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Local spin correlation orders emerge in a paramagnetic state, with notable examples such as the partial order, cooperative paramagnetism, and soliton spin liquid. The noncentrosymmetric intermetallic antiferromagnet Mn3RhSi also exhibits the local spin correlation order in the paramagnetic state as magnetic short-range order in a wide temperature range. Here, we show that the local spin correlation order has a spiral structure by neutron scattering measurement of a Mn3RhSi single crystal. The possible origins of the magnetic cluster formation are discussed in terms of the Lifshitz invariant and the Griffiths phase, and compared with the room-temperature skyrmion phase of Co7Zn7Mn6 and non-Fermi liquid behavior of β-Mn. Short-range magnetic orders emerge in a paramagnetic state, with notable examples such as the partial order, cooperative paramagnetism, and soliton spin liquid. Here, the authors use inelastic neutron scattering to investigate short-range magnetic order in Mn3RhSi single crystal finding evidence for a spin spiral cluster, which they suggest may be an origin of the anomalous physical property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical spectroscopic properties of Er3+ and Tm3+ ions in a tellurite glass, TeO2-BaO-SrO-Nb2O5 (TBSN), were investigated for C- and S-band optical amplifications. On the basis of consideration for cross relaxation among Tm3+ ions and multiphonon relaxation, it was shown that the presence of Nb2O5, which was a source of the highest energy phonon, contributed to the relaxation processes in TBSN glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectroscopic properties of Tm3+ ions in (57-x)PbO–xPbF2–25Bi2O3–18Ga2O3 (mol %) glasses were investigated through measurements of absorption, emission, and lifetime measurements. The PbF2 substitution in this glass system raised the lifetime of the 1.48 μm emission. The lifetime for the 3H4 level was changed from 272 to 416 μs when the PbF2 content increased from x=0 to 15. In a 47PbO–15PbF2–25Bi2O3–18Ga2O3 glass, the phonon-assisted energy transfer involving two phonons with the energy of 550 cm-1 dominated the cross relaxation of the Tm3+: 3H4, 3H6→3F4, 3F4 route in spite of the presence of the overlap between the 3H4→3F4 emission and 3H6→3F4 absorption spectra. As a result, PbO–PbF2–Bi2O3–Ga2O3 glasses were thought to be useful for the S-band optical fiber amplifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ideal therapy for lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) should decrease detrusor overactivity, thereby promoting urine storage at low intravesical pressure and promoting efficient voiding at low pressure by decreasing detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Here we investigated blockade of various α-adrenoceptors to determine the subtype that was principally responsible for improving the voiding dysfunction. The effects of the intravenous α-blocker naftopidil, the α-blocker BMY 7378, and the α-blocker silodosin were evaluated using cystometrography and external urethral sphincter-electromyography (EMG) in decerebrated, unanesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats with chronic SCI following transection at Th8. Parameters measured included the voided volume, residual volume, voiding efficiency, and burst and silent periods on EMG. Compared with values in decerebrated non-SCI rats, EMG of decerebrated SCI rats revealed more prominent tonic activity, significantly shorter periods of bursting activity, and a reduced ratio of the silent to active period during bursting. Compared with the value before drug administration (control), the voiding efficiency was significantly increased by naftopidil (1 and 3 mg/kg) (<0.05 each), and the burst (<0.01 and <0.05, respectively) and silent periods (<0.01 each) on EMG were significantly lengthened. BMY 7378 (1 mg/kg) significantly increased voiding efficiency and lengthened the burst periods (<0.05 each). Silodosin did not affect any parameters. These results suggest that α-blockade reduces the urethral resistance associated with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, thus improving voiding efficiency in SCI rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among various \NOx reduction technologies, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) methods have been studied for the cleaning of diesel engine exhaust. The urea SCR system, in which ammonia is used as a reducing agent, is thought to be one of the most promising methods. However, further improvement of the performance is required for low-temperature exhaust below 400 K. The purpose of this paper is the plasma reforming of solid urea to generate ammonia. In this paper, a dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma reactor in which dielectric pellets and urea powder were packed was experimentally investigated. The reactor was fed with humid gas and driven by pulsed high voltage at 400 K or lower. The effect of the pellet material, the gas humidity, and the gas flow rate were experimentally examined. The application of discharge plasma enhanced the ammonia production significantly. These results suggest that our method can provide a plasma-assisted solid-urea reforming system to generate ammonia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Neutron diffraction studies were performed on the spinel oxide system Mg x Co1−x Cr x Fe2−x O4 (x =0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0) as a function of temperature. Presence of magnetic long-range order at low temperatures was confirmed from the evolution of Bragg reflections with the decrease of temperature. Magnetic structural properties were determined from the Rietveld analysis of neutron diffraction data recorded in the temperature range 10–810K. Sublattice and net magnetic moments for various compositions at various temperatures were found out from the analysis. The transition temperatures were also determined for all the compositions. A decreasing ferrimagnetic order with increasing substitution was revealed from the decreasing ordered sublattice moments. Huge diffuse signals around the 111 Bragg diffraction line were observed in the neutron patterns of the composition x =1.0 below the Curie temperature indicating the existence of magnetic spin clusters. Hysteresis and low field dc magnetization measurements were done on the compositions x =0.75 and 1.0. Thermo-magnetic irreversibility in the zero-field cooled and field cooled magnetization together with a shallow transition below Curie temperature was also observed. The various observations suggest a canted ferrimagnetic ordering in the composition range x ≤0.75 and a semi-spin glass like behavior at x =1.0. A super-paramagnetic behavior below the paramagnetic state is also suggestive from the observed features. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Quaternary spinel compound Mg x Co1−x Cr x Fe2−x O4 (x =0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0) was synthesized in the solid state sintering method. Neutron powder diffraction measurements at room temperature were performed on the materials. Rietveld refinement of the neutron powder diffraction data was done for determining the cation distribution and crystallographic characterization of the system. The refinement yielded a mixed cationic distribution with Co, Fe and Mg being distributed over tetrahedral and octahedral sites in varying proportions while Cr was found to uniquely occupy the octahedral interstices. Increase of tetrahedral bond distance and decrease of octahedral bond distance with x was also revealed from the refinement. Sublattice and net magnetic moments at room temperature were also deduced from the refinement of room temperature neutron diffraction data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Magnetic anchor-guided (MAG) systems using neodymium magnets have been reported to be useful in resolving the difficulties of ESD [3][4]. 3 a, b Magnetic anchor-guided endoscopic submucosal dissection using a stainless steel anchor. a The stainless steel anchor attached with thread to an endoclip. b The external magnet attached to a flexible arm. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: The spectroscopic properties of Er2O3-doped PbO–Ga2O3–GeO2 glasses were investigated. The measured lifetime and stimulated emission cross-section of the 4I13/2 level were 4.73±0.05ms and 6.8×10−21 cm2, respectively. The measured lifetime and stimulated emission cross-section were 0.31±0.02ms and 1.9×10−21 cm2 for the 4I11/2 level, respectively. The lifetimes of 4I13/2 levels were almost constant up to the Er3+ concentration of ∼1.3×1020 cm−3. The constant α (6) for energy migration of the 4I13/2 level was considerably higher than that of the 4I11/2 level. On the other hand, the coefficient of cooperative upconversion for the 4I13/2 level was 104 times smaller than that for the 4I11/2 level at the concentration of 2.57×1020 cm−3. These results suggest that the contribution of the migration-accelerated energy transfer among Er3+ ions to the non-radiative transition from the 4I13/2 level is larger than that from the 4I11/2 level, whereas the non-radiative transition from the 4I11/2 level is mainly due to the cooperative upconversion effect via 4I11/2:4I11/2 → 4 F7/2:4I15/2 process. The obtained results also indicate that the PbO–Ga2O3–GeO2 glass is a good candidate for short optical fiber amplifiers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An efficient scheme for establishing a multicast route in packet networks is constructing a tree-shaped path in which multicast packets are replicated at specific branching nodes, called “copy nodes,” by the packet copy function and are forwarded to downstream nodes. This scheme leads to the efficient usage of network resources, but needs multicast routing control. To realize rapid multicast routing, it is suitable and realistic to restrict the number of copy nodes in calculating the multicast route. However, even in this approach we need to adequately select a limit on the number of copy nodes which satisfies the conditions of both priority for multicasting and geographical distribution. In this paper, a new copy-node allocation algorithm is proposed. This heuristic algorithm makes some “copy node functions” move on the network map sequentially according to attraction and repulsion determined by several conditions and finally makes them converge on the switching nodes suitable as copy nodes. In addition, the performance of this algorithm is evaluated by a computer simulation. This algorithm is applicable to various other server assignment problems. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 83(1): 87–96, 2000 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Temperature-dependent neutron diffraction studies were done on the spinel oxide system Mg x Co1− x Cr x Fe2− x O4 (x=0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0). Neutron diffraction data recorded in the temperature range 10–810K were analyzed in the Rietveld method. Ordered sublattice magnetic moments of the five compositions of the spinel series at various temperatures were deduced from the analysis. A decreasing ordered moment with increasing substitution (x) was found indicating a gradual weakening of ferrimagnetic order. Huge diffuse signals around the 111 Bragg diffraction peak were found in the neutron patterns of the composition x=1.0 below the Curie temperature manifesting a build-up of short-range magnetic spin clusters. The observed features suggest a canted ferrimagnetic structure in the composition range x⩽0.75 and a semi-spin glass-like transition at x=1.0. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The feasibility of magnetic anchor-guided endoscopic submucosal dissection (MAG-ESD) using a neodymium magnet for colorectal tumors has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to clarify the feasibility of MAG-ESD for colorectal tumors.Methods: This prospective trial was conducted at Yamashita Hospital. MAG-ESD was performed for 49 colorectal tumors. The magnetic anchor comprised an internal magnet attached to an endoclip with 3-0 silk. Both external and internal magnets were made using neodymium magnets. The feasibility of traction achieved using MAG-ESD, en bloc resection rate, complete en bloc resection rate, time required for preparation and attachment of the magnetic anchor, procedure time, rate of retrieval of magnetic anchors, and adverse events were evaluated.Results: MAG-ESDs were successfully performed for 48 colorectal tumors except for a rectal case in which the internal magnet stuck to the endoscope. En bloc resections and complete en bloc resections were achieved in all cases. Attaching the magnetic anchor required a median of 8 min (range 3-37 min). Median procedure time was 76 min (range 28-283 min) and the magnetic anchors were retrieved in all cases without adverse events.Conclusion: MAG-ESD is feasible and safe in the colon and may facilitate the treatment of all difficult lesions. (UMIN000024100). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal structure of deuterated methane hydrate (structure I, space group: Pm3n) was investigated by neutron powder diffraction at temperatures of 7.7–185 K. The scattering amplitude density distribution was examined by a combination of Rietveld method and maximum entropy method (MEM). The distribution of the D atoms in both D2O and CD4 molecules was clarified from three-dimensional graphic images of the scattering amplitude density. The MEM results showed that there were low-density sites for the D atom of D2O in a particular location within the D2O cage at low temperatures. The MEM provided more reasonable results because of the decrease in the R factor that is attainable by this method. Accordingly, the low-density sites for the D atom of D2O probably exist within the D2O cage. This suggests that a spatial disorder of the D atom of D2O occurs at these sites and that hydrogen bonds between D2O molecules become partially weakened. With regard to the CD4 molecules, there were high-density sites for the D atom of CD4, and the density distribution of the C and D atoms was observed separately in the scattering amplitude density image. Consequently, the C-D bonds of CD4 were not observed clearly because the CD4 molecules had an orientational disorder. The D atoms of CD4 were displaced from the line between the C and O atoms, and were located near the face center of the polygon in the cage. Accordingly, the D atoms of CD4 were not bonded to specific O atoms. This result is consistent with the hydrophobicity of the CD4 molecule. We also report the difference between the small and the large cages in the density distribution map and the temperature dependence of the scattering amplitude density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch retrogradation can be evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, which can estimate the crystallinity of starch. It is well known that the crystallinity is reflected in the mechanical properties of foods and materials. Crystallinity should be also related to the structural dynamics of starch, but there are no reports on the relationship between these properties. In this study, we used quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) to investigate changes in the molecular dynamics of cooked rice starch during retrogradation. The width of the measured QENS narrowed with retrogradation. The elastic incoherent structure factor (EISF) increased, which indicated that the molecular dynamics are spatially suppressed upon retrogradation. However, the width of the quasi-elastic scattering component was independent of retrogradation in the measured Q -range. Analysis of EISF with a bimodal continuous diffusion model, where low and high mobilities are assumed to correspond to crystalline and amorphous phases, respectively, showed that the fraction of the low-mobility component increases with retrogradation. The suppression of the molecular dynamics during retrogradation was correlated with the crystallinity evaluated by XRD. The molecular dynamics of the crystalline region that appeared after gelatinization and retrogradation were different from that of raw rice starch. These results suggest that molecular dynamics reflect the state of retrogradation and can be used to monitor retrogradation of starch in foods. [Display omitted] • A new method to evaluate the molecular dynamics of cooked rice was developed. • The molecular dynamics of cooked rice were spatially suppressed by retrogradation. • Raw starch and retrograded starch were structurally and dynamically different. • The correlation between starch crystallinity and molecular dynamics was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the association between the urinary levels of prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2α), nerve growth factor (NGF) and substance P, and overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in patients with suprapontine brain diseases. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 114 patients in the chronic phase of a brain disease and 27 healthy controls with no brain disease or lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The OAB symptoms were assessed with the OAB symptom score and the subjects were then classified into 5 groups: healthy control, patients without LUTS, increased bladder sensation (IBS), OAB dry, and OAB wet. Urinary mediator concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and normalized to the urinary creatinine concentration, and then compared among the 5 groups. Results: The urinary PGE2 level was significantly higher in patients with brain diseases than in healthy controls, even in the patients without any OAB symptoms, and compared with patients without LUTS, a significant increase in the urinary PGE2 was observed in patients with OAB dry or wet (P = .004 or .015, respectively). The PGF2α level showed a significant increase in OAB wet compared with patients without LUTS (P = .001). The urinary levels of NGF and substance P were not significantly associated with OAB as a result of this type of brain disease. Conclusion: The urinary PGE2 level was putatively elevated in patients with suprapontine brain diseases and associated with the presence of OAB. The PGF2α level may also be associated with OAB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The requisite anesthetic concentration of sevoflurane required to obtain adequate sedation when sufficient analgesics are supplied has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the requisite age-associated concentration of sevoflurane to obtain an adequate level of anesthesia during combined epidural-general anesthesia by bispectral index (BIS) monitoring. Methods: Twenty-seven elective abdominal surgery patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II) were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups of more or less than 60 years of age. We investigated the concentration of sevoflurane required to obtain an adequate sedation level during combined epidural-general anesthesia, maintaining the BIS value between 40 and 60. Results: The requisite sevoflurane concentration required to keep the BIS value at 40-60 was not stable during surgery. In the younger group, the maximum concentration of sevoflurane needed during surgery was 1.95 ± 0.14 (95% confidence interval: 1.87-2.10) vol%, while it was 1.54 ± 0.44 (95% confidence interval: 1.27-1.80) vol% in the older group (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The requisite concentration of sevoflurane required with combined epidural-general anesthesia was 2.5 vol% for the younger group and 2.0 vol% for the older group as determined by BIS monitoring. We believe that these percentages are sufficient to avoid awareness during surgery with adequate analgesia. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2013; 64: 489-493) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To examine the nature of thermal motions of the CH4 molecules in the methane deuterohydrate (8CH4·46D2O), the scattering length density distribution was observed by the maximum entropy method (MEM) using neutron powder diffraction data measured in the temperature range of 7–185K. We drew the scattering-length density distribution as three dimensional graphic images and used the same isosurface level for all temperatures. The negative scattering length density, corresponding to the H atoms of CH4, was observed only in the large cage. The positive scattering length density attributed to the C atom of CH4 was observed at the center of each cage. With an increase in temperature, the negative and positive scattering length densities in the large cage disappear. The positive scattering length density remains at the center of the small cage regardless of temperature. These results strongly indicate that the motions of CH4 depend on the cage size and geometry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We measured neutron diffraction profiles of powdered KOD-doped D2O ice to investigate the formation and growth of ice XI, a deuterium-ordered phase of ice, from ice Ih, a disordered phase. During the measurements, the ice was annealed at 57K for about 17h, and then warmed up and kept at 68K for about 55h, which are below the transition temperature . The diffraction profiles for the doped ice at 57K did not change with time and were close to those for ice Ih with the deuterium-disordered arrangement. However, when the temperature increased from 57 to 68K, the diffraction profiles changed. We carried out the Rietveld analysis with the parameters for a two-phase model to obtain the structural evidence of the appearance and the growth of ice XI. The analysis provided evidence of ice XI as space group Cmc21 at 68K. The temporal increase of the mass fraction of ice XI showed that nucleation of ice XI began just after warming up to 68K. Then, ice XI grew for several days in the doped ice. This study provides first structural observations of the growth of ice XI. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) for fine measurement of space and time (SOFIST) is designed taking full advantage of advanced SOI monolithic pixel detector fabrication technology to record the charge and time information of hit pixels. The aim is to achieve 3 μ m position resolution and ultimately identify the International Linear Collider beam bunches of 554 ns separation. SOFIST Ver. 3 includes full circuits to read out the charge and time for each pixel of size 30 × 30 μ m. Its performance is evaluated using a 120 GeV proton beam. The time resolution is evaluated to be 1.92 μ s (including calibration error), with an intrinsic time resolution of 1.34–1.55 μ s. Additionally, multi-memory readout functionality is successfully examined. With SOFIST Ver. 4, the same functionality is to be realized with a 20 × 20 μ m pixel size by 3D stacking. The first chip was successfully tested to image β rays. The connection yield of Au micro-bumps is greater than 99.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrondiffraction patterns for deuterated poly-N,N,-dimethylacrylamide (PDMAA) hydrogels were measuredfrom 10 to 300 K to investigate the structure and properties of waterin the gels. Diffraction peaks observed below 250 K indicate the existenceof ice in the hydrogels. Some diffraction peaks from the ice are atlower diffraction angles than those in ordinary hexagonal ice (Ih).These shifts in peaks indicate that the lattice constants of the aand caxes in the ice are about 0.29and 0.3% higher than those in ice Ih, respectively. The results showthat bulk low-density ice can exist in PDMAA hydrogels. The distortionsin the lattice structure of ice imply significant interactions betweenwater molecules and the surrounding polymer chains, which play animportant role in the chemical and mechanical properties of the hydrogel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated spin-wave excitations in a four-sublattice (4SL) magnetic ground state of a frustrated magnet CuFeO2, in which "electromagnon" (electric-field-active magnon) excitation has been discovered by recent terahertz time-domain spectroscopy [Seki et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 097207 (2010)]. In a previous study, we identified two spin-wave branches in the 4SL phase by means of inelastic neutron scattering measurements under applied uniaxial pressure [T. Nakajima et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 80, 014714 (2011)]. In the present study, we have performed high-energy-resolution inelastic neutron-scattering measurements in the 4SL phase, resolving fine structures of the lower-energy spin-wave branch near the zone center. Taking account of the spin-driven lattice distortions in the 4SL phase, we have developed a model Hamiltonian to describe the spin-wave excitations. The determined Hamiltonian parameters have successfully reproduced the spin-wave dispersion relations and intensity maps obtained in the inelastic neutron-scattering measurements. The results of the spin-wave analysis have also revealed physical pictures of the magnon and electromagnon modes in the 4SL phase, suggesting that collinear and noncollinear characters of the two spin-wave modes are the keys to understanding the dynamical coupling between the spins and electric dipole moments in this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Crystal structures of carbon dioxide deuterohydrate were studied by neutron powder diffraction at temperatures from 10 to 200K. Maps of scattering length density distribution were obtained using a maximum entropy method (MEM), which clarified the motion of CO2 molecules in the hydrate. In small cages, the carbon atom of the CO2 molecule is at the center of the cage, and the oxygen atoms of CO2 revolve freely around the carbon atom. In large cages, the carbon atom also is at the center of the cage, but the oxygen atoms tend to revolve around the carbon atom along the plane parallel to the hexagonal facets of the cage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The neutron powder diffraction measurement of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 was carried out and the crystal structure and scattering density distribution were analyzed by Rietveld refinement and the maximum entropy method (MEM) to estimate the Li diffusing pathway. Rietveld refinement showed that the structure was basically the same as LiCoO2: a R-3 m space group, with Li and O mainly occupying the 3 a and 6 c sites, and Co, Ni, and Mn randomly occupying the 3 b site. Approximately 4% of the Li and Ni atoms exchanged their original sites (3 a and 3 b) to occupy 3 b and 3 a, respectively. Based on MEM analyses, we surmise that Li atoms moved on the (001), (003), and (00-3) planes and diffused through the 3 a–9 e–3 a sites on these planes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectiveness of differential diagnosis of gallbladder polypoid lesions using contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) examination by perflubutane (Sonazoid®:Daiichi-Sankyo, Tokyo). CEUS was performed on 183 patients with gallbladder polypoid lesions.It consists of 10 adenocarcinomas, 2 adenomas, 129 benign polyps and 42 adenomyomatosis (fundal type). For benigndiseases, we examined cases where the size was 6 mm or more and could be observed for more than one year. Ultrasound was performed using TUS-A500 (Aplio 500) (Canon MedicalSystems. Tokyo) and prosound alpha10 (Hitachi Aloka Medical,Ltd.Tokyo). First, the largest cross section of a lesion was visualized using B-mode and infusion of Sonazoid. The characteristics and behavior of blood flow in the lesion in the early vascular phase were examined over approximately 30 sec. Thereafter, observation was continued accordingly for about 3 min. Sonazoid infusion using contrast harmonic imaging and real-time perfusion Imaging. Gallbladder carcinoma showed hypervascular staining and "eruption sign" was apparent in 60%. The "eruption sign" showed an image of a vigorously boiling water that was splashing up from the entire lesion. Blood flow imaging revealed irregular size and buckling, including tortuous vessels and erratic blood flow in 70%. Gallbladder adenoma showed "eruption sign" was apparent in 50%. The irregular size, tortuous vessels and eruption signs of blood flow imaging were 83.3% as an index of neoplastic. Gallbladder benign polyp, staining was scattered within them, and "flicker sign" was observed in 93.8%. The "flicker sign" showed an image of bubbling pre-boiled hot water. Five cases (3.9%) showed a diffused and hypervascular staining pattern. The staining time was shorter than gallbladder carcinoma. Blood flow image showed normal vessels without buckling. Linear blood flow of the stalk of gallbladder polyp was also characteristic. Gallbladder adenomyomatosis (fundal type), staining was scattered and mild flicker signs were observed in 85.7%. Blood flow at the surface of the prominence and internal Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus was observed clearity. CEUS can clarify the hemodynamics and blood flow images and are useful for the differential diagnosis of gallbladder polypoid lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intrinsic dielectric properties of LaAlO3 were investigated to understand the microwave properties of several materials containing LaAlO3. In this study, LaAlO3 single crystals were prepared by the Czochralski method. The temperature dependence of the dielectric properties and neutron inelastic scattering of the single crystals were measured. From these data, the intrinsic dielectric properties were evaluated and it was found that the dielectric loss of the LaAlO3 includes two types of dielectric loss. One is a phonon absorption-related loss and the other is a component of the loss arising from Debye- type orientation polarization. The latter affects the room temperature dielectric loss in materials containing LaAlO3. The present study suggests that avoiding this polarization loss is an important goal in decreasing the total dielectric loss. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]