung surgery jointly developed by our center and Neusoft Company, which can determine the precise anatomy of the lung and locate the location of lung lesions before operation. This study is to verify the authenticity and reliability of DeepInsight lung bronchial angiography assisted surgery. Methods In this study, 1,020 patients with pulmonary nodules

Galactic winds play essential roles in the evolution of galaxies through the feedback they provide. Despite intensive studies of winds, the radial distributions of their properties and feedback are rarely observable. Here we present such measurements for the prototypical starburst galaxy, M82, based on observations by the Subaru Telescope. We determine the radial distribution of outflow densities ( n _e ) from the spatially resolved [S ii ] λλ 6717, 6731 emission lines. We find that n _e drops from 200 to 40 cm ^−3 with radius ( r ) between 0.5 and 2.2 kpc with a best-fit power-law index of r ^−1.2 . Combined with resolved H α lines, we derive mass, momentum, and energy outflow rates, which drop quite slowly (almost unchanged within error bars) over this range of r . This suggests that the galactic wind in M82 can carry mass, momentum, and energy from the central regions to a few kiloparsecs with minimal losses. We further derive outflow cloud properties, including size and column densities. The clouds we measure have pressures and densities that are too high to match those from recent theoretical models and numerical simulations of winds. By comparing with a sample of outflows in local star-forming galaxies studied with UV absorption lines, the above-derived properties for M82 outflows match well with the published scaling relationships. These matches suggest that the ionized gas clouds traced in emission and absorption are strongly related. Our measurements motivate future spatially resolved studies of galactic winds, which is the only way to map the structure of their feedback effects.

Ly α line profiles are a powerful probe of interstellar medium (ISM) structure, outflow speed, and Lyman-continuum escape fraction. In this paper, we present the Ly α line profiles of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) Legacy Archive Spectroscopic SurveY, a sample rich in spectroscopic analogs of reionization-era galaxies. A large fraction of the spectra show a complex profile, consisting of a double-peaked Ly α emission profile in the bottom of a damped, Ly α absorption trough. Such profiles reveal an inhomogeneous ISM. We successfully fit the damped Ly α absorption and the Ly α emission profiles separately, but with complementary covering factors, a surprising result because this approach requires no Ly α exchange between high- N _H _i and low- N _H _i paths. The combined distribution of column densities is qualitatively similar to the bimodal distributions observed in numerical simulations. We find an inverse relation between Ly α peak separation and the [O iii ]/[O ii ] flux ratio, confirming that the covering fraction of Lyman-continuum-thin sightlines increases as the Ly α peak separation decreases. We combine measurements of Ly α peak separation and Ly α red peak asymmetry in a diagnostic diagram, which identifies six Lyman-continuum leakers in the COS Legacy Archive Spectrocopy SurveY (CLASSY) sample. We find a strong correlation between the Ly α trough velocity and the outflow velocity measured from interstellar absorption lines. We argue that greater vignetting of the blueshifted Ly α peak, relative to the redshifted peak, is the source of the well-known discrepancy between shell-model parameters and directly measured outflow properties. The CLASSY sample illustrates how scattering of Ly α photons outside the spectroscopic aperture reshapes Ly α profiles because the distances to these compact starbursts span a large range.

Observations of low-ionization state metal lines provide crucial insights into the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies, yet, disentangling the physical processes responsible for the emerging line profiles is difficult. This work investigates how mock spectra generated using a single galaxy in a radiation-hydrodynamical simulation can help us interpret observations of a real galaxy. We create 22,500 C ii and Si ii spectra from the virtual galaxy at different times and through multiple lines of sight and compare them with the 45 observations of low-redshift star-forming galaxies from the COS Legacy Spectroscopic SurveY ( classy ). We find that the mock profiles provide accurate replicates of the observations of 38 galaxies with a broad range of stellar masses (10 ^6 –10 ^9 M _⊙ ) and metallicities (0.02–0.55 Z _⊙ ). Additionally, we highlight that aperture losses explain the weakness of the fluorescent emission in several classy spectra and must be accounted for when comparing simulations to observations. Overall, we show that the evolution of a single simulated galaxy can produce a large diversity of spectra whose properties are representative of galaxies of comparable or smaller masses. Building upon these results, we explore the origin of the continuum, residual flux, and fluorescent emission in the simulation. We find that these different spectral features all emerge from distinct regions in the galaxy’s ISM, and their characteristics can vary as a function of the viewing angle. While these outcomes challenge simplified interpretations of down-the-barrel spectra, our results indicate that high-resolution simulations provide an optimal framework to interpret these observations.

Galaxy formation and evolution are regulated by the feedback from galactic winds. Absorption lines provide the most widely available probe of winds. However, since most data only provide information integrated along the line of sight, they do not directly constrain the radial structure of the outflows. In this paper, we present a method to directly measure the gas electron density in outflows ( n _e ), which in turn yields estimates of outflow cloud properties (e.g., density, volume filling factor, and sizes/masses). We also estimate the distance ( r _n ) from the starburst at which the observed densities are found. We focus on 22 local star-forming galaxies primarily from the COS Legacy Archive Spectroscopic SurveY (CLASSY). In half of them, we detect absorption lines from fine-structure excited transitions of Si ii (i.e., Si ii *). We determine n _e from relative column densities of Si ii and Si ii *, given Si ii * originates from collisional excitation by free electrons. We find that the derived n _e correlates well with the galaxy’s star formation rate per unit area. From photoionization models or assuming the outflow is in pressure equilibrium with the wind fluid, we get r _n ∼ 1–2 r _* or ∼5 r _* , respectively, where r _* is the starburst radius. Based on comparisons to theoretical models of multiphase outflows, nearly all of the outflows have cloud sizes large enough for the clouds to survive their interaction with the hot wind fluid. Most of these measurements are the first ever for galactic winds detected in absorption lines and, thus, will provide important constraints for future models of galactic winds.

The Mg ii λλ 2796, 2803 doublet has been suggested as a useful indirect indicator for the escape of Ly α and Lyman continuum (LyC) photons in local star-forming galaxies. However, studies to date have focused on small samples of galaxies with strong Mg ii or strong LyC emission. Here, we present the first study of Mg ii to probe a large dynamic range of galaxy properties, using newly obtained high-signal-to-noise, moderate-resolution spectra of Mg ii , for a sample of 34 galaxies selected from the Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey. We show that the galaxies in our sample have Mg ii profiles ranging from strong emission to P-Cygni profiles to pure absorption. We find that there is a significant trend (with a possibility of spurious correlations of ∼2%) that galaxies that are detected as strong LyC emitters (LCEs) show larger equivalent widths of Mg ii emission, while non-LCEs tend to show evidence of more scattering and absorption features in Mg ii . We then find that Mg ii strongly correlates with Ly α in both equivalent width and escape fraction, regardless of whether emission or absorption dominates the Mg ii profiles. Furthermore, we show that, for galaxies that are categorized as Mg ii emitters, one can use the information of Mg ii , metallicity, and dust to estimate the escape fraction of LyC within a factor of ∼3. These findings confirm that Mg ii lines can be used as a tool for selecting galaxies as LCEs and thus serve as an indirect indicator for the escape of Ly α and LyC.

We study the spatially resolved stellar populations of 444 galaxies at 0.3 < z < 6.0 in two clusters (WHL 0137–08 and MACS 0647+70) and a blank field, combining imaging data from the Hubble Space Telescope and JWST to perform spatially resolved spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling using piXedfit . The high spatial resolution of the imaging data combined with magnification from gravitational lensing in the cluster fields allows us to resolve a large fraction of our galaxies (109) to subkiloparsec scales. At redshifts around cosmic noon and higher (2.5 ≲ z ≲ 6.0), we find mass-doubling times to be independent of radius, inferred from flat specific star formation rate (sSFR) radial profiles and similarities between the half-mass and half-SFR radii. At lower redshifts (1.5 ≲ z ≲ 2.5), a significant fraction of our star-forming galaxies shows evidence for nuclear starbursts, inferred from a centrally elevated sSFR and a much smaller half-SFR radius compared to the half-mass radius. At later epochs, we find more galaxies suppress star formation in their centers but are still actively forming stars in the disk. Overall, these trends point toward a picture of inside-out galaxy growth consistent with theoretical models and simulations. We also observe a tight relationship between the central mass surface density and global stellar mass with ∼0.38 dex scatter. Our analysis demonstrates the potential of spatially resolved SED analysis with JWST data. Future analysis with larger samples will be able to further explore the assembly of galaxy mass and the growth of their structures.

At present, the barrier to HIV-1 functional cure is the persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs. The “shock (reversing latency) and kill (antiretroviral therapy)” strategy sheds light on reducing or eliminating the latent reservoir of HIV-1. However, the current limits of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are their toxicity or side effects, which limit their practicability pharmacologically and immunologically. Our previous research found that HSF1 is a key transcriptional regulatory factor in the reversion of HIV-1 latency. We then constructed the in vitro HSF1-knockout (HSF1-KO) HIV-1 latency models and found that HSF1 depletion inhibited the reactivation ability of LRAs including salubrinal, carfizomib, bortezomib, PR-957 and resveratrol, respectively. Furthermore, bortezomib/carfizomib treatment induced the increase of heat shock elements (HSEs) activity after HSF1-KO, suggesting that HSEs participated in reversing the latent HIV-1. Subsequent investigation showed that latent HIV-1-reversal by H2O2-induced DNA damage was inhibited by PARP1 inhibitors, while PARP1 was unable to down-regulate HSF1-depleted HSE activity, indicating that PARP1 could serve as a replaceable protein for HSF1 in HIV-1 latent cells. In summary, we succeeded in finding the mechanisms by which HSF1 reactivates the latent HIV-1, which also provides a theoretical basis for the further development of LRAs that specifically target HSF1.

Flowering time is an important agronomic trait in Brassica rapa and has a wide range of variation. The change from vegetative to reproductive development is a major transition period, especially in flowering vegetable crops. In this study, two non-heading Chinese cabbage varieties with significantly different flowering times, Pak-choi (B. rapa var. communis Tesn et Lee) and Caitai (B. rapa var. tsaitai Hort.), were used to construct segregated F2 populations. The bulk-segregant approach coupled with whole genome re-sequencing was used for QTL sequencing (QTL-seq) analysis to map flowering time traits. The candidate genes controlling flowering time in B. rapa were predicted by homologous gene alignment and function annotation. The major-effect QTL ft7.1 was detected on chromosome A07 of B. rapa, and the FT family gene BrFT was predicted as the candidate gene. Moreover, a new promoter regional difference of 1577 bp was revealed by analyzing the sequence of the BrFT gene. The promoter region activity analysis and divergent gene expression levels indicated that the difference in the promoter region may contribute to different flowering times. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the flowering time in Brassica and the candidate genes regulating flowering in production.

The prolonged duration of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has resulted in the continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOC, e.g., Omicron) and variants of interest (VOI, e.g., Lambda). These variants have challenged the protective efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines, thus calling for the development of novel therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 and its VOCs. Here, we constructed a novel fusion inhibitor-based recombinant protein, denoted as 5-Helix, consisting of three heptad repeat 1 (HR1) and two heptad repeat 2 (HR2) fragments. The 5-Helix interacted with the HR2 domain of the viral S2 subunit, the most conserved region in spike (S) protein, to block homologous six-helix bundle (6-HB) formation between viral HR1 and HR2 domains and, hence, viral S-mediated cell–cell fusion. The 5-Helix potently inhibited infection by pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 and its VOCs, including Delta and Omicron variants. The 5-Helix also inhibited infection by authentic SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (nCoV-SH01) strain and its Delta variant. Collectively, our findings suggest that 5-Helix can be further developed as either a therapeutic or prophylactic to treat and prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.