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Tingyao Zhao,1,* Xinting Wang,2,* Qian Liu,2 Tianshu Yang,1 Huiyan Qu,1 Hua Zhou2 1Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Hua Zhou; Huiyan Qu, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China, Email zhouhua@shutcm.edu.cn; 1520043084@qq.comAbstract: Purpose: This study aimed to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms by which GSRd improves cardiac inflammation and immune environment after MI.Materials and Methods: The potential target genes of GSRd were predicted using the STITCH database. In vivo, MI mice models were established by left anterior descending ligation and were divided into the sham group, MI + Vehicle group, and MI + GSRd group. DMSO, DMSO, and GSRd 50 μL/day were intraperitoneally injected, respectively. After 28 days, echocardiography, Masson staining, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and Western blot were performed. Mice peritoneal macrophages were extracted in vitro, and Western blot was performed after GSRd and/or Akt inhibitor MK2206 intervention.Results: GSRd significantly improved mouse myocardial function, attenuated cardiac fibrosis, and inhibited inflammation and apoptosis in myocardial tissues after myocardial infarction. Meanwhile, GSRd increased non-classical Ly6Clow Mos/Mps while reduced of classical Ly6Chigh Mos/Mps at the same time in myocardial tissues. In addition, GSRd significantly reversed the activity of p-Akt and p-mTOR in the heart Mos/Mps after MI. In vitro studies showed that the activity of p-Akt and p-mTOR in peritoneal macrophages were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner after GSRd treatment. Furthermore, the AKT inhibitor MK2206 was found to block the enhanced activity of p-Akt and p-mTOR induced by GSRd in peritoneal macrophages.Conclusion: GSRd can enhance the transformation of Ly6Chigh Mos/Mps to Ly6Clow Mos/Mps in mice after MI by activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, inhibiting cardiac dysfunction and promoting cardiac repair.Keywords: myocardial infarction, ginsenoside rd, monocytes/macrophages, Akt/mTOR

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore factors correlated with police cadets' perceived commitment to the police profession – whether or not personal attitudes and demographic characteristics can make a difference.Design/methodology/approachThe study used two-year longitudinal data collected from a population of 207 Chinese police cadets. Survey research based on pre-designed instruments was employed to collect the data.FindingsThe results from panel data analysis found that personal interest in adolescence and attitudes toward styles of policing were significant predictors. Specifically, attitudes toward community policing were positively related to the cadets' commitment to the police profession.Originality/valuePolice occupational commitment is essential since the commitment is closely linked to voluntary retention and organizational effectiveness. However, limited empirical research has been available regarding the factors associated with officers' identification and commitment to the occupation. This study provides insight into police officer training and recruitment and offers suggestions for future research.

Objective To screen cuproptosis-relatedlncRNAs and establish a prognostic model of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Perl and R languages were used to collate the HCC transcriptome and clinical data downloaded from the TCGA database. Cuproptosis-related lncRNAs were obtained through co-expression analysis, and the total samples were randomly divided into the Train group and the Test group. Univariate Cox regression analysis, LASSO regression and multivariate Cox analysis were used to analyze the data of Train group to establish the prognostic model of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs. The accuracy of the model was verified by principal component analysis (PCA), ROC curve, and independent prognostic analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, tumor mutation burden correlation analysis, immunocorrelation analysis and drug sensitivity analysis were conducted in depth. Results Co-expression analysis showed 258 cuproptosis-related lncRNAs, univariate Cox regression analysis showed 31 lncRNAs were correlated with HCC prognosis, and multivariate Cox analysis showed 5 lncRNAs involved in model construction. They are LINC00426, AL590705.3, SPRY4-AS1, AL031985.3, and AC002091.2. Validation analysis showed that the survival of patients in the low-risk group was significantly better than that in the high-risk group, and the model could be used as an independent prognostic factor for HCC. Immunocorrelation analysis showed that patients in the high and low-risk groups significantly differed in immune-related functions and immune-related therapy, which was consistent with the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis results. Tumor mutation burden correlation and drug sensitivity analysis can further guide the diagnosis and treatment of HCC patients. Conclusion The HCC prognostic model constructed by 5 cuproptosis-related lncRNAs has high accuracy and has a certain reference value for clinical diagnosis and treatment of HCC patients.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary liver cancer associated with a poor prognosis. ICC accounts for about 10% of primary liver malignancies but with increasing incidence in recent years. Recently, some studies suggested that minimally interventional therapy can be used in the treatment of ICC. However, there are few references on interventional therapy for the clinical treatment of ICC. Herein we reported a case of a 48-year-old man who suffered from ICC. The patient was diagnosed with ICC by computerized tomography scan and pathological biopsy. The patient was completely cured by minimally interventional therapy with iodine-125 seed implantation. These results provide an important reference for the treatment option of ICC.

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between extracurricular activities, stress, and suicidal ideation and to examine the mediating effect of stress between extracurricular activities and suicidal ideation in Chinese college students. Method: A total of 6446 college students were surveyed with a web-based online data collection system using the self-made demographic questionnaire, Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire—Revised (SBQ-R), and the 21-Item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). SPSS 24.0 was used for descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, and the bootstrap method in the process procedure for SPSS Version 3.4.1 was used to construct the mediating effect model. Results: Gender, school grades, living area, and family income status were influencing factors for suicidal ideation, stress, and extracurricular activities. Extracurricular activities were negatively correlated with stress (r = −0.083, p < 0.001) and suicidal ideation (r = −0.039, p < 0.01). Extracurricular activities had no direct predictive effect on college students’ suicidal ideation (c = −0.198, CI: −0.418, 0.023), while stress had a mediating effect between extracurricular activities and suicidal ideation; the indirect mediating effect was 0.159. Conclusions: Extracurricular activities indirectly predict college students’ suicidal ideation through stress. A variety of extracurricular activities can decrease the stress and suicidal ideation of college students and benefit their mental health.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are limited because they are limited to working temperatures and are susceptible to damage by dramatic electrochemical environments such as hydrogen peroxide/radicals. It is necessary to develop new proton-conducting materials that are water-stable and can operate at high temperatures. The hourglass reduced molybdophosphate-based compound (H2bimb)3[Zn3(H6P4Mo6O31)2] (bimb = 1,4-bis[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]benzene) was designed and synthesized under solvothermal conditions. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses demonstrated noticeably that CUST-571 was composed of an hourglass {Zn[P4Mo6]2} structure, which consisted of two fully reduced half-units {P4Mo6}. It was found that CUST-571 possessed an excellent proton conductivity of 4.54 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 85 °C and 98% RH (relative humidity). In addition, CUST-571 is capable of an excellent catalytic decomposition of H2O2, which is beneficial to increase the life of fuel cells. On the basis of the aforementioned results, CUST-571 may be a promising proton-conducting polyoxometalate hybrid material in the future.

Disclosure of HIV status offers potential benefits to individuals and is also good for public health. Limited studies have been conducted to gain insight into the current situation and associated factors of HIV disclosure among HIV-positive Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) in the era of "treat all." We carried out a cross-sectional study among MSM receiving antiretroviral therapy from October 2020 to January 2021 at a hospital in Jinan, China. We used univariate and multivariable logistic regression to examine the factors associated with general disclosure and disclosure to family, friends, and sexual partners. Of the 585 participants recruited, 62.2% reported HIV disclosure, among which 25.3% had disclosed their status to family members, 25.3% had disclosed it to friends, and 28.4% had disclosed it to partners. The findings suggest that HIV disclosure is more likely to occur among individuals who are younger, married/cohabiting, and who self-identify as homosexual/bisexual. Participants with higher education levels or personal monthly incomes are less likely to disclose their HIV status. Furthermore, related factors of disclosure vary across the types of disclosure targets. Given the positive outcomes of disclosure, interventions and implementation research to facilitate it are urgently needed for MSM.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is beneficial for several gastrointestinal diseases because it alters the intestinal microbiota of recipients. The efficacy of FMT is related to the microbial structure and composition of the donor. Mild moxibustion is a non-invasive and safe traditional Chinese therapy that can regulate the gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated whether moxibustion improved the efficacy of FMT in donors using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. Normal mice were treated with mild moxibustion at acupoints ST25 and ST36 for 7 days. DSS (2%) was administered for 7 days to induce colitis. FMT was performed on Day 8 and lasted for 7 days. The effect of FMT on mice with DSS was observed on Day 21. Using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence, we analyzed the pathology and cell proliferation after FMT in DSS mice. In addition, using 16 S rDNA sequencing analysis, we investigated the gut microbiota of mice. The results indicated that moxibustion altered the colonic microbial community and increased the relative abundance of specific bacteria without changes in morphology and physiological function in normal mice. FMT using donors with moxibustion reduced body weight loss, inflammation, abnormal microbial community structure, and the relative abundance of some bacteria. These results provide potential strategies for the safe and targeted improvement of FMT donors.粪菌移植(Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, FMT)通过直接改变肠道菌群结构对消化系统疾病发挥治疗作用。研究显示, 粪菌移植疗效与供体肠道菌群结构有关。温和灸是一种无创、安全的传统中医疗法, 能够调节肠道菌群结构。本实验通过分析艾灸对正常小鼠的影响, 以及由其产生的供体菌群对葡聚糖硫酸钠(Dextran Sulfate Sodium, DSS)诱导的实验性溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的影响, 研究艾灸是否能够改善供体粪菌移植的疗效。实验每日于正常小鼠双侧“天枢”(ST25)、“足三里”(ST36)穴进行温和灸, 为期7天。选择2% DSS自由饮用7天以造模实验性溃疡性结肠炎, 第8天开始为期7天的粪菌移植, 随后于第21天取材以观察粪菌移植对DSS小鼠的影响。使用苏木精和伊红染色法观察小鼠结肠组织病理学改变, 评估远端结肠中肥大隐窝的数量；使用免疫荧光染色法评估局部炎症反应和增殖表达；使用16S rDNA菌群测序法评估各组小鼠结肠菌群群落结构。实验结果显示, 艾灸“天枢”, “足三里”未改变正常小鼠基本生理表现, 但显著增加了小鼠结肠部分细菌的相对丰度；艾灸供体的菌群移植改善了DSS小鼠的体重下降、炎症、异常的菌群结构和部分细菌的相对丰度。这些结果为安全和有针对性地改善粪菌移植供体提供了潜在的策略。.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most abundant internal modifications of mRNA, which plays important roles in gene expression regulation, and plant growth and development. Vir-like m6A methyltransferase associated (VIRMA) serves as a scaffold for bridging the catalytic core components of the m6A methyltransferase complex. The role of VIRMA in regulating leaf development and its related mechanisms have not been reported. Here, we identified and characterized two upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) VIRMA genes, named as GhVIR-A and GhVIR-D, which share 98.5% identity with each other. GhVIR-A and GhVIR-D were ubiquitously expressed in different tissues and relatively higher expressed in leaves and main stem apexes (MSA). Knocking down the expression of GhVIR genes by the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system influences leaf cell size, cell shape, and total cell numbers, thereby determining cotton leaf morphogenesis. The dot-blot assay and colorimetric experiment showed the ratio of m6A to A in mRNA is lower in leaves of GhVIR-VIGS plants compared with control plants. Messenger RNA (mRNA) high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq) and a qRT-PCR experiment showed that GhVIRs regulate leaf development through influencing expression of some transcription factor genes, tubulin genes, and chloroplast genes including photosystem, carbon fixation, and ribosome assembly. Chloroplast structure, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic efficiency were changed and unsuitable for leaf growth and development in GhVIR-VIGS plants compared with control plants. Taken together, our results demonstrate GhVIRs function in cotton leaf development by chloroplast dependent and independent pathways.

N6-methyladenosine (m

The lysosomal thiol reductase GILT catalyzes the reduction of disulfide bonds of protein antigens, facilitating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen to T cells. However, whether GILT expression in tumor cells can be associated with improved T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses remains unknown. Here, we identify that GILT is able to facilitate anti-tumor immune surveillance via promoting MHC class I mediated-antigen presentation in colon carcinoma. By using mice model bearing colon tumors, we find that GILT inhibites tumor growth in vivo with more leucocytes infiltration but has no effect on tumor cell development in vitro in terms of proliferation, cell cycle and migration. Furthermore, by using transgenic OT-I mice, we recognize the tumor-expressing OVA peptide, a surrogate tumor antigen, we find that GILT is capable of enhancing MHC class I mediated antigen presentation and improving specific CD8+ T cell anti-tumor responses in murine colon carcinoma. These findings propose the boost of GILT-MHC-I axis in tumors as a viable option for immune system against cancer.

Prison victimization constitutes a serious problem for organizations and individuals. It disrupts order in an institutional environment, and the experience of victimization can have a long-lasting psychological effect on incarcerated population, particularly juveniles. Relevant research suggests that the deprivation model and the importation model can help explain the occurrence of prison victimization. Using longitudinal data collected from a youth custodial facility in China, the current study examines factors that are believed to be predictors of prison victimization. Negative binomial regression, a commonly used tool for the analysis of prison victimization research using count data, is employed in the current study. The findings suggest that prior victimization experiences, reported record of violent delinquency, prison visitation, and demographics have significant impacts on in-prison victimization. The public policy implications of the findings are discussed at the end of the study.

To improve the adsorption capacities of ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) for heavy metals, cerium/ferroferric oxide composites (Ce/Fe3O4) were prepared by a chemical coprecipitation method, and the adsorption capacity of chromium (Cr) from solution by Ce/Fe3O4 was studied. According to the TEM and SEM–EDS results, Ce was successfully doped on Fe3O4, the morphology of Ce/Fe3O4 was irregular and glossy, there were no obvious pores, and distinct boundaries were apparent. According to the XRD results, Ce/Fe3O showed high crystallinity. The crystal grain size of Ce/Fe3O4 was 27.9 nm. The results showed that Ce could increase the crystallinity and crystal size of Fe3O4. The results of batch adsorption experiments, including pH dependence, coexisting ion interference, adsorption kinetics and isotherms, showed that acidic conditions are more favorable than alkaline conditions for Ce/Fe3O4 to adsorb and remove Cr(VI). However, under acidic conditions, Cr(VI) exists in the form of HCrO4−, and Cl−, NO3− and SO42− existing in the solution compete with HCrO4− for adsorption. The adsorption process is mainly physical adsorption, and it can occur spontaneously.

Aim The objective of this analysis was to characterize the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of fevipiprant in asthma patients and to evaluate the effect of baseline covariates on the PK of fevipiprant. Methods PK data from 1281 healthy subjects or asthma patients were available after single or once daily dosing of fevipiprant. Population PK analysis was conducted to describe fevipiprant plasma concentration data using a non-linear mixed effect modeling approach. Results Fevipiprant PK was described by a two-compartment model with first-order absorption and first-order elimination. Exploration of fevipiprant PK in the population from the phase III studies revealed an over-dispersed and skewed distribution. This unusual distribution was described using Tukey’s g-and-h distribution (TGH) on the between-subject variability of apparent clearance (CL/F). The model identified a significant impact of disease status on CL/F, with the value in healthy subjects being 62% higher than that in asthma patients. Bodyweight, age and renal function showed statistically significant impact on fevipiprant clearance; however, compared with a typical asthma patient, the simulated difference in steady-state exposure was at most 16%. Conclusion Fevipiprant PK was described by a two-compartment model with first-order absorption and first-order elimination. The TGH distribution was appropriate to describe the over-dispersed and skewed PK data as observed in the current studies. Asthma patients had approximately 37% higher exposure than healthy subjects did. Other covariates changed exposure by at most 16%.

Although our previous research shows an ameliorated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in global SND1 transgenic mice, the involvement of SND1 loss-of-function in hepatic metabolism remains elusive. Herein, we aim to explore the potential impact of hepatocyte-specific SND1 deletion on insulin-resistant mice. As SND1 is reported to be linked to inflammatory response, the pathobiological feature of acute liver failure (ALF) is also investigated. Hence, we construct the conditional liver knockout (LKO) mice of SND1 for the first time. Under the condition of HFD, the absence of hepatic SND1 affects the weight of white adipose tissue, but not the gross morphology, body weight, cholesterol level, liver weight, and hepatic steatosis of mice. Furthermore, we fail to observe significant differences in either HFD-induced insulin resistance or lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced (LPS/D-GaIN) ALF between LKO and wild type (WT) mice in terms of inflammation and tissue damage. Compared with negative controls, there is no differential SND1 expression in various species of sample with insulin resistance or ALF, based on several gene expression omnibus datasets, including GSE23343, GSE160646, GSE120243, GSE48794, GSE13271, GSE151268, GSE62026, GSE120652, and GSE38941. Enrichment result of SND1-binding partners or related genes indicates a sequence of issues related to RNA or lipid metabolism, but not glucose homeostasis or hepatic failure. Overall, hepatic SND1 is insufficient to alter the phenotypes of hepatic insulin resistance and acute liver failure in mice. The SND1 in various organs is likely to cooperate in regulating glucose homeostasis by affecting the expression of lipid metabolism-related RNA transcripts during stress., Graphical Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease that can eventually lead to degeneration, fibrosis, fractures, and defects of the articular cartilage. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a key substance in many processes, such as epigenetic regulation and cell-cycle and cell-differentiation modulation, and its relationship with OA has been repeatedly verified.The study intended to clarify the influence of lncRNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1), lncRNA NEAT1, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced OA chondrocytes through sponge adsorption of microRNA-378 (miR-378) and to provide novel insights into future diagnosis and treatment of OA.The research team performed an animal study.The study took place in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at Linyi People's Hospital in Linyi, Shangdong, China.The study's animals were 10 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, 3-5 days old and 10-15 g in weight, of the specific-pathogen-free (SPF) grade.The rat chondrocytes for the positive control group (the model group) were treated with 500 ng/mL of LPS to induce OA. Chondrocytes treated with the same amount of normal saline were used as the negative control group. The chondrocytes of the LPS-induced rats were into six groups: (1) a positive control group transfected with NEAT1-interfering RNA, the sh-NEAT1 group; (2) a negative control group not transfected with NEAT1-interfering RNA, the NEAT1 empty vector (NC-NEAT1) group; (3) an intervention group co-transfected with NEAT1 interfering RNA and the miR-378 inhibitor sequence (Inh-miR-378 the sh-NEAT1+ Inh-miR-378 group; (4) a negative control group transfected with NEAT1 interfering RNA but not transfected with the miR-378 inhibitor sequence, the sh-NEAT1+ miR-378 negative control (NC-miR-378) group; (5) a negative control group transfected with the miR-378 inhibitor sequence but not transfected with NEAT1 interfering RNA, the NEAT1 empty vector (NC-NEAT1) + Inh-miR-378 group; (6) a negative control group not transfected with either NEAT1 interfering RNA or the miR-378 inhibitor sequence, the NC-NEAT1 + NC-miR-378 group.An OA-chondrocyte model was induced by LPS and measurements of NEAT1 and miR-378 expression were made by real-time quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)- polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, small NEAT1-interfering RNA (sh-NEAT1), empty vector NEAT1 (NC-NEAT1), inhibitor-sequence-miR-378 (Inh-miR-378), and negative-control-miR-378 (NC-miR-378) were transfected into cells, and cell viability and apoptosis rate were measured. Finally, the study verified the relationship between NEAT1 and miR-378.Compared to the control group, NEAT1 was significantly elevated in the model group, and its miR-378 was significantly decreased. Silencing NEAT1 can enhance OA-chondrocyte activity and decrease apoptosis. When NEAT1 and miR-378 were inhibited together, as shown fort the NC-NEAT1 + NC-miR-378 group, NEAT1 expression, as well as the multiplication and apoptosis ability of the OA-model cells, were the same as those of cells transfected with an empty vector, the NC-NEAT1 group. Also, the NEAT1 + NC-miR-378 group's cell activity was lower than that of the sh-NEAT1+NC-miR-378 group but higher than that of the NC-NEAT1 + Inh-miR-378 group. Finally, higher fluorescence activity occurred for NEAT1-mutant type (MUT) transfected with Inh-miR-378.NEAT1, which is highly expressed in OA, mediates LPS-induced OA-chondrocyte activity through sponge adsorption of miR-378.

Background and Objectives: Kanli granule (KG) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which has a significant effect on chronic heart failure (CHF). KG takes "warming and invigorating the heart and kidney Yang Qi, promoting water and blood circulation" as the treatment principle, which can make the heart Yang vibrate, the kidney water transpiration, and the blood promote the circulation of water without the danger of stopping warter blood stasis. However, due to the complexity of TCM, the action mechanism of KG is unclear. In this study, we employed a network pharmacology approach combined with experimental verification to investigate the mechanism of KG in the treatment of CHF. Materials and methods: The active ingredients and targets of KG were searched by TCMSP and TCM database@Taiwan databases, and the CHF-related targets were collected from DisGeNET, OMIM and TTD databases. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) signal pathway analysis were carried out through DAVID database. Furthermore, the bubble diagrams of GO analysis and KEGG signal pathway analysis are made on OmicShare platform. The network diagram of "herbs–ingredients–targets–pathways" was constructed by Cytoscape3.7.0 software. We established a TAC induced CHF mice model to verify the protective mechanism of KG. Results: 30 active ingredients of KG were screened for the prevention and treatment of CHF, and 37 targets for the prevention and treatment of CHF by the active components of KG, including SERCA2a, PLB. GO analysis showed that there were 219 items related to biological process, 32 items related to cellular composition and 42 items related to molecular function. There are 81 related KEGG signaling pathways, including calcium signaling pathway. The results of animal experiments showed that KG significantly improved cardiac function in CHF mice by reducing LVEF, FS, NT -proBNP, and KG significantly improved cardiac structure in CHF mice by decreasing LVIDd, LVPWd, and the extent of cardiac fibrosis. Further mechanistic studies revealed that KG upregulated SERCA2a expression and activity to ameliorate CHF. Conclusion: KG may prevent and treat CHF by acting on calcium signaling pathway, increasing SERCA2a expression and improving cardiac function and cardiac structure.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect and duration of supervised field training on police cadets' worldview of police work in China.Design/methodology/approachThe four-wave longitudinal data were collected from graduate students who were pursuing their master's degree in a national Chinese police university from 2016 to 2018. Independent variables including demographic characteristics and knowledge along with experience gained from the internship were used to explain police cadets' attitudes toward police work. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression models were used in the current study.FindingsFindings derived from multiple regression analyses suggest that police cadets' attitudes toward police work are conducive to the “shock” of the real-world experience after three-month field training. However, the effect of the field training on police cadets' attitudes toward police work is temporary, not enduring.Research limitations/implicationsThe data for this study were collected from one national police university, and the findings reported here may not be generalized.Practical implicationsPolice field training is important for cadets to develop positive view of police work. It provides practical knowledge for police training and socializes cadets before entering into the law enforcement filed, avoiding the financial cost of resignation. However, the influence of field training is temporal. Hence, it is more appropriate for police administrators to arrange police cadets' field training close to their graduation date, the third year of their college education.Originality/valueThis study can be considered as an extension of relevant research on law-enforcement-related field training reported in the United States. However, it goes beyond the existing literature by using longitudinal data to answer a long-overdue question: Does supervised field training change the worldview of cadets concerning police work?

Rational choice theory (RCT) is a classical theory in criminology, with deep roots in the Enlightenment. It has secured a privileged place as a mainstream criminological theory in the United States. Ironically, RCT has not been applied to research on juvenile delinquency and related decision making in China. This study attempts to test the relative utility of RCT among adjudicated juvenile offenders incarcerated in an institution located in a southwestern province of China based on their responses to two hypothetical scenarios of offending. The results of the Tobit model analyses emerged from the two-wave longitudinal data lent strong support to the view that RCT can indeed serve as an important theory for explaining delinquent behaviors in China. More specifically, juvenile offenders used cost-benefit analysis to decide if they want to be involved either in the stealing scenario or in the fighting scenario. A discussion of findings and public policy implications are highlighted at the end of the paper

A major objective of plant ecology research is to determine the underlying processes responsible for the observed spatial distribution patterns of plant species. Plants can be approximated as points in space for this purpose, and thus, spatial point pattern analysis has become increasingly popular in ecological research. The basic piece of data for point pattern analysis is a point location of an ecological object in some study region. Therefore, point pattern analysis can only be performed if data can be collected. However, due to the lack of a convenient sampling method, a few previous studies have used point pattern analysis to examine the spatial patterns of grassland species. This is unfortunate because being able to explore point patterns in grassland systems has widespread implications for population dynamics, community‐level patterns, and ecological processes. In this study, we developed a new method to measure individual coordinates of species in grassland communities. This method records plant growing positions via digital picture samples that have been sub‐blocked within a geographical information system (GIS). Here, we tested out the new method by measuring the individual coordinates of Stipa grandis in grazed and ungrazed S. grandis communities in a temperate steppe ecosystem in China. Furthermore, we analyzed the pattern of S. grandis by using the pair correlation function g(r) with both a homogeneous Poisson process and a heterogeneous Poisson process. Our results showed that individuals of S. grandis were overdispersed according to the homogeneous Poisson process at 0–0.16 m in the ungrazed community, while they were clustered at 0.19 m according to the homogeneous and heterogeneous Poisson processes in the grazed community. These results suggest that competitive interactions dominated the ungrazed community, while facilitative interactions dominated the grazed community. In sum, we successfully executed a new sampling method, using digital photography and a geographical information system, to collect experimental data on the spatial point patterns for the populations in this grassland community., A major objective of plant ecology research is to determine the underlying processes responsible for the observed spatial distribution patterns of plant species. Plants can be approximated as points in space for this purpose, and thus, spatial point pattern analysis has become increasingly popular in ecological research. We successfully executed a new sampling method, using digital photography and a geographical information system, to collect experimental data on the spatial point patterns for the populations in this grassland community.

Past research has consistently reported a higher rate of drug use before arrest among incarcerated inmates than that of the general population. However, there is a lack of either qualitative or qua...

Since the Domestic Violence (DV) Law was passed in China in 2015, knowledge of this mandate has been relatively unexplored. Data from 401 police cadets attending Zhejiang Police College in Hangzhou, China, are analyzed. A pretest/posttest design was used to assess changes in attitudes toward DV after a 30-minute lecture on DV. The influence of gender, whether the cadet views DV as a priority for law enforcement, and knowledge of services are examined. Findings demonstrate the utility of the training while recognizing cadets with prior knowledge of DV may have resisted the training. Given entrance into law enforcement is more likely for individuals who attend a police college in China, implications include incorporating a DV course at police colleges.