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Developing bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting with high activity and durability at high current density remains a challenge. In an attempt to overcome this bottleneck, in this work, unique CoNiFe-layered double hydroxide nanoflowers are in situ grown on nickel-iron (NiFe) foam through a corrosive approach and following a chemical vapor deposition process to generate nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes at the presence of melamine (CoNiFe@NCNTs). The coupling effects between various metal species act a key role in accelerating the reaction kinetics. Moreover, the in situ formed NCNTs also favor promoting electrocatalytic activity and stability. For oxygen evolution reaction it requires low overpotentials of 330 and 341 mV in 1M KOH and 1M KOH + seawater to drive 500 mA cm−2. Moreover, water electrolysis can be operated with CoNiFe@NCNTs as both anode and cathode with small voltages of 1.95 and 1.93 V to achieve 500 mA cm−2 in 1M KOH and 1M KOH + seawater, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional sea level variability is linked to regional terrestrial water and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This study assessed the relationships between the sea level variations in the South China Sea (SCS) and ENSO, the impact of terrestrial water storage (TWS) on non-steric sea level (NSSL), and the contributions of steric sea level (SSL) and NSSL to sea level anomaly (SLA), respectively. From 2003 to 2015, the SLAs exhibited a long-term trend of 6.65±0.78 mm/yr, which was primarily attributed to the SSLs. Additionally, during 2003–2015, ENSO events alternating with varying intensities might also be responsible for the unusually high SLA trend. Compared to the SSLs, the NSSLs contributed the seasonal signals to the SLAs, while the NSSLs changes were largely explained by the TWS in the Mekong River Basin at the seasonal scale and in the Pearl River Basin and Red River Basin at other time scales. In contrast to the TWS, the contributions of precipitation and evapotranspiration were relatively minor. A negative correlation between the sea level variations and ENSO was also found, with cross-correlation coefficients between the oceanic Niño index and SLAs/SSLs/NSSLs of −0.36/−0.37/−0.62 with lags of 2/3/2 months, respectively. These findings systematically reassessed the contributions of different components to the sea level variations. This study provided a benchmark for in-depth analysis of the impacts of terrestrial water and other potential causes on sea level rise in the SCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the depolarization phenomenon of materials using the integral equation method and Mueller matrix method. In the integral equation method, it is observed that depolarization trends with roughness are similar at different wavelengths, but numerical differences exist. The results are well-supported by both theory and experiments. Specifically, at 1064 nm wavelength, materials exhibit smaller depolarization peaks, smoother trends, and right-shifted peaks compared to 633 nm. Additionally, the polarization characteristics of materials may change with varying incident polarization states. The Mueller matrix method investigates the depolarization trend with varying incident angles and different roughness levels. It reveals a gradual increase in depolarization with the incident angle until 60°, followed by a rapid rise, reaching a peak around 80°. Moreover, materials with higher absorption coefficients exhibit stronger depolarization effects. Overall, this research uncovers the impact of absorption and scattering on the polarization properties of materials, providing valuable insights for future studies in polarization recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilayer MXene (Ti3C2) with large layer spacing, large specific surface area, and few surface end-groups-F was obtained by using tetrapropylammonium hydroxide intercalation. The morphology, structure, and physicochemical properties of the samples were analyzed by characterization means of XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and BET, and the removal ability of the samples for uranyl ions was investigated by the batch removal experiments. The experimental results show that the removal of U(VI) by the intercalated Ti3C2 is more in line with the quasi-secondary kinetic model and Langmuir isothermal model, which is heat-absorbing and spontaneous, and the maximum removal capacity of U(VI) reaches 399.18 mg/g. Finally, the characterization by means of FT-IR, XPS, etc. reveals that the removal of U(VI) is mainly due to the interaction of U(VI) with the laminar plate of the material, which is the main cause for the removal of U(VI) bound to the laminate hydroxyl groups of the material through surface complexation. The overall findings suggest that the intercalated Ti3C2 has potential applications in the efficient treatment of radioactive wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating the metal‐support interaction of the anchored metal nanoclusters is recognized as valid approach to optimize the electrocatalytic performance through tuning the interfacial electronic structure. However, developing novel support and understanding the interfacial electron accumulation on modulating the reaction kinetics are still elusive. Herein, highly‐dispersed Ruthenium (Ru) nanoclusters anchored onto phosphorous doped molybdenum boride (Ru/P‐MoB) is developed through ultrafast microwave‐plasma (60 s) approach. The synthesized Ru/P‐MoB impressively promote the hydrogen evolution with low overpotentials of 34, 45, and 40 mV to drive 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline freshwater, alkaline seawater and acid media. Specially, it presents superior turnover frequency and mass/specific activity relative to Pt/C, Ru/C, and Ru/MoB. Moreover, the anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer cell based on Ru/P‐MoB can achieve 500 and 1000 mA cm−2 with small voltages of 1.71 and 1.78 V with good durability. Experimental and density functional theoretical (DFT) analysis reveal that the strong metal‐support interactions (Ru─Mo and Ru─P bonds) with generated interfacial electron‐enriched Ru, and then favoring the water‐molecule adsorption/dissociation and optimal H intermediate adsorption free energy. This work provides novel designing avenue to exploit electrocatalysts with outstanding catalytic performance under high current density at practical high‐temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intricacy of the Deep Learning (DL) landscape, brimming with a variety of models, applications, and platforms, poses considerable challenges for the optimal design, optimization, or selection of suitable DL models. One promising avenue to address this challenge is the development of accurate performance prediction methods. However, existing methods reveal critical limitations. Operator-level methods, proficient at predicting the performance of individual operators, often neglect broader graph features, which results in inaccuracies in full network performance predictions. On the contrary, graph-level methods excel in overall network prediction by leveraging these graph features but lack the ability to predict the performance of individual operators. To bridge these gaps, we propose SLAPP, a novel subgraph-level performance prediction method. Central to SLAPP is an innovative variant of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) that we developed, named the Edge Aware Graph Attention Network (EAGAT). This specially designed GNN enables superior encoding of both node and edge features. Through this approach, SLAPP effectively captures both graph and operator features, thereby providing precise performance predictions for individual operators and entire networks. Moreover, we introduce a mixed loss design with dynamic weight adjustment to reconcile the predictive accuracy between individual operators and entire networks. In our experimental evaluation, SLAPP consistently outperforms traditional approaches in prediction accuracy, including the ability to handle unseen models effectively. Moreover, when compared to existing research, our method demonstrates a superior predictive performance across multiple DL models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface instability of oblique detonation waves (ODWs) without perturbations has been extensively investigated, yet the impact of external perturbations remains under-explored. Utilizing reactive Euler equations coupled with a two-step induction-exothermic reaction model, this study conducts a numerical examination of the evolution of unstable ODW surfaces subjected to a continuous sinusoidal density/temperature perturbation inflow. The results show that, without inflow perturbations, the ODW can evolve into triple points in the downstream due to detonation instability, similar to previous work. However, a small continuous perturbation can induce a significant forward movement of the ODW unstable position. Surprisingly, as the perturbation magnitude increases, the changes in the unstable position become progressively less pronounced. By increasing the perturbation frequency, the oscillation amplitude first increases, but a decreasing period/stage occurs with a modest frequency. To investigate the response of ODW to the increase in perturbation, the frequency characteristics and numerical smoked cells of detonation surfaces are examined and analyzed using Fast Fourier Transformation. The power spectral density indicates the presence of two distinct oscillation modes within oblique detonation. Low-frequency, small-amplitude perturbations serve to amplify the instability of the detonation, and more irregular oscillations could be observed. Conversely, high-frequency, large-amplitude perturbations suppress the development of small-scale waves on the detonation wavefront and lead to a relative regular oscillation, indicating that the wavefront pressure oscillations are entirely determined by inflow perturbations and become predictable. These findings have significant implications for the control of intrinsically unstable ODWs, providing valuable insights into the regulation of ODW dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cavities and other fracture structures within energetic materials may have significant impact on their performance. The mechanism on how hot spots induced by cavity collapse affect the detonation initiation process is still not fully understood. In this work, two-dimensional simulations are conducted for heterogeneous LX-17 energetic material containing array-distributed cavities to investigate the detonation initiation process induced by the impaction of the incident shock wave (ISW), and the impacts of cavity size and volume fraction on the shock-to-detonation transition (SDT) are also evaluated. First, we fix the cavity radius to be 40 μm and the cavity volume fraction to be 12.57%, and compare the detonation initiation processes for neat and heterogeneous LX-17 energetic materials. The results indicate that cavities within LX-17 can accelerate the detonation initiation, i.e., shortening the initiation distance and time. Then, the flow characteristics and incident shock wave evolutions during the cavity collapse process are analyzed. The results show that the interaction between the cavity and the incident shock wave results in the local hot spots and causes LX-17 reactant to auto-ignite, so as to accelerate the shock-to-detonation transition. Finally, the influence of the cavity size and volume fraction on the detonation initiation process is assessed. It is found that as the cavity volume fraction increases, the detonation initiation distance and time increase and even become larger than the results predicted of the neat case, i.e., the acceleration effect of cavities on the detonation initiation weakens and the cavities even inhibits the shock-to-detonation transition. When the cavity volume fraction is fixed, it is found cases of small-size cavity predict longer initiation distance and time than cases of large-size cavity. The analysis indicates that increasing cavity volume fraction corresponds to smaller density of LX-17 reactant, and the hot spot duration time is shorter for cases of small-size cavity than cases of large-size cavity. Therefore, the detonation initiation distance and time increase as the cavity volume fraction increases and the cavity size decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen doped carbon nanosheets supported RuM (RuM/NCN) presents excellent electrocatalytic performance for HER in Wide pH Range. The assembled electrolyzer shows remarkable catalytic performance and stability in alkaline electrolyte and alkaline seawater. [Display omitted] Developing efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in full pH range can promote the practical applications of hydrogen energy. In this work, nitrogen doped carbon nanosheets supported RuM (Mo, W, Cr) (RuM/NCN) are prepared through an ultrafast microwave approach. The carbon nanosheet structure coupled with the ultrasmall RuM nanoparticles can expose rich active sites to optimize the catalytic activity. Moreover, the strong metal-support interactions also favor to accelerate the reactions kinetics and improve stability. Thus, the developed RuMo/NCN (RuW/NCN) show excellent HER catalytic activities with overpotentials of 72 (75) mV, 82 (82) mV and 124 (1 1 9) mV to reach current density of 10 mA cm -2 in 1 M KOH, 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 and alkaline seawater, respectively, and also achieve excellent performance in 1 M PBS. This work provides a valid and novel avenue to design efficient electrocatalysts in renewable energy-related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weak absorption contrast in biological tissues has hindered x‐ray computed tomography from accessing biological structures. Recently, grating‐based imaging has emerged as a promising solution to biological low‐contrast imaging, providing complementary and previously unavailable structural information of the specimen. Although it has been successfully applied to work with conventional x‐ray sources, grating‐based imaging is time‐consuming and requires a sophisticated experimental setup. In this work, we demonstrate that a deep convolutional neural network trained with a generative adversarial network can directly convert x‐ray absorption images into differential phase‐contrast and dark‐field images that are comparable to those obtained at both a synchrotron beamline and a laboratory facility. By smearing back all of the virtual projections, high‐quality tomographic images of biological test specimens deliver the differential phase‐contrast‐ and dark‐field‐like contrast and quantitative information, broadening the horizon of x‐ray image contrast generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the characteristics of stable and unstable cells and wavefronts of detonation waves propagating in annular channels with different inner radii and channel widths using two-dimensional Euler equations along with a two-step induction-exothermic reaction kinetics. The results reveal that the effect of annular channels on the detonation cell structure depends on both the inner radius and channel width. To quantify this effect, a parameter σ is introduced, representing the ratio of the inner and outer radii of the channel. We have discovered that for values of the parameter σ exceeding a critical value σs, the detonation wavefront demonstrates characteristics similar to those observed in a straight channel scenario. On the contrary, when σ is below σs, the wavefront becomes distorted, potentially leading to Mach reflection as σ decreases further to another critical value σm. Additionally, the interaction among expansion waves induced by the inner walls leads to an augmented induced length and the potential occurrence of localized decoupling of the detonation wave, particularly for unstable detonation waves. However, it is worth noting that the re-initiation of the detonation wave may be triggered by the formation of hotspots resulting from the interaction between transverse shock waves and the detonation wave. This study aims to characterize the propagation characteristics of detonation waves within annular channels, with the objective of providing valuable insights for the design and optimization of annular chamber configurations in systems involving detonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing efficient and accurate network architectures to support various workloads, from servers to edge devices, is a fundamental problem as the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) becomes increasingly widespread. One simple yet effective method is to scale ConvNets by systematically adjusting the dimensions of the baseline network, including width, depth, and resolution, enabling it to adapt to diverse workloads by varying its computational complexity and representation ability. However, current state-of-the-art (SOTA) scaling methods for neural network architectures overlook the inter-dimensional relationships within the network and the impact of scaling on inference speed, resulting in suboptimal trade-offs between accuracy and inference speed. To overcome those limitations, we propose a scaling method for ConvNets that utilizes dimension relationship and runtime proxy constraints to improve accuracy and inference speed. Specifically, our research notes that higher input resolutions in convolutional layers lead to redundant filters (convolutional width) due to increased similarity between information in different positions, suggesting a potential benefit in reducing filters while increasing input resolution. Based on this observation, the relationship between the width and resolution is empirically quantified in our work, enabling models with higher parametric efficiency to be prioritized through our scaling strategy. Furthermore, we introduce a novel runtime prediction model that focuses on fine-grained layer tasks with different computational properties for more accurate identification of efficient network configurations. Comprehensive experiments show that our method outperforms prior works in creating a set of models with a trade-off between accuracy and inference speed on the ImageNet datasets for various ConvNets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospective market of hydrogen energy has dramatically boosted the demand for accurate and stable detection of ambient hydrogen. In this work, we fabricated wafer-scale plasmonic hydrogen sensors consisting of periodically distributed Pd–Au alloy nanodiscs by holographic lithography and other semiconductor-compatible techniques, thus obtaining reliable and low-cost sensing devices. Light transmittance measurements at specific light wavelength close to the plasmonic absorption peak position are conducted to investigate the hydrogen sensing performance on account that optical signals afford spark-free operation and high tolerance. Upon alloying Pd with appropriate content of Au, the hysteresis between hydrogen absorption and desorption curves is completely suppressed which greatly improves the sensing accuracy throughout the hydrogen pressure range of 102–105 Pa. Moreover, the precisely defined Pd–Au alloy nanodiscs provide satisfactory stability and device-to-device reproducibility. This work demonstrates an attractive route into practical applications of hydrogen detection for the facile fabrication method and satisfactory performance. • Fully semiconductor-compatible techniques are utilized to fabricate periodic Pd–Au alloy nanoarrays. • Well-defined metal nanostructures offer reproducible output and sensing performance. • Pd–Au alloy eliminates the hysteresis in hydrogen absorption and desorption. • Polymeric coatings protect the sensors from interfering gas effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The correlation after removing seasonality is significantly better than before. • Niño 1 + 2 SSTa has a substantial impact on SPI in China. • Precipitation is a key driver of ET in response to Niño 1 + 2 SSTa. • Niño 1 + 2 SSTa can depict geographical characteristics of China. Understanding the impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on hydroclimatic variables is critical to early warning of ENSO-induced disasters. However, most studies employed the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTa) index of the Niño 3.4 region (hereinafter called Niño 3.4 SSTa) to assess its impact on those variables, while ignoring that of other Niño regions. This study aims to assess the long-term spatial impact of Niño 1 + 2 SSTa index on hydroclimatic variables in China. After removing seasonality, we found that the correlation between standardized surface pressure (SP)/ temperature (T)/ evapotranspiration (ET)/ terrestrial water storage (TWS) and Niño 1 + 2 SSTa was significantly better than that without removing seasonality. Niño 1 + 2 SSTa was also demonstrated to have a substantial impact on standardized precipitation index (SPI) in China, particularly during drought period. Notably, precipitation is a key driver of ET in response to Niño 1 + 2 SSTa in the time span. In addition, compared to that of Niño 3.4 SSTa, the hydroclimatic variables in response to Niño 1 + 2 SSTa are able to capture the basic geographical characteristics of China. In particular, the spatial configuration of China's terrain (TWS trend) is largely depicted by the spatial pattern of correlation coefficient between Niño 1 + 2 SSTa and SP (TWS), respectively. The above findings indicate that the spatial pattern of the long-term variations of hydroclimatic variables in China can potentially be monitored by SSTa in the Niño 1 + 2 region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a highly-efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a necessary step for hydrogen energy production. In this work, molybdenum-ruthenium boride (Mo–Ru–B) electrocatalyst is synthesized with the assistance of the molten salt method. The introduced Ru–B plays a key role in enhancing the electrocatalytic activity. Then, the prepared Mo–Ru–B exhibits highly active in alkaline, acidic, neutral and alkaline seawater with overpotentials of 50 mV, 48 mV, 109 mV, and 108 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2. Moreover, the synthesized Mo–Ru–B also exhibits excellent stability in various applied electrolytes. The work provides a new approach to the design of stable and high-performance metal boride based electrocatalysts. The prepared Mo–Ru–B exhibits highly active in alkaline, acidic, neutral and alkaline seawater with overpotentials of 50 mV, 48 mV, 109 mV, and 108 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2. [Display omitted] • The prepared catalyst exhibits high-performance for hydrogen evolution in wide pH range. • The prepared catalyst owns excellent stability in various studied electrolytes. • The assembled electrolyzer can be powered by sustainable energies for hydrogen generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benefiting from advanced satellite payload technologies, edge computing servers can be deployed on satellites to achieve orbital computing and reduce the mission processing delay. However, geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites are hindered by long-distance communication, whereas low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are restricted by time windows. Relying solely on GEO or LEO satellites cannot meet the strict quality of service (QoS) requirements of on-board missions while conserving energy consumption. In this paper, we propose a computation offloading strategy for GEO/LEO hybrid satellite networks that minimizes total energy consumption while guaranteeing the QoS requirements of multiple missions. We first innovatively transform the on-board partial computation offloading problem, which is a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, into a minimum cost maximum flow (MCMF) problem. Then, the successive shortest path-based computation offloading (SSPCO) method is introduced to obtain the offloading decision in polynomial time. To evaluate the effectiveness and performance of SSPCO, we conduct a series of numerical experiments and compare SSPCO with other offloading methods. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed SSPCO outperforms the reference methods in terms of total energy consumption, QoS violation degree, and algorithm running time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D semiconducting transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted considerable attention as channel materials for next‐generation transistors. To meet the industry needs, large‐scale production of single‐crystal monolayer TMDs in highly reproducible and energy‐efficient manner is critically significant. Herein, it is reported that the high‐reproducible, high‐efficient epitaxial growth of wafer‐scale monolayer MoS2 single crystals on the industry‐compatible sapphire substrates, by virtue of a deliberately designed "face‐to‐face" metal‐foil‐based precursor supply route, carbon‐cloth‐filter based precursor concentration decay strategy, and the precise optimization of the chalcogenides and metal precursor ratio (i.e., S/Mo ratio). This unique growth design can concurrently guarantee the uniform release, short‐distance transport, and moderate deposition of metal precursor on a wafer‐scale substrate, affording high‐efficient and high‐reproducible growth of wafer‐scale single crystals (over two inches, six times faster than usual). Moreover, the S/Mo precursor ratio is found as a key factor for the epitaxial growth of MoS2 single crystals with rather high crystal quality, as convinced by the relatively high electronic performances of related devices. This work demonstrates a reliable route for the batch production of wafer‐scale single‐crystal 2D materials, thus propelling their practical applications in highly integrated high‐performance nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breaking the time‐reversal symmetry of light is of great importance for fundamental physics and has attracted increasing interest in the study of non‐reciprocal photonic devices. Here, a chiral cavity quantum electrodynamics system with multiple atoms strongly coupled to a Fabry–Pérot cavity is experimentally demonstrated. By polarizing the internal quantum state of the atoms, the time‐reversal symmetry of the atom‐cavity interaction is broken. The strongly coupled atom‐cavity system can be described by non‐reciprocal quasiparticles, that is, the cavity polariton. When it works in the linear regime, the inherent nonreciprocity makes the system work as a single‐photon‐level optical isolator. Benefiting from the collective enhancement of multiple atoms, an isolation ratio exceeding 30 dB on the single‐quanta level (≈ 0.1 photon on average) is achieved. The validity of the non‐reciprocal device under zero magnetic field and the reconfigurability of the isolation direction are also experimentally demonstrated. Moreover, when the cavity polariton works in the nonlinear regime, the quantum interference between polaritons with weak anharmonicity induces non‐reciprocal nonclassical statistics of cavity transmission from coherent probe light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanopillars with strong plasmonic effects are used for localized electromagnetic field enhancement and regulation and have wide potential applications in sensing, bioimaging, and surface-enhanced spectroscopy. Normally, the controlled synthesis of silver nanopillars is mainly achieved using heterometallic nanoparticles, including Au nanobipyramids and Pd decahedra, as seeds for inducing nanostructure growth. However, the seed materials are usually doped in silver nanopillar products. Herein, the synthesis of pure silver nanopillars with hexagonal cross-sections is achieved by employing rebuildable silver nanoparticles as seeds. An environmentally friendly, stable, and reproducible synthetic route for obtaining silver nanopillars is proposed using sodium dodecyl sulfate as the surface stabilizer. Furthermore, the seed particles induce the formation of regular structures at different temperatures, and, specifically, room temperature is beneficial for the growth of nanopillars. The availability of silver nanoparticle seeds using sodium alginate as a carrier at different temperatures was verified. A reproducible method was developed to synthesize pure silver nanopillars from silver nanoparticles at room temperature, which can provide a strategy for designing plasmonic nanostructures for chemical and biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen vacancies‐enriched black TiO2 is one promising support for enhancing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, oxygen vacancies enriched black TiO2 supported sub‐nanometer Pt clusters (Pt/TiO2‐OV) with metal support interactions is designed through solvent‐free microwave and following low‐temperature electroless approach for the first time. High‐temperature and strong reductants are not required and then can avoid the aggregation of decorated Pt species. Experimental and theoretical calculation verify that the created oxygen vacancies and Pt clusters exhibit synergistic effects for optimizing the reaction kinetics. Based on it, Pt/TiO2‐OV presents remarkable electrocatalytic performance with 18 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2 coupled with small Tafel slope of 12 mV dec−1. This work provides quick synthetic strategy for preparing black titanium dioxide based nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen vacancies‐enriched black TiO2 is one promising support for enhancing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, oxygen vacancies enriched black TiO2 supported sub‐nanometer Pt clusters (Pt/TiO2‐OV) with metal support interactions is designed through solvent‐free microwave and following low‐temperature electroless approach for the first time. High‐temperature and strong reductants are not required and then can avoid the aggregation of decorated Pt species. Experimental and theoretical calculation verify that the created oxygen vacancies and Pt clusters exhibit synergistic effects for optimizing the reaction kinetics. Based on it, Pt/TiO2‐OV presents remarkable electrocatalytic performance with 18 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2 coupled with small Tafel slope of 12 mV dec−1. This work provides quick synthetic strategy for preparing black titanium dioxide based nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stationary characteristics of the oblique detonation wave (ODW) induced by the double wedge with an expansion corner are investigated using two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations along with a two-step induction-exothermic kinetic model. The results show that the detached ODW can be reattached by expansion waves induced by the double wedge so that the standing window of ODW can be expanded. The re-standing position of ODW depends on the location and strength of the expansion waves, which are governed by the first wedge length L and the corner angle between the first and second wedge surface θC. There is a critical angle reattachment that determines whether the ODW can be reattached by expansion waves, and this critical angle increases as wedge length increases. However, the detached ODW cannot be reattached when the wedge length is increased to a critical value regardless of the wedge corner. The re-standing position moves downstream with the increment of θC until the last Mach wave tangent to the subsonic zone behind the strong overdriven ODW because no more Mach waves interact with the initiation zone. Moreover, the comparison of viscous and inviscid fields demonstrates that a shorter wedge length is necessary for the viscous field to reattach the ODW because the recirculation zone forms a gas wedge that extends the first wedge surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Uncertainty exists over the optimal level of blood pressure (BP) after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Objectives: We aim to determine the effectiveness and safety of intensive BP-lowering following MT reperfusion of large-vessel occlusion (LVO)-related AIS. Design: The second ENhanced Control of Hypertension ANd Thrombolysis strokE stuDy (ENCHANTED2) is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, prospective, randomized, open, blinded-endpoint (PROBE) trial of intensive systolic BP (SBP) control in reperfused (extended treatment in cerebral infarction (eTICI) classification 2b/2c/3) LVO-AIS patients with persistent hypertension (SBP ⩾ 140 mmHg) at 60+ sites in China, and Australia and the United Kingdom. Eligible patients are centrally randomly allocated to more- (target SBP ⩽ 120 mmHg within 1 h) or less-intensive (target SBP 140–180 mmHg) BP management, to be maintained for 72 h. Primary outcome is an ordinal shift analysis of scores on the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days. Sample size of 2257 patients provides 90% power to detect a 6.5% absolute reduction in poor outcome from more-intensive BP-lowering using ordinal logistic regression. Progress: Recruitment started in China in July 2020. At a meeting of the independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board in March 2022 to review primary outcome data available for 347 patients, they recommended suspension of recruitment due to safety concerns in the more-intensive group; which was implemented by the Trial Steering Committee (TSC) with 817 randomized patients only in China. The TSC then stopped recruitment after the safety concerns persisted on further review of the data in June 2022. The TSC will make a decision on restarting the trial with modification of the protocol when the results are made public. Discussion: ENCHANTED2 will provide further randomized evidence on the role of intensive BP-lowering after reperfusion in MT-treated AIS patients. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04140110; registered 25 October 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is proved to be a promising modality for clinical cancer treatment. However, it also suffers from a key obstacle in association with its oxygen-dependent nature which greatly limits its effective application against hypoxic tumors. Herein, on the basis of the unique property of calcium peroxide (CaO 2), we propose an O 2 -self-supply strategy for the promotion of PDT by combining the in situ O 2 -generation characteristic of calcium peroxide with the photosensitive nature of porphyrin. A shell of ZIF-8 was synthesized surround the CaO 2 core to prevent the CaO 2 from premature decomposition and increased the loading of THPP efficiently. Depending on the in situ self-supply of O 2 , the photosensitizer was able to exhibit an enhanced PDT effect that significantly inhibit the growth of tumor. Moreover, the enrichment of free calcium ions derived from the decomposition of CaO 2 under acidic tumor microenvironment also shows the unique ion-interference effect and contributes to the obvious inhibition against tumor growth. This work presents a synergistic strategy for the construction of a photodynamic promotion/ion-interference combined nano-platform which can also serve as an inspiration for the future design of effective nanocomposites in tumor treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Despite the advance in therapeutic strategy, the prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is still unsatisfactory, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 9%. As a member of the S100 protein family, S100A10 has been identified as an oncogene in multiple cancers. In PDAC, S100A10 has been reported to be not only up-regulated in tumor tissues but also associated with survival outcomes. However, the specific function of S100A10 in PDAC is still unknown. Here, we suggest that S100A10 promotes PDAC cells proliferation, migration, and adhesion by activating JNK/LAMB3-LAMC2 axis in vitro and accelerates pancreatic tumor growth in vivo, indicating that S100A10 may be a potential therapeutic target for PDAC patients. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive tumors, characterized by diagnosis at an advanced stage and a poor prognosis. As a member of the S100 protein family, S100A10 regulates multiple biological functions related to cancer progression and metastasis. However, the role of S100A10 in PDAC is still not completely elucidated. In this study, we reported that S100A10 was significantly up-regulated in PDAC tissue and associated with a poor prognosis by integrated bioinformatic analysis and human PDAC tissue samples. In vitro, down-regulation of S100A10 reduced the proliferation, migration, and adhesion of PDAC cell lines, whereas up-regulation of S100A10 showed the opposite effect. Furthermore, LAMB3 was proved to be activated by S100A10 using RNA-sequencing and western blotting. The effect of LAMB3 on the proliferation, migration, and adhesion of PDAC cells was similar to that of S100A10. Up-regulation or down-regulation of LAMB3 could reverse the corresponding effect of S100A10. Moreover, we validated S100A10 activates LAMB3 through the JNK pathway, and LAMB3 was further proved to interact with LAMC2. Mice-bearing orthotopic pancreatic tumors showed that S100A10 knocked-down PANC-1 cells had a smaller tumor size than the control group. In conclusion, S100A10 promotes PDAC cells proliferation, migration, and adhesion through JNK/LAMB3-LAMC2 axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional rotating detonation waves (RDWs) with separate injections of hydrogen and air are simulated using the Navier–Stokes equations together with a detailed chemical mechanism. The effects of injection stagnation temperature and slot width on the detonation propagation patterns are investigated. Results find that extremely high temperatures can lead to a chaotic mode in which detonation waves are generated and extinguished randomly. Increasing the slot width can reduce the number of detonation waves and finally trigger detonation quenching at a low injection stagnation temperature. But increasing the slot width can change the RDW propagation pattern from a chaotic to a stable mode under high injection temperature. Furthermore, the kinetic parameter τ (representing the chemical reactivity of the mixture) and the kinematic parameter α (representing the mixing efficiency of hydrogen and oxygen) are introduced to distinguish the RDW propagation patterns. [Display omitted] • The effect of injection on rotating detonation waves is quantitatively displayed. • Increasing slot width can lead to the detonation propagation patterns stably. • Increasing injection stagnation temperature may lead to a chaotic mode. • Two parameters are proposed to distinguish the detonation propagation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The optimum systolic blood pressure after endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke is uncertain. We aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of blood pressure lowering treatment according to more intensive versus less intensive treatment targets in patients with elevated blood pressure after reperfusion with endovascular treatment.Methods: We conducted an open-label, blinded-endpoint, randomised controlled trial at 44 tertiary-level hospitals in China. Eligible patients (aged ≥18 years) had persistently elevated systolic blood pressure (≥140 mm Hg for >10 min) following successful reperfusion with endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke from any intracranial large-vessel occlusion. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1, by a central, web-based program with a minimisation algorithm) to more intensive treatment (systolic blood pressure target <120 mm Hg) or less intensive treatment (target 140-180 mm Hg) to be achieved within 1 h and sustained for 72 h. The primary efficacy outcome was functional recovery, assessed according to the distribution in scores on the modified Rankin scale (range 0 [no symptoms] to 6 [death]) at 90 days. Analyses were done according to the modified intention-to-treat principle. Efficacy analyses were performed with proportional odds logistic regression with adjustment for treatment allocation as a fixed effect, site as a random effect, and baseline prognostic factors, and included all randomly assigned patients who provided consent and had available data for the primary outcome. The safety analysis included all randomly assigned patients. The treatment effects were expressed as odds ratios (ORs). This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04140110, and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, 1900027785; recruitment has stopped at all participating centres.Findings: Between July 20, 2020, and March 7, 2022, 821 patients were randomly assigned. The trial was stopped after review of the outcome data on June 22, 2022, due to persistent efficacy and safety concerns. 407 participants were assigned to the more intensive treatment group and 409 to the less intensive treatment group, of whom 404 patients in the more intensive treatment group and 406 patients in the less intensive treatment group had primary outcome data available. The likelihood of poor functional outcome was greater in the more intensive treatment group than the less intensive treatment group (common OR 1·37 [95% CI 1·07-1·76]). Compared with the less intensive treatment group, the more intensive treatment group had more early neurological deterioration (common OR 1·53 [95% 1·18-1·97]) and major disability at 90 days (OR 2·07 [95% CI 1·47-2·93]) but there were no significant differences in symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage. There were no significant differences in serious adverse events or mortality between groups.Interpretation: Intensive control of systolic blood pressure to lower than 120 mm Hg should be avoided to prevent compromising the functional recovery of patients who have received endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke due to intracranial large-vessel occlusion.Funding: The Shanghai Hospital Development Center; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; Medical Research Futures Fund of Australia; China Stroke Prevention; Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality; Takeda China; Hasten Biopharmaceutic; Genesis Medtech; Penumbra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to pulse detonation engine and rotating detonation engine, oblique detonation engine has the advantage of higher flight Mach number. However, it is still challenging to achieve stabilized oblique detonation wave for a broad range of flight conditions. To control oblique detonation wave, this study focuses on the oblique detonation wave structure evolution induced by changing the wedge angle. Transient two-dimensional simulations are conducted for wedge-stabilized oblique detonation wave in a stoichiometric hydrogen/air mixture. The detailed chemistry of hydrogen combustion is considered, and the thermal states of the reactants are determined by the specified flight altitude and the Mach number. The angle change between inflow and wedge can be achieved in two ways: inflow-angle change with fixed wedge angle and wedge-angle change with fixed inflow direction. Results indicate that no new autoignition zone exists in the transient wave evolution caused by wedge-angle change, which is different from that of inflow-angle change observed in previous studies. For the wedge-angle change process, the effects of wedge-angle change rate on transient oblique detonation wave structure evolution are further assessed. It is found that the transient oblique detonation wave structure is more sensitive to the wedge-rotation angular velocity for increasing wedge angle (controlled by the thermodynamic properties of the mixture) than that for decreasing wedge angle (controlled by the shock wave dynamic). For the quasi-steady triple-wave structure during wedge-angle decreasing process, a normal detonation wave occurs and becomes dominant in the wave structure evolution, whose formation mechanism is analyzed by the polar curve theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathological basis of optic nerve crush (ONC) is the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which leads to an irreversible impairment of visual function. When stimulated by external stimuli, microglia polarize into different types and play different roles in repairing retinal injury. In this study, gadolinium chloride (GdCl 3) could inhibit the excessive proliferation and activation of microglia in the retina after ONC and significantly inhibited the morphological changes of microglia in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL). In the early stage of optic nerve injury, blood-derived immune cells did not play an essential role in retinal repair. In addition, transcriptome analysis showed that GdCl 3 inhibited the expression of microglia proliferation-related factors and regulated signaling pathways related to skeletonization and inflammation. After GdCl 3 treatment, M1 markers were significantly down-regulated, while M2 markers were increased. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that GdCl 3 could regulate the distribution and morphological change of the retinal microglia and protect the ganglion cells by eliminating M1 microglia selectively, which provided a theoretical basis for further localizing different types of microglia in retina related diseases. • Gadolinium chloride affected the distribution and morphological changes of retinal microglia. • Gadolinium chloride regulated the expression of microglia-related factors. • Parabiosis showed the migration of blood-derived cells after optic nerve crush. • Gadolinium chloride improved the microglial typing after optic nerve crush. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have become very widely used devices in space applications, and their runtime reconfigurable architecture allows for the area and power acceleration for complex applications. However, FPGAs are increasingly susceptible to aging effects and failures due to harsh space environments and long operation cycles, which reduce the reliability and lifetime of such devices. Although offline aging-aware layout-based methods are effective in aging mitigation, existing studies ignore the fault tolerance needs of the task and the layout strategy will completely fail after a hard failure occurs. This paper presents a reliability framework AM&FT for SRAM-based FPGAs in space applications to support on-chip aging mitigation and fault tolerance. We use an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model to solve mapping relationships between tasks and reconfigurable blocks (Rbs) in the offline phase to achieve the aging and reliability-aware layout strategy. Second, the ILP model is incorporated into the Design Space Exploration (DSE) to generate a set of layout strategies to tolerate hard faults. Moreover, the state model is used for runtime fault management to handle the impact of different types of faults on the device. Experimental results demonstrate that our framework achieves FPGA on-chip aging mitigation and fault tolerance. Compared with the existing methods, AM&FT can guarantee the fault tolerance requirements of tasks and give priority to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) of critical tasks under the condition of hard faults accumulation. In addition, our framework delivers up to 6. 5 × higher mean time to failure (MTTF) than the baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In embedded multicore shared memory systems, processing elements (PEs) are mutually untrusted since they carry different computing tasks independently. Therefore, the sharing of secret constants (SCs) between PEs, which is applied in the existing confidentiality protection schemes, will lead to the leakage of nonshared data. Besides, for integrity protection, tree construction checking over the whole counter space leads to the increase of both memory occupation and the average delay of verification. In this paper, we propose a ciphertext sharing confidentiality protection scheme based on certificateless proxy re-encryption and an integrity protection scheme based on a multigranularity scalable hash tree for secure data sharing between untrusted processing elements (SDSUP). With our schemes, the SC does not need to be shared and the scale of the checking tree is reduced, thus solving the leakage of nonshared data and reducing the high cost in integrity check. The results from the Rice Simulator for ILP Multiprocessors (RSIM) multicore simulator show that compared with the unprotected system, the performance degradation from applying the confidentiality protection scheme is 17.3% on average. Moreover, the performance degradation of the integrity protection scheme is 12.89%, which is superior to 35.36% for the bonsai Merkle tree (BMT), 29.49% for the multigrained hash tree (MGT) and 21.82% for the multigranularity incremental hash tree (MIT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A normal detonation wave in a gaseous mixture is a transient, multidimensional structure containing triple points (TPs) that collide in pairs and then propagate oppositely. However, the TPs on an oblique detonation wave (ODW) almost propagate along the same direction in most studies. In this study, the reactive Euler equations coupled with a two-step induction–reaction kinetic model are used to solve a two-dimensional wedge-induced ODW. Two novel movement patterns are observed in most cases. Results show that the TPs of the ODW can propagate upstream and even stand on the wave surface. The movement patterns of TPs include downstream, upstream, and steady according to their propagation direction relative to the wedge. We find that the ratio of the post-ODW flow speed Uτ to the transverse wave speed UT dominates the TP movement types. When the speed ratio Uτ/UT is approximately equal to 1, the TPs can stand on the wave surface. Above unity, downstream TPs form, and upstream TPs correspond to a value smaller than 1. Furthermore, the inflow Mach number has little influence on UT, while Uτ changes significantly. This is largely due to the high sensitivity of the ODW angle to the inflow. The high heat release rate benefits upstream TPs, and steady TPs form under a large wedge angle. The results are confirmed by varying the inflow Mach number, wedge angle, and chemical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods and materials that effectively remove heavy metals, such as lead and copper, from wastewater are urgently needed. In this study, steel slag, a low-cost byproduct of steel manufacturing, was utilized as a substrate material for carbon nanotube (CNT) growth by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to produce a new kind of efficient and low-cost absorbent without any pretreatment. The synthesis parameters of the developed CNT–steel slag composite (SS@CNTs) were optimized, and its adsorption capacities for Pb(II) and Cu(II) were evaluated. The results showed that the optimal growth time, synthesis temperature and acetylene flow rate were 45 min, 600 °C and 200 sccm (standard cubic centimeter per minute), respectively. The SS@CNTs composite had a high adsorption capacity with a maximum removal amount of 427.26 mg·g−1 for Pb(II) and 132.79 mg·g−1 for Cu(II). The adsorption proceeded rapidly during the first 15 min of adsorption and reached equilibrium at approximately 90 min. The adsorption processes were in accordance with the isotherms of the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order model, while the adsorption thermodynamics results indicated that the removal for both metals was an endothermic and spontaneous process. This study showed that compared with other adsorbent materials, the SS@CNTs composite is an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for heavy metals such as lead and copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The noninvasive load monitoring method carries out load identification after event detection and feature extraction of load data. At present, nonload intrusive load monitoring faces the problems of low load identification accuracy and long load identification time. In order to solve these problems, a load identification method based on the improved slime mould algorithm-generalized regression neural network (ISMA-GRNN) is proposed. Firstly, by adding mutation operation in slime mould algorithm (SMA) position update, the global optimization ability of SMA is improved. Then, the improved slime mould algorithm (ISMA) is used to optimize the smoothing factor of GRNN and find the best smoothing factor. Finally, the best smoothing factor is input into GRNN for load identification, and the load identification results are output. To measure the effect of load identification, load identification precision, load identification accuracy, and load identification time are used as evaluation indicators. The simulation results show that compared with HHO-GRNN and WOA-GRNN, the load identification time of SMA-GRNN is greatly shortened, but the results are not satisfactory. On the basis of SMA-GRNN, ISMA-GRNN has significantly improved the accuracy and precision of load identification. In conclusion, ISMA-GRNN can better adapt to the load identification of multiple electrical equipment scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • NUS-9 nanosheets with well-defined sulfonic acid groups possess intrinsic proton conductivity. • DNA with plentiful linear arranged phosphate groups provide extrinsic proton-conducting sites. • Synergism of orderly intrinsic and extrinsic proton-conducting sites facilitates the proton conduction. • DNA@COF-X membranes exhibit enhanced proton conductivity in different humidity. Development of high proton-conducting membranes is the major demand in energy conversion, sensing, and catalysis. The emerging ionic covalent organic frameworks (iCOFs) with abundant and well-arranged proton-conducting groups offer new materials for efficient proton conduction. However, the poor processability of iCOFs makes it difficult to fabricate defect-free membranes. Herein, we use the interfacial reaction method to synthesize high crystalline iCOF nanosheets (NUS-9) which are then processed into defect-free membranes by vacuum-assisted assembly method. The plenty of intrinsic orderly aligned sulfonic acid groups in the iCOF skeletons endows the nanosheets with intrinsic high proton conductivity. Furthermore, the deoxyribonucleic acid molecules (DNA) with sequential linear arranged phosphate groups are intercalated into the iCOF membrane. The synergetic effect of orderly intrinsic and extrinsic proton-conducting sites gives the resulting DNA@iCOF membranes high proton conductivity of up to 494.7 mS cm−1 (98% RH, 80 °C), which is among the highest values of the state-of-the-art COF-based proton conductors. Besides, it also retains high conductivity over a wide range of RH (40–100%) and temperature (30−80 °C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Detonation waves in a microchannel with non-reactive layers are simulated. • The ratio of non-reactive to reactive layer thickness dominates detonation behaviors. • Local hot spot explosions are crucial to detonation decoupling and re-initiation. • Shock wave and heat release coupling in microchannels differs from that in macro-channels. Detonation waves propagating in a confined microchannel with the inhomogeneous medium are investigated numerically by solving the Euler equations coupled with a detailed chemical reaction model. The non-reactive layer with finite thickness is introduced into the reactive medium. Three variables, i.e., non-reactive layer thickness H I , reactive layer thickness H R and their ratio H I / H R , are varied to discuss their effects on propagation modes, detonation velocities and cellular structures in detail. The results indicate that increasing H I or decreasing H R is adverse to the self-sustaining propagation of the detonation waves, associated with the decrease of average velocity and the increase of detonation cell size. Additionally, the study introduces a dimensionless parameter, H I / H R , to evaluate the dynamic behaviors of detonation waves. This approach contrasts with prior research, which solely relied on H R as a criterion and assumed the critical H R to be unaffected by the non-reactive gas layer. With the increase of H I / H R , the propagation mode of detonation wave will change from the stable state to the unstable state. And there is a critical value H I / H R. Exceeding this value, the detonation waves cannot propagate continuously in the millimeter-scaled channel. Notably, the critical H I / H R is constant (H I / H R ≈ 0.165) for the microchannel when the channel width H T is less than 10 mm, implying the H R is linearly correlated with the H I. This key finding has been omitted by previous studies because their non-reactive layers are usually assumed to be infinite. As H T increases beyond 10 mm, the critical value of H I / H R also rises. When H T approaches infinity, H I / H R similarly trends toward infinity, suggesting that the critical H R becomes independent of H I. These phenomena show that the thickness of the non-reactive layer in the microchannel needs to be carefully addressed, and the coupling relationship of flow and heat release is different from the detonation wave in the macro-size channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles' growing need on in-car and inter-car connection can cause major issues for the infrastructure. By providing a secure and trustworthy intelligent framework, this article will mainly tackle the problem of cyberattacks in electric cars and help to keep them safe from hackers. This paper introduces a novel approach to cyber security analysis that makes use of blockchain technology for smart cloud computing and fuzzy machine learning, both of which are grounded in electric car technology. To monitor and transmit data from electric vehicles, this case employs the smart grid integrated cloud computing model, while to evaluate potentially dangerous actions, the fuzzy adversarial Q-stochastic model (FAQS) is used. Based on kinds of users who have the proper access permissions towards authorized and unauthorized users in accordance with their responsibilities as defined by role-based access control policies, data is encrypted as well as decrypted. A variety of cyber security data sets are subjected to an experimental examination in terms of security rate, RMSE, quality of service, scalability, and energy efficiency. Proposed technique attained energy efficiency 98%, QoS 96%, scalability 91%, security rate 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the continuous development of electrocatalytic technology in hydrogen energy production, various catalysts are investigated for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Among them, ruthenium (Ru) based catalysts are widely studied due to their high activity and platinum-like properties. Herein, tungsten (W) and lanthanum (La) dual-doping strategy is exploited to assist in improving the HER performance of RuO 2 (W/La-RuO 2), achieving by solution evaporation and calcination. Dual doping of W and La produces a synergistic effect that enables electronic modulation and then plays a key role on the enhancement of catalytic properties. The obtained W/La-RuO 2 exhibits excellent HER performance in alkaline freshwater and alkaline seawater, with 22 mV and 28 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2. In addition, the self-assembled overall water splitting electrolyzer exhibits a small voltage of 1.53 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2 coupled with excellent stability. Moreover, the electrolyzer can driven by renewable energy, and then offering possibilities for practical applications. The bimetallic doping strategy provides a feasible solution for optimizing the performance of Ru-based catalysts. W/La doped RuO 2 (W/La-RuO 2) synthesized using solvent evaporation and low-temperature calcination strategy. W/La-RuO 2 exhibits excellent catalytic performances for HER with 22 mV and 28 mV in alkaline and alkaline seawater. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the advantages of non-invasive photothermal therapy (PTT) in the clinical treatment of tumors, such as high efficiency of tumor ablation and less side effects, combination therapy based on PTT has attracted widespread attention. In this study, organic–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) of PANI@W18O49 with uniform morphology and PANI@W18O49@Fe3O4 with magnetic targeting were synthesized by hydrothermal method. It was found that the hybrid NPs not only did not affect the photothermal properties of W18O49, but also improve its antioxidant properties, which made the synthesized NPs more suitable for PTT as a photothermal agent than W18O49 itself. The results of absorbance and photothermal measurement of NPs under different wavelengths (808 and 1064 nm) show that the photothermal performance of hybrid NPs is stable. The photothermal conversion efficiency of PANI@W18O49 under 808 and 1064 nm laser irradiation can reach to 50.43 and 30.69%, respectively, and that of PANI@W18O49@Fe3O4 can also reach to 63.9 and 32.55%; the photothermal temperature can induce apoptosis of cancer cells. In drug release experiments, it was demonstrated that the hybrid NPs could control the release of DOX under the dual stimulus response (pH and temperature) to reduce the side effects caused by the uncontrolled release of drug under physiological conditions. In addition, the survival rate of cancer cells decreased to 20.05 and 22.33% by NIR irradiation after co-incubation of drug-loaded NPs, indicating that the prepared hybrid NPs have the potential to be applied in the combined treatment of photothermal and chemotherapy for cancer. Preparation methods of PW and PWF NPs and schematic diagram of their application in chemotherapy/photothermal combined therapy for tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study and investigate the synergistic benefit of incorporating both conventional handcrafted and learning‐based features in disease identification across a wide range of clinical setups. Methods and materials: In this retrospective study, we collected 170, 150, 209, and 137 patients with four different disease types associated with identification objectives : Lymph node metastasis status of gastric cancer (GC), 5‐year survival status of patients with high‐grade osteosarcoma (HOS), early recurrence status of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and pathological grades of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs). Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to derive image features for GC/HOS/pNETs and ICC, respectively. In each study, 67 universal handcrafted features and study‐specific features based on the sparse autoencoder (SAE) method were extracted and fed into the subsequent feature selection and learning model to predict the corresponding disease identification. Models using handcrafted alone, SAE alone, and hybrid features were optimized and their performance was compared. Prominent features were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively to generate study‐specific and cross‐study insight. In addition to direct performance gain assessment, correlation analysis was performed to assess the complementarity between handcrafted features and SAE features. Results: On the independent hold‐off test, the handcrafted, SAE, and hybrid features based prediction yielded area under the curve of 0.761 versus 0.769 versus 0.829 for GC, 0.629 versus 0.740 versus 0.709 for HOS, 0.717 versus 0.718 versus 0.758 for ICC, and 0.739 versus 0.715 versus 0.771 for pNETs studies, respectively. In three out of the four studies, prediction using the hybrid features yields the best performance, demonstrating the general benefit in using hybrid features. Prediction with SAE features alone had the best performance in the HOS study, which may be explained by the complexity of HOS prognosis and the possibility of a slight overfit due to higher correlation between handcrafted and SAE features. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the general benefit of combing handcrafted and learning‐based features in radiomics modeling. It also clearly illustrates the task‐specific and data‐specific dependency on the performance gain and suggests that while the common methodology of feature combination may be applied across various studies and tasks, study‐specific feature selection and model optimization are still necessary to achieve high accuracy and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a common chronic recurrent inflammatory skin disease. The pathogenesis of psoriasis, such as other autoimmune diseases, is still unclear, which brings great difficulties to the treatment. This study aimed to investigate the role of bromine domain protein 4 (BRD4) in affecting the psoriatic keratinocytes.Methods: Imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice model and TNF-α or IL-17A induced HaCAT cells, an experimental model in vitro for psoriasis, were constructed. The pathological skin changes at the back of mice were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) assay and evaluated by psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). KI67 expression and keratinocyte apoptosis at the skin tissues were, respectively, detected by Immunohistochemical analysis and TUNEL assay. The inflammatory factors in mice serum and culture supernatant were determined by ELISA assay. The related proteins expression of proliferation, apoptosis and MAPK pathway were detected by Western blot analysis.Results: BRD4 expression was upregulated in injured skin on the back of imiquimod-induced mice and (+)-JQ1 relieved the skin injury by suppressing the inflammation and promoting apoptosis of keratinocytes. Consistently, BRD4 expression was also increased in TNF-α or IL-17A induced HaCAT cells. (+)-JQ1 suppressed the viability and inflammation, and promoted apoptosis of TNF-α or IL-17A induced HaCAT cells. In addition, the MAPK signaling pathway was inhibited by (+)-JQ1 whether in mice or HaCAT cells.Conclusions: Inhibition of BRD4 inhibited proliferation and inflammation and promoted apoptosis of psoriatic keratinocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cesium tungsten bronze nanoparticles have excellent near infrared lightresponse characteristics, easy surface modification and low cytotoxicity, which are attractive for tumor photothermal therapy. In this paper, cesium tungsten bronze nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal reaction method using cesium hydroxide as raw material. In order to improve the properties of dispersion and drug loading, the modification of two different surfactants was investigated. Themorphology of cesium tungsten bronze nanoparticles modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone had no significant change in scanning electron microscope, but it had high photothermal properties, with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 23.1%. The drug loading capacity of CTAB-Cs0.32WO3 is 47.9 mg/mL accordingly. The michigan cancer foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell activity was only 27.33% when the concentration of CTAB-Cs0.32WO3-DOX was 1mg/ml under irradiation of 980nm. These results showed that cesium tungsten bronze nanoparticles surface modified with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) had excellent anti-tumor ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To test the effect of traditional up-sampling slice thickness (ST) methods on the reproducibility of CT radiomics features of liver tumors and investigate the improvement using a deep neural network (DNN) scheme. Methods. CT images with ≤ 1 mm ST in the public dataset were converted to low-resolution (3 mm, 5 mm) CT images. A DNN model was trained for the conversion from 3 mm ST and 5 mm ST to 1 mm ST and compared with conventional interpolation-based methods (cubic, linear, nearest) using structural similarity (SSIM) and peak-signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR). Radiomics features were extracted from the tumor and tumor ring regions. The reproducibility of features from images converted using DNN and interpolation schemes were assessed using the concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) with the cutoff of 0.85. The paired t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were used to compare the evaluation metrics, where appropriate. Results. CT images of 108 patients were used for training (n = 63), validation (n = 11) and testing (n = 34). The DNN method showed significantly higher PSNR and SSIM values (p < 0.05) than interpolation-based methods. The DNN method also showed a significantly higher CCC value than interpolation-based methods. For features in the tumor region, compared with the cubic interpolation approach, the reproducible features increased from 393 (82%) to 422(88%) for the conversion of 3–1 mm, and from 305(64%) to 353(74%) for the conversion of 5–1 mm. For features in the tumor ring region, the improvement was from 395 (82%) to 431 (90%) and from 290 (60%) to 335 (70%), respectively. Conclusions. The DNN based ST up-sampling approach can improve the reproducibility of CT radiomics features in liver tumors, promoting the standardization of CT radiomics studies in liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a chemotherapy‐photothermal synergistic anti‐tumor system is constructed. Both W18O49@R‐C and PEG‐W18O49@R‐C synthesized by hydrothermal method show the potential of photothermal therapy (PTT). The structure of reflux‐carbon is bubble‐like spherical and W18O49@R‐C obtained by hydrothermal synthesis will cause bubble collapse due to the formation of crystal W18O49; thus, the particle size decreases sharply. Furthermore, the photothermal stability of PEG‐W18O49@R‐C is higher than that of W18O49@R‐C, and ζ‐potential measurement indicates that PEG‐W18O49@R‐C has excellent dispersion characteristics. The test of drug loading and drug release performance show that PEG‐modified W18O49@R‐C has superior performance on drug loading amount and release capacity. In the synergistic anti‐tumor process, the cancer cell viability after co‐incubating with PEG‐W18O49@R‐C+DOX.HCl (with 808nm) is only 16.6%. These results indicate that PEG‐W18O49@R‐C has potential in the treatment of cancer by a combination of PTT and chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient decontamination of radioactive Ba2+ is of great significance to human health and environmental safety. Herein, an adsorbent based on the sulfonic acid functionalized Zr-MOF has been successfully developed, which could efficiently decontaminate radioactive Ba2+ with excellent selectivity, recyclability, a high adsorption capacity up to 60.8 mg g−1 as well as a short adsorption kinetic time of less than 5 min. This outstanding adsorption performance is attributed to the strong affinity between Ba2+ and high density –SO3H active sites in MOFs which were introduced by an in situ ligand modification strategy during the assembly of MOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the resonant electric field microsensors with coplanar electrodes, a novel non-intrusive measurement scheme of DC power-line voltage suitable for actual product is presented in this paper. Compared with using microsensors directly without some protection, employing the proposed scheme can avoid the influence of humidity and electromagnetic disturbance on non-contact voltage measurement. A theoretical model is developed to analyze the influence of the structural parameters of the proposed measurement scheme on its sensitivity and to predict the voltage response. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis reveals that the proposed scheme obtains the DC power-line voltage non-intrusively by measuring the voltage of a floating electrode. A prototype of the non-intrusive measurement apparatus of DC power-line voltage has been developed, calibrated, and tested. The prototype shows a favorable linear response characteristic with a linearity of 0.86%. And the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical results. The maximum relative deviation noticed is −2.16% over a range of voltages from −1000 V to 1000 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non-interference AC voltage measurement system based on a resonant electric field microsensor is proposed. The equivalent circuit of the proposed system is established, which shows that the frequency response function is only related to the capacitances of the system structure in the kHz low-frequency range. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis and experiments demonstrate that the amplitude sensitivity is independent of the frequency of an unknown AC voltage. Therefore, this technique is very suitable for measuring arbitrary waveform voltage. A functional prototype was developed and tested to acquire AC power-line voltages. The prototype responded well to the transient waveform of the AC input signal, yet with a phase delay of 177.24°. The output of the system was linear in the range of 0–1000 Vrms at 50-Hz and the linearity was 0.54%, whereas the maximum relative deviation of the rms voltage measurements above 10 V was −0.83%. Finally, the shielding ability of the system against interference and noise was verified through the AC interference voltage measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hourly PWV dataset over the period of 2005–2016 is generated on a global scale. • Temperature and pressure are both provided by ERA5 are used. • T m is calculated using multilayer feedforward neural network (NN) model. • The RMS of the hourly PWV dataset is less than 3 mm globally. Atmospheric water vapour plays an important role in phenomena related to the global hydrologic cycle and climate change. However, the rapid temporal–spatial variation in global tropospheric water vapour has not been well investigated due to a lack of long-term, high-temporal-resolution precipitable water vapour (PWV). Accordingly, this study generates an hourly PWV dataset for 272 ground-based International Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Service (IGS) stations over the period of 2005–2016 using the zenith troposphere delay (ZTD) derived from global-scale GNSS observation. The root mean square (RMS) of the hourly ZTD obtained from the IGS tropospheric product is approximately 4 mm. A fifth-generation reanalysis dataset of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF ERA5) is used to obtain hourly surface temperature (T) and pressure (P), which are first validated with GNSS synoptic station data and radiosonde data, respectively. Then, T and P are used to calculate the water vapour-weighted atmospheric mean temperature (Tm) and zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD), respectively. T and P at the GNSS stations are obtained via an interpolation in the horizontal and vertical directions using the grid-based ERA5 reanalysis dataset. Here, Tm is calculated using a neural network model, whereas ZHD is obtained using an empirical Saastamoinen model. The RMS values of T and P at the collocated 693 radiosonde stations are 1.6 K and 3.1 hPa, respectively. Therefore, the theoretical error of PWV caused by the errors in ZTD, T and P is on the order of approximately 2.1 mm. A practical comparison experiment is performed using 97 collocated radiosonde stations and 23 GNSS stations equipped with meteorological sensors. The RMS and bias of the hourly PWV dataset are 2.87/−0.16 and 2.45/0.55 mm, respectively, when compared with radiosonde and GNSS stations equipped with meteorological sensors. Additionally, preliminary analysis of the hourly PWV dataset during the EI Niño event of 2014–2016 further indicates the capability of monitoring the daily changes in atmospheric water vapour. This finding is interesting and significant for further climate research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]