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This study aims to develop a science, environment, technology, and society (SETS)-based learning module to enhance critical thinking skills among elementary school students. Employing a research and development (R&D) approach adapting the Borg and Gall model, this module is designed to enrich the learning process of natural and social sciences (IPAS). The research sample involved elementary school students from selected schools, utilizing quantitative methods to measure the module's effectiveness. Validation results showed high scores in content, media, language, and pedagogy, indicating a highly valid module. Practicality tests revealed high practicality from both learners' and educators' perspectives, with average scores above 90. The findings indicate a significant increase in students' critical thinking abilities post-module learning, as measured by pre-test and post-test instruments. Implications of these findings suggest that integrating SETS concepts into IPAS learning can be an effective strategy in enhancing elementary students' critical thinking skills. These findings also offer insights for educational practitioners in designing more interactive and environmentally relevant learning materials.

Indonesia faces significant air quality issues due to multiple emissions sources, including rapid urbanization and peatland fires associated with agricultural land management. Limited prior research has estimated the episodic shock of intense fires on morbidity and mortality in Indonesia but has largely ignored the impact of poor air quality throughout the year on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk. We conducted a cross-sectional study of the association between particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) and blood pressure. Blood pressure measurements were obtained from the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS5), an ongoing population-based socioeconomic and health survey. We used the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to simulate daily PM2.5 concentrations at 0.5° × 0.625° resolution across the IFLS domain. We assessed the association between PM2.5 and diastolic and systolic blood pressure, using mixed effects models with random intercepts for regency/municipality and household and adjusted for individual covariates. An interquartile range increase in monthly PM2.5 exposure was associated with a 0.234 (95% CI: 0.003, 0.464) higher diastolic blood pressure, with a greater association seen in participants age 65 and over (1.16 [95% CI: 0.24, 2.08]). For the same exposure metric, there was a 1.90 (95% CI: 0.43, 3.37) higher systolic blood pressure in participants 65 and older. Our assessment of fire-specific PM2.5 yielded null results, potentially due to the timing and locations of health data collection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence for an association between PM2.5 and blood pressure in Indonesia.

Anna Meiliana,1,2 Nurrani Mustika Dewi,2,3 Irma Rahayu Latarissa,1 Melisa Intan Barliana,3,4 Sofa Dewi Alfian,1,4 Trilis Yulianti,2 Andi Wijaya2 1Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia; 2Prodia Clinical Laboratory, Jakarta, Indonesia; 3Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia; 4Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Anna Meiliana, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM. 21, Jatinangor, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Email anna.meiliana@unpad.ac.idBackground: Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and poses a significant health challenge for older adults by increasing the risk of disability and decreasing quality of life. Yoga considers as a low-risk and beneficial exercise for older adults. This research aims to evaluate the potential of yoga practice as a preventive strategy against sarcopenia in Indonesian older adults.Methods: An observational cross-sectional research was conducted including 41 older adults aged 60– 87 years. The research focused on key biomarkers and functional assessments, including serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, telomere length, gait speed, hand grip strength, and SARC-F questionnaire scores.Results: The results showed that participants aged 71– 80 years who practiced yoga for more than a year had significantly higher IGF-1 levels (p=0.04). While improvements in gait speed, hand grip strength, and SARC-F scores were observed, these changes were not statistically significant, and no significant differences were found in telomere length.Conclusion: Yoga in older adults was associated with higher IGF-1 levels and potential improvements in upper and lower extremity strength, though these findings were not statistically significant and did not influence telomere length. Yoga practice shows potential as an emerging adjuvant option but can not be applied as a single strategy for sarcopenia prevention in older adults.Keywords: aging, frailty, quality of life, yoga

Manuscripts are known to transmit cultural heritage across generations along with thoughts, knowledge, customs, and people's behaviors. The current study aimed to examine the influence of Arabic manuscripts on the Malay and the Acehnese tradition with the spread of Islam. For this purpose, an Acehnese manuscript, "Kitab Tauhid" (KT), was sampled as the primary data to find out the orthography of Acehnese and the Malay language, a domain that has so far been underrated and understudied. This qualitative study used a descriptive research design and note-taking method, i.e., transcribing and translating for retrieving the absorption of the Malay language and the Jawi orthography. The objective was to obtain a deep analysis of the sampled text and classify the Jawi Script and Malay language into the description. The retrieved data was analyzed by classifying them into different types of loanwords and to examine the Jawi script's orthography and the variety of Malay used in the KT manuscript. The results revealed that after Islam's arrival in Nusantara, the Jawi scripts were influenced by the Malay language. This influence included using diacritical marks or "harakat" as vowel markers being removed and replaced with "alif," "wau," and "ya." The implications include evidence of the Arabic vocabulary and the influence of Arabic phonemes and phrases in the KT manuscript.

The objective of research is to explore educational significance inherent in the rule of law, and the implications of social policies pertaining to regional budgeting that safeguard salt farmers and enhance the efficiency of salt production. To accomplish these goals, a normative legal research design was employed. The findings of the study revealed that the social policy pertaining to salt farmers emphasizes the attainment of moral and mental values rooted in ideological principles and the foundation of the state. Understanding the legal regulations related to moral and mental values can shape and strengthen character and capabilities of salt farmers. This, in turn, fosters compliance with the rules and regulations established by the local government, thereby promoting their effective implementation. The second finding highlights the link between the implemented social policies and the budgeting system for the development of the Minapolitan Area, which relies on funding sources' authority. Unfortunately, the Minapolitan Area development program primarily focuses on boosting fish cultivation and fish catches, which may not adequately address the concerns of salt farmers in Madura. Consequently, there is a possibility that the welfare of the Minapolitan area of the Madura region and the economic security of coastal communities, particularly fishermen, might not experience significant improvements. The expected implication is that the juridical construction through legal education contained in the Regency Regional Regulation on the Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Farmers, and Salt Farmers serves as the foundation for implementing diverse budgeting policies. These policies seek to establish legal certainty and enhance the welfare of salt farmers, guided by the principles of utilizing state finances while considering the unique characteristics of the region's potential.

Objective: Time banditry behavior is often overlooked as counterproductive work behavior (CWB) even though it has a hidden negative impact and can disrupt organizational performance. This study will explore situational factors sourced from the organization, namely narcissistic leadership, workload, and boredom, that trigger stress at work, namely emotional exhaustion. Emotion exhaustion will impact time banditry behavior. Design/Methods/Approach: This study involved 181 civil servants in western Indonesia. Data were collected through a survey and analyzed using partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings: The findings revealed that narcissistic leadership and boredom have a significant and positive influence on time banditry behavior; boredom at work also has a significant and positive effect on time banditry. Meanwhile, boredom at work has the greatest influence on time banditry. Workload has a significant and negative influence on time banditry behavior. There are two insignificant influences, namely emotional exhaustion to time banditry behavior and narcissistic leadership to emotion exhaustion. Furthermore, both workload and boredom have a significant and positive influence on emotional exhaustion. Originality/Value: This study provides theoretical and practical contributions to the workplace that can trigger time banditry. Situational factors, including narcissistic leadership, workload load, and boredom, can cause emotional exhaustion. They will do time banditry. Practical/Policy Implications: The results of this study have practical implications, such as boredom at work being prone to trigger the emergence of time banditry behavior. Organizations need to redesign work so that work is more varied and less boring through rotation, transfer, or job enrichment arrangements and job functions.

To date, 'Japansche Citroen' (JC) has only been used commercially as a rootstock in Indonesia; however, the use of suitable rootstock remains challenging because of water limits in different places. The morphological, physiological, and gene expression changes of one-and-a-half-year-old mandarin cv. 'Keprok Batu 55' (KB) and sweet orange cv. 'Manis Pacitan' (MP) budded onto 'Japansche citroen' (JC), 'Rough Lemon' (RL), 'Salam' (S), 'Volkameriana' (V), and 'Cleopatra Mandarin' (C) rootstocks, subjected to six-week drought-stress conditions, were examined under a shade house. The experiment was conducted in Junrejo Subdistrict ( ± 990 m a.s.l.), Batu City, East Java Province, Indonesia, from January 2022 to May 2023. The experimental design was a factorial randomized block design with two factors: rootstocks as factor I and two citrus species as factor II, with three replications. A low shoot/root (S/R) ratio indicates much more root development than shoots observed in KB/C (0.89) and MP/RL (0.87) plants under drought conditions; the MP/RL plant had the greatest stomatal density (16.0/0.015 mm2) and percentage of stomatal closure (58.8%). In this condition, it had lower leaf relative water content (RWC) than the control, with comparatively high RWC ranging from 45-55% in KB/JC, KB/S, MP/C, and MP/RL. The drought did not affect cell membrane damage, although this did slightly increase the quantity of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids (P < 0.05). Aside from that, leaf proline and total soluble sugar levels were higher in the dryness than in the control, with the combination of KB/C (331.6 μ mol proline/g fresh weight), MP/JC, and MP/RL plants having the highest (347.9 and 337.1 μmol proline/g fresh weight). Meanwhile, the plants with the greatest quantities of soluble sugar were KB/C (35.9 mg/g dry weight) and MP/V (75.3 mg/g dry weight). Regardless of scion-rootstock interaction, KB enhanced the relative quantity of several genes such as 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase, Chlase, ethylene receptors (ETR1), osmotin, plasma membrane instrinsic proteins (PIP1), and PIP2 allowing it to respond more effectively to drought stress conditions. In contrast, MP only increased Chlase and ETR1 ones. Under drought conditions, the KB/C and MP/RL combinations are assumed to be more adaptable than others.

Secondary battery solid electrolytes attract researchers' attention for being one of the components of the anode and cathode separation in batteries. Currently, battery electrolytes on the market are liquid-based, which have weaknesses in their safety and are not environmentally friendly. Solid-based electrolytes can be a good choice since they excel in the safety and stability of mechanical and electrical properties; however, they still have the disadvantage of low conductivity values (~10-4 - 10-6 S/cm), thus requiring modification. The solid electrolytes modification using chitosan can be done by adding other polymers and salts as fillers and Li+ ion-making agents. This scientific paper offers an overview of the development of chitosan-based secondary battery solid electrolytes with the addition of PEG4000 polymer and LiCF3SO3. The study was conducted using the solution casting method producing solid electrolytes in the form of membranes. The addition of PEG4000 and LiCF3SO3 affected the microstructure and electrical permittivity of the polymer solid electrolyte membrane. PEG4000 as a plasticizer had no significant effect on inter- and intra-molecular bonds due to poor membrane homogeneity; meanwhile, LiCF3SO3 could increase the permittivity and ionic conductivity of the chitosan polymer solid electrolyte membrane to 3.199 x 10-7 S/cm. The chitosan polymer solid electrolyte membrane with the addition of PEG4000 and 30% LiCF3SO3 salt has an optimal value compared to other salt concentration variations. The results of this research concluded that LiCF3SO3 is evenly dispersed in the chitosan/PEG4000 solid polymer electrolyte membrane enabling it to be used as a secondary battery solid electrolyte.

Topik peran orang tua dalam mendampingi anak dengan gangguan spektrum autisme (ASD) sangat penting untuk dipahami, mengingat tantangan yang dihadapi oleh orang tua dalam mendukung perkembangan anak mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi peran orang tua sebagai fasilitator utama dalam intervensi perilaku, pendidikan inklusif, dan penguatan keterampilan sosial anak-anak dengan ASD. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam sebagai instrumen utama, melibatkan 10 orang tua anak dengan ASD sebagai subjek penelitian. Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik analisis tematik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa orang tua berperan penting dalam mengelola perilaku anak dan mendukung pendidikan inklusif, meskipun menghadapi tantangan seperti keterbatasan pelatihan dan akses terhadap layanan. Implikasi hasil penelitian ini adalah perlunya pelatihan lebih lanjut bagi orang tua dan pendidik, serta peningkatan akses layanan untuk menciptakan lingkungan yang lebih inklusif bagi anak-anak dengan ASD.

Introduction: Depression in the elderly is often not detected because elderly people who are depressed show more somatic or cognitive complaints than affective complaints. The relationship between depression and the progression of glaucoma has been studied and taken into consideration in the selection of therapy to be given. Methods: This report is a case report from a patient who has been given an explanation and received consent regarding a psychiatric interview, physical examination and support, interventions, case discussion presentations, and the confidentiality of all patient personal information. Case: Education was carried out on a 72-year-old patient with a Major Depressive Episode without psychotic symptoms who also had glaucoma a few months after complaining of depression. The education provided includes knowledge about depression and its relationship to glaucoma, a management plan in the form of advice for hospitalization in a hospital that has a psychiatrist and an ophthalmologist. Conclusion: Depression in the elderly can affect the progression of glaucoma. The choice of psychopharmacological therapy needs to be adjusted by considering its side effects on the possibility of glaucoma or the risk of aggravating the progression of glaucoma.

Critical thinking is an essential ability for students in the 21st century, particularly in complex subjects like the endocrine system in biology, which requires a deeper conceptual understanding. This study aims to analyze the critical thinking ability profile of Grade XI high school students in Bantul Regency on the topic of the endocrine system, a subject often considered difficult due to its abstract nature. This research is a descriptive quantitative study using a purposive sampling technique, involving 260 Grade XI students from various high schools in Bantul Regency. The test used consists of 8 essay questions, designed based on Ennis’ critical thinking aspects. The results reveal that the overall critical thinking ability of these students is still very low. Specifically, the percentage results for each aspect are as follows: the elementary clarification aspect is 37.8% with a very low category, the basic support aspect is 47.4% with a low category, the inference aspect is 25.5% with a very low category, the advance clarification aspect is 54.2% with a low category, and the strategy and tactics aspect is 47.8% with a very low category. These results provide a broader understanding of the critical thinking ability of Grade XI high school students in Bantul Regency, which can serve as a basis for educators in developing and designing various learning innovations aimed at enhancing pupils' capacity for critical thought.

Research aims: The objective of this study is to examine the impact of auditor ethics, auditor professionalism, and dysfunctional audit behavior on the quality of audits, considering dysfunctional audit behavior as a potential moderating factor. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research utilized a sample of auditors from public accounting firms across Java, employing convenience sampling through smartPLS 3 software, with a total of 256 auditors participating. Research findings: The findings revealed that both auditor ethics and professionalism positively contribute to audit quality. In contrast, dysfunctional audit behavior shows no significant effect on audit quality, nor does it moderate the beneficial effects of auditor ethics and professionalism on audit quality. These results underscore the significance of auditor ethics and professionalism in enhancing the quality of financial report audits. Theoretical contribution/ Originality: The research outlined herein seeks to explore the impact of auditor ethics and professionalism on audit quality, considering the potential moderating effect of dysfunctional audit behavior. Practitioner/Policy implication: The study's implications are straightforward: Auditor ethics and professionalism are vital for the production of high-quality financial statement audits. Research limitation/Implication: While dysfunctional audit behavior appears to have no significant effect, it remains crucial for public accounting firms to monitor such behaviors. As a result, there is a need for public accounting firms to prioritize ongoing professional education to uphold and reinforce the standards of ethics and professionalism among auditors.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variabel kepemimpinan digital terhadap variabel tingkat kreativitas karyawan milenial di Jawa Timur dan dampaknya terhadap kinerja karyawan. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga mempertimbangkan peran moderasi Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) dalam mengelola hubungan antara pemimpin dan anggota tim. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner yang disebar kepada 179 karyawan milenial di berbagai industri di Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) menggunakan SmartPLS yang bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan antar variabel, baik antar variabel laten maupun dengan variabel indikator. Hasil nilai Uji-T melalui nilai T-Statistik sebesar 1,421 dengan P-Value sebesar 0,155 membuktikan bahwa variabel LMX tidak memoderasi hubungan antara kreativitas karyawan dengan kinerja karyawan, sehingga saran untuk penelitian selanjutnya dapat mengubah variabel LMX menjadi variabel mediasi untuk variabel lain.

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is infrequently associated with severe complications in children. A recent observation has linked Covid-19 to recurrent ventricular fibrillation in pediatric patients. Case report. We present a distinct case of severe Covid-19 in an 11-year-old male child who was previously healthy but obese. The patient experienced recurrent fibrillation as a complication and underwent multiple defibrillation shocks, ultimately surviving the ordeal. Early on in the management of refractory ventricular fibrillation, the patient was administered amiodarone intravenously. Upon diagnosis, he was found to have pneumonia and hypoxemic respiratory failure, necessitating supplemental oxygen through intubation due to hypoxia. Given the rapid progression of his pneumonia, a treatment regimen including remdesivir and dexamethasone was initiated. Conclusions. This case study could be utilized as a valuable point of reference for healthcare providers treating young patients with Covid-19. It is essential to apply established treatment methods for pediatric Covid-19 to mitigate risks of complications like ventricular fibrillation in children.

ABSTRAK Pembagian dividen ini erat kaitannya dengan kinerja keuangan perusahaan, jika kinerja keuangan perusahaan baik maka perusahaan dapat menentukan besarnya dividen sesuai dengan harapan para pemegang saham. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh informasi rasio keuangan terhadap Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR) pada perusahaan sub sector perbankan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi Return On Assets (ROA), Debt To Equity Ratio (DER), Total Assets Turnover (TATO), dan Firm Size. Populasi yang diteliti melibatkan perusahaan sub sector perbankan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2018-2022. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan metode purposive sampling, dengan total 12 perusahaan sebagai sampel. Analisis data yang dilakukan melalui pendekatan analisis deskriptif, regresi linear berganda, dan uji MRA dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Eviews 12. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Return On Assets dan Total Assets Turnover berpengaruh positif terhadap Dividend Payout Ratio. Sedangkan Debt To Equity Ratio berpengaruh negative terhadap terhadap Dividend Payout Ratio. Selain itu Firm Size mampu memoderasi pengaruh Debt To Equity Ratio dan Total Assets Turnover terhadap Dividend Payout Ratio, namun tidak mampu memoderasi pengaruh Return On Assets terhadap Dividend Payout Ratio. Hasil pengujian simultan menunjukkan bahwa variable Return On Assets, Debt To Equity Ratio, Total Assets Turnover, dan Firm Size secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap Dividend Payout Ratio. Kata Kunci: Return On Assets, Debt To Equity Ratio, Total Assets Turnover, Firm Size, Dividend Payout Ratio ABSTRACT Dividend distribution is closely related to the company's financial performance, if the company's financial performance is good, the company can determine the amount of dividends in accordance with the expectations of shareholders. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of financial information on Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR) in the banking sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The variables used in this study include Return on Assets (ROA), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Total Assets Turnover (TATO), and Firm Size. The population studied involves banking sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018-2022. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling method, with a total of 12 companies as a sample. Data analysis was done through descriptive analysis approach, multiple linear regression, and MRA test using Eviews 12 software. The result showed that the Return on Assets and Total Assets Turnover have a positive effect on Dividend Payout Ratio. Meanwhile, Debt to Equity Ratio have a negative effect on Dividend Payout Ratio. Additionally, Firm Size can moderate the effect of Debt to Equity Ratio and Total Assets Turnover on Dividend Payout Ratio, but cannot moderate the effect of Return On Assets on Dividend Payout Ratio. The result of simultaneous testing showed that the variables Return on Assets, Debt to Equity Ratio, Total Assets Turnover, and Firm Size simultaneously effect Dividend Payout Ratio. Keywords: Return On Assets, Debt To Equity Ratio, Total Assets Turnover, Firm Size, Dividend Payout Ratio.

Pati Aji Achdiat,1 Dini Atiyah,1 Fitri Yulianti,1 Endang Sutedja,1 Srie Prihianti Gondokaryono,1 Hermin Aminah Usman,2 Retno Hesty Maharani1 1Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran – Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia; 2Department of Pathology Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Pati Aji Achdiat, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran – Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Jl. Pasteur No. 38, Bandung, West Java, 40161, Indonesia, Tel/Fax +62222032426 Ext. 3449, Email pati.aji.achdiat@unpad.ac.idIntroduction: Anogenital warts (AGW) are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly types 6 and 11. The highest incidence of AGW occurs in the age group of 15– 24 years. However, as life expectancy increases, there is a significant rise in the geriatric population worldwide. This demographic shift is directly proportional to the increasing number of STIs cases within the geriatric group.Cases: A case of AGW was reported in a 75-year-old man who had a history of erectile dysfunction medication use and recent sexual contact. During the physical examination, a hyperpigmented plaque with a verrucous surface was observed at the base of the penis. The results of the histopathological examination were consistent with the characteristics of AGW. In addition, HPV genotyping, through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed the presence of HPV type 6.Discussion: The aging process leads to a decline in immune function among geriatric individuals, which causes susceptibility to infections, including STIs. Moreover, the geriatric population has a different level of susceptibility to STIs compared to younger individuals. Factors such as physiological changes, decreased sexual function, low awareness of STIs, and having multiple sexual partners further increase the risk of STIs in this age group.Conclusion: Sexual intercourse is an important component of the human life. However, the natural decline in sexual function due to the aging process often occurs with advancing age. As a result, many geriatrics seek various solutions in order to maintain sexual function and activity in old age. Since STIs can occur at any age, early detection and education are essential, particularly for the geriatric population.Keywords: anogenital warts, geriatric, HPV, immunosenescence, sexually transmitted disease

Santen Island Beach in the Banyuwangi Regency of Indonesia possesses immense potential for beach tourism. Unfortunately, the charm of this destination has been marred by inadequate waste management. This paper outlines a community service program aimed at enhancing awareness, understanding, and active participation of local community groups in addressing waste management issues by transforming waste into ecobrick greenhouses. The program employed various methods, including lectures, discussions, and brainstorming sessions, which were conducted on Pulau Santen Beach with a focus on the local population. The application of a local development model was central to our community service activities, resulting in increased understanding, awareness, and participation among the target groups. The heightened involvement was marked by enthusiastic participation in ecobrick production, effective household waste sorting (particularly plastic waste), and the formation of committed cadres. The local community exhibited increased knowledge through their ability to respond to questions and plan follow-up actions. This initiative significantly improved the knowledge, awareness, and engagement of the target community in managing waste and converting it into ecobricks.

This research problem begins with the results of a needs analysis of students. The research aims to produce a product in the form of a science pocket book based on Inquiry Social Complexity that is valid, practical and effective in order to improve students’ critical thinking skills. The type of research used Research and Development (R&D), following the ADDIE model with five stages: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The population of this studied consists of fifth-grade students from SD Rayon II, Sidomulyo District. The sample was determined used Cluster Random Sampling, aligned with the research objectives. Data collection tools included valid and reliable test instruments. The validation results of the Inquiry-Based Social Complexity Science pocketbook, developed by the researchers, theoretically confirmed its feasibility, with an Aiken’s V analysis yielding an average of 0.87, falling into the “Very Valid” category. Science pocket book product based on Inquiry Social Complexity which was developed to be practical in its application in the classroom. The results of the practicality assessment on educators’ responses had a holistic average score of 88.04 with a very practical interpretation and student responses had a holistic average score of 87.77 with a very practical interpretation. The data analysis technique employed an independent t-test. The calculation result was 0.009, which was less than 0.05. It is indicating a significant difference between the pre-test and post-use of the product in the class groups. This shows that the pocket book used is effective in improving students’ critical thinking skills.

Funny's Kitchen is one of the tenants of Foodcourt E at X University. Internal improvements were carried out based on research on students as the main consumers of Funny's Kitchen. The results of Multiple Linear Regression processing from 99 students' data show that the freshness of the food, the suitability of the price to the quality of the food provided, and the correct temperature of the food provided have a significant effect on students' interest in repurchasing at Funny's Kitchen. It is proposed that Funny's Kitchen use a microwave to speed up the process of heating food, maintain the taste of the food, employ employees who can help with the process of preparing and serving food, and adjust prices to the quality of the food provided. In this PKM, training was carried out to calculate the cost of production and it was discovered that Funny's Kitchen could still increase the quantity of its food portions. It is hoped that through the improvements made, student interest in buying back traditional food at Funny's Kitchen can increase.

Latar Belakang: Kalangan remaja putri yang tengah menstruasi menunjukkan masih tingginya angka kejadian dismenore primer yang sangat mengganggu berupa kram perut atau gangguan nyeri yang diikuti dengan penyebaran rasa sakit menuju punggung, sakit kepala, mual dan muntah, sampai diare, sehingga harus beristirahat serta dalam kurun waktu tertentu meninggalkan aktivitas serta pekerjaannya. Tujuan: Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh kompres hangat dan pemberian air kelapa terhadap dismenore primer pada remaja putri Pondok Pesantren Modern Al-Ikhlash Putri Kabupaten Kuningan. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pra eksperimental dengan desain penelitian one group pre-test post-test design. Sejumlah 83 remaja putri kelas 1-3 SMA berusia 14-18 tahun dipilih sebagai populasi. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) dan lembar ceklis (observasi dan wawancara). Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan program SPSS. Teknik purposive dipilih dalam mengambil sampel, sehingga diperoleh 26 remaja yang relevan dengan kriteria inklusi maupun eksklusi. Data yang dihimpun adalah data primer. Analisis univariat serta bivariat digunakan dengan paired t-test dalam menguji pengaruh serta chi-square test dalam menguji korelasi tiap variabel. Hasil: Terdapat uji beda dengan hasil p-value 0,000, ditemukan pengaruh signifikan antara nyeri haid sebelum maupun sesudah kompres hangat dan pemberian air kelapa pada remaja putri. Kesimpulan: Pemberian kompres hangat dan mengonsumsi air kelapa secara rutin dapat meminimalisir nyeri haid remaja putri.

Introduction: Telehealth has improved promotive and preventive health care through enhanced access to health-care services. Existing literature on telehealth in Indonesia has primarily concentrated on telemedicine in the curative area. However, there is a lack of research exploring telehealth in Indonesia that focuses on promotive and preventive. Therefore, this review examines the existing literature concerning the types and implementation of telehealth in promotive and preventive care within Indonesia over the past decade. Methods: A scoping review based on Arksey and O’Malley’s framework was used in this study. A literature search was performed in March 2023 across seven databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, Medline, Health Internetwork Access to Research Initiative, and Garba Digital Reference. The data were extracted, categorized, and synthesized using narrative descriptions, tables, and graphics. Results: A total of 532 articles were identified, and 29 articles were included. Telehealth programs concern maternal and child health, communicable diseases, noncommunicable diseases, and nutrition. Modality using telehealth for health services is done in the form of video, remote monitoring, storing and forwarding, and others. Important aspects highlighted in the implementation of telehealth include patient acceptance, health worker acceptance, policy, technology, organization, and financing. Conclusion: Telehealth for promotive and preventive health care has evolved in Indonesia over the past decade. Successful implementation hinges on positive reception, supportive policies, reliable technology, efficient organizational structures, and adequate financing. A holistic approach considering these factors is crucial for maximum impact, with government support in policy formulation, technology provision, and funding essential for successful telehealth in promotive and preventive health-care services.

Speaking English as a foreign language (EFL) requires the proper instructional techniques and tactics. Since then, other techniques, including online scaffolding or more knowledgeable other in the speaking improvement, have been used. The current research employs scaffolding to teach speaking in comparison to teacher-guided. The goal of this research is to describe the scaffolding techniques a teacher uses while scaffolding four students. In order to do this, the current research investigates how learners describe what they had learned and accomplished via speaking class performances, which acts as a scaffold for them. The outcomes identify the six diamonds of scaffolding behaviors, that is, instructor, contingent, consultant, modeling, motivator, and evaluator. However, the researchers assert that there were only a small number of learners because of the difficulty of the subject. According to the research, peer scaffolding should blend or hybrid while teaching spoken EFL at the college level. The report encourages future ethnographic discussions for more research.

STEAM education is designed to prepare students for the twenty-first-century life skills and has been extensively investigated in the past 10 years. Given the rapid evolution of educational practices and the diverse ways in which STEAM is implemented in science classrooms, there is an urgent need for an analysis of the current outlook of STEAM education within the science classrooms context. In this article, 22 empirical studies were included to highlight the methodology, STEAM characteristics, and pedagogical approaches implemented in STEAM-based learning. Findings suggest that STEAM education plays an important role in fostering students' twenty-first-century skills and should be manifested by student-centered learning approaches. This study holds significant implications in providing direction for future studies regarding STEAM education in science classroom settings.

This study analyses the Indonesian sport announcers in relation to their repositioning as integral constituents of the game through the use of language and cultural content and embedding them in the cultural context of the country. The main purpose is to analyze how commentators create stories that are appealing to audiences, evoke emotions as well as build up nationalism. In this qualitative study, commentary data from different broadcasts of sporting events is examined, with specific attention to emotionality, cultural and syntactical elements of language. The research shows that Indonesian narrators utilize storytelling techniques to captivate their audiences. Other issues accentuated are the themes of national togetherness or oneness, hardwork and solidarity that tended to be pronounced in important matches and international games. Some words or these images of language socialise the audience and positively prepare them to their devotion to the sport and unite them toward the success of the sport. For example, sentiments concerning success at the national level and pride at having originated from a successful area not only highlight narrower success but also extend it to the broader society. This study advances both sports and sociolinguistics by elaborating about language, culture and sports events in the context of Indonesia. It shows the importance of sports commentary as a means of fostering cultural identity and social integration. The study also describes how the commentators create stories appealing to the viewers and opens the way for future investigation into the role played by media narratives in developing public opinion and community participation. In its outcomes, this research broadens the appreciation of the role of sports commentary in the entertainment and cultural industries and emphasizes the influence of language and culture on the audience experience.

This research aims to develop a basic physics teaching module with a virtual laboratory to improve students' science literacy in terms of attitudes. The results of PISA 2022 illustrate that the literacy skills possessed by students in Indonesia are still in a position that is not good enough, which means that the expectations of the competence of independent curriculum graduates are still far behind. Based on the results of research conducted by Hendri in 2019, data was obtained that out of 138 students at one of the universities in Indonesia, it is known that they have science literacy skills in the low category. Supported by the initial data obtained by researchers on Tadris Science students, a result of was also obtained in the low category. Science literacy ability can be seen through two aspects, namely attitude and cognitive attitudes. Based on the results of the validation test of the teaching module, a result of obtained with very valid criteria, which means that the basic physics teaching module developed is suitable for use for learning. The results of the implementation of the teaching module obtained the significance of the results of the pretest and posttest results of students' science literacy attitudes were obtained with a result that this basic physics teaching module is practically used to improve science literacy in terms of attitudes. This is in accordance with cognitive theory which states that students should be at the level of developing abstract thinking by enriching objects, phenomena and real experiences. This research reflects that technology has a huge influence on the learning process which has direct implications for learning outcomes in cognitive areas, scientific skills and attitude.

Learning media plays an important role in attracting students attention to understand the material. The results of observations of D3 Tata Boga 2017 students showed that only 18 out of 39 students reached the minimum completion criteria (78%) on napkin folding material, with learning resources limited to modules and jobsheets. One of the learning media through computers is using adobe flash player. The use of adobe flash player has not been utilized by the Culinary Study Program for student learning resources on napkin folding material. Based on this fact, learning to make napkin folds requires a stimulus from the lecturer, namely through the development of learning media. This study aims to develop and test the feasibility of interactive multimedia as digital literacy on napkin folding material. This study used R&D with a 4D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). The data analysis technique used the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) method. The interactive multimedia-based program uses Adobe Animate 2019 and Adobe Premiere Pro CC 2019. The interactive multimedia developed consists of several features including an introductory menu, theory, video tutorials, and knowledge test questions as the final score. The results show user validation of 0.41 and are included in the appropriate CVR criteria. Based on the results of the validation of the material expert, the feasibility was obtained at 94.6% and 85.7% for the high feasibility aspect criteria. The results of the media expert validation obtained a feasibility value of 86.4% and 81.8% for the high feasibility aspect criteria. The field group trial consisting of 30 culinary program students obtained results of 84.38% and were included in the feasibility criteria. It is concluded that interactive multimedia as digital literacy is declared “suitable” as a learning resource in the Food and Beverage Service course.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pentingnya karakter nasionalisme yang harus ditanamkan sejak dini pada anak sebagai dasar karakter bangsa. Fokus penelitian ini adalah implementasi manajemen ekstrakurikuler tari dalam pembentukan karakter nasionalisme di TK Islam Widya Cendekia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi manajerial perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan, dan pengawasan dalam kegiatan ekstrakurikuler tari, serta bagaimana kegiatan tersebut memfasilitasi pembentukan karakter nasionalisme pada siswa. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif, teknik pengumpulan data meliputi observasi partisipatif, wawancara semi-terstruktur, dan analisis dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa manajemen ekstrakurikuler tari yang efektif anak-anak akan menjadi pribadi yang demokratis, memiliki semangat kebangsaan, memiliki rasa cinta tanah air dan memiliki sikap berkebhinekaan global. Penelitian ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh guru dan sekolah sebagai bahan pengembangan nilai-nilai karakter pendidikan, terutama karakter nasionalisme, yang diperoleh melalui aktivitas ekstrakurikuler tari.

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of diarrhea among children under five and assess the relationship between its risk factors related to environmental health facilities and maternal behavior. A prospective case-control community-based study was conducted in the service area of Pasar Ikan Community Health Center, Teluk Segara Subdistrict, Bengkulu City, Indonesia. A total of 140 participants were included, comprising 70 cases and 70 controls. The study found that poor qualification of clean water resources (OR=4.026, p-value=0.000), inadequate utilization of clean water (OR=5.813, p-value=0.000), poor qualification of family latrines (OR=3.574, p-value=0.000), and inadequate utilization of family latrines (OR=3.377, p-value=0.001) were significantly associated with an increased risk of diarrhea prevalence among children under five. Furthermore, unhealthy mothers’ behaviors, including frequent feeding of children outside the home (OR=2.728, p-value=0.000) and poor personal hygiene (OR=3.377, p-value=0.001), were also significantly related to a higher prevalence of diarrhea in this age group. Therefore, both substandard environmental health facilities and unhealthy maternal behaviors were identified as significant risk factors for diarrhea prevalence in children under five. These findings emphasize the critical importance of improving environmental health facilities and promoting positive changes in mothers’ behavior to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in this vulnerable population.

A closed domain question answering (QA) dataset in statistical metadata is important to build an effective QA system about statistic. This dataset can be utilized to train or fine-tune the QA models in statistic. Further, it can also be exploited to evaluate the effectiveness of any QA methods in statistical domain. In this research, we build a new dataset of statistical metadata documents and question-answer pairs annotations of these documents in Indonesian language, called StatMetaQA (Statistical Metadata Question Answering). The collection of statistical metadata documents is used as the knowledge base of a QA system, while the collection of question-answer pairs annotations is used to train or fine-tune the QA models in statistic. The collection of statistical metadata documents, consisting of 861 statistical activity metadata documents and 1,231 statistical indicator metadata documents, was obtained from a website managed by the Statistics Indonesia (http://sirusa.bps.go.id). Next, the collection of question-answer pairs about statistical metadata, consisting of 28,863 question-answer pairs from 1,000 statistical metadata documents, was obtained using two strategies: human and automatic annotation. Here, 7353 question-answer pairs were manually annotated by human, and 21,510 question-answer pairs were automatically generated by machine using our predefined templates that were applied on some document fields of statistical metadata.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sorghum with or without protease and NSP-ase on performance, jejunal histomorphology, caecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and gene expression of barrier function in the broiler chickens. A total of 240 males New Lohmann strain MB 202 broiler chicks (1-day-old) were randomly placed into 12 treatments with 4 replications, 5 birds per replicate for 35 d. The diets were a factorial combination of 3 levels of sorghum (0, 10, and 20%), 2 concentrations of protease (with and without protease), and 2 concentrations of NSP-ase (with and without NSP-ase). Results showed that villus height (VH) was improved (P < 0.05) and villus to crypt ratio (VH:CD) tended (P = 0.05) to increase with inclusion of sorghum. Inclusion of sorghum upregulated (P < 0.05) expression of the gene anti-inflammatory IL-13, and downregulated (P < 0.05) gene of toll receptor (TLR) (TLR-3 and TLR-4), pro-inflammatory (IL-18, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and tight junction zona occluding-1 (ZO-1). The result further indicated a decrease (P < 0.05) in the concentration of SCFA. The birds fed diets with protease had lower (P < 0.05) expression of gene TLR-4 and TLR-3, pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-α), and anti-inflammatory IL-10. Inclusion of sorghum markedly (P < 0.05) interacted with protease, increasing the total of SCFA, acetate, and VH in the broiler. The bird offered diets with NSP-ase had higher (P < 0.05) expression genes of pro-inflammatory IL-18 and TNF-α. Inclusion of sorghum and NSP-ase significantly (P < 0.05) interacted, upregulating gene of tight junction ZO-1 and anti-inflammatory IL-13 but downregulating gene TLR-3, and pro-inflammatory IL-6, while the SCFA production was decreased. Inclusion of sorghum in the diet with or without enzymes did not affect broiler performance (P > 0.05). In conclusion, a diet with sorghum improved jejunal histomorphology without negatively affecting growth performance. Additionally, supplementation with enzymes enhanced intestinal immune responses by up-regulating anti-inflammatory, and downregulating pro-inflammatory gene expression.

Lignin is a complex chemical heterogeneous polymer that forms a physical barrier to lignocellulose's biological and chemical hydrolysis, making lignocellulosic biomass challenging to degrade. Ligninolytic microorganisms play an essential role in lignin degradation by producing extracellular enzymes. Lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase are enzymes that play a role in lignin degradation. Forty-one bacterial isolates have been isolated from soil, kitchen waste, leaf litter, and cow dung. However, the ligninolytic activity of these isolates has yet to be discovered. This research aimed to determine the ligninolytic ability of bacteria isolated from soil, leaf litter, kitchen waste, and cow dung based on lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase activity. The study was conducted stages: isolate recultured, qualitative and quantitative testing of lignin peroxidase activity based on degradation of methylene blue dye, and qualitative and quantitative testing of manganese peroxidase activity based on degradation of phenol red dye. A total of four bacterial isolates from soil (Tn9, Tn14, Tn16, and Tn17) and two bacterial isolates from cow dung (KS2 and KS5) showed qualitative and quantitative lignin peroxidase activity. Manganese peroxidase activity was also shown by four isolates from soil (Tn2, Tn6, Tn14, and Tn16), one isolate from kitchen waste (SD1), and one isolate from cow dung (KS5) both qualitatively and quantitatively. The nine bacterial isolates that showed lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase activity have potential as lignin-degrading biological agents. Keywords: bacteria, ligninolytic, peroxidase

Background and objective The obesity paradox is a well-established clinical conundrum in COPD patients. This study aimed to provide an updated analysis of the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality in this population. Methods A systematic search was conducted through Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science. International BMI cut-offs were employed to define underweight, overweight and obesity. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcome was respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. Results 120 studies encompassed a total of 1 053 272 patients. Underweight status was associated with an increased risk of mortality, while overweight and obesity were linked to a reduced risk of mortality. A nonlinear U-shaped relationship was observed between BMI and all-cause mortality, respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Notably, an inflection point was identified at BMI 28.75 kg·m−2 (relative risk 0.83, 95% CI 0.80–0.86), 30.25 kg·m−2 (relative risk 0.51, 95% CI 0.40–0.65) and 27.5 kg·m−2 (relative risk 0.76, 95% CI 0.64–0.91) for all-cause, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, respectively, and beyond which the protective effect began to diminish. Conclusion This study augments the existing body of evidence by confirming a U-shaped relationship between BMI and mortality in COPD patients. It underscores the heightened influence of BMI on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality compared to all-cause mortality. The protective effect of BMI was lost when BMI values exceeded 35.25 kg·m−2, 35 kg·m−2 and 31 kg·m−2 for all-cause, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, respectively.

Pada seksio sesarea, keselamatan pasien adalah menjaga keselamatan ibu dan bayi. Anestesi untuk seksio sesarea dapat dilakukan dengan anestesi umum, anestesi neuraxial atau gabungan spinal-epidural. Keuntungan dari anestesi umum termasuk induksi cepat, keandalan, reproduktifitas, pengendalian, menghindari hipotensi. Sedangkan kelemahan anestesi umum meliputi kemungkinan aspirasi ibu, masalah penatalaksanaan jalan napas, narkotisasi neonatus, dan awarenes ibu. Efek anestesi umum pada bayi adalah karena penyebab fisiologis dan farmakologis. Penyebab fisiologis meliputi hipoventilasi ibu, hiperventilasi ibu dan pengaruh perpanjangan waktu induction-delivery dan uterine incission-delivery yang mempengaruhi aliran darah uteroplacental, sedangkan penyebab farmakologis adalah obat induksi anestesi, obat blokade neuromuskuler, konsentrasi oksigen rendah, N2O dan anestesi inhalasi. Masalah manajemen jalan napas adalah masalah terbesar karena mungkin jalan napas yang sulit pada wanita hamil mengingat adanya kenaikan berat badan dan lingkar leher, leher relatif pendek, dan buah dada membesar. Hipoventilasi akan mengurangi ketegangan oksigen pada ibu dan pada gilirannya akan menyebabkan perubahan asam-basa neonatal atau depresi biokimia. Hiperventilasi ibu juga dapat menimbulkan potensi bahaya pada janin selama anestesi umum dengan mengurangi tekanan oksigen janin. Kesimpulannya, pemasangan kapnograf pada ibu hamil yang dilakukan dengan seksio sesarea dengan anestesi umum mutlak diperlukan untuk memeriksa keberhasilan intubasi dan menentukan end-tidal CO2.

Makassar language (bM) is a language of ethnic groups which is taught as local content subjects in schools, both in oral and written literary traditions. This study aimed to examine the behavior of affixes and clitic morphosyntactics in the passivation of Makassar sentences. Field research methods were used by applying the conversational engagement listening technique, recording technique, and note-taking technique as an advanced technique. This research was conducted in Somba Opu District, Gowa Regency. Data were analyzed by distributional method. The results showed that the morphosyntactic behavior of the Makassar language was formed by a set of affixes in the form of prefixes, confixes, infixes, and a set of clitics in the form of proclitics "ku-," "nu-," "ki-," "na-" and enclitics "-ak," "-ko," "-ki," "-i." The Makassar language passivity forms two types of passive sentences, namely passive derivatives and passive (innate) ones. The derived passive is formed by the prefix "ni-" and the proclitic of the persona. Furthermore, the prefix "ni-" can be combined with the prefixes "paK- ," "pa-+si-," suffixes "--i," and "-ang." Persona proclitic prefixes are characterized by personal pronouns "ku-" (first personal pronoun), "nu-" (second personal pronoun), "ki-" (honorific second personal pronoun), "na-" (third personal pronoun), which has two types of structure. The natural passive is formed by prefixes "taK-," "paK-," confix "ka-" /"-ang" and non-prefixed passive. Furthermore, the prefix "paK-" and the unprefixed passive can be combined with the suffix "-ang" or "-i," which have two types of structure. Thus, derived passive and natural passive sentences have six variations of structure. The relationship between clitics and pronouns or nouns/noun phrases is mandatory, optional, and some are complementary. The implication of the results of this study is to enrich the linguistic treasures of the Makassar language so that the rules and morphosytactic constructions are determined. In future, the linguistic construction of the Makassar language must continue to be studied in more depth, because this research is limited to the morphosyntactic aspect, there are still many other research opportunities related to the Makassar language.

The coffee shop industry has become part of modern urban life. One of the most significant impacts of the coffee shop industry on local communities is its role as one of the catalysts for economic development. It not only provides employment opportunities but also serves as an incubator for small businesses and entrepreneurs. Coffee shops are one type of restaurant that is smaller or specific in scope, in terms of the food and beverages served, usually with limited food choices. Because of this, this coffee shop is usually used as a place to talk, gather or just spend time. In essence, coffee shops are often used by people to relax, not as a special place to eat. Therefore, the design of this kind of place should be made more cozy, with the selection of elements that form the atmosphere of the room that must be considered, such as walls, floors, ceilings, lighting, furniture used, especially the selection of chairs. The chair is an element of the room that will be in direct contact with humans, so its selection will greatly affect the activities carried out by humans. The selection of the right type of chair will have an influence on human behavior in public spaces, therefore this research was conducted with a proximity approach. The object of research this time is emphasized on human behavior when interacting with friends, friends, relatives, acquaintances and lovers while in a coffee shop. The research method used in this research is natural obsevation which is qualitative in nature. This qualitative research method is used because the results obtained must be conditions without manipulation. This method is used to find out how different types of chairs affect human behavior in interacting when in different chair settings. The conclusion of this research is that the wrong placement or selection of furniture, especially chairs, will cause visitors to be uncomfortable in it and if the designer is less precise in choosing the type of chair, it can cause an area that is not in demand so that the area is not utilized properly.

Background: Interleukin1β (IL-1β) increases during inflammation and functions as a mediator that terminates endothelial dysfunction and regulates cellular apoptosis in preeclampsia. Parecoxib is a potential agent because of its superiority as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory that can work peripherally and centrally, with minimal side effects on the mother and baby. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between IL-1β levels and visual analog scale (VAS) scores in preeclampsia patients who received parecoxib perioperatively for cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. Methods: Non-experimental cross-sectional research on preeclampsia patients who received perioperative parecoxib and underwent cesarean section with spinal anesthesia as many as 18 people at Arifin Ahmad Hospital, Riau Province, and Bina Kasih Hospital, Pekanbaru. Samples were taken by Consecutive Sampling. Result: There was a moderate negative correlation between IL-1β and VAS (p

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangroves play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon stocks. However, there is a lack of information on mangrove distribution and their carbon absorption abilities. Therefore, this study aimed to bridge this gap by gathering data on the ability of mangrove forest areas to absorb carbon stocks. Specifically, this study aims to assess the carbon absorption potential of the Lantebung mangrove ecosystem through field surveys, allometric calculations, and unmanned aerial vehicle imagery.METHODS: The methodology employed in this study consisted of field surveys, allometric calculations, and multispectral aerial imagery processing along the coastal of Makassar City, South Sulawesi, within the Lantebung mangrove ecosystem. Field surveys were conducted to determine the species composition of each mangrove stand and measure their diameter at breast height. The allometric formula was then used to calculate mangrove biomass, which was subsequently converted into carbon stock values. Aerial imagery was processed using the normalized difference vegetation index, followed by a regression analysis between normalized difference vegetation index and carbon stock values to obtain a carbon stock estimation model.FINDINGS: The results of the analysis of red-green-blue aerial imagery from the multispectral unmanned aerial vehicle has provided valuable insights into the extent of mangrove vegetation cover in the Lantebung mangrove forest area, revealing it to be 14.18 hectares. The normalized difference vegetation index results indicated that mangrove objects fall within a value range of 0.21–1, categorized into three density classes: high-, medium-, and low-density mangroves. The field surveys confirmed the presence of three types of mangroves in Lantebung Makassar, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Avicennia sp. The regression analysis conducted to assess the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index value and carbon stocks yielded the equation model carbon stock = 474.61, vegetation Index value + 17.238, with a linear regression value of 0.7945. The carbon stock values for low-density class mangrove areas were predicted to range between 17.24 and 288.64 tons carbon per hectare, medium-density mangroves' carbon stocks to be between 126.04 and 391.14 tons carbon per hectare, and high-density mangrove areas' carbon stocks to range from 258.04 to 491.85 tons carbon per hectare.CONCLUSION: The utilization of drones as a technique for monitoring carbon stocks has offered significant benefits. Drones equipped with multispectral sensors enable the collection of precise and comprehensive data on vegetation and elevation in many ecological systems. The survey and subsequent analysis highlighted the wide variation in the density of mangrove forests in the Lantebung mangrove ecosystem. This study demonstrated a strong correlation between the normalized difference vegetation index extracted using unmanned aerial vehicle and mangrove carbon levels obtained from actual field measurements.

Drugs are substances that, when used, can impact the body, particularly the central nervous system/brain. Prolonged drug use can lead to various disorders affecting physical, psychological, and social functioning. Generally, drug use cases occur among teenagers due to a lack of education and low literacy levels about the dangers of drug. In this study, control efforts by modeling the problem of drug use will be studied. In this study, modeling the problem of drug users with control efforts will be studied. There were additional controls for preventing drug abuse through school education, contact prevention through security and healthy living campaigns, and the procedures to report all drug abuse activities. The Pontryagin Minimum Principle is used to shows that the optimal controls influence the level of drug user distribution.