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Methods available for estimating the age of a living body are somewhat limited when there is shortage of teeth. This study aimed to determine whether the average stage of attrition (ASA) method published in 1995 by Li and Ji is practical among Koreans in their 50s and 60s. A total of 173 cases using 265 molars from 92 patients in their 50s and 60s who underwent age assessment at the Department of Oral Medicine at Pusan National University Dental Hospital from 2012 to 2022 were analyzed through clinical photographs and diagnostic casts. ASA method was used to determine the average attrition of cusps and calculate the estimated age. There was a moderate correlation between the average attrition of molars and the patients’ actual age. In patients in their 50s and 60s, the error range between the estimated age and the actual age was less than 10 years in 139 of 173 cases (74.56%), and age was underestimated in 147 cases (84.98%). The tendency for age to be underestimated was higher in women than in men. Regression analysis using both the first and second molars showed that the influence of the first molar was greater than that of the second molar. Although the correlation is not very high, considering the limitations of age estimation in the living body, this method may be useful if coupled with another method such as dental radiograph analysis when there is an absolute shortage of available teeth.

Purpose We aimed to investigate the effect of metal ions from oral prostheses (OPs) released into the saliva of patients with oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs). Materials and methods Subjects (n=183) were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of OLL and OP. Concentrations of the metal ions titanium, chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), and zirconium (Zr) were measured using a laser-ablation microprobe inductively coupled to a plasma mass spectrometer. Saliva levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The reticulation/keratosis, erythema, and ulceration (REU) scoring system was used to assess the severity of OLL. Results Mean concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were statistically higher in OLL patients with OPs. The concentration of Ni was high in OLL groups. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Au ions in the saliva were positively correlated with IL-8. REU scores were positively correlated with salivary concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8, as well as with concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Au. Conclusion Increased concentrations of metal ions, especially Ni, in saliva were positively correlated with IL-8 and showed positive correlations with the severity of OLL.

To assess the dentoskeletal factors of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) that can predict anterior open-bite development after stabilization splint treatment (ST).Eighty-seven TMD patients were classified into three groups according to the degree of overbite changes after ST. Statistically significant differences in dental and skeletal measurements before ST among the groups were investigated.Pre-ST dental and skeletal measurements that were significantly different among the groups were upper central incisor (U1) to point A-pogonion (A-Pog), facial height ratio (FHR), A point-nasion-B point angle (ANB), Wits appraisal, ramus height, angle of convexity, and sella to condylion. Among these factors, FHR, ramus height, and sella to condylion had a positive relationship with overbite changes.Dentoskeletal factors, i.e., FHR, ramus height, and sella to condylion, can predict anterior open-bite development after ST in TMD patients.

Candida species are common global opportunistic pathogens that could repeatedly and chronically cause oral mucosa infection and create an inflammatory environment, leading to organ dysfunction. Oral Candida infections may cause temporary or permanent damage to salivary glands, resulting in the destruction of acinar cells and the formation of scar tissue. Restricted function of the salivary glands leads to discomfort and diseases of the oral mucosa, such as dry mouth and associated infection. This narrative review attempts to summarize the anatomy and function of salivary glands, the associations between Candida and saliva, the effects of Candida infection on salivary glands, and the treatment strategies. Overall, clinicians should proactively manage Candida infections by educating patients on oral hygiene management for vulnerable populations, conducting frequent checks for a timely diagnosis, and providing an effective treatment plan.

Purpose Osteoarthritis (OA) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) elicits cartilage and subchondral bone defects. Growth hormone (GH) promotes chondrocyte growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intra-articular injections of GH to treat TMJ-OA. Materials and methods Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) was used to induce OA in the TMJs of rats. After confirming the induction of OA, recombinant human GH was injected into the articular cavities of rats. Concentrations of GH and IGF-1 were measured in the blood and synovial fluid, and OA grades of cartilage and subchondral bone degradation were recorded by histological examination and micro-computed tomography. Results MIA-induced OA in the rat TMJ upregulated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) rather than GH levels. GH and IGF-1 concentrations were increased after local injection of GH, compared with controls. Locally injected GH lowered osteoarthritic scores in the cartilage and subchondral bone of the TMJ. Conclusion Intra-articular injection of GH improved OA scores in rat TMJs in both cartilage and subchondral bone of the condyles without affecting condylar bone growth. These results suggest that intra-articular injection of human GH could be a suitable treatment option for TMJ-OA patients in the future.

Purpose The purpose of the present study was to perform a pattern analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) resulting from unilateral mastication due to chronic periodontitis. Methods Thirty participants with signs or symptoms of TMD who engaged in unilateral mastication due to periodontitis-related discomfort (test group) were selected. Another 30 subjects exhibiting signs or symptoms of TMD resulting from unilateral mastication not due to chronic periodontitis (control group) were also recruited. An interview-based questionnaire was administered, and an examination of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with determination of periodontal status was performed. Results The duration of unilateral mastication was significantly longer in the control group than in the test group. There was a significant negative correlation between the duration of unilateral mastication and the Community Periodontal Index score. Using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) axis I algorithms, all the subjects were assigned to 3 main groups. The test group exhibited significantly a higher diagnostic distribution of group III (arthralgia, osteoarthritis, or osteoarthrosis), and in both the test and control groups, the number of diagnoses was larger for the non-chewing side. The control group showed a significantly higher diagnostic distribution of group I (myofacial pain), and in both the test and control groups, the number of diagnoses was larger for the chewing side. Conclusions The results of the present study indicate that unilateral mastication due to chronic periodontitis could induce not only pain but also structural TMJ changes if adequate treatment is not administered and supported within a short time from the onset of the condition. Therefore, immediate treatment of chronic periodontitis is recommended to prevent not only the primary progress of periodontal disease, but also secondary TMJ-related problems. Furthermore, subjects who have suffered chronic long-term periodontitis without treatment should be urged to undergo a TMJ examination., Graphical Abstract

This retrospective study aims to investigate the proportion and characteristics of patients who perceive dental treatment (DT) as a cause of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs). A total of 2,302 patients with OMLs visited the Oral Medicine Department of Pusan National University Dental Hospital. The patients were divided into a study group (280 patients who perceived DT as a cause of OMLs) and a control group (300 randomly selected patients). Percentages of DT types, clinical characteristics, and the frequencies of diagnoses and chief complaint (CC) sites were analyzed in both groups. Among the patients with OMLs, 12.2% attributed OMLs to DT. Among the diagnoses, allergic reaction (AR) and traumatic ulcer/irritation (TU) were significantly more frequent in the study group. The DT types most frequently perceived as the cause of OMLs were implants. According to patients, TU and candida occurred most frequently following denture placement (68-79%), whereas oral lichen planus and AR occurred most commonly following implant treatment (52-53%). The gingiva was significantly more frequent as the CC site in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.05 for all outcomes). It is important to inform patients of the potential complications of DT and the importance of regular check-ups.

Purpose: This study is designed to analyse etiology and bone pattern at the first visit using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to evaluate the treatment outcome of conservative treatment in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: One hundred condyles in 50 subjects with RA were chosen among the patients who presented to the Department of Oral Medicine of Pusan National University Dental Hospital, diagnosed as TMD. Condylar bone changes were classified by normal, erosive bony change, proliferative bony change and combined group (erosive bony change+proliferative bony change). They were treated conservatively with physical therapy, medication, behavioral therapy and/or occlusal stabilizing splint therapy. After 3 months on average, patients were re-evaluated with regards to subjective symptoms and the clinical findings were investigated. Results: TMD patients with RA have behavioral contributing factors such as parafunctional habit. The results that analyse bone pattern at the first visit using CBCT proliferative bony changes group (32.6%) were more common than erosive bony changes group (15.2%). In comparison between unilateral and bilateral bony change in temporomandibular joint, the ratio showed no significant differences. After 3 months of conservative treatments, pain, noise, limitation of motion (LOM) were markedly improved regardless of occlusal splint therapy. However only LOM was significantly improved through occlusal splint therapy during 3 months. Conclusions: TMD patients with RA had similar behavioral contributing factors and characteristics of CBCT images shown in general TMD patients and also similar response to conservative treatment so it is difficult to differentiate. Therefore when TMD patients show symptoms corresponding to clinical diagnostic criteria of RA at the first visit, serological testing should be conducted and through this, early diagnosis and treatment of RA should be initiated.

Purpose: Patients who suffer from rheumatic arthritis, fibromyalgia, other various inflammatory diseases and musculoskeletal disorders, which are all similar to temporomandibular disorders (TMD), have been complaining about changes in the level and type of pain in response to changes in weather conditions for a long time. Through an investigation about pain perception in TMD patients in response to weather conditions, our primary objective was to develop base materials for future studies on change in pain in response to meteorological factors. Methods: Among patients who presented with TMD to Department of Oral Medicine, Pusan National University Dental Hospital from August to October 2016, one hundred consecutive TMD patients diagnosed with TMDs according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC⁄TMD) were recruited for the study and 28 patients were excluded according to exclusion criteria. Survey was done with the questionnaire and investigated whether there was any difference in incidence and level of pain in TMD patients between non-rainy and rainy days. Results: Among a total of 72 samples, 4 patients reported change in pain on rainy days rather than non-rainy days. Two patients from chronic group (joint and complex subgroup) reported increased pain on rainy days rather than non-rainy days but it was not statistically significant (p＞0.05). One patient from chronic/muscle group reported the change in pain characteristics while pain intensity remained unchanged. One patient from acute/complex group reported decreased pain intensity. In comparison of the patients who reported increased pain on rainy days between acute and chronic groups, there were two reported cases and were both from chronic group only. There was a significantly higher chance of reporting increased pain on rainy days in chronic group than acute group (p＜0.001). Conclusions: It is considered that TMD patients couldn’t perceive the change in pain well in response to weather change on rainy days but some chronic patients could perceive the increase in pain in rainy days.

The aim of this study was to evaluate, by CBCT superimposition, bone changes (cortical bone intactness, sclerosis and subchondral cyst) in the glenoid fossa related to stabilization splint (SS) therapy for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) patients and to compare the effects for two groups, one that had undergone SS therapy and the other that had not.This case-control study included 36 TMJ OA patients, 10 that had undergone SS therapy (the SS group) compared with 26 that had not (the non-SS group). Osseous changes in the glenoid fossa were evaluated based on superimposed CBCT images before and after treatment.Improvements ranging from 57.5 to 100% were achieved in cortical bone integrity, sclerosis, and subchondral cyst for both groups, SS and non-SS. However, there were no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p0.05). The non-SS group showed a significant decrease in the distances from the point of inflexion and the lowest point of the articular eminence to the reference line (p0.05). On the other hand, the SS group showed an increase for the point of inflexion. The other measures showed no statistically significant differences in distance before treatment and after treatment, even though the average distance after treatment showed an overall increasing tendency.SS therapy relieved excessive loading on the TMJ in the TMD OA patients, who showed, via CBCT superimposition, less bone resorption in the glenoid fossa.

Whereas a somatic pain notifies tissue damage, a neuropathic pain presents disorder of the nerve itself. The causes of neuropathic pains are trauma, infection, chronic irritation by adjacent tissue and so on. The iatrogenic trauma or infection also causes traumatic neuropathy, which may exert a bad influence on doctor-patient relationship. Some of related dental treatments are implantation (directly or indirectly through heating), root canal treatment, teeth extraction, block anesthesia, mandibular surgery. If inappropriate management is performed after nerve trauma, there will be many chances to develop chronic neuropathy for the patient. It is important that the sign of nerve trauma have to be caught by the practitioner as soon as possible and treated properly.

Body mass (BM) estimation could facilitate the interpretation of skeletal materials in terms of the individual's body size and physique in forensic anthropology. However, few metric studies have tried to estimate BM by focusing on prominent biomechanical properties of the calcaneus. The purpose of this study was to prepare best-fit models for estimating BM from the 3D human calcaneus by two major linear regression analysis (the heuristic statistical and all-possible-regressions techniques) and validate the models through predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) statistics. A metric analysis was conducted based on 70 human calcaneus samples (29 males and 41 females) taken from 3D models in the Digital Korean Database and 10 variables were measured for each sample. Three best-fit models were postulated by F-statistics, Mallows' Cp, and Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayes information criterion (BIC) for each available candidate models. Finally, the most accurate regression model yields lowest %SEE and 0.843 of R(2). Through the application of leave-one-out cross validation, the predictive power was indicated a high level of validation accuracy. This study also confirms that the equations for estimating BM using 3D models of human calcaneus will be helpful to establish identification in forensic cases with consistent reliability.

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of pregabalin for patients with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) who are unresponsive to topical clonazepam therapy. Methods: By searching the clinical electronic records from the Department of Oral Medicine, Pusan National University Dental Hospital from 2012 to 2014, a retrospective analysis was performed on patients with primary BMS who were treated with topical clonazepam therapy during this period. Of the patients who were unresponsive to this therapy, 19 patients who were subsequently treated with pregabalin were included in the study. A pain assessment was performed using the 11-point numerical rating scale at first visit, following topical clonazepam therapy, and again after pregabalin therapy. The treatment outcomes were statistically analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Following additional pregabalin administration, the mean pain score was slightly reduced. A total of 7 patients reported a marked response (>50% pain reduction), and 3 patients reported a slight reduction in pain. Pain reduction following pregabalin therapy was statistically significant (p Conclusions: Pregabalin has a slight therapeutic effect on patients with primary BMS. Therefore, we recommend pregabalin as an alternative drug for BMS patients who are unresponsive to topical clonazepam therapy.

This paper is a study of the functions required for the system to quantify the closest target weight by combining several random weights such as chips, snacks, fruits, and vegetables. The multi-head weigher is designed for high-performance applications requiring increased production rates and tight accuracy tolerances. This combination system has 12 heads considered in the form of a rectangular array of 2X6 or 3X4. Channel combination can usually occur between 1 and n, and the frequency was the highest with two or three combinations. Experimental result of a combination system for a total target weight was measured at the range from 100g to 500g by increments of 50g, and the average success rate was about 70%. The average elapsed time was about 1.7 seconds, which means it can be used for the packaging of agricultural products with a variety of items.KeyWords:Multi-head(다채널), Weighing Machine(하중측정기), Computerized Combination System(자동조합시스템), Total Target Weight(총 목표중량), Unit Weighing Scale(단위 계량부)

Purpose: The purpose of present study was to develop a method for assessing the chronological age of Korean adults based on the relationship between age and size of pulp cavity using dental radiographs of mandibular first molars. Methods: A total of 325 dental radiographs of Korean adults with known age and gender were selected for the study (199 males and 126 females) which were taken in the period between January 2009 and June 2014 at the Pusan National University Dental Hospital. The measurements were carried out on both orthopantomographs (OPGs) and intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPRs) of mandibular first molar and the following ratios were calculated: pulp chamber floor height ratio (F/L), pulp chamber ceiling height ratio (R/L), and pulp chamber depth ratio (D/L). Results: The ratios of measurements on intraoral periapical images of mandible first molar generally produce more reliable data than the measurements on OPGs. The pulp chamber floor height ratio and pulp chamber depth ratio showed significant correlation with age, whereas the pulp chamber ceiling height ratios showed weak correlation with age. It was found that the best correlations between the ratios and age were found for pulp chamber depth ratios (r= -0.732 to -0.751). The multiple regression models were derived using 3 ratios that were significantly correlated with age. The determination coefficients (R²) of the models ranged from 0.556 to 0.596. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the pulp chamber depth and pulp chamber floor height in mandibular first molar are an age-dependent variable in adults which can be used to estimate age with reasonable accuracy. The higher image quality of dental radiographs will probably narrow the age estimation error and improve dental age estimation.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was twofold: to compare the short-term efficacy of once-off education versus repetitive education (RE) of patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and to determine whether there was any correlation amongst patient demographics, recommendation adherence degree and pain levels. Methods: A total of 848 patients with TMDs were enrolled. The control group consisted of patients who received a standard conservative treatment (STD) over at least 6 visits with education provided only during the first visit. The experimental group consisted of patients who received STD but had also been given RE (STD+RE). The RE was delivered through a standardized self-assessment questionnaire (SAQ) that was completed by the patient during each visit. Pain, which included maximum comfortable opening (MCO) of the mouth and limitation of mouth opening (LOM), was compared between the two groups. Behavior pattern and reported pain level changes in the group who used the SAQ were also analyzed. Results: The LOM was significantly improved in all of the experimental group patients (especially in females under 30 years of age, p＜0.05). The MCO was significantly higher in females (p=0.029). All of the patients displayed improvements in their habits following RE, which resulted in a strong correlation with pain reduction. Adhering to the recommendations regarding questions 14 and 15 of the SAQ appeared to have the greatest effect on pain reduction. Conclusions: These results clearly demonstrate that RE is more effective than once-off education for TMD patients who are female or under 30 years of age.

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate a correlation among oral hygiene habits, dryness of mouth, and self-perceived oral malodor and therefore to find out self-care methods which could be a help to reduce oral malodor. Methods: A survey of 296 dental undergraduate students of School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, who wrote consents voluntarily and participated in this study, was conducted using a questionnaire consisting of 17 questions and analyzed to investigate a correlation among oral hygiene habits (frequency of tooth brushing, water gargling, and drinking water, etc.), dryness of mouth indicating the amount of salivary secretion, and self-perceived oral malodor. Results: There was no significant correlation between mechanical cleaning factors and self-perceived oral malodor. The factor showing a strong correlation with severe self-perceived oral malodor was dryness of mouth (p=0.000). Conclusions: There was no correlation between mechanical cleaning habits and self-perceived oral malodor. Participants who felt self-perceived oral malodor more tended to have rather good mechanical cleaning habits. The factor showing a strong correlation with severe self-perceived oral malodor was dryness of mouth. Therefore trying to increase salivary secretion is considered to be a help to reduce self-perceived halitosis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate occupational distribution of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients and their diagnosis according to occupations and to evaluate the relationship between TMD and occupations. Work-related factors which might aggravate TMD symptoms were also evaluated. Methods: We investigated 316 TMD patients, aged from 13 to 65 years old, who had visited the Department of Oral Medicine in Pusan National University Dental Hospital. The subjects who have a job were assessed using TMD analysis examination and occupation questionnaire. The level of significance was p-value Result: This study presented that the diagnoses according to occupations were not significant, but work-related factors such as verbal work and poor posture were related with TMD symptoms. Conclusions: Proper education is essential to prevent aggravation of TMD symptoms because TMD symptoms were more related to work environment than a specific occupation.

Received September 24, 2014 Revised October 7, 2014 Accepted October 20, 2014 This review provides an overview of the most commonly used dental age estimation techniques which focus on radiological methods in Korean adults. The literature from 1995 through July 31, 2014, was searched, using PubMed, for publications in English language. In PubMed, the keywords ‘tooth’ OR ‘dental’ AND ‘pulp’ AND ‘age estimation’ were searched. Inclusion criteria was comprised of the following: the subjects were living adults and dental radiography (excluded computed tomography [CT] and cone-beam CT) was used to measure the pulpal size. Twenty articles that met the criteria were selected. The method of age estimation using dental radiographs for measuring pulp and tooth size was represented in all studies. The methods were assorted into three categories generally; Kvaal’s, Ikeda’s and Cameriere’s methods. Those methods had certain limitations such as large error range and low correlation coefficient depending on populations, type of employed teeth and particular method. Various techniques and many studies have been published for age estimation from human teeth using dental radiographs, but those techniques showed various predictability and reliability. Therefore, future studies on larger samples with well-distributed age group using not only existing techniques but new techniques are necessary for deriving convincing results.

Purpose: The objective of this retrospective pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Gabapentin in patients with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Methods: Ten subjects were diagnosed with primary BMS (8 women and 2 men). The mean age was 60.1 years. They had clinical examination to exclude local factors such as the presence of Candida species, xerostomia, lichen planus, etc. They also underwent hematological examination to exclude secondary BMS due to systemic disorders. Pain was assessed by patients on an 11-point numerical rating score system (0 to 10). Gabapentin was administered at a starting dose of 300 mg/day, slowly titrated up to maximum of 1,800 mg/day. All patients were treated for 4 weeks. Results: One half of the patients (n=5) obtained reduction in pain over the treatment period. Four patients reported no reduction in pain symptoms. One patient reported that symptoms were worsening. The average pain score before the treatment was 6.3 and after the treatment was 5.25. No significant relationship was detected between pretreatment and posttreatment pain score. Only one patient noted mild side effect (dizziness). Conclusions: This retrospective pilot study provides no preliminary evidence that Gabapentin has effect in the management of BMS. However, further research (well-designed, randomized, and controlled trial with large sample) would be needed to investigate the efficacy of Gabapentin in treatment of BMS.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the changes in soft tissue thickness of the masseteric region after injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A). Methods: Twenty-four data acquired from medical records were classified into 4 groups: bruxer group that received masseter muscle injection only (M-B), bruxer group that received both masseter and temporalis muscle injections (MT-B), non-bruxer group that received masseter muscle injection only (M-NB) and non-bruxer group that received both masseter and temporalis muscle injections (MT-NB). Injection dose of BTX-A was 30 units for each masseter muscle and 20 units for each temporalis muscle. We measured the reduced thickness of the masseteric region before and after 12 weeks after injection using cone-beam computed tomography. Results: Among the patients that received both masseter and temporalis muscle injections, bruxer group showed a tendency to have more reduction in masseter muscle thickness than non-bruxer group. The difference in reduced thickness between M-B and MT-B tended to show greater than the difference between M-NB and MT-NB. Conclusions: In case of masseter hypertrothy patients with bruxism there was a tendency to show a difference in reduced thickness of soft tissue between the group that received both masseter and temporalis muscles injection and the group that received masseter muscle injection only hence a thorough inspection before the injection of BTX-A is condisered to be needed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic features of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) between adolescents and middle-old aged patients. Methods: The subjects were chosen among the patients who presented to the Department of Oral Medicine of Pusan National University Hospital and were diagnosed with TMJ OA by clinical exam, X-ray and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) from 2010 to 2011. We investigated 93 adolescent patients (12-19 years) and 53 middle-old aged (>45 years) patients who observed the erosive bony changes in TMJ. CBCT scans were retaken at intervals at an average of 8 months. Results: The adolescent patients showed unilateral degenerative changes more often, and the middle-old aged patients showed degenerative changes more frequently on both sides. The transition of bone changes to the improved group occurred most commonly in both the adolescent and middle-old aged patients. The adolescent patients were more likely to improve than middle-old aged patients. In the adolescent patients, loss of erosion and subjective symptoms occurred in shorter periods than in the middle-old aged patients. In the adolescent patients, the transition of erosion was distributed into proliferative, normal, and shortening in order. In the middle-old aged patients, the transition of erosion was distributed into shortening, proliferative, and normal in order. Conclusions: The clinical and radiographic features of TMJ OA are a significantly different between the adolescent and middle-old aged patients. Moreover, the difference by age of the adaptive and regenerative capacity of TMJ affects the prognosis of TMJ OA and adolescent patients have a better prognosis after treatment.

Bile acids are polar derivatives of cholesterol essential for the absorption of dietary lipids and regulate the transcription of genes that control cholesterol homeostasis. Recently it have been identified the synthetic chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA) derivatives HS-1200 and cisplatin showed apoptisis-inducing activity on various cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. This study was undertaken to investigate the synergistic apoptotic effect of co-treatment with HS-1200 and cisplatin on human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells (SCC25 cells). To investigate whether the co-treatment with HS-1200 and cisplatin compared to each single treatment efficiently reduces the viability of SCC25 cells, MTT assay was conducted. The induction and augmentation of apoptosis were confirmed by DNA electrophoresis, Hoechst staining and an analysis DNA hypoploidy. Westen blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining were also performed to evaluate the expression levels and the translocation of apoptosis-related proteins following this co-treatment. Furthermore, proteasome activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) change were also assayed. In this study, co-treatment with HS-1200 and cisplatin on SCC25 cells showed several lines of apoptotic manifestation such as nuclear condensations, DNA fragmentation, reduction of MMP and proteasome activity, the increase of Bax and the decrease of Bcl-2, decrease of DNA content, the release of cytochrome c into cytosol, translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) onto nuclei, and activation of caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-3, PARP and DFF45 (ICAD) whereas each single treated SCC25 cells did not show these patterns. Although the single treatment of 25 μM HS-1200 and 4 μg/ml cisplatin for 24 h did not induce apoptosis, the co-treatment of these reagents prominently induced apoptosis. Therefore our data provide the possibility that the combination therapy with HS-1200 and cisplatin could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for human squamous cell carcinoma

구강내과는 측두하악관절장애 및 신경병성통증 등과 같은 구강안면 통증, 연조직 질환, 구취, 레이저 치료, 코골이와 수면무호흡증, 법치의학적인 감정 분야 등을 포함하고 있다. 이상의 질환은 비교적 흔하게 발생되며 환자에게 큰 불편과 고통을 안겨주며 때로는 건강에 치명적인 위협을 초래하기도 한다. 구강내과학적인 측면에서 볼 때, 현대 사회로 갈수록 생활 패턴의 변화와 스트레스 증가 등의 원인으로 턱관절 장애를 포함한 구강 안면 통증 환자가 늘어나고 있으며 또한 연조직 질환, 코골이와 수면 무호흡증, 법치의학적인 감정 등과 같은 구강내과적인 전문성을 요구하는 분야의 수요가 가파르게 증가되고 있다. 따라서 치과학 중에서 구강내과의 역할과 전문성에 대한 요구가 갈수록 증가되고 있다. 연간 구강내과에 내원한 신환의 질병명에 따른 분포도와 증상의 이환 기간, 내원 경로 등을 분석하는 것은 향후 구강내과의 역할과 비중에 대한 정보를 제공해주며 환자를 위한 원활한 진단과 치료를 가능하게 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서 1년간 치과대학병원 구강내과에 내원한 신환을 분석하여 향후 구강내과의 역할과 전문성에 대하여 고찰해 보았을 때 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 구강내과에 내원하는 신환은 주로 측두하악장애, 연조직 질환, 신경병성 통증 환자로 나타났다. 2. 측두하악장애 환자는 신환중 가장 높은 비율을 보였으며 세부 진단순은 복합 장애 환자, 근육통 환 자, 관절원판 내장증 환자 순이었다 3. 연조직 질환 환자 중 구강건조증 환자가 가장 높은 비율을 보였으며 그다음 편평태선 환자, 재발성 아프타성 궤양 순이었다 4. 신경병성 통증 환자에서 구강 작열감 증후군이 가장 높은 비율을 보였다.

Background Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by cell-mediated immune responses, but the exact cause is unknown. Sulfasalazine has shown efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous lichen planus. Objective Our purpose was to assess the usefulness of sulfasalazine in treatment of OLP resistant to corticosteroid therapy. This study provides a new option for controlling OLP symptoms. Methods Two patients with the symptomatic reticular form of OLP were treated with 30 mg/5 ml of topical sulfasalazine for 8 to 15 weeks and were evaluated for symptom severity using a numerical analog scale during each week of treatment. The lesion size was measured using a 2 mm² grid. Results After 2 weeks of application, both patients reported improvements in their symptoms and lesions. Most of the lesions disappeared after 8 weeks of treatment without any side effects. Conclusion Topical sulfasalazine can be a successful treatment option for patients with oral lichen planus resistant to steroid therapy.

This study was designed to assess follow-up study of condylar bone changes using cone beam computed tomography in patients with osteoarthritis. The author performed clinical examination for osteoarthritis patients who visited Orofacial Pain Clinic, Department of Oral Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital. CBCT(Cone beam computed tomography) was taken for 228 joints in 114 subjects. After average 10 months, CBCT was retaken. A Oral medicine and Oral radiologist evaluated CBCT each other. Condyle bone changes were classified by no bone change, flattening, erosion, osteophyte and sclerosis. The obtained results were as follow. 1. The condylar bone changes of osteoarthritis in temporomandibular disorder were as follow: 1) The transitions of each types of condylar bone changes was maintained at the initial state of the majority. 2) The transition of erosion was distributed erosion, flattening, sclreosis, osteohyte in order. 3) The transition of flattening was distributed flattening, osteohyte, normal, sclreosis in order. 4) The transition of osteohyte was distributed osteohyte, erosion, sclreosis, flattening in order. 5) The transition of sclreosis was distributed sclreosis, osteohyte, erosion, normal in order. 2. The signs and symptoms according to transition of each types of condylar bone changes were as follow 1) In the transition of condylar bone changes from erosin to erosion, pain, noise, LOM and MCO had symptomatic improvement. In the transition of condylar bone changes from erosin to flattening, pain, LOM, MCO had symptomatic improvement. In the transition of condylar bone changes from erosin to no bony change, pain, noise, LOM had symptomatic improvement. In the transition of condylar bone changes from erosion to flattening than the maintenance of eosion, MCO had symptomatic improvement. 2) In the transition of condylar bone changes from flattening to flattening, pain, noise and MCO had symptomatic improvement. In the transition of condylar bone changes from flattening to sclerosis, LOM had symptomatic improvement. 3) In the transition of condylar bone changes from osteophyte to osteophyte, pain, LOM and MCO had symptomatic improvement.

본 연구는 부산 청소년의 측두하악장애의 양태, 증상과 진단명에 대한 변화를 알아보기 위해 다음과 같은 조사를 시행하였다. 2000년과 2008년에 내원한 12-19세 청소년의 측두하악장애 분석검사를 조사하여 성별, 나이, 악관절환자를 위한 조사설문지, 원인, 진단명, 장치치료여부, 치료종결시 Pain NAS 항목에 대한 자료를 정리, 분석하였다. 1. 2000년도에 비해 2008년도의 청소년 내원 환자수가 증가했다. 이 중 남자 청소년의 비중이 현저히 증가했다. 2. 2000년도에 비해 2008년도의 청소년이 개구제한보다는 소리를 주소로 내원하는 경우가 많아졌으며 악습관 중 이갈이, 이악물기, 턱괴기, 수면의 질 저하 비율이 유의하게 증가하였다. 3. 골관절염은 유의하게 증가하였고 과운동은 유의하게 감소하였다. 4. 골관절염 환자에서2000년도에 비해 2008년도 10대 청소년의 남자비율이 현저히 증가하였다. 턱괴기, 이갈이, 이악물기 악습관을 가진 환자 중 지난 10년간 공통적으로 골관절염이 유의하게 증가한 것으로 미루어 턱괴기, 이갈이, 이악물기가 골관절염 발병 증가와 유의한 관계가 있을 것으로 추측할 수 있다.

In estimating age of juveniles and adolescents, the teeth are employed primarily because of its low variability and less affection by endocrine and nutritional status in development. Demirjian established criteria for evaluating maturity of teeth and his method has been used throughout the world. However, several studies showed the inappropriateness of Demirjian's method on populations other than the one it is based on. Consequently some researchers modified Demirjian's method using data of several different populations. Demirjian himself also published a revised method to overcome other shortcomings of his original method. The aim of this study was to test the validity of Demirjian's and the modified methods (Demirjian's revised, Willems', Chaillet's and new Korean methods) for Korean juveniles and adolescents. 1483 digital orthopantomograms which consist of 754 males and 729 females in the age range of 3-16 years were collected. New age estimation method based on Korean population data was calculated. Dental age was estimated according to each method and the validity was evaluated using the differences between chronological and dental age. The inter- and intra-observer reliability was evaluated to be excellent. Statistically significant difference was observed between chronological and dental age in all the methods for both sexes except new Korean method for both sexes and Demirjian's revised method for males. However, when analyzing absolute and squared value of difference, Willems' method was found to be most accurate followed by new Korean method with slight difference for Korean population for both sexes. In conclusion, both Willems' method and new Korean method conducted by present study were proven to be suitable for Korean population.

Meticulous recovery of victims in the Daegu subway disaster was possible, because charred and fragmented victims were left in situ. Because bodies were piled one over another within the train, appropriate methodology during the recovery was critical to identifying the victims. The disaster area was thoroughly documented with notes, photographs, and schematic drawings of the various locations. The recovery team, comprising two medical examiners and one forensic anthropologist, decided when charred body parts and cremated bones were linked to the same individual based on the anatomy and forensic anthropological examination. Without these recovery procedures, it would not have been possible to efficiently harvest representative DNA sample from most of the victims' body parts. After the entire process of identification, 136 victims were positively identified, and six victims remained unidentified. This study supports the crucial role of forensic anthropologists in the recovery of victims, especially in fire scenes.

Background/aims The incidental finding of gastrointestinal subepithelial tumors (SETs) is increasing with national cancer screening endoscopy. In a Swedish population, screening endoscopy found a prevalence of SETs of 0.36%. However, the prevalence of gastric SETs in Korean patients has not been described. Therefore, this study evaluated the prevalence of SETs of the stomach in a Korean patient population. Methods We reviewed endoscopic reports of 11,712 subjects who underwent screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) at Hanyang University Hospital between July 2012 and June 2013. Results Among 11,712 patients, 194 (1.7%) had SET of the stomach. Of these, 71 (prevalence, 0.6%) were male and 123 (prevalence, 1.1%) were female. When grouped by age, the prevalence of SET was as follows: 1.0% for patients in their twenties, 6.2% for those in their thirties, 19.1% for those in their forties, 33.0% for those in their fifties, 30.4% for those in their sixties, and 10.3% for those over 70 years of age. Conclusions The overall prevalence of gastric SET among healthy examinees was 1.7%. The prevalence of gastric SET increased with age and was higher in female.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of topical sulfasalazine in the treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP) resistant to corticosteroid therapy.Twenty-one unresponsive OLP patients were treated with topical sulfasalazine 3 times a day for 4 weeks. Each patient's symptoms and lesion size were evaluated at the beginning of therapy, and then after 4 weeks to determine the efficacy of topical sulfasalazine. Inflammatory cytokines levels in saliva were measured by ELISA.Seventeen patients (81%) reported improvement of discomfort and 12 patients (57%) had lesions decrease in size over 50%. Patients who had higher levels of IL-1β and IL-8 were more responsive to topical sulfasalazine therapy.Topical sulfasalazine should be considered when OLP does not respond to corticosteroid therapy. Furthermore, high concentrations of IL-1β and IL-8 in the saliva are useful indicators for the application of topical sulfasalazine in OLP patients refractory to steroid treatment.

To evaluate and compare the validity of the PainDETECT, DN4, and abbreviated DN4 (DN4i) neuropathic pain questionnaires for primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), which is a burning sensation in the oral mucosa in the absence of any identifiable organic etiology.Eighty-one patients (42 with primary BMS and 39 with nociceptive pain) complaining of a burning sensation and pain in their oral mucosa were enrolled in this study. All of the patients completed the neuropathic pain questionnaires. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were estimated. Then the relationship between pain intensity and total neuropathic pain score was investigated. Data were analyzed with the chi-square test and independent t test for subjects' baseline characteristic differences, and with Pearson correlation coefficients for the relationship of variables.The mean area under the ROC curves (AUCs) for PainDETECT, DN4, and DN4i were 0.81, 0.79, and 0.81, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the AUCs among the questionnaires. PainDETECT, DN4, and DN4i had a lower sensitivity and specificity for BMS compared to previous validation studies. The total scores for PainDETECT, DN4, and DN4i in the primary BMS group were significantly associated with pain intensity.Although the results of this study suggest that neuropathic pain questionnaires, such as PainDETECT and DN4, are not ideal principal screening tools for BMS patients, a substantial proportion of neuropathic symptoms in primary BMS patients were identified.