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Aims Surveillance imaging is often used to detect remodelling, a change in cardiac geometry, and/or function; however, there are limited data in patients with chronic heart failure (HF). We sought to characterize cardiac remodelling in patients with chronic HF and evaluate its association with outcome. Methods and results A prospective cohort of patients at risk for HF or with chronic HF underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) at baseline and 1 year. Ventricular function, volumes, mass, left atrial volume, global longitudinal strain, and myocardial scar were measured. The primary outcome was a composite of death or cardiovascular hospitalization up to 5 years from the 1 year scan. Cox regression was used to identify 1 year CMR predictors of outcome after adjusting for baseline risk. A total of 262 patients (median age 68 years, 57% males) including 96 at risk for HF, 97 with HF and preserved ejection fraction, and 69 with HF and reduced ejection fraction were included. In the patients with HF, 55 events were identified during follow‐up. After adjustment for baseline clinical risk, Cox proportion hazard regressions only identified 1 year change in left ventricular (LV) mass index as a CMR predictor of outcome, adjusted hazard ratio 1.21 (1.02, 1.44) per 10% increase, P = 0.031. Cardiac remodelling defined as a 1 year change in LV mass index ≥15% was observed in 35% of patients with HF. Patients with adverse remodelling of LV mass index had more events on Kaplan–Meier analyses compared to those with no remodelling, log‐rank P = 0.004 for overall cohort, P = 0.035 for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and P = 0.035 for heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Conclusions Cardiac remodelling is common during serial CMR assessment of patients with chronic HF. Change in LV mass predicted long‐term outcomes whereas change in left ventricular ejection fraction did not.

Pentose is involved in the browning through the Maillard reaction of food derived of plant origin. During research on the Maillard reaction between xylose (Xyl) and lysine (Lys), we detected 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (HMFO) as a major decomposition product of Xyl. To clarify the chemical pathway of the browning of pentose system, the formation and decomposition of dicarbonyls from HMFO and Xyl were examined. In the HMFO system, HMFO was oxidatively hydrolyzed to form 2-hydroxy-3,4-dioxopentanal, which leads to the formation of methylglyoxal (MGO) and then diacetyl (DA). In the Xyl system, MGO was also the major dicarbonyl degradation product from 1-deoxyxylosone (1-DX). Among Xyl, HMFO, MGO, and DA, MGO turned brown most rapidly in the presence of Lys and formed melanoidin-like brown pigments. In the Xyl system, MGO derived from HMFO and 1-DX most contributed to the browning, although some low-molecular-weight pigments, a colorless polymer, and fluorescent substances were also formed.

In this study, we simultaneously determined three antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), using HPLC equipped both with a photodiode array detector and a fluorescence detector in 25 minutes per sample. Due to the combined use of the two detectors, we could achieve improved target selectivity. Further, quantification at the specific wavelengths for each target substance particularly increased BHT detection sensitivity. This approach enabled us to avoid repeated measurements during daily inspections. Furthermore, detections were performed using LC-MS/MS instead of GC-MS to overcome the problem of helium gas shortage.In addition, we investigated antioxidant stability in standard solutions during storage. Although TBHQ was stable in methanol with ascorbic acid at -20℃, ascorbic acid storage has possibility to lead to decrease in BHT and BHA concentrations. We recognized that the mixture of BHT and BHA dissolved in methanol at 4℃ and that of BHT, BHA and TBHQ dissolved in methanol with ascorbic acid at -20℃ were suitable for about one year.

Background Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is increasingly recognized as a heterogenous disease with distinct phenotypes on late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. While mid-wall striae (MWS) fibrosis is a widely recognized phenotypic risk marker, other fibrosis patterns are prevalent but poorly defined. Right ventricular (RV) insertion (RVI) site fibrosis is commonly seen, but without objective criteria has been considered a non-specific finding. In this study we developed objective criteria for RVI fibrosis and studied its clinical relevance in a large cohort of patients with DCM. Methods We prospectively enrolled 645 DCM patients referred for LGE-CMR. All underwent standardized imaging protocols and baseline health evaluations. LGE images were blindly scored using objective criteria, inclusive of RVI site and MWS fibrosis. Associations between LGE patterns and CMR-based markers of adverse chamber remodeling were evaluated. Independent associations of LGE fibrosis patterns with the primary composite clinical outcome of heart failure admission or death were determined by multivariable analysis. Results The mean age was 56 ± 14 (28% female) with a mean left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) of 37%. At a median of 1061 days, 129 patients (20%) experienced the primary outcome. Any abnormal LGE was present in 306 patients (47%), inclusive of 274 (42%) meeting criteria for RVI site fibrosis and 167 (26%) for MWS fibrosis. All with MWS fibrosis showed RVI site fibrosis. Solitary RVI site fibrosis was associated with higher bi-ventricular volumes [LV end-systolic volume index (78 ± 39 vs. 66 ± 33 ml/m2, p = 0.01), RV end-diastolic volume index (94 ± 28 vs. 84 ± 22 ml/m2 (p 2, p Conclusions RVI site fibrosis in the absence of MWS fibrosis is associated with bi-ventricular remodelling and intermediate risk of heart failure admission or death. Our study findings suggest RVI site fibrosis to be pre-requisite for the incremental development of MWS fibrosis, a more advanced phenotype associated with greater LV remodeling and risk of clinical events.

In this study we aimed to investigate left atrial (LA) function, measured from routine cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, to determine its value for the prediction of sudden cardiac death (SCD) or appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shock in patients who received primary prevention ICD implantation.We studied 203 patients with ischemic or idiopathic nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy who underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging before primary prevention ICD implantation. LA volumes were measured at end-diastole and end-systole from 4- and 2-chamber cine images, and LA emptying function (LAEF) calculated. Patients were followed for the primary composite end point of SCD or appropriate ICD shock.Mean age was 61 ± 12 years with a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 24 ± 7%. The mean LAEF was 27 ± 15% (range, 0.9%-73%). At a median follow-up of 1639 days, 35 patients (17%) experienced the primary composite outcome. LAEF was strongly associated with the primary outcome (P = 0.001); patients with an LAEF ≤ 30% experienced a cumulative event rate of 26.1% vs 5.7% (hazard ratio, 5.5; P0.001) in patients above this cutoff. This finding was maintained in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio, 4.7; P = 0.002) and was consistently shown in the ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy subgroups.LAEF is a simple, powerful, and independent predictor of SCD in patients being referred for primary prevention ICD implantation.

Aims In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), a transmural gradient of myocardial perfusion has been repeatedly observed, with the subendocardial layer showing more pronounced perfusion deficits. Oxygenation-sensitive cardiovascular magnetic resonance (OS-CMR) allows for monitoring transmural changes of myocardial oxygenation in vivo. We hypothesized that OS-CMR could help identify a transmural oxygenation gradient as a disease marker in patients at risk for CAD. Methods and results We assessed 34 patients with known CAD and 28 subjects with coronary risk factors but no evidence of significant CAD. Results were compared with 11 healthy volunteers. OS-CMR was performed at 1.5 T, applying a T2*-weighted cine steady state free precession sequence at baseline and during infusion of adenosine. A reader blinded to patient data quantified the relative change of myocardial oxygenation in OS-CMR, defined by the change of signal intensity (ΔSI%) between baseline and during adenosine infusion in the entire myocardium, the subepicardial layer, and the subendocardial layer. SI changes were homogenous throughout the myocardium in healthy subjects, whereas both, patients with risk factors only and patients with CAD, had a significantly smaller ΔSI% in the subendocardial layer than in the subendocardial layer. Both patient groups had an overall decreased ΔSI% across all layers when compared with healthy subjects (P < 0.05). Conclusion Even in the absence of overt CAD, cardiovascular risk factors are associated with a transmural gradient of the myocardial oxygenation response to adenosine as assessed by OS-CMR. An inducible transmural oxygenation gradient may serve as a non-invasive marker for cardiovascular risk.

Background The overlap between cancer and cardiovascular care continues to expand, with intersections emerging before, during, and following cancer therapies. To date, emphasis has been placed on how cancer therapeutics influence downstream cardiac health. However, whether active malignancy itself influences chamber volumes, function, or overall myocardial tissue health remains uncertain. We sought to perform a comprehensive cardiovascular magnetic resonance‐based evaluation of cardiac health in patients with chemotherapy‐naïve cancer with comparison with a healthy volunteer population. Methods and Results Three‐hundred and eighty‐one patients with active breast cancer or lymphoma before cardiotoxic chemotherapy exposure were recruited in addition to 102 healthy volunteers. Both cohorts underwent standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging with quantification of chamber volumes, ejection fraction, and native myocardial T1. Left ventricular mechanics were incrementally assessed using three‐dimensional myocardial deformation analysis, providing global longitudinal, circumferential, radial, and principal peak‐systolic strain amplitude and systolic strain rate. The mean age of patients with cancer was 53.8±13.4 years; 79% being women. Despite similar left ventricular ejection fraction, patients with cancer showed smaller chambers, increased strain amplitude, and systolic strain rate in both conventional and principal directions, and elevated native T1 versus sex‐matched healthy volunteers. Adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, the presence of cancer remained associated with these cardiovascular magnetic resonance parameters. Conclusions The presence of cancer is independently associated with alterations in cardiac chamber size, function, and objective markers of tissue health. Dedicated research is warranted to elucidate pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying these findings and to explore their relevance to the management of patients with cancer referred for cardiotoxic therapies.

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL) is a rare subtype of peripheral T-cell lymphoma that occurs most often in adolescents and young adults and is rare in children. Because of the aggressive clinical course, resistance to conventional chemotherapy and poor prognosis of HSTCL, an effective treatment has not been established. We report the case of a 3-year-old girl with HSTCL presenting with trilineage myelodysplasia. Although the HSTCL was refractory to conventional chemotherapy, remission was achieved with salvage chemotherapy that included fludarabine and cytarabine, which were shown to be effective in the drug sensitivity assay. After undergoing umbilical cord blood transplantation with a conditioning regimen consisting of etoposide, cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation, the patient has remained in complete remission for 8 years. Single-nucleotide polymorphism array analysis revealed heterozygous deletions of PAX5 (9p), ETV6 (12p) and homozygous deletions of CDKN2A (9p). Exome analysis showed a heterozygous nonsense c.2961CG (p.Tyr987Ter) variant of the KMT2C gene. To improve the poor prognosis of HSTCL, the chemotherapeutic regimen can be selected for each patient on the basis of drug sensitivity and molecular genetic characteristics.

Background: There is increasing evidence that right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) may provide incremental value to left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction for the prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events. To date, generalizable utility for RVEF quantification in patients with cardiovascular disease has not been established. Using a large prospective clinical outcomes registry, we investigated the prognostic value of RVEF for the prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events- and heart failure-related outcomes. Methods: Seven thousand one hundred thirty-one consecutive patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease undergoing cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging were prospectively enrolled. Multichamber volumetric quantification was performed by standardized operational procedures. Patients were followed for the primary composite outcome of all-cause death, survived cardiac arrest, admission for heart failure, need for transplantation or LV assist device, acute coronary syndrome, need for revascularization, stroke, or transient ischemic attack. A secondary, heart failure focused outcome of heart failure admission, need for transplantation/LV assist device or death was also studied. Results: Mean age was 54±15 years. The mean LV ejection fraction was 55±14% (range 6%–90%) with a mean RVEF of 54±10% (range 9%–87%). At a median follow-up of 908 days, 870 (12%) patients experienced the primary composite outcome and 524 (7%) the secondary outcome. Each 10% drop in RVEF was associated with a 1.3-fold increased risk of the primary outcome ( P P P Conclusions: RVEF is a powerful and independent predictor of major adverse cardiac events with broad generalizability across patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. These findings support migration towards biventricular phenotyping for the classification of risk in clinical practice. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT04367220.

Background Global longitudinal strain (GLS), most commonly measured at the endocardium, has been shown to be superior to left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) for the identification of systolic dysfunction and prediction of outcomes in heart failure (HF). We hypothesized that strains measured at different myocardial layers (endocardium = ENDO, epicardium = EPI, average = AVE) will have distinct diagnostic and predictive performance for patients with HF. Methods Layer-specific GLS, layer-specific global circumferential strain (GCS) and global radial strain (GRS) were evaluated by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) feature tracking in the Alberta HEART study. A total of 453 subjects consisted of healthy controls (controls, n = 77), at-risk for HF (at-risk, n = 143), HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF, n = 87), HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF, n = 88) and HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF, n = 58). For outcomes analysis, CMR-derived imaging parameters were adjusted with a base model that included age and N-terminal prohormone of b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) to test their independent association with 5-year all-cause mortality. Results GLS_EPI distinguished all groups with preserved LVEF (controls − 16.5 ± 2.4% vs. at-risk − 15.5 ± 2.7% vs. HFpEF − 14.1 ± 3.0%, p Conclusion Global strains measured on endocardium, epicardium or averaged across the wall thickness are not equivalent for the identification of systolic dysfunction or outcomes prediction in HF. The endocardium-specific strains were shown to have poorest all-around performance. GLS_AVE and GRS were the only CMR parameters to be significantly associated with 5-year all-cause mortality in multivariable analysis. GLS_EPI and GRS, as well as the difference in endocardial and epicardial strains, were sensitive to systolic dysfunction among HF patients with normal LVEF (> 55%), in whom lower strains were associated with increased concentricity.

Background: Cancer Therapeutics-related Cardiac Dysfunction (CTRCD) is defined by an interval drop in contractile performance to below reference lower limits of normal. This definition assumes healthy reference data appropriately represent referral populations with active cancer. However, the influence of active cancer on cardiac chamber volumes and contractile performance has not been established. Using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), we studied chamber volume- and deformation-based markers in ~400 cancer patients with comparison to ~100 healthy controls. Methods: 394 active cancer patients referred for first-time anthracycline-based chemotherapy and 102 healthy volunteers (HV) were recruited. Both underwent identical CMR protocols with quantification of chamber volumes and ejection fraction (EF). Left ventricular (LV) mechanics were also assessed by 3D myocardial deformation analysis (3D-MDA), providing global longitudinal, circumferential, radial and principal peak-systolic strain amplitude and rate. Results: The mean age was 53.8±13 years (78% female), with 64% having breast cancer and 36% lymphoma. Table 1 summarizes CMR findings of cancer patients versus HV, stratified by sex. Chamber volumes were significantly smaller while LV mass was significantly greater versus HV. LV EF and global longitudinal (GLS) were similar. However, cancer patients demonstrated significantly higher radial, circumferential and maximal principal strain amplitude. Peak-systolic strain rates were also consistently elevated. Conclusion: Chemotherapy-naïve cancer patients have smaller chamber volumes, greater LV mass, and higher radial, circumferential, and maximal principal strain versus healthy subjects. LV EF and peak GLS remain similar, and therefore are most appropriate to define CTRCD. However, an altered state of cardiac health is apparent by all other CMR-based markers, reflecting a unique cardiac phenotype of patients with active cancer.

Background Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity worldwide and impose the highest economic burden among noncommunicable diseases. Much of these costs are related to hospitalizations for adverse cardiovascular events, which may be reduced by targeted management of high-risk patients. Cardiac markers derived from CMR imaging have been shown to be strong independent predictors of prognosis within specific cohorts. However, its capacity to broadly contribute to risk models aimed at predicting incident cardiac hospitalization has not been demonstrated. Purpose Using a large clinical outcomes registry of patients clinically referred for CMR, develop and validate a nomogram for prediction of cardiovascular hospital admission. Methods A total of 7127 consecutive patients were prospectively recruited between 02/2015 and 07/2019. All patients completed standardized health questionnaires and CMR imaging protocols. A nomogram was developed for prediction of cardiovascular hospitalization, inclusive of admission for heart failure, MI, cardiac arrest, heart transplant, LVAD implantation, or stroke. The risk model was derived from 80% (n=5702) of the cohort using Cox modelling that included CMR, medication, laboratory, and patient-reported health variables. Model validation was assessed by discrimination and calibration procedures applied to the remaining 20% of patients (n=1425). A minimum follow-up of six months was mandated. Results The derivation cohort was comprised of 38% females with a median age of 56 (IQR 44–65) years. During a median follow-up of 934 days, 514 (9.0%) events occurred. The validation cohort was similarly comprised of 37% females with a median age of 57 (IQR 44–66) years. During a median follow-up of 970 days, 142 (10.0%) events occurred. Numerous CMR parameters were significantly different between those experiencing versus not experiencing the primary composite outcome, including: LVEF (44% vs 59%, p Conclusion Using data available at time of CMR imaging, we derived and validated a Cox-based nomogram that offers robust prediction of future cardiovascular admissions. This tool may provide value for the identification of patients who may benefit from targeted surveillance and management strategies, and may offer a foundation for improved patient-specific cost modelling. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Background Right ventricular (RV) function remains poorly recognized for its value in predicting cardiovascular events at a population level. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imaging is the gold standard for RV assessment. Purpose To define the independent prognostic value of RVEF for the prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) as primary outcome in patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. Methods Data was obtained from the Cardiovascular Imaging Registry of Calgary (CIROC). Patients underwent standardized CMR imaging protocols and analysis. Clinical events were identified from administrative data. Results 7,131 patients were included. 870 primary outcome events occurred over 2.5 years follow-up. RVEF provided equivalent predictive utility versus LVEF (Table 1). There was an increase in events with worsening severity of RVEF (Figure 1), with a significant “threshold-effect” at an RVEF of 40%. Conclusions RVEF is a strong and independent predictor of MACE at a population level. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Aims Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is the most common form of myocardial remodelling and predicts adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, sex-specific prevalence and prognostic significance of LVH patterns are poorly understood. We investigated the sex-specific influence of LVH pattern on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and coronary angiography following adjustment for co-morbidities including CAD burden. Methods and results Patients undergoing CMR and coronary angiography between 2005 and 2013 were included. Volumetric measurements of left ventricular (LV) mass with classification of concentric vs. eccentric remodelling patterns were determined from CMR cine images. Multivariable Cox analysis was performed to assess independent associations with the primary outcome of all-cause mortality. In total, 3754 patients were studied (mean age 59.3 ± 13.1 years), including 1039 (27.7%) women. Women were more likely to have concentric remodelling (8.1% vs. 2.1%, P Conclusion Patterns of LV remodelling differ by sex and LVH and provides prognostic information in both men and women. Our findings support the presence of sex-specific factors influencing LV remodelling.

Two-dimensional (2D) strain analysis is constrained by geometry-dependent reference directions of deformation (i.e. radial, circumferential, and longitudinal) following the assumption of cylindrical chamber architecture. Three-dimensional (3D) principal strain analysis may overcome such limitations by referencing intrinsic (i.e. principal) directions of deformation. This study aimed to demonstrate clinical feasibility of 3D principal strain analysis from routine 2D cine MRI with validation to strain from 2D tagged cine analysis and 3D speckle tracking echocardiography. Thirty-one patients undergoing cardiac MRI were studied. 3D strain was measured from routine, multi-planar 2D cine SSFP images using custom software designed to apply 4D deformation fields to 3D cardiac models to derive principal strain. Comparisons of strain estimates versus those by 2D tagged cine, 2D non-tagged cine (feature tracking), and 3D speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) were performed. Mean age was 51 ± 14 (36% female). Mean LV ejection fraction was 66 ± 10% (range 37–80%). 3D principal strain analysis was feasible in all subjects and showed high inter- and intra-observer reproducibility (ICC range 0.83–0.97 and 0.83–0.98, respectively—p

We sought to examine whether elongation of the mitral valve leaflets in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is synergistic to septal wall thickness (SWT) in the development of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). HCM is a common genetic cardiac disease characterized by asymmetric septal hypertrophy and predisposition towards LVOTO. It has been reported that elongation of the mitral valve leaflets may be a primary phenotypic feature and contribute to LVOTO. However, the relative contribution of this finding versus SWT has not been studied. 152 patients (76 with HCM and 76 non-diseased age, race and BSA-matched controls) and 18 young, healthy volunteers were studied. SWT and the anterior mitral valve leaflet length (AMVLL) were measured using cine MRI. The combined contribution of these variables (SWT × AMVLL) was described as the Septal Anterior Leaflet Product (SALP). Peak LVOT pressure gradient was determined by Doppler interrogation and defined as “obstructive” if ≥ 30 mmHg. Patients with HCM were confirmed to have increased AMVLL compared with controls and volunteers (p

Background Standardized patient phenotyping using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has been shown to be of clinical value for prediction of adverse events in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Studies have validated the prognostic capacity of function (LV, RV and LA) and replacement fibrosis burden in patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. The translation and validation of routine CMR-based phenotyping into clinical practice has yet to be demonstrated in prospective studies. Purpose This study was designed to explore feasibility and prognostic value of routine CMR-based patient phenotyping in a high-volume clinical referral center for patients with HFrEF. Methods One thousand three hundred and ninety-three consecutive patients with chronic HFrEF were prospectively recruited between January 2015 and June 2018. Chronic HFrEF was defined by LVEF≤50% by CMR, with no recent (within 90 days) acute myocardial infarction or myocarditis diagnosis. Patients with congenital heart disease and those without LGE CMR protocol were excluded. All patients underwent standardized CMR protocols with multi-chamber volumetric analysis and regional myocardial fibrosis coding. Pharmacy, ECG, laboratory and patient reported data was used for statistical modelling. A minimum three-month follow-up was mandated to identify the composite clinical outcome of heart failure hospitalization or death. Results The cohort had a median age of 61 years with 23% being female. The median follow-up was 737 days with 146 patients (10.5%) experiencing the composite outcome. Numerous imaging and non-imaging variables were significantly different between patients with and without the composite outcome, including: median LVEF (32% vs 39%, p Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility and prognostic value of automated patient phenotyping that captures patient reported data, imaging, and administrative data for risk prediction modelling in HFrEF. The incremental application of machine learning is being explored. Acknowledgement/Funding J White: Early Investigator Award (Heart and Stroke Foundation of Alberta), Calgary Health Trust

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is commonly used to diagnose acute myocarditis. However, the natural history of CMR-based tissue markers and their association with left ventricular recovery is poorly explored. We prospectively investigated the natural history of CMR-based myocardial injury and chamber remodeling over 12 months in patients with suspected acute myocarditis.One hundred patients with suspected acute myocarditis were enrolled. All underwent CMR evaluations at baseline and 12 months, inclusive of T2 and late gadolinium enhancement. Blinded quantitative analyses compared left ventricular chamber volumes, function, myocardial edema, and necrosis at each time point using predefined criteria. The predefined primary outcomes were improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction ≥10% and improvement in the indexed left ventricular end diastolic volume ≥10% at 12 months.The mean age was 39.9±14.5 years (82 male) with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction of 57.1±11.2%. A total of 72 patients (72%) showed late gadolinium enhancement at baseline with 57 (57%) having any T2 signal elevation. Left ventricular volumes and EF improved significantly at 12 months. Global late gadolinium enhancement extent dropped from 8.5±9.2% of left ventricular mass to 3.0±5.2% ( P=0.0001) with prevalence of any late gadolinium enhancement dropping to 48%. Reductions in global T2 signal ratio occurred at 12 months (1.85±0.3 to 1.56±0.2; P=0.0001) with prevalence of T2 ratio ≥2.0 dropping to 7%. Neither marker provided associations with the primary outcomes.In clinically suspected acute myocarditis, significant reductions in tissue injury markers occur during the first 12 months of convalescence. Neither the presence nor extent of the investigated CMR-based tissue injury markers were predictive of our pre-defined function or remodeling outcomes at 12 months in this referral population.

Background: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is commonly used to diagnose acute myocarditis. However, the natural history of CMR-based tissue markers and their association with left ventricular recovery is poorly explored. We prospectively investigated the natural history of CMR-based myocardial injury and chamber remodeling over 12 months in patients with suspected acute myocarditis. Methods: One hundred patients with suspected acute myocarditis were enrolled. All underwent CMR evaluations at baseline and 12 months, inclusive of T2 and late gadolinium enhancement. Blinded quantitative analyses compared left ventricular chamber volumes, function, myocardial edema, and necrosis at each time point using predefined criteria. The predefined primary outcomes were improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction ≥10% and improvement in the indexed left ventricular end diastolic volume ≥10% at 12 months. Results: The mean age was 39.9±14.5 years (82 male) with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction of 57.1±11.2%. A total of 72 patients (72%) showed late gadolinium enhancement at baseline with 57 (57%) having any T2 signal elevation. Left ventricular volumes and EF improved significantly at 12 months. Global late gadolinium enhancement extent dropped from 8.5±9.2% of left ventricular mass to 3.0±5.2% ( P =0.0001) with prevalence of any late gadolinium enhancement dropping to 48%. Reductions in global T2 signal ratio occurred at 12 months (1.85±0.3 to 1.56±0.2; P =0.0001) with prevalence of T2 ratio ≥2.0 dropping to 7%. Neither marker provided associations with the primary outcomes. Conclusions: In clinically suspected acute myocarditis, significant reductions in tissue injury markers occur during the first 12 months of convalescence. Neither the presence nor extent of the investigated CMR-based tissue injury markers were predictive of our pre-defined function or remodeling outcomes at 12 months in this referral population.

Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of death. Tissue remodeling and fibrosis results in cardiac pump dysfunction and ischemic heart failure. Cardiac fibroblasts may rebuild damaged tissues when prompted by suitable environmental cues. Here, we use acellular biologic extracellular matrix scaffolds (bioscaffolds) to stimulate pathways of muscle repair and restore tissue function. We show that acellular bioscaffolds with bioinductive properties can redirect cardiac fibroblasts to rebuild microvascular networks and avoid tissue fibrosis. Specifically, when human cardiac fibroblasts are combined with bioactive scaffolds, gene expression is upregulated and paracrine mediators are released that promote vasculogenesis and prevent scarring. We assess these properties in rodents with myocardial infarction and observe bioscaffolds to redirect fibroblasts, reduce tissue fibrosis and prevent maladaptive structural remodeling. Our preclinical data confirms that acellular bioscaffold therapy provides an appropriate microenvironment to stimulate pathways of functional repair. We translate our observations to patients with coronary heart disease by conducting a first-in-human observational cohort study. We show that bioscaffold therapy is associated with improved perfusion of infarcted myocardium, reduced myocardial scar burden, and reverse structural remodeling. We establish that clinical use of acellular bioscaffolds is feasible and offers a new frontier to enhance surgical revascularization of ischemic heart muscle.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by myocardial disarray, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. Reduced global longitudinal strain and presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) have been associated with an adverse prognosis. This study evaluated 3D principal and conventional strain characteristics of non-enhanced myocardium in patients with HCM. 3D principal and conventional strain analysis was conducted in 51 HCM patients and 38 healthy controls. Principal strain was reduced within the non-enhanced myocardium of HCM as compared with controls (maximum principal: 51.5 ± 23.7 vs. 75.1 ± 21.4%, P < 0.0001; minimum principal: - 18.4 ± 4.0 vs. - 20.1 ± 2.9%, P < 0.05). Principal strain within the non-enhanced myocardium was incrementally reduced in HCM patients with extensive global LGE ( ≥ 15%) (maximum principal: 41.6 ± 17.5 vs. 56.9 ± 25.9%, P < 0.05; minimum principal: - 16.9 ± 3.9 vs. - 19.1 ± 4.0%, P = 0.1), as was longitudinal ( - 10.5 ± 2.6 vs. - 12.7 ± 2.6%, P < 0.05) and circumferential strain ( - 11.0 ± 2.7 vs. - 14.0 ± 2.9%, P < 0.01). Principal strain within non-enhanced myocardium was significantly correlated with indexed LV mass (P < 0.0001), maximum (P = 0.0008), and mean wall thickness (P < 0.0001), but not LGE (P = 0.0841). In adjusted analysis, all strain measures within non-enhanced myocardium were independently associated with indexed LV mass (maximum principal: P = 0.0003; minimum principal: P = 0.0039; longitudinal: P = 0.0015; circumferential: P = 0.0002; radial: P = 0.0023). 3D principal strain of non-enhanced myocardium was significantly reduced in HCM patients as compared with controls, and was incrementally reduced among patients with more extensive global LGE. Comprehensive strain assessment may be considered in routine CMR assessment of HCM patients.

Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic, has been used for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the underlying mechanism of the broad therapeutic range of quetiapine remains unknown. We previously reported that several aversive conditions affect dorsal/ventral hippocampal neurogenesis differentially. This study was aimed to elucidate the positive effects of chronic treatment with quetiapine on regional differences in hippocampal proliferation and immature neurons and behavioral changes under psychosocial stress using the Resident-Intruder paradigm. Twenty-three male Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered a vehicle or quetiapine (10 mg/kg) once daily for 28 days. Two weeks after starting the injections, animals were exposed to intermittent social defeat (four times over two weeks). The behavioral effects of stress and quetiapine were evaluated by the Novelty-Suppressed Feeding (NSF) test. The stereological quantification of hippocampal neurogenesis was estimated using immunostaining with Ki-67 and doublecortin (DCX). Chronic quetiapine treatment stimulated the Ki-67- and DCX-positive cells in the dorsal hippocampus, but not in the ventral subregion. The stress-induced changes in neurogenesis and hyponeophagic behavior were not reversed by repeated administration of quetiapine. Future study with additional behavioral tests is needed to elucidate the functional significance of the quetiapine-induced increase in dorsal hippocampal neurogenesis.

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a significant contributor to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and is appreciating expanding therapeutic options. Non-invasive tools aimed at accurate identification and surveillance of therapeutic response are of immediate and expanding need. While native and post-contrast T1 mapping quantify expansion of the extra-cellular compartment from amyloid protein deposition, 3D strain analysis of non-contrast cine images offers unique advantages relevant to high prevalence of renal insufficiency in this population and reduced dependency on field strength, pulse sequence, and vendor implementation. We aimed to evaluate global and segmental associations between 3D strain and T1 mapping in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Twenty consecutive patients with confirmed CA were recruited and underwent a standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging protocol at 3 T including using multi-planar cine imaging and T1 mapping using a shortened modified look-locker inversion recovery sequence. T1 mapping was performed pre- and (when permitted by renal function) post-contrast and measured for segmental T1 values. Spatially-matched 3D strain-based measures were similarly calculated. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 61 ± 21% (range 30-73%). Mean global native T1 was 1308 ± 96 ms. Post-contrast T1 and partition coefficient were 558 ± 104 ms and 0.85 ± 0.31, respectively. Global myocardial strain values were 8.1 ± 2.9% in the longitudinal direction, - 9.2 ± 3.4% in the circumferential direction, and 41.7 ± 22.8% in the maximum principal direction. Segmental analyses confirmed relative worsening in T1 values and reductions in strain values in the basal myocardial segments with relative sparing of the apical segments. Significant associations between T1 and strain-based measures were observed globally and segmentally, with the strongest associations found both globally and segmentally in the circumferential and minimum principal directions of deformation. This study identifies strong associations between 3D myocardial strain and T1-mapping based markers of regional amyloid protein deposition. These findings support expanded investigation of myocardial strain as a surrogate marker of response to novel therapeutic strategies in patients with cardiac amyloidosis.

Understanding cardiac MR TTo evaluate the effects of gender, age, and presence of heart failure risk factors on myocardial native TRetrospective, cross-sectional, observational study.Secondary analysis of cardiac MR data, separated by gender and health status, based on the presence of at least one heart failure risk factor.Cardiac MR imaging at 1.5T, including TInterventricular septal region-of-interest analysis for assessment of native T1 and ECV.Group comparisons performed using Student t-test, or nonparametric equivalent. Linear regression was used to assess relationships between age and TNative TNative T3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1307-1317.

Inflammation that occurs following acute myocardial infarction plays a pivotal role in "healing" by facilitating the creation of a supportive scar. (18)F-FDG, which is taken up avidly by macrophages, has been proposed as a marker of cell-based inflammation. However, its reliability as an accurate indicator of inflammation has not been established, particularly in the early post infarction period when regional myocardial perfusion is often severely compromised. METHODS: Nine adult dogs underwent left anterior descending coronary occlusion with or without reperfusion. Animals were imaged between 7 to 21 days post infarction with Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET/MRI) following: a) bolus injection of Gd-DTPA, b) bolus injection of (18)F-FDG, c) bolus injection of 99Tc-DTPA to simulate the distribution of Gd-DTPA (which represents its partition coefficient in well perfused tissue) and d) the injection of (111)Indium-labeled white blood cells 24 hours earlier. Following sacrifice, myocardial tissue concentrations of (18)F, (111)In and 99Tc were determined in a well counter. Linear regression analysis evaluated the relationships between a) the concentrations of (111)In vs (18)F and b) the dependence of the ratio of (111)In/(18)F to the apparent distribution volume of (99m)Tc-DTPA. RESULTS: In seven of the nine animals (111)In increased as (18)F increased with the other two animals showing weak negative slopes. With respect to the dependence of (111)In/(18)F with partition coefficient four animals showed no dependence and four showed a week positive slope with one animal showing a negative slope. Further, in regions of extensive microvascular obstruction, (18)F significantly underestimated the extent of the presence of (111)In. CONCLUSION: In the early post myocardial infarction period, PET (18)F-FDG imaging following a single bolus administration may underestimate the extent and degree of inflammation within regions of microvascular obstruction.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common genetic disorder associated with elevated risk of lethal ventricular arrhythmias. While the absence of myocardial fibrosis on late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) appears to identify lower risk individuals, approximately two

Objectives The goal of this study was to assess associations between left ventricular (LV) mass, all-cause mortality, and need for revascularization in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Background LV hypertrophy is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in healthy subjects. However, its influence in those with known or suspected coronary artery disease is poorly understood. Methods A total of 3,754 patients (mean age 59.3 ± 13.1 years) undergoing invasive coronary angiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) (mean interval 1.0 ± 1.5 months) were studied. LV mass and volumes were determined from cine images and indexed to body surface area. Analyses were adjusted for CMR variables, medical comorbidities, and severity of coronary artery disease (Duke Jeopardy Score) and were stratified to LV function. Results At a median of 44.9 months, 315 patients (8.4%) died and 168 patients (4.5%) underwent revascularization. Multivariable analysis showed that each 10 g/m 2 increase in LV mass index was associated with a 6% greater risk of mortality (hazard ratio: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 to 1.11; p = 0.02) and a 10% greater need for revascularization (hazard ratio: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.17; p 35% with respective hazard ratios of 2.93 (95% CI: 1.92 to 4.47) and 2.20 (95% CI: 1.21 to 3.98). Conclusions LV mass index is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and need for revascularization. This finding establishes relevance for LV mass measurements in clinical decision-making surrounding both the need and timing of revascularization in this population.

Background— Left ventricular ejection fraction remains the primary risk stratification tool used in the selection of patients for implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. However, this solitary marker fails to identify a substantial portion of patients experiencing sudden cardiac arrest. In this study, we examined the incremental value of considering right ventricular ejection fraction for the prediction of future arrhythmic events in patients with systolic dysfunction using the gold standard of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Methods and Results— Three hundred fourteen consecutive patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy or nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiovascular magnetic resonance were followed for the primary outcome of sudden cardiac arrest or appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. Blinded quantification of left ventricular and right ventricular (RV) volumes was performed from standard cine imaging. Quantification of fibrosis from late gadolinium enhancement imaging was incrementally performed. RV dysfunction was defined as right ventricular ejection fraction ≤45%. Among all patients (164 ischemic cardiomyopathy, 150 nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy), the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 32±12% (range, 6–54%) with mean right ventricular ejection fraction of 48±15% (range, 7–78%). At a median of 773 days, 49 patients (15.6%) experienced the primary outcome (9 sudden cardiac arrest, 40 appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapies). RV dysfunction was independently predictive of the primary outcome (hazard ratio=2.98; P =0.002). Among those with a left ventricular ejection fraction >35% (N=121; mean left ventricular ejection fraction, 45±6%), RV dysfunction provided an adjusted hazard ratio of 4.2 ( P =0.02). Conclusions— RV dysfunction is a strong, independent predictor of arrhythmic events. Among patients with mild to moderate LV dysfunction, a cohort greatly contributing to global sudden cardiac arrest burden, this marker provides robust discrimination of high- versus low-risk subjects.

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is commonly used to diagnose acute myocarditis. However, the natural history of CMR-based tissue markers and their association with left ventricular (LV) recovery is poorly explored. We prospectively investigated the natural history of CMR-based myocardial

Background Postconditioning is a potential cardioprotective strategy that has demonstrated conflicting and variable reductions in infarct size in human trials. Objectives To determine whether postconditioning could increase the extent of myocardial salvage in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Methods One hundred two patients (aged 57 ± 11 years; 88% male) were randomly assigned to a postconditioning or standard protocol. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging was performed 3 days after PPCI to measure the volumetric extent of myocardial necrosis and the area at risk. Results With similar time-to-reperfusion (170 ± 84 minutes in the postconditioning group vs. 150 ± 70 minutes in the standard group, P = 0.22), the myocardial salvage index was not significantly different between the postconditioned group and the control group, averaging 42 ± 22% vs. 33 ± 21%, respectively (P = 0.08). Furthermore, postconditioning was not associated with a smaller infarct size compared to controls (13 ± 7 g/m2 vs. 15 ± 8 g/m2, respectively, P = 0.18). Conclusions Postconditioning does not significantly increase myocardial salvage or reduce infarct size in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI. However, the possibility of a more modest impact of postconditioning cannot be excluded with our sample size. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:482-490)