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Wang T, Hu P, Li B, Zhang J, Cheng Y, Liang Y. Onco Targets Ther. 2017;10:1809–1819. At the request of the authors, the Editors and Publisher of OncoTargets and Therapy wish to retract the published article. Concerns were raised regarding the alleged duplication of tumor images in Figure 5 with similar images from unrelated articles. Specifically, Several images from Figure 5A, rows Untreated, RT and RT + Nrf2 siRNA appear to have been duplicated with similar images from Figure 2B, Wang et al (2017) Oncotarget (https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.22151), Figure 6D, Wu et al (2019) SSRN Electronic Journal (doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3377520) and Figure 12B, Zhang et al (2017) Oncotarget (https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.21167). The authors were unable to explain how the images came to be duplicated in other articles, nor were they able to provide any original data for their study. The Editor agreed with their request to retract the article. Our decision-making was informed by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retraction. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”.

Background: We determined to assess the HDAC8 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients and prognostic potential though there is only a little research contribution regarding HDAC8 to tumorigenesis of ESCC. Methods: The immunohistochemical expression of HDAC8 was investigated on tissue microarrays (TMAs) from 110 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.The nuclear staining intensity is calculated by the immune reactivity score ranging from (0-12) and divides them into two groups: no expression group and overexpression. Results: The median follow-up duration was 70 months. Highly regulated HDAC8 protein significantly predicted decreased 5-year overall survival (p = 0.001) and progression-free survival (p = 0.001) demonstrated by the log-rank test. Furthermore, HDAC8 protein acts as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and progression-free survival, which determined after multivariate analyses. By Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, the value of HDAC8 was (0.63±0.54,p=0.04) according to advance cancer stage and (0.59±0.06,p=0.04) according to the lymph node status found in the Area under the curve (AUC). Conclusion: HDAC8 protein is highly regulated in ESCC tissues and potential prognostic indicator for diagnosing patients with decreased survival period.

Aim of the Study: Several studies have evaluated the correlation between xeroderma pigmentosum Group A (XPA) A23G polymorphism (rs 1800975) and esophageal cancer in Chinese people. However, the results are inconsistent. To assess the effects of XPA A23G variants on the risk for development of esophageal cancer in the Chinese population, a meta-analysis was performed. Materials and Methods: Studies were identified using PubMed and Chinese databases through December 2015. The associations were assessed with pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results: This meta-analysis identified seven studies including 1514 esophageal cancer cases and 2120 controls. In the overall analysis, no significant association between XPA A23G polymorphism and esophageal cancer was found in the Chinese population. In the subgroup analyses by geographic area(s) and source of controls, significant results were only found in studies with hospital-based controls (GG vs. AA: OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.28–0.62; GG vs. AA + AG: OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.39–0.78; GG + AG vs. AA: OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.40–0.72; G vs. A: OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.50–0.75). Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggested that XPA A23G gene polymorphism may be one low-penetrant risk factor for esophageal cancer in Chinese individuals.

Two neutral polysaccharides (BRNP-1, 6.9 kDa; BRNP-2, 4.8 kDa) were purified from the common edible plant Brassica rapa L. via the combined techniques of ion-exchange chromatography and high-performance gel permeation chromatography. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that BRNP-1 and BRNP-2 were composed of glucosyl residues. Methylation and 1D- and 2D-NMR analyses revealed that both BRNP-1 and BRNP-2 contained a backbone chain that was composed of α-D-(1 → 4)-linked Glcp residues and side chains that were composed of terminally linked Glcp residues attached at the O-6 position of backbone-glycosyl residues. BRNP-1 and BRNP-2, however, differed in branch degree and molecular weight. Bioassay results showed that treatment with the higher dosage (400 μg/mL) of BRNP-1 and BRNP-2 stimulated the proliferation, NO release, and cytokine secretion (IL-6 and TNF-α) of RAW264.7 macrophages. These results suggested that BRNP-1 and BRNP-2 may enhance macrophage-mediated immune responses.

Background There is a controversial relationship between the negative lymph nodes (NLNs) and survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This study investigates the implications of total number of NLNs on thoracic ESCC patient prognosis. Methods 579 thoracic ESCC patients were categorized into four groups (0-9, 10-14, 15-19 and ≥20 NLNs). Univariate analysis was done by the log-rank tests while multivariate analysis was undertaken using Cox regression models. Survival analysis was determined employing the Kaplan-Meier method. Results When the numbers of NLNs were 9 or less, 10 to 14, 15 to 19 and 20 or more, patients of 3-year survival rates were 21.7%, 40.0%, 61.2% and 77.5%, respectively (PP Conclusion NLNs numbers is a significant independent prognostic indicator for thoracic ESCC patients’ survival after curative esophagectomy.

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the fatigue behaviour of composite T-joints which consisted of circular concrete-filled double-skin steel tubular (CFDST) chord and circular hollow section (CHS) brace, with the high-strength steel used in the chord. The test parameters included the brace to chord diameter ratio, the hollow ratio of the chord and the load range. The brace was subjected to repeated cyclic tension and the development of cracks in test specimens were recorded. The measured fatigue lives were compared with predicted ones using current codes of practice. It is found that the fatigue life of CFDST T-joint was underestimated according to codes for hollow section steel T-joints or joints who have grout between annulus of chord.

Background The interaction between tumor cells and inflammatory cells has not been systematically investigated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether preoperative the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) could predict the prognosis of ESCC patients undergoing esophagectomy. Materials and methods Records from 218 patients with histologically diagnosed ESCC who underwent attempted curative surgery from January 2007 to December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Besides clinicopathological prognostic factors, we evaluated the prognostic value of the LMR, the NLR, and the PLR using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models. Results The median follow-up was 38.6 months (range 3-71 months). The cut-off values of 2.57 for the LMR, 2.60 for the NLR and 244 for the PLR were chosen as optimal to discriminate between survival and death by applying receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of patients with low preoperative LMR demonstrated a significant worse prognosis for DFS (p=0.004) and OS (p=0.002) than those with high preoperative LMR. The high NLR cohort had lower DFS (p=0.004) and OS (p=0.011). Marginally reduced DFS (p=0.068) and lower OS (p=0.039) were found in the high PLR cohort. On multivariate analysis, only preoperative LMR was an independent prognostic factor for both DFS (p=0.009, HR=1.639, 95% CI 1.129-2.381) and OS (p=0.004, HR=1.759, 95% CI 1.201-2.576) in ESCC patients. Conclusions Preoperative LMR better predicts cancer survival compared with the cellular components of systemic inflammation in patients with ESCC undergoing esophagectomy.

Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is a novel jack-of-all-trades in cancer. Here we quantify the prognostic impact of this biomarker and assess how consistent is its expression in solid tumors. A comprehensive search strategy was used to search relevant literature updated on October 3, 2014 in PubMed, EMBASE and WEB of Science. Correlations between HDGF expression and clinicopathological features or cancer prognosis was analyzed. All pooled HRs or ORs were derived from random-effects models. Twenty-six studies, primarily in Eastern Asia, covering 2,803 patients were included in the analysis, all of them published during the past decade. We found that HDGF overexpression was significantly associated with overall survival (OS) (HROS=2.35, 95%CI=2.04-2.71, p

Open die hot forging has a wide industrial application on deforming ingot into billet with desired dimension and qualified internal microstructure. An example open die forging process of Ti-6Al-4V ingot is selected herein. A 3D FE-based numerical method was used to investigate the open die forging process with respect to the real working conditions. The simulation results were validated by the collected experimental process parameters from the forging system. Moreover, design of experiment method is adopted regarding the variation of process parameters to reveal the effects of critical factors on product deformation and quality characteristics. Results show that the process parameters including press speed, feed and reduction has significant effect on the workpiece deformation and effective strain which represents the forged billet formability and quality. Improved process parameters method is suggested with respect to the experienced benchmark based on the sensitivity analysis. Keywords: Open die forging; Ti-6Al-4V alloy; Sensitivity analysis; Process parameter; Numerical simulation

Background: The relationship between body mass index(BMI) and outcomes after chemoradiotherapy(CRT) has not been systematically addressed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BMI on survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Materials and Methods: Sixty ESCC cases were retrospectively reviewed in this study. Patient overall survival(OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were compared between two groups (BMI

This paper presents an analytical study on the stress concentration problem due to a cuboid hole in structures. Base on the theory of elasticity and the finite element method, the governing equation with cyclic periodicities in three directions is established. By using the U-transformation technique, the nodal displacement solutions are given out in analytical form. Once the nodal displacements of the cuboid hole are derived, it is easy to discus the stress distribution around the hole. As an example, the paper discusses the problem that a cube hole in structure which is under x-direction tension loading, and obtains the stress concentration factor is 1.90. The research process can be extended to study the stress concentration problems under other loading conditions

Background: The tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) has been identified as a new and practicable prognostic histological characteristic of solid tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the TSR in nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). Patients and Methods: A total of 93 patients who presented with NPC from 2004 to 2007 were studied. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy was administered according to their Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stages. The TSR was assessed visually on hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections of biopsy specimens by 2 independent observers. Results: The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 66.67% and 54.91%, respectively, in the stroma-poor group and 40.48% and 33.33%, respectively, in the stroma-rich group. Both the 5-year OS and DFS rates in the stroma-poor group were significantly better than those in the stroma-rich group (p < 0.05). In a multivariate analysis, the TSR was identified as a highly significant prognostic factor for the 5-year OS (hazard ratio (HR) 1.999; p = 0.030) and the 5-year DFS (HR 1.925; p = 0.042). Conclusion: Stroma-rich tumors were associated with poor prognosis and an increased risk of relapse, which may serve as a new prognostic histological characteristic in NPC.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes (white clover and alfalfa) and a perennial gramineous grass (tall fescue) were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids) and flavonoids (flavanols and flavonols). The concentration of flavonoid compounds (409.43 to 538.63 mg kg−1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L−1) was higher than nonflavonoids (76.91 to 98.85 mg kg−1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L−1) for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments (tall fescue and white clover) and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry (P

AIM: To compare the outcomes of pediatric patients weighing less than or more than 10 kg who underwent liver transplantation. METHODS: Data for 196 pediatric patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation between June 1994 and February 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. The information for each patient was anonymized and de-identified before analysis. The data included information regarding the pre-transplant conditions, intraoperative fluid replacement and outcomes for each patient. The 196 patients were divided into two groups: those with body weights of less than 10 kg were included in group 1 (G1; n = 101), while those with body weights of more than 10 kg were included in group 2 (G2; n = 95). For each group, the patients’ ages, body weights, heights, pediatric end stage liver disease scores, anesthesia times, and warm and cold ischemic times were analyzed. In addition, between-group comparisons were also made. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare all the variables except for complications and survival rates, which were analyzed using χ2 tests and Kaplan-Meier tests, respectively. RESULTS: The general medical conditions of the G1 patients were worse than those of the G2 patients, as shown by the higher pediatric end stage liver disease scores and poorer Z-scores. In addition, the pre-operative Hb and serum albumin levels were all lower for the G1 patients than for the G2 patients. The G1 patients also had significantly more intraoperative blood loss than the G2 patients. In addition, the intraoperative fluid requirements for the G1 patients, including leukocyte poor red blood cell transfusions, 5% albumin infusions and crystalloid infusions, were significantly higher than those for the G2 patients. The risk of intraoperative portal vein thrombosis was higher for the patients in G1 than for those in G2. However, the one-year survival rates (95.9% and 96.8% for G1 and G2, respectively) and three-year survival rates (94.9% and 94.6% for G1 and G2, respectively) for both groups were similar. CONCLUSION: Patients weighing less than 10 kg typically have poorer conditions, but their survival rates are comparable to those of children weighing more than 10 kg.

Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) is a key mediator bridging autophagy, apoptosis and differentiation. However, its role and clinical significance in resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is still scanty. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of LC3 by immunohistochemistry in a group of patients with ESCC treated with surgical resection. Tissue microarray that included 253 surgically resected ESCC specimens was successfully generated for immunohistochemical evaluation. The clinical/prognostic significance of LC3 expression was analyzed statistically. The association of LC3 expression with the ESCC survival rate was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional-hazards regression. The results showed that the immunostaining of LC3 was distributed in cytoplasm and plasma-membrane. Significantly high LC3 expression was found in ESCC cells compared with that of normal esophageal epithelial cells. Patients with low expression of LC3 demonstrated higher overall survival compared with those with high expression of LC3 (mean of 71.1 months versus 55.5 months, P = 0.022). A similar result was observed for disease-free survival (mean of 68.7 months versus 51.8 months, P = 0.021). In subgroup analysis, LC3 expression could stratify pN0 patients with ESCC. Multivariate analysis showed that the level of LC3 expression was an independent prognostic factor in ESCC (RR = 1.407, P = 0.049). This paper shows high level of LC3 suggests poor prognosis for resectable ESCC patients.

Our purpose was to compare the clinical features and prognosis of pancreatic head cancer with that of other periampullary cancers.The medical records of 82 patients (mean age of 61.67±10.52 years) with ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of pancreas and 73 patients (mean age of 60.52±11.72 years) with other periampullary adenocarcinomas, all of whom had received radical surgery, were retrospectively analyzed.There were no significant differences in age and gender between the groups (both, p0.05). However, there were significant differences in lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, clear surgical margins, tumor size, and neural invasion between the 2 groups (all p0.05). Patients with pancreatic head adenocarcinoma had significantly higher red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (Hb), albumin and pre-albumin levels, and higher platelet and white blood cell (WBC) counts than the patients with other periampullary adenocarcinomas (all p0.05). No differences in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or CA19-9 were noted between the groups. The 1-year survival rates were not different between the groups (p=0.299).Pancreatic head carcinoma has different clinical manifestations and biological features than other periampullary cancers.

Radiation induced lung toxicity (RILT) is the main adverse effect in the radiation therapy of lung cancer. However, the optimal management of RILT has not been defined. In this paper, we investigated the effects of rhubarb extract on RILT, pulmonary function (PF), transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eighty consecutive patients were randomly enrolled into two groups: trial group and control group. The trial group received three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) plus rhubarb (at a dose of 20 mg kg(-1) once a day) for 6 weeks. The control group received 3D-CRT plus a placebo containing starch for 6 weeks. Plasma TGF-beta1 and serum IL-6 were measured in all patients before, every 2 weeks during, and at 6 weeks after the completion of the treatment. RILT and PF were evaluated at 6 weeks and 6 months after the end of the treatment, respectively. The differences of TGF-beta1, IL-6, RILT, and PF between the two groups were analysed.The incidence of RILT in the trial group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 6 weeks and 6 months after treatment (32.4% versus 56.7% at week 6, and 27.0% versus 52.8% at month 6, both P0.05). The plasma TGF-beta1 levels in the trial group were significantly lower than that in the control group during and after the treatment (P0.05 or 0.01, respectively). The serum IL-6 levels in the trial group were significantly lower than that in the control group during the treatment (all P0.01). The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at 1s (FEV1) at 6 weeks and the diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) at 6 months in the trial group were significantly improved compared to the control group (P0.05 or 0.01, respectively).The rhubarb extract significantly attenuated RILT and improved PF, probably by decreasing the level of TGF-beta1 and IL-6. These results may be of value for the prophylaxis of RILT, but the exact mechanisms underlying these prophylactic effects remain to be further explored.

To investigate the effect on apoptosis of HeLa cells by transfecting c-myc antisense oligonucleotides and seek a new method to enhance radiosensitivity of tumor cells.Immunohistochemistry staining and RT-PCR were conducted to identify the effect of ASODN. Giemsa staining, flow cytometry (FCM) and DNA ladder were performed to detect the apoptosis of HeLa cells.After transfection of ASODN (c-myc), the levels of both c-myc mRNA and C-MYC protein expression were reduced (P0.05). Giemsa staining demonstrated apoptosis-bodies on the c-myc ASODN-transfected cells. DNA ladder presented the typical ladder of apoptosis. The apoptosis rate of HeLa cells transfected with c-myc ASODN was (10.29 +/- 0.66)%, transfected c-myc ASODN combined irradiation was (16.83 +/- 0.57)%, which were much higher than that of control group (1.79 +/- 0.19)% (P0.05).The c-myc ASODN could effectively down-regulate the expression of c-myc; furthermore, transfection of c-myc ASODN could more effectively induce apoptosis of HeLa cells which subsequently enhanced radiosensitivity of HeLa cells.

The purpose of this study was to determine the serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level before and after radiotherapy in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma.In this study we used the methods of ELISA to test the serum VEGF level of 66 cases which including 46 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and 20 cases of healthy controls.The serum VEGF levels in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients were significantly higher than those of healthy controls (P0.01). The serum levels of VEGF were significantly reduced at the end of radiotherapy (P0.01). The recurrence or metastasis rate was significantly higher in cases with150 ng/L VEGF level than those with150 ng/L.VEGF plays an important role in the growth and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

A full-length cDNA of 803 base pairs encoding a putative copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) from Epinephelus malabaricus was cloned by the polymerase chain reaction approach. Nucleotide sequence analysis of this cDNA clone revealed that it comprises a complete open reading frame coding for 154 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high similarity (65-91%) with the sequences of the Cu/Zn-SOD from other species. Computer analysis of the residues required for coordinating copper (His-49, -64, and -121) and zinc (His-64, -72, and -81 and Asp-84), as well as the two cysteines (58 and 147) that form a single disulfide bond, was well-conserved among all reported Cu/Zn-SOD sequences. To further characterize the E. malabaricus Cu/Zn-SOD, the coding region was subcloned into an expression vector, pET-20b(+) and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. The expression of the Cu/Zn-SOD was confirmed by enzyme activity stained on a native gel and purified by Ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetic acid Sepharose. The enzyme activity was inhibited under basic pH (higher than 10.0). The enzyme retained 65% activity after heating at 60 degrees C for 10 min. The inactivation rate constant (k(d)) was 6.64 x 10(-2) min(-1) at 60 degrees C. The enzyme activity was only some decrease under 3% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme was resistant to proteolysis by trypsin and chymotrypsin. The finding of Cu/Zn-SOD cDNA could be used as a probe to detect the transcription level of this enzyme, which can be used as an early biomarker of environmental pollution. The property of this enzyme could provide a reference as compared to the oxidized forms or new isoforms, which could be induced under the experiments of pollution.

We investigated whether transtracheal insufflation of oxygen with different insufflation flow rates protects against aspiration of gastric contents during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Its ventilation and oxygenation effects were also evaluated. Cardiac arrest was induced in anesthetized and paralyzed 18 mongrel dogs. Chest compression using an automatic thumper was performed while the dogs randomly received no mechanical ventilation (Group I, n = 6) or were transtracheally insufflated with 4 L/min oxygen (Group II, n = 6) or 10 L/min oxygen (Group III, n = 6). Blood samples were drawn every 5 min for 20 min for blood gas analysis. the mouths of the dogs were then filled with 70 mL mixed barium, and 10 min after chest compression, chest radiographs were taken to evaluate the incidence of pulmonary aspiration. Results showed that pulmonary aspiration occurred in all dogs of Group I and three of the six dogs in Group II, whereas dogs in Group III were free from pulmonary aspiration. Both transtracheal oxygen insufflation groups maintained oxygen saturation significantly better than Group I, but mild hypercapnia was observed in all groups after 20 min of CPR. We conclude that transtracheal oxygen insufflation, but not chest compression alone, was able to maintain oxygenation for 20 min during CPR in dogs with cardiac arrest. Mild hypercapnia was noted in all groups. Chest compression alone caused pulmonary aspiration, whereas insufflation of 10 L O(2)/min provided better protection against pulmonary aspiration than that of 4 L O(2)/min.

Background: Previous work by the authors has shown that chest compressions alone without mechanical ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the natural supine position was associated with pulmonary aspiration in dogs. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that a head down position may prevent aspiration during chest compressions alone and whether oxygenation can be improved by simply insufflation of oral oxygen 10 min after cardiac arrest. Methods: Cardiac arrest was induced in ten mongrel dogs which were anesthetized and paralysed. Eight underwent chest compressions alone in different head down positions using an automatic compressor at 9 kg compression force and 3 cm compression depth. The study was composed of two parts. Part 1 evaluated the effect of insufflation of 10 l/min O 2 , into the mouth of the dogs, 10 min after initiation of resuscitation, using chest compressions alone. Part 2 was designed to test our hypothesis that the head down position may protect the lungs from aspiration during chest compression alone. The mouths of the dogs were filled with mixed barium and the dogs underwent serial episodes of chest compressions, for 10 min each, in the 20°head down, 10° head down and the natural supine positions. Chest X-rays with antero-posterior and lateral views were taken to evaluate pulmonary aspiration. Two additional dogs underwent direct chest compression alone in the natural supine position and the time of chest compression was shortened to 5 min. Results: All dogs in the natural position showed evidence of pulmonary aspiration of barium, five or six of the dogs showed tracheal aspiration in the 10° head down position, while no any barium was visualized in the tracheo-broncheal trees of the dogs in the 20° head down position. Supplemental oxygen in the mouth improved the mean Pa O 2 from 67±26 to 160±97 mmHg during chest compressions alone. Conclusion: Chest compression alone without mechanical ventilation in the supine position caused pulmonary aspiration in the unprotected airway in dogs. This complication could be prevented by adopting a 20° head down position. The10° head down position seemed to reduce the severity of the pulmonary aspiration, but not enough to eliminate the danger altogether. Supplemental oxygen in the mouth can improve oxygenation in chest compressions alone.

AIM: To investigate the association between nuclear β-catenin overexpression in rectal adenocarcinoma and radioresistance. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted. The analysis involved 136 patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent short-course preoperative radiotherapy and radical resection. The expression of β-catenin in both pretreatment biopsy specimens and resected primary tumor tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry. The correlation of β-catenin expression with radioresistance was evaluated using the tumor regression grading (TRG) system. The relationship between β-catenin expression and clinicopathological characteristics was also analyzed. Univariate and logistic multivariate regression analyses were adopted to determine the independent factors of radioresistance. RESULTS: Nuclear β-catenin overexpression was more evident in radioresistant rectal adenocarcinoma than in radiosensitive rectal adenocarcinoma (57.6% vs 16.7%, P < 0.001). Nuclear β-catenin was overexpressed in favor of poor TRG (≤ 2), whereas membrane β-catenin was expressed in favor of good TRG (≥ 3). Nuclear β-catenin expression in tumor cell differentiation (P = 0.018), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.022), and TRG (P < 0.001) showed significant differences. Univariate analyses demonstrated that radioresistance is associated with nuclear β-catenin overexpression (P < 0.001). In addition, logistic multivariate regression analysis indicated that only three factors, namely, tumor size (P < 0.001), tumor cell differentiation (P < 0.001), and nuclear β-catenin overexpression (P < 0.001), are associated with radioresistance. By using radioresistance as a prediction target, nuclear β-catenin-based prediction alone achieved 83% accuracy, 65% sensitivity, and 88% specificity. CONCLUSION: Nuclear β-catenin overexpression may be a valuable candidate to predict the response of rectal adenocarcinoma to preoperative radiotherapy.