Search

This study aimed to describe the association of healthy eating literacy (HEL) with energy, nutrients, and food consumption in young women who had normal and lean weight at a Japanese university, considering their resident status.Cross-sectional data from the Ochanomizu Health Study were used in this study. Participants answered a self-administered, two-part, anonymous survey in 2018 and 2019. A total of 203 female undergraduate students with lean and normal body mass index (BMI) were included in the analysis. Single and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the association of HEL and resident status with healthy food consumption, such as vegetables, fish, and shellfish. The dependent variables were HEL and resident status, and the covariates were age, BMI, and the total metabolic equivalents.The median (25th and 75th percentiles) age, BMI, and total HEL score were 20 (19, 21) years, 20.2 (18.9, 21.3) kg/mThis study provides an insight into the association between HEL and dietary consumption in young women with normal and lean BMI.

Solute carrier family 26 member 7 (SLC26A7), identified as a causative gene for congenital hypothyroidism, was found to be a novel iodide transporter expressed on the apical side of the follicular epithelium of the thyroid. We recently showed that TSH suppressed the expression of SLC26A7 and induces its localization to the plasma membrane, where it functions. We also showed that the ability of TSH to induce thyroid hormone synthesis is completely reversed by an autocrine negative-feedback action of thyroglobulin (Tg) stored in the follicular lumen. In the present study, we investigated the potential effect of follicular Tg on SLC26A7 expression and found that follicular Tg significantly suppressed the promoter activity, mRNA level, and protein level of SLC26A7 in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells. In addition, follicular Tg inhibited the ability of TSH to induce the membrane localization of SLC26A7. In rat thyroid sections, the expression of SLC26A7 was weaker in follicles with a higher concentration of Tg, as evidenced by immunofluorescence staining. These results indicate that Tg stored in the follicular lumen is a feedback suppressor of the expression and membrane localization of SLC26A7, thereby downregulating the transport of iodide into the follicular lumen.

Sulfonation is an important step in the metabolism of dopamine, estrogens, dehydroepiandrosterone, as well as thyroid hormones. However, the regulation of cytosolic sulfotransferases in the thyroid is not well understood. In a DNA microarray analysis of rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells, we found that the mRNA expression of 10 of 48 sulfotransferases was significantly altered by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), with that of sulfotransferase family 1A member 1 (SULT1A1) being the most significantly affected. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that TSH, forskolin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP significantly suppressed SULT1A1 mRNA and protein levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining of FRTL-5 cells showed that SULT1A1 is localized in the perinuclear area in the absence of TSH but is spread throughout the cytoplasm with reduced fluorescence intensity in the presence of TSH. Sulfotransferase activity in FRTL-5 cells, measured using 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate as a donner and p-nitrophenol as an acceptor substrate, was significantly reduced by TSH. These findings suggest that the expression and activity of SULT1A1 are modulated by TSH in thyrocytes.

Tocotrienol (T3), a vitamin E (Vit E) isoform, is known to have both biological and antioxidant effects. Although alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc), another isoform of Vit E is suggested to be a useful treatment against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the effect of T3 on NASH is unclear. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the effects of T3 and α-Toc on NASH in the early stage of NASH progression, using a recently established NASH mouse model induced by a choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined high-fat diet (CDAHFD). Six-week-old male mice were divided into four groups (

Deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is known to induce hepatic steatosis. However, it is not clearly understood which type of PUFA is responsible for the worsening of steatosis. This study observed a marked accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol in fatty acid desaturase 2 knockout (FADS2-/- ) mice lacking both C18 and ≥ C20 PUFAs that were fed a PUFA-depleted diet. Hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation was associated with enhanced sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1-dependent lipogenesis and decreased triacylglycerol secretion into the plasma via very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Furthermore, upregulation of cholesterol synthesis contributed to increased hepatic cholesterol content in FADS2-/- mice. These results suggest that ≥ C20 PUFAs synthesized by FADS2 are important in regulating hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol accumulation during PUFA deficiency.

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mindful eating and nutritional intake, food consumption, and healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns in young Japanese women. The sample comprised 215 female undergraduates who responded to a two-questionnaire anonymous survey conducted in Tokyo, Japan in 2018 and 2019 from November to December. We measured mindful eating status using the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES) and used Japanese plant-based dietary indices to determine plant-based dietary patterns. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to determine the correlation of mindful eating with energy and nutrient intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns, after adjusting for demographics and body mass index. Participants with higher sub-scores in “health of the planet” and “awareness and appreciation for food” ate higher quantities of several micronutrients and plant-based foods and were more likely to have a healthful plant-based dietary pattern. They were also less likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. In contrast, participants with higher scores in “non-judgmental awareness” ate less protein, whole grains, and vegetables, and were likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. This study is the first to show that young Japanese women with normal or lean body weight were more likely to consume healthful plant-based foods when they ate mindfully. Opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.

The anterior pituitary gland is composed of five types of hormone-producing cells and folliculo-stellate cells. Folliculo-stellate cells do not produce anterior pituitary hormones but they are thought to play important roles as stem cells, phagocytes, or supporting cells of hormone-producing cells in the anterior pituitary. S100β protein has been used as a folliculo-stellate cell marker in some animals, including rats. However, since no reliable molecular marker for folliculo-stellate cells has been reported in mice, genetic approaches for the investigation of folliculo-stellate cells in mice are not yet available. Aldolase C/Zebrin II is a brain-type isozyme and is a fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. In the present study, we first used immunohistochemistry to verify that aldolase C was produced in the anterior pituitary of rats. Moreover, using transgenic rats expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the S100β gene promoter, we identified aldolase C-immunoreactive signals in folliculo-stellate cells and marginal cells located in the parenchyma of the anterior pituitary and around Rathke's cleft, respectively. We also identified aldolase C-expressing cells in the mouse pituitary using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Aldolase C was not produced in any pituitary hormone-producing cells, while aldolase C-immunopositive signal co-localized with E-cadherin- and SOX2-positive cells. Using post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy, aldolase C-immunoreactive products were observed in the cytoplasm of marginal cells and folliculo-stellate cells of the mouse pituitary. Taken together, aldolase C is a common folliculo-stellate cell marker in the anterior pituitary gland of rodents.

PDF, 要旨 肝実質細胞は、形態的機能的不均質性を示し、肝小葉内に肝領域を形成する。本研究は、スンクス肝実質細胞の不均質性発現と肝細胞索の形成過程を明らかにすることを目的とする。胎仔期から成獣期の樹脂包埋連続標本を作製し、二次元形態解析を行った。さらに同領域について、肝細胞索の立体再構築を行い、三次元的に検証した。肝実質細胞の体積の部位差は、生後4 日から16 日にかけて、門脈域細胞の大型化によって顕著になった。その後、細胞の体積はさらに増大し、小葉の成長に寄与していた。形状の不均質性は造血巣の小葉内局在と関連しており、造血巣の消失後、全ての肝細胞は、成獣と同様の多面体を呈した。また肝細胞索の立体的な連続性は、胎生29 日には形成されることが示された。スンクス肝組織は哺乳類のなかでも比較的単純な組織構造しており、形成過程の立体的な可視化は、生物模倣の候補のひとつとして、再生医療分野等における活用が期待される。, Hepatocytes exhibit morphological and functional heterogeneity, and form regional divisions within the hepatic lobules. The aim of the present study is to clarify the development of the spatial morphological heterogeneity of hepatocytes and the process of the hepatic-cell-cord formation in Suncus Murinus. Two-dimensional analysis was carried out using epoxy-embedded semithin sections of livers from embryonic to adulthood. Furthermore, we performed three-dimensional reconstruction of hepatic-cell-cords and stereoscopically verification of the obtained findings. The regional heterogeneity in the volume of hepatocytes became remarkable from the 4th to 16th day after birth in portal regions. After that, the volume of hepatocytes further increased, and that was contributed to the growing of hepatic lobules. The heterogeneity in shape of hepatocytes was associated with the hematopoietic compartments, and almost all hepatocytes became polyhedral shape after disappearance of the hematopoietic cells. The spatial structure of hepatic-cell-cord was almost complete at embryonic 29th day. The hepatic spatial structure of Suncus was relatively simple in mammals, so the elucidation of the developmental process of the spatial structure will be useful as one of candidate of biomimicry.

α-Tocopherol is reported to activate the differentiation and fusion of osteoclast, however, it is not clear whether the excessive intake of vitamin E is a risk for osteoporosis. To investigate the effects of vitamin E and the dietary conditions on the osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast differentiation was evaluated using the bone marrow cells collected from mice fed various dietary conditions. Not only α-tocopherol but also γ-tocotrienol activated osteoclast differentiation in mice fed normal diet. Formation of large multinucleated cells was significantly increased by stimulation of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in mice fed vitamin E deficient diet and was suppressed by the addition of α-tocopherol. Furthermore, there was no effect on bone density and no difference in osteoclast differentiation from the bone marrow cells collected from mice fed a high-fat diet with 0 or 1,000 mg/kg diet of α-tocopherol and tocotrienol, respectively. These results suggest that different type of diet affect the activation of osteoclast by α-tocopherol.

Background Sensory differences are related to the autistic traits, and previous studies have shown a positive correlation between sensory differences and internalizing problems. In this study, we hypothesized that sensory differences and suffering due to sensory differences mediates the relationships between autistic traits and internalizing problems. Methods A total of 346 female Japanese university students completed questionnaires regarding their autistic traits, suffering due to sensory differences, and internalizing problems. Moreover, 114 participants completed a questionnaire related to sensory differences. Results Autistic traits were correlated with Low Registration and Sensation Avoiding. These sensory differences were also correlated with suffering due to sensory differences and internalizing problems. Moreover, path analysis indicated that the higher the suffering due to Low Registration and Sensation Avoiding was, the greater the internalizing problems in those who showed these sensory differences. Conclusions Female university students with serious suffering due to sensory differences may need support in managing their suffering and internalizing problems. Further research will help suggest support that these people require, at school and elsewhere.

Objective The incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is increasing due to more widespread mammographic screening. DCIS, the earliest form of breast cancer, is non-invasive at the time of detection. If DCIS tissues are left undetected or untreated, it can spread to the surrounding breast tissue. Thus, surgical resection is the standard treatment. Understanding the mechanism underlying the non-invasive property of DCIS could lead to more appropriate medical treatments, including nonsurgical options. Data description We conducted a microarray-based genome-wide transcriptome analysis using DCIS specimens obtained by puncture from surgical specimens immediately after surgery.

Building and maintaining neuronal networks and cognitive functions require mRNA localization and regulated protein synthesis in neurons. RNA modification N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) has recently been shown in axonal and synaptically localized mRNAs whose local activity is required for axon growth, synaptogenesis, and neuronal plasticity. However, no cellular pathways engaging local epitranscriptomic modulation are known to underlie these post-mitotic neuronal functions. Now we report that cytoplasmic m6A reader YTHDF1 is enriched in neurons and required for axonal, dendritic, and spine development. We show that m6A and YTHDF1 are part of a microtubule plus-end associated RNA granule that contains extensive networks of mRNAs organized by autism risk gene adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). Disrupting m6A signals by knocking down methyltransferase METTL14 or YTHDF1, or overexpressing autism or schizophrenia-associated missense mutations I311V or S399L in human METTL14, reduce expression of APC granule and tubulin, disrupt microtubule assembly and function. These results reveal a novel neuronal subcellular locus for epitranscriptomic regulation to promote post-mitotic neurodevelopment.

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mindful eating and nutritional intake, food consumption, and healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns in young Japanese women.The sample comprised 215 female undergraduates who responded to a two-questionnaire anonymous survey conducted in Tokyo, Japan in 2018 and 2019 from November to December. We measured mindful eating status using the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES) and used Japanese plant-based dietary indices to determine plant-based dietary patterns. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to determine the correlation of mindful eating with energy and nutrient intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns, after adjusting for demographics and body mass index.Participants with higher sub-scores in "health of the planet" and "awareness and appreciation for food" ate higher quantities of several micronutrients and plant-based foods and were more likely to have a healthful plant-based dietary pattern. They were also less likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. In contrast, participants with higher scores in "non-judgmental awareness" ate less protein, whole grains, and vegetables, and were likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern.This study is the first to show that young Japanese women with normal or lean body weight were more likely to consume healthful plant-based foods when they ate mindfully.Opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.

Having a late chronotype, that is, the tendency to go to sleep and wake up at later hours, influences an individual's physical and mental health. Despite a few studies noting the association of chronotype with healthy dietary patterns, this relationship remains unclear.This study aimed to describe the association of chronotype with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality in female Japanese undergraduate students.Cross-sectional.A total of 218 female university students in Tokyo, Japan.Healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary index-Japanese version (hPDI-J and uPDI-J), calculated using the validated brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire.A five-model stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Independent variables were hPDI-J and uPDI-J scores, and dependent variables were various lifestyle habits related to the circadian rhythm and demographic characteristics.Mean (standard deviation) sleep duration, midpoint of sleep, sleep latency time, and social jetlag were 411 (60) min, 03:56 (00:57), 21 (27) min, and 50 (39) min, respectively. Chronotype and several variables, such as residential status, energy and alcohol intake, and nutritional knowledge, were associated with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality. Individuals who had higher hPDI-J scores were more likely to have an earlier chronotype (β = -0.168, P = 0.019) and better nutritional knowledge (β = 0.164, P = 0.022) than those with lower hPDI-J scores. Individuals were more likely to have higher uPDI-J scores if they were living alone (β = -0.301, P 0.001), had a later chronotype (β = 0.181, P = 0.001), higher frequency of snacking (β = 0.164, P = 0.019), lower total energy (β = -0.445, P 0.001), and worse nutritional knowledge (β = -0.172, P = 0.001).This study provided new evidence as to the relationship between sleep and dietary habits, the interaction of which may affect women's health.

PurposeTo develop and validate the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES), an expanded mindful eating model created for the promotion of health and sustainability.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaire surveys on Ochanomizu Health Study (OHS) was conducted. The survey was provided to 1,388 female university students in Tokyo, Japan. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a partial correlation analysis were used to confirm construct and criterion validity. Internal consistency of the EMES was confirmed to calculate Cronbach's alpha.FindingsThe response rate was 38.7 % (n = 537). Mean BMI was 20.21 ± 2.12, and 18.8% of them were classified as “lean” (BMI r = −0.138, −0.315, −0.339, −0.281 and 0.149, p Practical implicationsThe authors suggest the possibility that practitioners and researchers of mindful eating that includes this new concept can use authors’ novel scale as an effective measurement tool.Originality/valueThe EMES, which can multidimensionally measure the concept of the expanded model of mindful eating was first developed in this study.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the n-6 and n-3 series cannot be synthesized in mammals and therefore are called essential fatty acids (EFAs). Mead acid (20:3n-9) is an unusual n-9 PUFA, endogenously synthesized from oleic acid (18:1n-9) in an EFA-deficient state. Although Elovl5, a fatty acid elongase, has long been known to selectively elongate C18 and C20 PUFAs, it can use 18:1n-9 as a substrate for the synthesis of Mead acid under C20 PUFA-deficient, but not-sufficient, conditions. We found, by an in vitro enzyme assay, that the microsomal fraction obtained from PUFA-deficient, but not -sufficient, cells showed significant Elovl5 activity toward 18:1n-9, with no effect on its constitutive activity toward 18:3n-6, implying that Elovl5 acquires the activity toward 18:1n-9 under the PUFA-deficient conditions at the enzyme level. Further biochemical analysis revealed that Elovl5 was phosphorylated in the C20 PUFA-supplemented cells, and that treatment with an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) completely abolished the phosphorylation of Elovl5 and retained the Elovl5 activity toward 18:1n-9, even in the presence of C20 PUFA. Finally, mutation of putative phosphorylation sites (T281A/S283A/S285A) on Elovl5 did not decrease the activity of Elovl5 toward 18:1n-9 by supplementation with C20 PUFA, suggesting that the phosphorylation of Elovl5 contributed to a change in substrate preference. Thus, by changing its substrate specificity in an EFA-deficient state, Elovl5 is able to regulate the synthesis of Mead acid to maintain levels of long-chain PUFAs.

Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is responsible for the first desaturation reaction in the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3), and is involved in Mead acid (20:3n-9) production during essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). In this study, an obvious hepatic lipid accumulation was observed in EFAD mice treated with a FADS2 inhibitor. FADS2 inhibition in the EFAD state reduced secretion of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and markedly diminished Mead acid in phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the liver and plasma. As the results, the amount of C20 HUFAs in hepatic and plasma PC dramatically reduced in the EFAD mice treated with a FADS2 inhibitor, whereas the decrease of C20 HUFA levels of PC in EFAD mice was not observed because of the increased Mead acid in PC. These results supposed that Mead acid in PC is important as a component of VLDL. It is possible that Mead acid plays the role of a substitute of HUFAs in VLDL secretion during EFAD.

As the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet on human health are well established, the phenolic compounds in olive oil have been gaining interest. Oleuropein, a major phenolic compound in olives, is known to reduce the blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and rabbits, however, its effect on type 2 diabetes caused by obesity is not clear. The purpose of this study is clarifying the effect of oleuropein on the glucose tolerance in skeletal muscle under the condition of lipotoxicity caused by type 2 diabetes. Oleuropein enhanced glucose uptake in C2C12 cells without insulin. Translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) into the cell membrane was promoted by activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) but not protein kinase B (Akt). Physiological concentration of oleuropein (10 µM) was sufficient to express beneficial effects on C2C12 cells. Oleuropein prevented palmitic acid-induced myocellular insulin resistance. Furthermore, in gastrocnemius muscles of mice fed a high fat diet, oleuropein also induced the GLUT4 localization into cell membrane. These results suggest the possibility of oleuropein to be effective for type 2 diabetes by reducing insulin resistance in skeletal muscles.

Background: Heart rate (HR) during physical activity is strongly affected by the level of physical fitness. Therefore, to assess the effects of fitness, we developed predictive equations to estimate the metabolic equivalent (MET) of daily activities, which includes low intensity activities, by % HR reserve (%HRR), resting HR, and multiple physical characteristics. Methods: Forty volunteers between the ages of 21 and 55 performed 20 types of daily activities while recording HR and sampling expired gas to evaluate METs values. Multiple regression analysis was performed to develop prediction models of METs with seven potential predictors, such as %HRR, resting HR, and sex. The contributing parameters were selected based on the brute force method. Additionally, leave-one-out method was performed to validate the prediction models. Results: %HRR, resting HR, sex, and height were selected as the independent variables. %HRR showed the highest contribution in the model, while the other variables exhibited small variances. METs were estimated within a 17.3% difference for each activity, with large differences in document arrangement while sitting (+17%), ascending stairs (&minus, 8%), and descending stairs (+8%). Conclusions: The results showed that %HRR is a strong predictor for estimating the METs of daily activities. Resting HR and other variables were mild contributors. (201 words)

The dietary fat intake of Japanese is thought to be more appropriate than in Western countries; however there is a range of differences of individuals in the amounts of fat intake and n-6/n-3 ratio. Therefore, it is important what kind of vegetable oils are used for cooking in order to consider the total balance of fat intake. Rice bran oil (RBO) is expected to reduce plasma cholesterol and be useful for prevention of cardiovascular disease because it contains several effective ingredients. RBO is rich in linoleic and oleic acid. RBO contains γ-oryzanol, which is well known to reduce plasma cholesterol levels. Furthermore, it contains tocotrienols, which are analogs of vitamin E, reported to have unique bioactivity different from that of α-tocopherol. The biological function of these components and their potential to prevent Japanese lifestyle-related diseases are discussed.

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) play a pivotal role in hepatic function and homeostasis. LSEC dysfunction has been recognized to be closely involved in various liver diseases, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but not much is known about the fate of the scavenger receptors in LSECs during NASH. Fc gamma receptor IIb (FcγRIIb), known as a scavenger receptor, contributes to receptor-mediated endocytosis and immune complexes clearance. In this study, to elucidate the fate of FcγRIIb in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), we examined FcγRIIb levels in NAFLD biopsy specimens by immunohistochemistry, and investigated their correlation with the exacerbation of biological indexes and clinicopathological scores of NASH. The FcγRIIb expression levels indicated significant negative correlations with serum levels of blood lipids (triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), type 4 collagen and hyaluronic acid, which are involved in hepatic lipid metabolism disorder, fibrosis, and inflammation, respectively. However, there was no significant difference of FcγRIIb expression levels among the pathological grades of NAFLD. During NAFLD progression, inflammation and fibrosis may influence the expression of FcγRIIb and their scavenger functions to maintain hepatic homeostasis.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are present in biological membranes and influence membrane fluidity and immune responses. PUFAs such as 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 cannot be synthesized de novo in mammals and are thus called essential fatty acids (EFAs). In addition, PUFAs can be converted to very long-chain PUFAs (VLC-PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in the body. Although avoiding allergens is an effective strategy for food-allergy patients, the dietary exclusion of several allergens reportedly induces deficiencies in essential nutrients such as PUFAs. In this study, we investigated whether an EFA-deficient (EFAD) diet influenced allergic symptoms in ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice. Unexpectedly, no exacerbation of immune responses after OVA-sensitization was observed in mice fed an EFAD diet, and no differences in serum PUFA levels between OVA-immunized and non-immunized mice fed the EFAD diet were detected. However, levels of VLC-PUFAs in the small intestine increased after OVA-sensitization and did not decrease during EFAD diet administration, showing that small intestinal VLC-PUFAs levels were strongly preserved in the food-allergy model mice. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms by which small intestinal VLC-PUFAs are retained in food-allergy model mice.

Key points There have been few systematic population-wide analyses of relationships between spike synchrony within a period of several milliseconds and behavioural functions. In this study, we obtained a large amount of spike data from > 23,000 neuron pairs by multiple single-unit recording from deep layer neurons in motor cortical areas in rats performing a forelimb movement task. The temporal changes of spike synchrony in the whole neuron pairs were statistically independent of behavioural changes during the task performance, although some neuron pairs exhibited correlated changes in spike synchrony. Mutual information analyses revealed that spike synchrony made a smaller contribution than spike rate to behavioural functions. The strength of spike synchrony between two neurons was statistically independent of the spike rate-based preferences of the pair for behavioural functions. Abstract Spike synchrony within a period of several milliseconds in presynaptic neurons enables effective integration of functional information in the postsynaptic neuron. However, few studies have systematically analysed the population-wide relationships between spike synchrony and behavioural functions. Here we obtained a sufficiently large amount of spike data among regular-spiking (putatively excitatory) and fast-spiking (putatively inhibitory) neuron subtypes (> 23,000 pairs) by multiple single-unit recording from deep layers in motor cortical areas (caudal forelimb area, rostral forelimb area) in rats performing a forelimb movement task. After holding a lever, rats pulled the lever either in response to a cue tone (external-trigger trials) or spontaneously without any cue (internal-trigger trials). Many neurons exhibited functional spike activity in association with forelimb movements, and the preference of regular-spiking neurons in the rostral forelimb area was more biased toward externally triggered movement than that in the caudal forelimb area. We found that a population of neuron pairs with spike synchrony does exist, and that some neuron pairs exhibit a dependence on movement phase during task performance. However, the population-wide analysis revealed that spike synchrony was statistically independent of the movement phase and the spike rate-based preferences of the pair for behavioural functions, whereas spike rates were clearly dependent on the movement phase. In fact, mutual information analyses revealed that the contribution of spike synchrony to the behavioural functions was small relative to the contribution of spike rate. Our large-scale analysis revealed that cortical spike rate, rather than spike synchrony, contributes to population coding for movement.

The degree of saturation of fatty acid chains in the bilayer membrane structure is known to control membrane fluidity and packing density. However, the significance of fatty acid composition in the monolayers of lipid droplets (LDs) has not been elucidated. In this study, we noted a relationship between the size of LDs and the fatty acid composition of the monolayer. To obtain large LDs, we generated NIH3T3 cells overexpressing fat-specific protein 27 (FSP27). This induced the fusion of LDs, resulting in larger LDs in FSP27-overexpressing cells compared with LDs in control cells. Moreover, the lipid extracts of LDs from FSP27-overexpressing cells reconstituted large-droplet emulsions in vitro, implying that the lipid properties of LDs might affect the size of LDs. FSP27-overexpressing cells had more saturated fatty acids in the phospholipid monolayer of the LDs compared with control cells. To further investigate the effects of the degree of phospholipid unsaturation on the size of LDs, we synthesized artificial emulsions of a lipid mixed with distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC, diC18:0-PC) and with dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC, diC18:1n-9-PC) and compared the sizes of the resulting LDs. The emulsions prepared from saturated PC had larger droplets than those prepared from unsaturated PC. Our results suggest that saturated fatty acid chains in phospholipid monolayers might establish the form and/or stability of large LDs.

Background “SHOKUIKU”, food and nutrition education, is a national promotion to enable people to acquire an adequate knowledge of SHOKU (which include food, nutrition, dietary habits, etc.) in Japanese society and to allow people to make appropriate SHOKU choices in Japan. In order to educate SHOKUIKU experts who can promote evidence-based SHOKUIKU with advanced professional knowledge and skills, an original “SHOKUIKU program” was established. To evaluate this program, a short answer questionnaire was given to students. Results were objectively analyzed by text mining procedures. Methods Five hundred forty four comment papers submitted by a total of 52 consenting students after each lecture in the 12 omnibus-style lectures were examined as cross-sectional data. A total of 2507 sentences were decomposed into words, and word classes of morpheme in Japanese were properly specified. Subsequently, on the basis of a constructed keyword data base, 123 morphemes with high frequency were investigated with co-occurrence network analysis. Furthermore, multivariate network analyses according to the student’s major were performed. Results Students majoring in food and nutritional sciences recognized that evidence-based SHOKUIKU is “difficult” but “necessary” to “convey” reliable information at “actual” SHOKUIKU sites. On the other hand, students studying other majors not only got an “interesting” opportunity to “learn” “nutrition” and “eating habits” but also thought about their own SHOKUIKU promotion in relation to their major. Conclusions These results suggest that the students of the Food Course assumed that they would practice the evidence-based SHOKUIKU themselves, while the students of other courses learned new knowledge more passively. The results also confirmed that students comprehensively grasped the 12 omnibus-style lectures and understood the significance of evidence-based SHOKUIKU regardless of their major. Our original educational program could be valuable for postgraduate students to promote SHOKUIKU.

Previous studies have shown that α-tocopherol intake lowers phylloquinone (PK) concentration in some extrahepatic tissues in rats. The study's aim was to clarify the effect of α-tocopherol intake on vitamin K concentration in bone, as well as the physiological action of vitamin K. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. Over a 3-mo period, the K-free group was fed a vitamin K-free diet with 50 mg RRR-α-tocopherol/kg, the E-free group was fed a diet containing 0.75 mg PK/kg without vitamin E, the control group was fed a diet containing 0.75 mg PK/kg with 50 mg RRR-α-tocopherol/kg, and the E-excess group was fed a diet containing 0.75 mg PK/kg with 500 mg RRR-α-tocopherol/kg. PK concentration in the liver was higher in E-excess rats than in E-free rats, was lower in the tibias of control rats than in those of E-free rats, and was lower in E-excess rats than in control rats. Menaquinone-4 (MK-4) concentration in the liver was higher in E-excess rats than in E-free and control rats. However, MK-4 concentrations in the tibias of E-free, control, and E-excess rats were almost the same. Blood coagulation activity was lower in K-free rats than in the other rats but was not affected by the level of α-tocopherol intake. Additionally, dietary intake of PK and α-tocopherol did not affect uncarboxylated-osteocalcin concentration in the serum, femur density, or expression of the genes related to bone resorption and formation in the femur. These results suggest that α-tocopherol intake decreases PK concentration in bone but does not affect bone metabolism in rats.

The candidate tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A (Ras-association domain family 1, isoform A) is inactivated in many types of adult and childhood cancers. However, the mechanisms by which RASSF1A exerts tumor suppressive functions have yet to be elucidated. In this report, we sought to identify candidate proteins that interact with RASSF1A using proteomic screening. Using peptide mass fingerprinting, we identified protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a type II protein arginine N-methyltransferase that monomethylates and symmetrically dimethylates arginine residues, as a novel protein that interacts with RASSF1A. The association between the two proteins was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining. Co-expressing RASSF1A and PRMT5 led to a redistribution of PRMT5 from the cytosol to stabilized microtubules, where RASSF1A and PRMT5 became co-localized. Our results demonstrate that PRMT5 translocates to bundled microtubules on stabilization by RASSF1A expression. Our results show that the tumor suppressor RASSF1A interacts with PRMT5 in vivo and in vitro. Notably, this is the first demonstration of RASSF1A-dependent microtubule recruitment of PRMT5, suggesting a novel role for RASSF1A in the anchoring of cytosolic PRMT5 to microtubules.

Only limited information is available on agonist-dependent changes in the subcellular localization of vasopressin V1B receptors. Our radioligand binding study of membrane preparations and intact cells revealed that a large fraction of the V1B receptor is located in the cytoplasm in unstimulated CHO cells, which is in contrast to the plasma membrane localization of the V1A and V2 receptors. Moreover, when the affinity of radiolabeled arginine-vasopressin ([3H]AVP) was compared between membrane preparations and intact cells, the affinity of [3H]AVP to the cell surface V1B receptors, but not the V1A receptors, was significantly reduced. Although the number and affinity of cell surface V1B receptors decreased, they became extensively internalized upon binding with [3H]AVP. Approximately 87% of cell surface-bound [3H]AVP was internalized and became resistant to acid wash during incubation with 1 nM [3H]AVP. By contrast, less ligand (35%) was internalized in the cells expressing the V1A receptor. Extensive internalization of the V1B receptors was partially attenuated by inhibitors of cytoskeletal proteins, siRNA against β-arrestin 2, or the removal of sodium chloride from the extracellular buffer, indicating that this internalization involves clathrin-coated pits. Together, these results indicate that the mechanism that regulates the number and affinity of V1B receptors in the plasma membrane is markedly distinct from the corresponding mechanisms for the V1A and V2 receptors and plays a critical role under stress conditions, when vasopressin release is augmented.

Background: Animal studies on the effects of vitamin E on bone health have yielded conflicting and inconclusive results, and to our knowledge, no studies have addressed the effect of vitamin E on bone in animals consuming a high-fat diet (HFD).Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of excessive vitamin E on bone metabolism in normal male mice and ovariectomized female mice fed a normal diet (ND) or HFD.Methods: In the first 2 experiments, 7-wk-old male mice were fed an ND (16% energy from fat) containing 75 (control), 0 (vitamin E-free), or 1000 (high vitamin E) mg vitamin E/kg (experiment 1) or an HFD (46% energy from fat) containing 0, 200, 500, or 1000 mg vitamin E/kg (experiment 2) for 18 wk. In the third experiment, 7-wk-old sham-operated or ovariectomized female mice were fed the ND (75 mg vitamin E/kg) or HFD containing 0 or 1000 mg vitamin E/kg for 8 wk. At the end of the feeding period, blood and femurs were collected to measure bone turnover markers and analyze histology and microcomputed tomography.Results: In experiments 1 and 2, vitamin E intake had no effect on plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, or bone formation, resorption, or volume in femurs in mice fed the ND or HFDs. In experiment 3, bone volume was significantly reduced (85%) in ovariectomized mice compared with that in sham-operated mice (P < 0.05), but it did not differ among mice fed the 3 diets. Plasma ALP and TRAP activities and bone formation and resorption in femur were similar among ovariectomized mice fed the HFD containing 0 or 1000 mg vitamin E/kg.Conclusions: The results suggest that excess vitamin E intake does not cause bone loss in normal male mice or in ovariectomized or sham-operated female mice, regardless of dietary fat content.