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The superposition principle is one of the most fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. According to the Schr\"odinger equation, a physical system can be in any linear combination of its possible states. While the validity of this principle is routinely validated for microscopic systems, it is still unclear why we do not observe macroscopic objects to be in superpositions of states that can be distinguished by some classical property. Here we demonstrate the preparation of a mechanical resonator with an effective mass of 16.2 micrograms in Schr\"odinger cat states of motion, where the constituent atoms are in a superposition of oscillating with two opposite phases. We show control over the size and phase of the superposition and investigate the decoherence dynamics of these states. Apart from shedding light at the boundary between the quantum and the classical world, our results are of interest for quantum technologies, as they pave the way towards continuous-variable quantum information processing and quantum metrology with mechanical resonators.

Mechanical resonators are emerging as an important new platform for quantum science and technologies. A large number of proposals for using them to store, process, and transduce quantum information motivates the development of increasingly sophisticated techniques for controlling mechanical motion in the quantum regime. By interfacing mechanical resonators with superconducting circuits, circuit quantum acoustodynamics (cQAD) can make a variety of important tools available for manipulating and measuring motional quantum states. Here we demonstrate direct measurements of the phonon number distribution and parity of nonclassical mechanical states. We do this by operating our system in the strong dispersive regime, where a superconducting qubit can be used to spectroscopically resolve phonon Fock states. These measurements are some of the basic building blocks for constructing acoustic quantum memories and processors. Furthermore, our results open the door to performing even more complex quantum algorithms using mechanical systems, such as quantum error correction and multi-mode operations.

Chronic infection of the common bacterial pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosafrequently leads to the coexistence of heterogeneous individuals to engage in several group behaviors. However, further evolution of the polymorphicP. aeruginosapopulation, including the dynamic change of social cooperation and its impact on host immune system, still remain elusive. We show that the evolution ofP. aeruginosain the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease frequently selects the isolates deficient in producing the costly and sharable extracellular products for nutrient acquisition. The evolution of polymorphicP. aeruginosapopulation is mainly concentrated on modifying the adaptability oflasRmutants, which are typical cheaters in the competition of quorum-sensing-controlled extracellular proteases. Importantly,lasRmutants with varying degrees of evolution interact with wild-typeP. aeruginosain a framework termed cascaded public goods game to compete for extracellular proteases and siderophores, and thus perpetuate social cooperation under different conditions. Finally, we find that a polymorphic population comprised oflasR-intactP. aeruginosaand evolvedlasR-mutant can minimize the host immune fluctuation for persistent colonization. This study demonstrates the multistage evolution and complex interaction ofP. aeruginosain adaptation to host lungs, and provides an explanation for the success of cooperation in public goods game.

Constructing artificial dynamic architectures inside cells to rationally interfere with organelles is emerging as an efficient strategy to regulate the behaviors and fate of cells, thus providing new routes for therapeutics. Herein, we develop an intracellular K

On the basis of the one strain-many compounds (OSMAC) strategy, two new hygromycin A derivatives (3, 4), together with six known compounds were isolated from a medicinal plant inter rhizospheric Streptomyces in Pulsatilla chinensis. The structures of 3 and 4 were elucidated using NMR and HRESIMS analyses. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for these compounds was discussed. All the compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Compound 5 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis with the MICs of 16 and 8 μg ml

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain H8750T, was isolated from sediment sampled at Lugu Lake, southwest PR China and its polyphasic taxonomy was studied. Strain H8750T produced well-developed substrate mycelium, and formed club-shaped and hooked structures borne on the tip of the aerial mycelia. It contained meso-diaminopimelic, glucose, ribose and madurose in whole-cell hydrolysates. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H6). The phospholipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified phospholipids and unidentified aminophospholipids. The major fatty acid (>10 %) were cis 9 C17 : 1, iso-C16 : 0 and C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 69.7 mol% based on the whole genome sequence. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences indicated that strain H8750T was closely related to Acrocarpospora macrocephala JCM 10982T (98.0 %), Acrocarpospora pleiomorpha JCM 10983T (97.9 %) and Acrocarpospora phusangensis DSM 45867 T (97.8 %) and formed a monophyletic clade within the genus Acrocarpospora in the phylogenetic trees. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain H8750T and its closely related Acrocarpospora species were 79.8~87.2 % and 25.9~28.0 %, respectively, which showed that it belonged to a distinct species. Furthermore, the morphological and phenotypic characteristics allowed the isolate to be differentiated from its closely related species. Therefore, it is concluded that strain H8750T can be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Acrocarpospora , for which the name Acrocarpospora catenulata sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H8750T (=JCM 34849T=CICC 25116T). Moreover, based on the gene prediction results, strain H8750T may have the genetic potential to synthesize many new secondary metabolites, which further increases its bioactive value.

Recently, solid-state mechanical resonators have become a platform for demonstrating non-classical behavior of systems involving a truly macroscopic number of particles. Here, we perform the most macroscopic quantum test in a mechanical resonator to date, which probes the validity of quantum mechanics at the microgram mass scale. This is done by a direct measurement of the Wigner function of a high-overtone bulk acoustic wave resonator mode, monitoring the gradual decay of negativities over tens of microseconds. While the obtained macroscopicity of $\mu= 11.3$ is on par with state-of-the-art atom interferometers, future improvements of mode geometry and coherence times could confirm the quantum superposition principle at unprecedented scales., Comment: 5+9 pages, 2+6 figures, comments are welcome

Bulk acoustic resonators support robust, long-lived mechanical modes, capable of coupling to various quantum systems. In separate works, such devices have achieved strong coupling to both superconducting qubits, via piezoelectricity, and optical cavities, via Brillouin interactions. In this work, we present a hybrid microwave–optical platform capable of coupling to bulk acoustic waves through cavity-enhanced piezoelectric and photoelastic interactions. The modular, tunable system achieves fully resonant and well-mode-matched interactions among a 3D microwave cavity, a high-frequency bulk acoustic resonator, and a Fabry–Perot cavity. We realize this piezo–Brillouin interaction in x-cut quartz, demonstrating the potential for strong optomechanical interactions and high cooperativity using optical cavity enhancement. We further show how this device functions as a bidirectional electro–opto–mechanical transducer, with transduction efficiency exceeding 10 − 8 , and a feasible path towards unity conversion efficiency. The high optical sensitivity and ability to apply a large resonant microwave field in this system also offers a tool for probing anomalous electromechanical couplings, which we demonstrate by investigating (nominally centrosymmetric) C a F 2 and revealing a parasitic piezoelectricity of 83 am/V. Such studies are an important topic for emerging quantum technologies, and highlight the versatility of this hybrid platform.

(±)-Pyriindolin (1) with a rare molecular backbone formed by fusing a 2,2′-bipyridine nucleus into a spiro[furan-3,3′-indoline] skeleton, was isolated from the Streptomyces albolongus EA12432. The constitution and the relative configuration of (±)-1 were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, 13C calculation and DP4+ probability analysis. The absolute configurations of optically pure (+)-1 and (−)-1 which were obtained after a chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation were further identified by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. (+)- and (−)-Pyriindolins displayed moderate cytotoxicity against HCT-116 cell line with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 2.89 ± 0.17 μmol/L and 4.47 ± 0.26 μmol/L, respectively.

Bacterial species in the polymicrobial community evolve interspecific interaction relationships to adapt to the survival stresses imposed by neighbors or environmental cues. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two common bacterial pathogens frequently coisolated from patients with burns and respiratory disease. Whether the application of commonly used antibiotics influences the interaction dynamics of the two species still remains largely unexplored. By performing a series of on-plate competition assays and RNA sequencing-based transcriptional profiling, we showed that the presence of the cephalosporin antibiotic cefotaxime or the quinolone antibiotic levofloxacin at subinhibitory concentration contributes to selecting P. aeruginosa from the coculture with S. aureus by modulating the quorum-sensing (QS) system of P. aeruginosa. Specifically, a subinhibitory concentration of cefotaxime promotes the growth suppression of S. aureus by P. aeruginosa in coculture. This process may be related to the increased production of the antistaphylococcal molecule pyocyanin and the expression of lasR, which is the central regulatory gene of the P. aeruginosa QS hierarchy. On the other hand, subinhibitory concentrations of levofloxacin decrease the competitive advantage of P. aeruginosa over S. aureus by inhibiting the growth and the las QS system of P. aeruginosa. However, pqs signaling of P. aeruginosa can be activated instead to overcome S. aureus. Therefore, this study contributes to understanding the interaction dynamics of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus during antibiotic treatment and provides an important basis for studying the pathogenesis of polymicrobial infections. IMPORTANCE Increasing evidence has demonstrated the polymicrobial characteristics of most chronic infections, and the frequent communications among bacterial pathogens result in many difficulties for clinical therapy. Exploring bacterial interspecific interaction during antibiotic treatment is an emerging endeavor that may facilitate the understanding of polymicrobial infections and the optimization of clinical therapies. Here, we investigated the interaction of cocultured P. aeruginosa and S. aureus with the intervention of commonly used antibiotics in clinic. We found that the application of subinhibitory concentrations of cefotaxime and levofloxacin can select P. aeruginosa in coculture with S. aureus by modulating P. aeruginosa QS regulation to enhance the production of antistaphylococcal metabolites in different ways. This study emphasizes the role of the QS system in the interaction of P. aeruginosa with other bacterial species and provides an explanation for the persistence and enrichment of P. aeruginosa in patients after antibiotic treatment and a reference for further clinical therapy.

The phospholipase pl-S.t gene of Sphingobacterium thalpophilum 2015 was cloned and the gene sequence was submitted to NCBI with Accession Number KX674735.1. The phylogenetic analysis showed that this PL-S.t was clustered to phospholipase D (PLD). As far as we know, the PL-S.t with a molecular mass of 22.5 kDa is the lowest of the currently purified bacterial PLDs, which belongs to a non-HKD PLD enzyme. This PL-S.t was resistant to a wide range of alkali pHs (7.5-9.0) after 1 h incubation, retaining more than 90% of its maximum activity. The PL-S.t activity can be enhanced by Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+. This PL-S.t has only one cysteine residue and fewer negatively-charged amino acids (AAs). The hydrogen bonds network was found around the cystein108, which may be beneficial to the stability and activity of PL-S.t in Ni2+ solution. This study has laid the foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of the catalytic characteristics of low molecular weight alkalic PLD from S. thalpophilum 2015.

Background Trueperella pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are two important bacterial pathogens closely relating to the occurrence and development of forest musk deer respiratory purulent disease. Although T. pyogenes is the causative agent of the disease, the subsequently invaded P. aeruginosa will predominate the infection by producing a substantial amount of quorum-sensing (QS)-controlled virulence factors, and co-infection of them usually creates serious difficulties for veterinary treatment. In order to find a potential compound that targets both T. pyogenes and P. aeruginosa, the antibacterial and anti-virulence capacities of 55 compounds, which have similar core structure to the signal molecules of P. aeruginosa QS system, were tested in this study by performing a series of in vitro screening experiments. Results We identified that furazolidone could significantly reduce the cell densities of T. pyogenes in mono-culture or in the co-culture with P. aeruginosa. Although the growth of P. aeruginosa could also be moderately inhibited by furazolidone, the results of phenotypic identification and transcriptomic analysis further revealed that sub-inhibitory furazolidone had remarkable inhibitory effect on the biofilm production, motility, and QS system of P. aeruginosa. Moreover, furazolidone could efficiently protect Caenorhabditis elegans models from P. aeruginosa infection under both fast-killing and slow-killing conditions. Conclusions This study reports the antibacterial and anti-virulence abilities of furazolidone on T. pyogenes and P. aeruginosa, and provides a promising strategy and molecular basis for the development of novel anti-infectious drugs to dealing with forest musk deer purulent disease, or other diseases caused by T. pyogenes and P. aeruginosa co-infection.

Polycyclic xanthones are characterized by highly oxygenated, angular hexacyclic frameworks and exhibit diverse biological activities. Although many of them have been isolated and chemically synthesized, the detailed biosynthetic machinery awaits discovery. Recently, xanthone construction in the xantholipin (1) pathway was shown to involve cryptic demethoxylation. This suggested a rationale for the existence of three O-methyltransferase (OMT) genes in the gene cluster, although there are only two O-methyl groups in the structure of 1. Here, in vivo and in vitro analysis have been used to show that the three paralogous OMTs, XanM1-M3, introduce individual methyl groups at specific points in the biosynthetic pathway. Each OMT can to some extent take over the role of the other OMTs, although they exhibit highly substrate-dependent regiospecificity. In addition, phylogenetic analysis suggests their evolution from a common ancestor. Four putative ancestral proteins were constructed, and one of them performed all the functions of XanM1-M3, while the others possessed more limited catalytic functions. The results suggest that a promiscuous common ancestor may have been able to catalyze all three reactions prior to gene duplication and functional divergence. The characterization of XanM1-M3 expands the enzyme inventory for polycyclic xanthone biosynthesis and suggests novel directed evolution approaches to diversifying natural product pathways.

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain H14505T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Hong Yuan, Sichuan, southwest PR China. The temperature, pH and NaCl ranges for growth were determined to be 15–35 °C (optimum, 28 °C), 6.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 0–2 % (w/v; optimum without NaCl), respectively. The polar lipdis detected for strain H14505T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, glycolipid and four unidentified lipids. The predominant menaquinones of strain H14505T were MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6), and the prevalent fatty acids (>10 %) were C18 : 1 ω9c, C17 : 1 ω8c, summed feature 5 (anteiso-C18 : 0/ C18 : 2 ω6,9c) and C16 : 0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences indicated that strain H14505T showed high similarity to Catellatospora vulcania NEAU-JM1T (99.0 %) and Catellatospora paridis NEAU-CL2T (99.0 %), and formed a monophyletic clade within the the genus Catellatospora in the phylogenetic trees. However, the average nucleotide indentity and DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain H14505T and closely related Catellatospora species showed that it belonged to a distinct species. Furthermore, the results of morphological, physiological and biochemical tests allowed further phenotypic differentiation of strain H14505T from its closest relatives. Thus, it is proposed that strain H14505T represents a novel species of the genus Catellatospora , for which the name Catellatospora sichuanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Catellatospora sichuanensis is H14505T (=JCM 32394T=CICC 11042T).

A novel streptomyces trypsin GM2938 was selected as the object of study. The active GM2938 contains 223 amino acid residues. Constructing recombinant plasmid and transforming Bacillus subtilis SCK6, the heterogenous expression of GM2938 was achieved. Through optimization of fermentation conditions, the expression level of GM2938 reached 1622.2 U/mL (esterase activity) and 33.8 U/mL (amidase activity). The recombinant trypsin was purified and measured: the specific activity of esterase was 5.6 × 103 U/mg, and the specific activity of amidase was 1.1 × 103 U/mg. Furthermore, the enzymatic properties of GM2938 were explore: the optimal reaction temperature and pH were 50 °C and 9.0, respectively; the recombinant enzyme show high stability at 25 °C and range of pH 5.0–9.0; Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, EDTA, DTT, DMSO, methanol, glycerin and ethanediol could promote the esterase and amidase activities at the investigated concentrations, while Fe2+, SDS, tritonx-100, acetone, chloroform and n-hexane inhibited the trypsin activities. Kinetic parameters of GM2938 were calculated: the Km of BAEE was 3.15 × 10−5 mol·L−1, Vmax value was 2.87 × 10−4 mol·L−1·min−1; the Km of BAPAN was 2.20 × 10−4 mol·L−1, the Vmax was 2.40 × 10−4 mol·L−1·min−1. These properties give trypsin GM2938 a potential application prospect.

An introduction to the APL Special Issue on "Hybrid Quantum Devices" by the guest editors. We hope this Special Topic will be relevant and interesting for researchers both in and outside the field. We would like to acknowledge all authors who contributed to this Special Topic.

Trueperella pyogenes is an importantly opportunistic and commensal pathogen that causes suppurative lesions of most economically important livestock. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying the infection by T. pyogenes, we carried out a large-scale transcriptome sequencing of mice livers intraperitoneally infected with T. pyogenes using RNA-sequencing. A total of 47 G clean bases were obtained and 136 differentially expressed genes were detected between the control and the infection groups in the liver transcriptomes. Additionally, we found that the expression of a key autophagy regulator, mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) was significantly up-regulated in the infection groups. Mechanistically, T. pyogenes infection induced the expression of mTOR and subsequently inhibited the autophagy of host cell. Blocking autophagy with inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or silencing autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7) reduced the effect of bacterial elimination. Interestingly, inhibition of mTOR induced autophagy and reduced T. pyogenes viability in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. The silencing mTOR regulated oxidation and cytokines (interleukin-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factro-α) against T. pyogenes in macrophages and significantly protected mice from T. pyogenes challenge. These findings indicate that mTOR is a novel functional regulator in autophagy-mediated T. pyogenes elimination and will be useful to further knowledge on the development of effective therapeutic strategy to control T. pyogenes-related diseases.

Red algae are the most widely cultivated macroalgae crops in aquaculture, and they are often directly ingested in a daily diet and used as raw material for food hydrocolloid extraction. The current dilemma regarding red algae exploitation involves their low added value. Here, we propose using an enzyme-assisted one-step process (ESOP) to convert homogenized Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis to high valued neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs) and dietary fibre simultaneously. First, we optimized the hydrolysis process (the following conditions were used: 15 g wet G. lemaneiformis/150 mL buffer, 15 min homogenization and 25 U load enzyme amount) to produce 17.13 mg crude NAOs. Second, TLC, CNMR and MALDI-TOF-MS were performed, and the results indicated that NAOs may be modified by a variety of substitutions. Meanwhile, NAOs showed antioxidant activities in the DPPH, ABTS and free radical scavenging experiments at different concentrations. Third, dietary fibre concentrates were prepared and shown to have 60.78% dietary fibre, 4.19% protein, 8.43% moisture and 2.06% ash contents. Dietary fibre concentrate might have great potential in the food industry because of its physiological properties, including its thermostability at 30–1150 °C, water holding capacity (24.20 g/g) and oil holding capacity (8.26 g/g). Therefore, G. lemaneiformis was firstly converted into high value-added NAOs and dietary fibre at the same time using ESOP. This process was environmentally friendly and preserved the active compounds, and therefore provided clues for the further comprehensive use of other seaweeds or plants containing gel-like polysaccharides.

Interspecific interaction happens frequently among bacterial species and can promote the colonization of polymicrobial community in various environments. However, it is not clear whether the intervention of antibiotics, which is a common therapeutic method for infectious disease, will influence the interacting dynamics of different pathogenic bacteria. By using the frequently co-isolated bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus as models, here we identify an antibiotic-determined mutual invasion relationship between bacterial pathogens. We show that although P. aeruginosa has significant intrinsic competitive advantage over S. aureus by producing the quorum-sensing (QS)-controlled anti-staphylococcal molecules, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) can inhibit neighboring P. aeruginosa in the presence of subinhibitory aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g. streptomycin) to P. aeruginosa. Importantly, subinhibitory streptomycin decreases the expression of QS-regulated genes in P. aeruginosa and thus relieves the survival stress of MRSA brought by P. aeruginosa. On the other side, the iron-uptake systems and pathogenicity of MRSA can be enhanced by the extracellular products of streptomycin-treated P. aeruginosa. Therefore, this study provides an explanation for the substitution of dominant species and persistent coexistence of bacterial pathogens in the host with repeated antibiotic therapies, and contributes to further understanding the pathogenesis of chronic polymicrobial infections. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most relevant pathogen to the severe exacerbations of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the genetic and functional characteristics of P. aeruginosa isolates from COPD airways still remain less understood. In this study, the genetic, phylogenetic, phenotypic, and transcriptional features of P. aeruginosa isolates from COPD sputa were comprehensively explored by susceptibility testing, comparative-genomic analysis, phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic profiling, and comparative-transcriptomic analysis. We found that P. aeruginosa was prevalent in elder COPD patients and highly resisted to many commonly used antibiotics. P. aeruginosa COPD isolates harbored a substantial number of variant sites that might influence the primary metabolism and substance transport system. These isolates were discretely distributed in the phylogenetic tree and clustered with internationally collected P. aeruginosa in two major groups, and could be classified into three groups according to their differences in virulence-related phenotypes. Furthermore, the transcriptional patterns of COPD isolates could be classified into PAO1-like group with reduced protein secretion and motility and PAO1-distinct group with decreased substance transport but enhanced primary metabolism. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that P. aeruginosa isolates from COPD patients have abundant genetic and phenotypic diversity, and provides an important reference for further exploring the survival strategy of P. aeruginosa in COPD airways and the development of anti-pseudomonal therapy.

The phospholipase pl-S.t gene of Sphingobacterium thalpophilum 2015 was cloned and the gene sequence was submitted to NCBI with Accession Number KX674735.1. The phylogenetic analysis showed that this PL-S.t was clustered to phospholipase D (PLD). As far as we know, the PL-S.t with a molecular mass of 22.5 kDa is the lowest of the currently purified bacterial PLDs, which belongs to a non-HKD PLD enzyme. This PL-S.t was resistant to a wide range of alkali pHs (7.5-9.0) after 1 h incubation, retaining more than 90% of its maximum activity. The PL-S.t activity can be enhanced by Ni

The Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa adopts several elaborate strategies to colonize a wide range of natural or clinical niches and to overcome the neighboring bacterial competitors in polymicrobial communities. However, the relationship and interaction mechanism of P. aeruginosa with other bacterial pathogens remains largely unexplored. Here we explore the interaction dynamics of P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, which frequently coinfect the lungs of immunocompromised hosts, by using a series of on-plate proximity assays and RNA-sequencing. We show that the extracellular products of P. aeruginosa can inhibit the growth of neighboring E. coli and induce a large-scale of transcriptional reprogramming of E. coli, especially in terms of cellular respiration-related primary metabolisms and membrane components. In contrast, the presence of E. coli has no significant effect on the growth of P. aeruginosa in short-term culture, but causes a dysregulated expression of genes positively controlled by the quorum-sensing (QS) system of P. aeruginosa during subsequent pairwise culture. We further demonstrate that the divergent QS-regulation of P. aeruginosa may be related to the function of the transcriptional regulator PqsR, which can be enhanced by E. coli culture supernatant to increase the pyocyanin production by P. aeruginosa in the absence of the central las-QS system. Moreover, the extracellular products of E. coli promote the proliferation and lethality of P. aeruginosa in infecting the Caenorhabditis elegans model. The current study provides a general characterization of the extracellular products-mediated interactions between P. aeruginosa and E. coli, and may facilitate the understanding of polymicrobial infections.

Neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs) are drawing more and more attention because of their numerous bioactivities, yet limited number of agarases impedes NAOs production from red algae. In this study, predicted agar polysaccharide utilization loci (agar-PUL) were firstly used as inventory for agarase. 6 agarases were identified from agar-PULs and two of them were successfully expressed and analyzed. Then enzyme cocktail (GH16-1:GH16-2:Aga50D = 2:1:1) was proved to have highest synergistic effect. Finally homogenization was applied to G. amansii and proved to be an efficient way to release agar from tissues. When liquid-to-solid ratio was 9 g/150 mL, homogenization time was 20 min, and enzyme cocktail loading was 150 U/150 mL, maximum NAOs production (90.2 mg per 9 g wet G. amansii) could be achieved. Enzyme supported one-step process (ESOP) proposed in study is environment-friendly, time saving, cost saving and none-destructive, therefore has a potential industrial application in red algae utilization.

Within a Brillouin-based bulk crystalline cavity optomechanical system, we demonstrate high quantum cooperativities as well as strong coupling between infrared light and high-frequency (12.7 GHz) bulk acoustic modes.

I will present our experiments on controlling the quantum state of a bulk acoustic wave resonator using its interaction with superconducting circuits and show that the same mechanical objects also couple efficiently to infrared light.

The ability to engineer and manipulate different types of quantum mechanical objects allows us to take advantage of their unique properties and create useful hybrid technologies. Thus far, complex quantum states and exquisite quantum control have been demonstrated in systems ranging from trapped ions to superconducting resonators. Recently, there have been many efforts to extend these demonstrations to the motion of complex, macroscopic objects. These mechanical objects have important applications as quantum memories or transducers for measuring and connecting different types of quantum systems. In particular, there have been a few experiments that couple motion to nonlinear quantum objects such as superconducting qubits. This opens up the possibility of creating, storing, and manipulating non-Gaussian quantum states in mechanical degrees of freedom. However, before sophisticated quantum control of mechanical motion can be achieved, we must realize systems with long coherence times while maintaining a sufficient interaction strength. These systems should be implemented in a simple and robust manner that allows for increasing complexity and scalability in the future. Here we experimentally demonstrate a high frequency bulk acoustic wave resonator that is strongly coupled to a superconducting qubit using piezoelectric transduction. In contrast to previous experiments with qubit-mechanical systems, our device requires only simple fabrication methods, extends coherence times to many microseconds, and provides controllable access to a multitude of phonon modes. We use this system to demonstrate basic quantum operations on the coupled qubit-phonon system. Straightforward improvements to the current device will allow for advanced protocols analogous to what has been shown in optical and microwave resonators, resulting in a novel resource for implementing hybrid quantum technologies., 21 pages, 12 figures, including supplementary information