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This study aimed to describe the association of healthy eating literacy (HEL) with energy, nutrients, and food consumption in young women who had normal and lean weight at a Japanese university, considering their resident status.Cross-sectional data from the Ochanomizu Health Study were used in this study. Participants answered a self-administered, two-part, anonymous survey in 2018 and 2019. A total of 203 female undergraduate students with lean and normal body mass index (BMI) were included in the analysis. Single and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the association of HEL and resident status with healthy food consumption, such as vegetables, fish, and shellfish. The dependent variables were HEL and resident status, and the covariates were age, BMI, and the total metabolic equivalents.The median (25th and 75th percentiles) age, BMI, and total HEL score were 20 (19, 21) years, 20.2 (18.9, 21.3) kg/mThis study provides an insight into the association between HEL and dietary consumption in young women with normal and lean BMI.

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mindful eating and nutritional intake, food consumption, and healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns in young Japanese women. The sample comprised 215 female undergraduates who responded to a two-questionnaire anonymous survey conducted in Tokyo, Japan in 2018 and 2019 from November to December. We measured mindful eating status using the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES) and used Japanese plant-based dietary indices to determine plant-based dietary patterns. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to determine the correlation of mindful eating with energy and nutrient intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns, after adjusting for demographics and body mass index. Participants with higher sub-scores in “health of the planet” and “awareness and appreciation for food” ate higher quantities of several micronutrients and plant-based foods and were more likely to have a healthful plant-based dietary pattern. They were also less likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. In contrast, participants with higher scores in “non-judgmental awareness” ate less protein, whole grains, and vegetables, and were likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. This study is the first to show that young Japanese women with normal or lean body weight were more likely to consume healthful plant-based foods when they ate mindfully. Opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.

Background Sensory differences are related to the autistic traits, and previous studies have shown a positive correlation between sensory differences and internalizing problems. In this study, we hypothesized that sensory differences and suffering due to sensory differences mediates the relationships between autistic traits and internalizing problems. Methods A total of 346 female Japanese university students completed questionnaires regarding their autistic traits, suffering due to sensory differences, and internalizing problems. Moreover, 114 participants completed a questionnaire related to sensory differences. Results Autistic traits were correlated with Low Registration and Sensation Avoiding. These sensory differences were also correlated with suffering due to sensory differences and internalizing problems. Moreover, path analysis indicated that the higher the suffering due to Low Registration and Sensation Avoiding was, the greater the internalizing problems in those who showed these sensory differences. Conclusions Female university students with serious suffering due to sensory differences may need support in managing their suffering and internalizing problems. Further research will help suggest support that these people require, at school and elsewhere.

Job-searching following involuntary job loss is critical. However, as lifetime employment is a defining characteristic in Japan, few empirical studies have examined job-search behaviors after involuntary job loss. To fill this gap in the literature, a survey of 400 unemployed individuals explored the relationship between job-search behaviors and life satisfaction, including investigating self-efficacy, support, work volition, and dispositional optimism. Path analyses found that life satisfaction was predicted by optimism, job-search self-efficacy, and work volition, while job-search behaviors were facilitated by support and self-efficacy. No significant associations were found between job-search behaviors and life satisfaction. Results suggest that job-search interventions attempting to improve an individual’s optimism, feelings that the job search will be successful, and perceived support can facilitate job-search behaviors.

A 56-year-old woman visited an oral surgery clinic in October X with sudden pain in the left mandible. She was diagnosed with left mandibular osteomyelitis based on head computed tomography examination findings. The pain did not reduce even with amoxicillin and loxoprofen sodium hydrate. The patient was then referred to our clinic for treatment. Hainosankyuto (7.5 g/d), loxoprofen sodium hydrate (180 mg/d), and mecobalamin (1500 μg/d) alleviated the pain. However, numbness and tingling pain in the left part of the chin increased. Pregabalin 50 mg/d was then prescribed and then increased from 50 to 100 mg/d. The patient was diagnosed with antiresorptive agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ). As the pain was exacerbated by discontinuation of the hainosankyuto, it was used continuously. The patient experienced no pain, even after discontinuing the mecobalamin and pregabalin. Platycodon root in hainosankyuto promotes drainage. The patient did not show any significant swelling because she took hainosankyuto during the early stages of inflammation. In addition, the pain resolved even when only hainosankyuto was used, possibly due to the analgesic effect of platycodon root, glycyrrhiza root, and peony root. Hainosankyuto may be an effective adjunctive treatment for patients with ARONJ whose pain is difficult to control with general treatment.

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mindful eating and nutritional intake, food consumption, and healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns in young Japanese women.The sample comprised 215 female undergraduates who responded to a two-questionnaire anonymous survey conducted in Tokyo, Japan in 2018 and 2019 from November to December. We measured mindful eating status using the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES) and used Japanese plant-based dietary indices to determine plant-based dietary patterns. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to determine the correlation of mindful eating with energy and nutrient intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns, after adjusting for demographics and body mass index.Participants with higher sub-scores in "health of the planet" and "awareness and appreciation for food" ate higher quantities of several micronutrients and plant-based foods and were more likely to have a healthful plant-based dietary pattern. They were also less likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. In contrast, participants with higher scores in "non-judgmental awareness" ate less protein, whole grains, and vegetables, and were likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern.This study is the first to show that young Japanese women with normal or lean body weight were more likely to consume healthful plant-based foods when they ate mindfully.Opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.

Having a late chronotype, that is, the tendency to go to sleep and wake up at later hours, influences an individual's physical and mental health. Despite a few studies noting the association of chronotype with healthy dietary patterns, this relationship remains unclear.This study aimed to describe the association of chronotype with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality in female Japanese undergraduate students.Cross-sectional.A total of 218 female university students in Tokyo, Japan.Healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary index-Japanese version (hPDI-J and uPDI-J), calculated using the validated brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire.A five-model stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Independent variables were hPDI-J and uPDI-J scores, and dependent variables were various lifestyle habits related to the circadian rhythm and demographic characteristics.Mean (standard deviation) sleep duration, midpoint of sleep, sleep latency time, and social jetlag were 411 (60) min, 03:56 (00:57), 21 (27) min, and 50 (39) min, respectively. Chronotype and several variables, such as residential status, energy and alcohol intake, and nutritional knowledge, were associated with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality. Individuals who had higher hPDI-J scores were more likely to have an earlier chronotype (β = -0.168, P = 0.019) and better nutritional knowledge (β = 0.164, P = 0.022) than those with lower hPDI-J scores. Individuals were more likely to have higher uPDI-J scores if they were living alone (β = -0.301, P 0.001), had a later chronotype (β = 0.181, P = 0.001), higher frequency of snacking (β = 0.164, P = 0.019), lower total energy (β = -0.445, P 0.001), and worse nutritional knowledge (β = -0.172, P = 0.001).This study provided new evidence as to the relationship between sleep and dietary habits, the interaction of which may affect women's health.

PurposeTo develop and validate the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES), an expanded mindful eating model created for the promotion of health and sustainability.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaire surveys on Ochanomizu Health Study (OHS) was conducted. The survey was provided to 1,388 female university students in Tokyo, Japan. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a partial correlation analysis were used to confirm construct and criterion validity. Internal consistency of the EMES was confirmed to calculate Cronbach's alpha.FindingsThe response rate was 38.7 % (n = 537). Mean BMI was 20.21 ± 2.12, and 18.8% of them were classified as “lean” (BMI r = −0.138, −0.315, −0.339, −0.281 and 0.149, p Practical implicationsThe authors suggest the possibility that practitioners and researchers of mindful eating that includes this new concept can use authors’ novel scale as an effective measurement tool.Originality/valueThe EMES, which can multidimensionally measure the concept of the expanded model of mindful eating was first developed in this study.

(En) There are two preterit-stem formations in Baltic: *ā-preterit and *ē-preterit. The *ē-preterit includes a category called “long-vowel preterit” that is characterized by the long root vowel. There are at least two hypotheses regarding their origin. First, it has been proposed that these long-vowel preterits may have originated from the imperfect form of Narten presents. Then, it has been suggested that long root vowels were introduced through Stang-Larsson’s rule operating on a variant of the Baltic preterit suffix *-iyā-, where a preceding vowel was lengthened and received a circumflex tone in a sequence *-V-iyā-. The second hypothesis explains the tone variation of the verbs in the root structure ◦ERK-, ◦EUK-, and ◦ĒK- (e.g., spresti (an acute / circumflex tone on -e-), sprendžia/sprendžia, sprendė/sprendė ‘to stretch’ < *(s)prend-). However, this is valid only when the suffix is accented, although the environment for the disyllabic suffix (-iyā-) must be unaccented according to Sievers-Edgerton’s law. What follows is that the disyllabic suffix originated in the root-accented long-vowel preterits, while the verbs with tone variation probably accepted the disyllabic -iyā-,so that Stang-Larsson’s rule later operated on them. Interestingly, some of these have a historical relationship with Narten presents, according to a previous study. This article presents the different historical developments of at least two groups of verbs that form the long-vowel preterits through an examination of the accentuation of these verbs. (Lt) Baltų kalbose egzistuoja du būtojo kartinio laiko (preterito) kamienų tipai: *ā-preteritai ir *ē-preteritai. *Ē-preteritai apima kategoriją, vadinamą ilgojo balsio preteritais, kurių saknims būtajame kartiniame laike būdingas pailgintas vokalizmas. Be to, kai kurių ilgojo balsio preteritų priegaidės varijuoja, plg. lie. berti, 3 sg./pl. pres. bẽria, 3 sg./pl. pret. bėrė (su cirkumfleksine priegaide) vs. inf. berti, bẽria, bėrė (su akūtine priegaide). Apie ilgojo balsio preteritų kilme iskeltos bent dvi hipotezės. Weissas ir Jasanoffas teigė, kad ilgojo balsio preteritai, egzistuojantys ne tik baltų, bet ir kitose indoeuropiecių kalbose, gali būti kile is Narten tipo esamojo laiko kamienų imperfekto. Villanueva Svenssono manymu, ilgasis saknies vokalizmas susidarė, Stango-Larsson dėsniui paveikus baltų prokalbės preterito priesagą *-iyā-turincias formas, kurių trumpasis saknies balsis buvo pailgintas ir gavo cirkumfleksine priegaide, o jei buvo ilgasis (ir akūtinis), tuomet tik įgijo cirkumfleksine priegaide: *-V-iyā- > *-V-iyā (> *-V-ē, plg. *-iyā > *-ē). Antroji hipotezė paaiskina ilgojo balsio preteritų priegaidžių variantus, taciau ji galioja tik tada, kai priesaga yra kirciuota, nors, pagal Sieverso-Edgertono dėsnį, dviskiemenės priesagos (-iyā-) aplinka turi būti nekirciuota. Straipsnyje tiriama ilgojo balsio preteritų su priegaidžių variantais ir be priegaidžių variantų kirciavimo priesistorė, ir teigiama, kad jų kilmė ir raida nevienodos. Narten imperfektų refleksai pirmojoje grupėje (su priegaidžių variantais) veikiausiai isrutuliojo oksitonines arba mobilias paradigmas, o antroji grupė (visada su akūtine priegaide) rodo, kad jie isrutuliojo baritonines arba koloninio kircio paradigmas, kilusias is aoristo-bendraties kamienų (pvz. lie. gerti, gėrė [su akūtine priegaide] < *gēr-), įskaitant kai kurias desinines veiksmažodžių saknis su neaiskia etimologija (pvz., lie. ergti, ergė < *ērg-).

Four unique isoflavone aglycones (barpisoflavone A (1), 2′-hydroxygenistein (2), 5-methylgenistein (3), and gerontoisoflavone A (4)) whose structures were related to genistein were prepared from the tuber of Apios americana Medik. We examined the estrogen receptor and androgen receptor binding activities, estrogen agonistic activities, antioxidant activities, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of 1–4. The results obtained showed that 2 possessed potent and 1, 3, and 4 possessed moderate estrogen partial agonistic activities, 1 and 2 possessed moderate antioxidant activities, and 2 and 3 possessed moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text, Background: Pain in glossodynia may be severe; it may prevent patients from working, interfere with daily life activities, and necessitate a patient's visit to a medical institution for consultation and treatment. The pain may be described as persistent and burning (tingling, tingling) or stinging. Patients may complain of dry mouth (dryness), which is thought to cause inflammation of the tongue and gingival mucous membranes and increased pain. Medications are prescribed based on the symptoms of glossodynia, and the therapeutic effect is confirmed. However, each drug has side effects, for example, pain may reduce, but drowsiness and dizziness may occur; further, there is always a tendency of drowsiness. On the other hand, Goreisan, a Chinese herbal medicine, has already been used by physicians to treat pain in the oral and maxillofacial regions resulting from rapid changes in air pressure. However, the lack of high-quality clinical research has been of concern, and a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of Goreisan for treatment of pain in glossodynia is warranted. Methods/design: This multicenter, randomized, controlled study will involve patients treated for glossodynia-related pain. In the experimental group, Goreisan will be taken for 12 weeks in combination with conventional treatment. Participants in the control group will not take any Kampo medicine; only the standard treatment will be taken. Subsequently, the degree of pain will be assessed, and saliva tests of all the patients on their first visit will be performed. Goreisan will be taken at a dose of 7.5 g/d (minute 3) for 12 consecutive weeks. Twelve weeks later, the degree of pain of each patient will be assessed. Discussion The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of Goreisan for pain reduction in patients undergoing treatment for glossodynia-related pain. If pain in glossodynia patients can be reduced by the administration of Goreisan, its candidacy as an alternative treatment for pain in glossodynia can be further supported by more reliable research. Trial registration: The study was registered in the jRCTs071200017. URL https://jrct.niph.go.jp/latest-detail/jRCTs071200017.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are common chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions among orofacial pain. Painful TMD condition such as myalgia and arthralgia can be managed by exercise therapy. However, as it is hard to access actual effect of each modality that is included in an exercise therapy programme due to multiple choice of the management modality, their efficacy remains controversial. Therefore, this review focused on the effects of exercise therapy for the management of painful TMD. The aims of this review were to summarise the effects of exercise therapy for major symptoms of painful TMD and to establish a guideline for the management of painful TMD, resulting in higher quality and reliability of dental treatment. In this review, exercise modalities are clearly defined as follows: mobilisation exercise, muscle strengthening exercise (resistance training), coordination exercise and postural exercise. Furthermore, pain intensity and range of movements were focused as outcome parameters in this review. Mobilisation exercise including manual therapy, passive jaw mobilisation with oral appliances and voluntary jaw exercise appeared to be a promising option for painful TMD conditions such as myalgia and arthralgia. This review addressed not only the effects of exercise therapy on various clinical conditions of painful TMD shown in the past, but also an urgent need for consensus among dentists and clinicians in terms of the management of each condition, as well as terminology.

The Lithuanian 3rd person future forms of monosyllabic acute stems are mentioned as one of the categories where the examples of a phenomenon called “monosyllabic circumflexion” or “monosyllabic metatony” are found, e. g., dúoti - duõs ‛to give’. However, there are several exceptions, e. g., lìs (∼ lýti ‛to rain’), bùs (∼ buti ‛to be’), etc. Yet, the condition of the exceptions has not been fully analyzed in the context of the verbal system involving other tense paradigms. In this paper, a thorough examination will be conducted on the 3rd person future forms and their paradigms in Lithuanian. It is found that the verbs which have shortened 3rd person future forms always have the nasal infix present. Based on this result, a possible interpretation will be presented as to how certain 3rd person future forms have been shortened. Also, I will propose that the shortening of the 3rd person future forms is a secondary development, whereas MC could be the regular process for the 3rd person future forms.

A 68-year-old man underwent extraction of a left mandibular third molar and the mesial root of the left mandibular first molar by a dentist in November 2014 after suddenly developing toothache. In May 2015, he visited our clinic complaining of episodes of persistent pain in the left mandibular first molar, but could not give a clear description of the pain. Evoked pain was absent and there were no abnormal findings on a dental panoramic radiograph. The patient’s pain was diagnosed as atypical odontalgia of the left mandibular third molar and treated with Rikkosan (TJ-110) 2.5 g, followed by 3 times daily dosing. His pain resolved after 6 weeks and the treatment was stopped. In October 2015, the patient returned to the clinic with left mandibular pain suggestive of trigeminal neuralgia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head confirmed neurovascular compression of the left trigeminal nerve root entry zone. Carbamazepine and baclofen treatment relieved the pain effectively, but were stopped because of side effects. Microvascular decompression surgery was performed in January 2016 and the pain resolved completely. The efficacy of carbamazepine and microvascular decompression surgery in this patient confirmed a diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia and that this patient’s initial toothache was attributable to pre-trigeminal neuralgia. Pretrigeminal neuralgia should be borne in mind in patients presenting with atypical odontalgia, and their pain should be monitored for changes occurring over time.

“Fat talk” refers to conversations focused on body disparagement. We examined developmental changes in fat talk to avoid social rejection and the mediating role of fat talk between “thin-ideal” internalization and body dissatisfaction. A total of 214 high school girls and 227 college-aged women completed questionnaires assessing fat talk engagement, body dissatisfaction, thin-ideal internalization, and sensitivity to rejection. Path analyses showed that fat talk mediated between thin-ideal internalization and body dissatisfaction and that rejection sensitivity predicted fat talk among high school girls, but not among college women. The purpose of fat talk differed by developmental stage, suggesting that interventions for improving body image should be developmentally tailored.

Case Case 1 involved a 64-year-old man with dull pain in the posterior part of the left lower jaw when chewing. His lower left second and third molars were extracted for pain relief, but pain recurred in the same region. On examination there were no abnormalities. The symptoms were diagnosed as atypical odontalgia and Rikkosan was prescribed. Case 2 involved a 56-year-old woman with a feeling of clamping of her lower incisors and pain in the tip and the left margin of the tongue. The symptoms were diagnosed as burning mouth syndrome and 2 week Rikkosan treatment was prescribed. Outcome In case 1, the symptoms disappeared 1 month later. In case 2, visual analog scale pain score improved. Conclusion Rikkosan may be useful for intractable intraoral pain, such as atypical odontalgia and burning mouth syndrome, that does not respond to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Peripheral expansion: A series of peripherally tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-annulated subphthalocyanines was synthesized (see scheme). These compounds exhibited unique perturbed optical properties, such as a comparatively broad Q band absorption and gradual quenching of fluorescence upon increasing the number of TTF units, while electrochemical measurements revealed TTF-centered oxidation processes.

The caring experiences of female families of persons with schizophrenia were described through exploring the families' descriptions of their experiences. Focus group interviews were conducted with 11 family caregivers. According to content analysis, the experiences revealed five major themes: early family experiences, family perceptions of illness and relatives with schizophrenia, family burden and suffering, family attitudes toward relatives with schizophrenia, and family thoughts about society and mental health resources. Also, the families had strength to overcome considerable adversity. It is needed for professionals to listen to family caregivers' narratives carefully and improve the support by focusing on accepting their experiences and histories with persons with schizophrenia.

Aims: Trigeminal neuralgia is generally caused by neurovascular compression. In rare cases intracranial tumors may also lead to this condition. The present study was conducted to identify clinical symptoms and testing methods that are useful for early detection of trigeminal neuralgia associated with intracranial tumor. Methods: Five patients with trigeminal neuralgia suspected to be due to intracranial tumor, who visited our department for the first time during the period between February 2007 and March 2009, were examined. We analyzed the medical records and MRI findings of these patients. The clinical symptoms of subjects were compared to those presented at the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Results: There were no feature symptoms to trigeminal neuralgia caused by intracranial tumors compared with trigeminal neuralgia in general. None of the patients complained of spontaneous headache and nausea, which are clinical symptoms characteristic of brain tumor. Head MRI at our hospital was the most accurate method to detect intracranial tumors. Finally four of five patients received brain surgery to remove tumors. Conclusion: Small tumors and roots of the trigeminal nerve may not create accurate images by regular head MRI. Therefore, MRI using the imaging sequence which enables accurate visualization of roots of the trigeminal nerve is essential to confirm the presence of tumors in patients with suspected trigeminal neuralgia.

In this study, a survey of Sri Lankan adolescents explored relationships between thin-ideal internalization and body dissatisfaction—issues that have received greater research attention in East Asia and the West. Girls scored lower in thin-ideal internalization and awareness and higher in self-esteem compared to boys; however, unlike in previous studies, body dissatisfaction did not differ significantly by gender. Hierarchical linear multiple regression analyses revealed that self-esteem moderated the relationship between thin-ideal internalization and body dissatisfaction among girls, but this was not observed for boys. Self-esteem as a protective factor against body dissatisfaction among Sri Lankan female adolescents was confirmed.

This PhD thesis examines a phenomenon known as Monosyllabic Circumflexion (MC, hereafter) from a historical linguistics / phonological point of view. MC denotes a Lithuanian or Balto-Slavic phenomenon according to which long vowels and diphthongs in monosyllabic words exhibit a circumflex tone instead of the expected acute tone. It is observed in the following four categories: I. 3rd person future forms of monosyllabic stems (e.g., šõks ― šókti `to jump;' vy͂s ― výti `to drive') II. reflexes of PIE root nouns (e.g., Latv. gùovs `cow;' Lith. šuõ `dog') III. prepositions/adverbs (e.g., nuõ `from' ~ nùotaka `bride;' vė͂l `again' ~ Latv. vêl `still, yet,' tė͂ (permissive particle) < *teh1) IV. pronominal forms (e.g., tuõ ~ gerúoju `the good (m.~sg.~instr.),' tie͂ ~ tíeji `id. (pl.nom)'). The unexpected circumflex tone in these categories is problematic and important for the solution of a Balto-Slavic accentological question on the etymological background of acute and non-acute tones. The aim of this thesis is to partially contribute to the solution of this problem by establishing the existence of MC and its relative chronology. The first category, the 3rd person future forms, provides a substantial number of examples and counterexamples. The examination of them has revealed the fact that the counterexamples constitute a morpho-semantic group of verbs whose future stems underwent considerable morphological changes in the prehistory, hence not exhibiting MC. This shows that the regular tonal reflex of the 3rd person future forms of monosyllabic acute stem must be circumflex, allowing for the establishment of MC as a regular phonological process, although this category does not provide much information on the relative chronology of MC. The second category, the reflexes of Proto-Indo-European root nouns, gives an important clue as to where MC is located in the relative chronology of Balto-Slavic sound changes. Next, there is a discussion of whether the results of the examinations of the first two categories can be maintained for the data of the third and fourth categories, which show an irregular distribution of the acute and circumflex tones in monosyllabic forms. It is shown that various morphological factors, such as homonymic clashes within the paradigms for pronouns, can explain why some monosyllabic forms have acute tone. Also, the linguistic feature of West Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuanian that tend to preserve the results of MC is revealed. These dialects are known to have played an important role in the formation of standard Lithuanian. In this way, the monosyllabic forms with unexpected circumflex tone in Lithuanian are explained as a combination of MC in the Proto-Balto-Slavic time and the dialectal tendency of West Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuanian.

To evaluate the practical application of an indoor seed orchard, we compared the seed production, final germination rates and mating patterns of potted Cryptomeria japonica D. Don clones in two miniature seed orchards: one in a glasshouse and the other outdoors. There was no statistically significant difference in total seed production between the orchards (P = 0.275, ANOVA). However, the final germination rate of seeds produced in the indoor orchard was significantly lower than that of seeds produced in the outdoor orchard (P < 0.01, Wilcoxon test). The average self-fertilization rate was higher in the indoor orchard (27.2%) than in the outdoor orchard (5.6%), and this parameter was strongly associated with the reduced final germination rates of the seeds harvested in the glasshouse. Pollen contamination was considerably lower in the indoor seed orchard (48.9% in the outdoor seed orchard and 4.4% in the indoor seed orchard). χ2 tests indicated that the paternal contributions of each constituent clone differed significantly in both orchards (P < 0.001 in both cases). The strong variations in paternal contributions among indoor orchard clones was significantly correlated with their respective pollen production capacities (Spearman ρ = 0.693, P < 0.001). To reduce the high self-fertilization rates, we recommend the use of orchard clones with similar pollen production capacity in indoor seed orchards.

Purpose This study aimed to obtain information about the lives of families with children with Down syndrome through interviews with the fathers. Methods The participants were 9 fathers who were recruited from the local Association of Parents of Down syndrome. Their children were born between 1996 and 2009. The study used a descriptive exploratory design utilizing a focus group. Results Through analysis of the fathers' transcripts, 7 major themes emerged: 1) crisis of life, 2) emotional turmoil, 3) attitudes toward the disability, 4) parental responsibility, 5) realization of fatherhood, 6) difference of feelings between mother and father, and 7) contact with people. Conclusions Fathers were upset with the fact that their children were born with Down syndrome. However, they accepted fatherhood through child-rearing in cooperation with others. The experience of fathers in this study provides practical points for caring for families with children with Down syndrome.

Background Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by chronic pain with a burning sensation of the tongue and oral mucosa and reported to be often accompanied by subjective xerostomia and dysgeusia. Since the etiology of BMS has not been elucidated, to understand the characteristics of BMS, we measured some components of saliva and taste sensitivity and compared the measured values between BMS and healthy subjects. Methods Unstimulated saliva was collected from 15 female BMS patients and 30 healthy women. The flow rate, viscosity (spinnability) and concentration of secretory IgA (SIgA) of saliva and serum antioxidant capacity were measured. The recognition thresholds for sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami tastes were measured by whole-mouth method. The statistical analyses were performed using Student's t-test, and P

Human androgen-dependent prostate cancer LNCaP cells are low tumorigenic even in immunodeficient mice and were killed by the synergistic effect of inflammatory cytokines, IL-beta and IL-6. To establish a highly tumorigenic LNCaP cell line, we isolated the cytokine-resistant LNCaP-CR cell line and examined the phenotypes. The parental LNCaP cells were induced to commit apoptosis by the addition of IL-1beta and IL-6, but LNCaP-CR cells showed strong resistance against the cytokine action. However, LNCaP-CR cells did not exhibit any resistance to various antitumor drugs investigated. While LNCaP cells formed only palpable tumors in SCID mice, LNCaP-CR cells readily made tumors and their growth was significantly higher than that of LNCaP cells. Moreover, LNCaP tumor-bearing mice gained the weight gradually, but LNCaP-CR tumor-bearing mice significantly lost their body weight. LNCaP-CR cells still responded to androgen action and expressed AR, erbB2, IL-1R, IL-6R, gp130, STAT3, p21, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 as well as LNCaP cells. These results indicate that LNCaP-CR cell line is a new type of tumorigenic LNCaP cell lines and should be useful for identifying responsible genes of tumorigenicity, cytokine resistance, and also cachexia.

This symposium aims at identifying what problems we are confronted with concerning the environment and food safety in the 21st century, how we can make a cooperative network and formulate a policy for protecting life and agricultural environment and what tasks we should take upon ourselves in the domain of agricultural medicine and rural health. The symposium extended its scope from the interest of consumers to social needs of food safety, recovering movement of trust in food safety by the government, international standardization of policy for food safety, increasing relationship between food and environment pollution, and a new public management concerning the ecosystem and food safety. The following research problems are important for the Japanese Association of Rural Medicine as motives of cooperative work between producers, consumers and researchers; national strategy for food safety control, development or revision of food regulations and standards of safety, a program for strengthening food surveillance and control systems, enhancement research work of food and environment surveillance, and promotion of consumer education and other community outreach initiatives.

Screening using a reporter under the control of the hypoxia-response element (HRE) identified several flavonoids and homoisoflavonoids that inhibit the activation of HRE under hypoxic conditions. Among various compounds, isorhamnetin, luteolin, quercetin, and methyl ophiopogonanone B (MOB) were effective at 3 to 9 microg/ml in inhibiting the reporter activity. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA during hypoxia was also inhibited by MOB in HepG2 cells, but the effective doses were 10 to 20 microg/ml. MOB caused destabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, as revealed by Western blotting, that was dependent on proteasome activity and the tumor suppressor, p53. The tubular formation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was also inhibited by MOB. MOB is expected to act as an inhibitor of angiogenesis.

There have been many reports of patients with Acoustic Neurinoma (AN) with an atypical course and clinically we have also encountered many cases of AN with sudden onset of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). However, cases of AN with sudden profound SNHL are very rare. In this report, we describe 3 cases of AN with sudden onset of profound SNHL and rotary vertigo. In all 3 cases the AN were small. One patient recovered nearly all of his normal hearing ability. Even with the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), two cases could not be diagnosed the first time, and one of these two cases was diagnosed with permanent hearing loss at a previous hospital. In this patient radiological findings at 6 months from onset showed the existence of AN. The other case has been followed at our hospital and a diagnoses of AN was made 2 years and 5 months after onset. None of the three cases showed any characteristic findings of idiopathic sudden SNHL, which made diagnosis difficult, particularly since radiological examinations such as MRI suggested normal findings. In patients with SNHL, careful long-term follow we should be performed.

We report a case of Kimura's disease (eosinophilic granuloma of soft tissue). A 27-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with swelling due to a left preauricular lesion and cervical lymph adenopathy. Kimura's disease is a relatively rare condition and usually occurs in the soft tissue of the head and neck. It is associated with eosinophilia and an elevation of serum IgE. The main histopathological features are proliferation of lymphfolliculoid structures, granulation tissue with marked infiltration of eosinophil and mast cells, and fibrosis. Our patient was also diagnosed by biopsy of the preauricular lesion. The patient was treated with steroids only, showing remarkable improvement. However, since this disease has been reported to recur often after a long period, further follow-up is necessary.

Cell surface oligosaccharides play a role in a variety of biological events such as cell adhesion and signal transduction. We have shown that BMY-28864, a semi-synthetic analog of pradimicin, induced apoptosis of U937 cells which had been incubated with 1-deoxymannojirimycin, an inhibitor of mannosidase I. BMY-28864 was not cytotoxic to the cells which had been cultivated with other glycosidase inhibitors such as castanospermine and swainsonine. We thus propose that BMY-28864 induces apoptosis by acting on a specific mannose-rich oligosaccharide, presumably (Man)9(GlcNAc)2+.

Highly fluorescent 1-phenylnaphth[1,2,3-cd]indol-6(2H)-one (3b) and its 7-chloro and 7-amino derivatives were synthesized by reaction of 1-aminoanthraquinones with benzyl chloride in KOH–DMSO system, followed by treatment with aluminium chloride. The compound 3b was easily N-alkylated with various alkyl halides in KOH–DMSO system. The fluorescence quantum yields (Qf) of naphth[1,2,3-cd]indol-6(2H)-one derivatives 3 were high (0.5–0.7), except for 7-amino derivatives which did not fluoresce. The Qf of 7-chloro derivative (3d) was strongly dependent on solvent: 0.37 in ethanol; 0.02 in acetonitrile; 0 in benzene. The compounds 3 were demonstrated to be efficient laser dyes for 500–550 nm region.

Highly fluorescent 1-phenylnaphth[1,2,3-cd]indol-6(2H)-one (3b) and its 7-chloro and 7-amino derivatives were synthesized by reaction of 1-aminoanthraquinones with benzyl chloride in KOH–DMSO system, followed by treatment with aluminium chloride. The compound 3b was easily N-alkylated with various alkyl halides in KOH–DMSO system. The fluorescence quantum yields (Qf) of naphth[1,2,3-cd]indol-6(2H)-one derivatives 3 were high (0.5–0.7), except for 7-amino derivatives which did not fluoresce. The Qf of 7-chloro derivative (3d) was strongly dependent on solvent: 0.37 in ethanol; 0.02 in acetonitrile; 0 in benzene. The compounds 3 were demonstrated to be efficient laser dyes for 500–550 nm region.

To evaluate the involvement of paratrigeminal nucleus (Pa5) nociceptive neurons in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation-induced pain and its autonomic correlates, we conducted behavioral, single unit recording and Fos immunohistochemical studies in anesthetized rats. Nocifensive behaviors to mechanical, heat or cold stimulation of the lateral face over the TMJ region were significantly enhanced in the TMJ-inflamed rats for 10-14 days after injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the TMJ and gradually decreased at the end of the 14-day observation period. Lowering of the nocifensive threshold in TMJ-inflamed rats lasted longer in vagus nerve-transected rats than vagus nerve-intact rats. A large number of Fos-like immunoreactive (LI) cells were observed in the Pa5, and half of them were retrogradely labeled with Fluorogold (FG) injected into the parabrachial nucleus. Background activity of Pa5 wide dynamic range and nociceptive specific neurons was significantly higher in the TMJ-inflamed rats when compared with controls. Responses to mechanical stimuli were significantly higher in NS neurons in the TMJ-inflamed rats. All thermal responsive Pa5 neurons were exclusively sensitive to cold and the response to cold was significantly higher in the TMJ-inflamed rats compared with control rats. Vagus nerve stimulation significantly decreased responses to mechanical and cold stimuli as well as the background activity in TMJ-treated rats but not in TMJ-untreated rats. The present findings suggest that populations of Pa5 neurons are nociceptive and involved in TMJ inflammation-induced pain as well as in autonomic processes related to TMJ pain.