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Please cite this paper as: van Lonkhuijzen L, Groenewout M, Schreuder A, Zeeman G, Scherpbier A, Aukes L, van den Berg P. Perceptions of women, nurses, midwives and doctors about the use of video during birth to improve quality of care: focus group discussions. BJOG 2011; DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02943.x. The use of video during birth for quality of care was discussed in focus groups with women, nurses, midwives and doctors. Qualitative analysis revealed three categories of importance. First, goals and benefits: improving quality of care, teaching, research and legal issues are important potential applications. Second, limitations: concerns for privacy, fear of feedback and use of video in case of adverse events. Third, rules and regulations: goals and scope of the use of video need to be clearly described, access to video needs to be secured, and time until destruction needs to be specified. Video capture of birth is considered useful and seems acceptable if specific conditions are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Identifying female-specific risk markers for cerebrovascular disease is becoming increasingly important. Both migraine and preeclampsia have been associated with higher incidence of brain white matter lesions (WML) and stroke. We assessed the association between WML and migraine among formerly (pre)eclamptic women.Methods: A total of 118 women (76 formerly (pre)eclamptic and 42 control women) were screened for migraine and WML presence. Independent effects of migraine and (pre)eclampsia on WML were assessed.Results: Migraine prevalence did not differ between the (pre)eclamptic (26/76; 34%); and control group (10/42; 24%), p = 0.17. Age-adjusted regression analysis failed to show a significant independent effect of migraine (OR 1.14; 95% CI 0.47-2.76; p = 0.77) on WML presence, and showed a non-significant effect of (pre)eclampsia (OR 2.30; 95% CI 0.90-5.83; p = 0.08).Conclusion: Migraine prevalence was not found to be an independent risk factor for WML prevalence in formerly (pre)eclamptic women. Since this study had a small sample size, larger prospective studies are needed to examine female-specific risk factors for WML and its consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute appendicitis during pregnancy may be associated with serious maternal and/or fetal complications. To date, the optimal clinical approach to the management of pregnant women suspected of having acute appendicitis is subject to debate. The purpose of this retrospective study was to provide recommendations for prospective clinical management of pregnant patients with suspected appendicitis., Method: Case records of all pregnant patients suspected of having appendicitis whom underwent appendectomy at our hospital between 1990 and 2010 were reviewed., Results: Appendicitis was histologically verified in fifteen of twenty-one pregnant women, of whom six were diagnosed with perforated appendicitis. Maternal morbidity was seen in two cases. Premature delivery occurred in two out of six cases with perforated appendicitis cases and two out of six cases following a negative appendectomy. Perinatal mortality did not occur., Conclusion: Both (perforated) appendicitis and negative appendectomy during pregnancy are associated with a high risk of premature delivery. Clinical presentation and imaging remains vital in deciding whether surgical intervention is indicated. We recommend to cautiously weigh the risks of delay until correct diagnosis with associated increased risk of appendiceal perforation and the risk of unnecessary surgical intervention. Based upon current literature, we recommend clinicians to consider an MRI following an inconclusive or negative abdominal ultrasound aiming to improve diagnostic accuracy to reduce the rate of negative appendectomies. Accurate and prompt diagnosis of acute appendicitis should be strived for to avoid unnecessary exploration and to aim for timely surgical intervention in pregnant women suspected of having appendicitis., (Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objectives: Previously preeclamptic women may express cognitive difficulties, which have largely been unappreciated or attributed to stresses of a complicated pregnancy. This study aimed to explore the scope of perceived neurocognitive and psychosocial problems as well as quality of life following preeclampsia., Study Design: Observational study. Through website promotion and e-mail, registrants of the USA-based Preeclampsia Foundation who experienced preeclampsia in the past 20years were invited to complete a web-based survey. Participants were requested to ask an acquaintance that had a normotensive pregnancy to also complete the survey (controls)., Main Outcome Measures: The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), abbreviated WHO Quality Of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), Social Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ) and Breslau Short Screening Scale for DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder were used in the survey. Analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U tests and linear regression., Results: 966 cases and 342 controls completed the survey (median age 34, median time since first pregnancy 4 vs. 5years). Cases scored significantly worse on CFQ (median 35 vs. 27), WHOQOL-BREF domains physical health (15 vs. 17), psychological (13 vs. 15), social relationships (13 vs. 15) and environment (15 vs. 16), and SFQ (8 vs. 7). All p<0.001. Multivariable analysis showed an independent significant effect of eclampsia on CFQ and of migraine on all questionnaires and the effect of preeclampsia was still present after adjustment for confounders. Posttraumatic stress symptoms accounted for part of the relationships., Conclusions: Previously preeclamptic women appear to perceive more cognitive and social problems, and report poorer quality of life compared to a group of women with normotensive pregnancies. Research relating to the origin and management of these issues is needed., (Copyright © 2013 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Formerly eclamptic women demonstrate cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs) several years following the index pregnancy. The pathophysiology is unclear and may be related to the predisposition for cerebrovascular/cardiovascular disease in such women and/or the occurrence of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome whilst pregnant. The aim of this study was to assess the presence and severity of WMLs and their relationship with the severity of the neurological symptoms during the index pregnancy and several current cardiovascular risk factors in formerly pre-eclamptic women., Design: This was a retrospective cohort study., Setting: The Neuroimaging Centre at the School for Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, Groningen, the Netherlands., Population: Seventy-three formerly pre-eclamptic women were matched for age (37 ± 6 years) and elapsed time since index pregnancy (5.1 ± 3.7 years) with parous control women., Methods: Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed on cases and controls. Scans were rated by a neuroradiologist blind to the patient category., Main Outcome Measures: The presence and severity of cerebral WMLs., Results: Formerly pre-eclamptic women had WMLs significantly more often (37%) and more severely (mean, 0.11; median, 0.00; range, 0-2.34 ml) than controls (21%, P = 0.04; mean, 0.015; median, 0.00; range, 0-0.13 ml; P = 0.02). Current hypertension and a history of early-onset pre-eclampsia (<37 weeks) were independently associated with the presence of WMLs (β = 1.34, P = 0.02 and β = 1.73, P = 0.01, respectively)., Conclusions: Our findings indicate that pre-eclampsia might be a risk marker for early cerebrovascular damage. The predisposition of formerly pre-eclamptic women to later cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease may be an important factor for the development of cerebral WMLs. Whether a history of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome may be an additive risk factor for the development of these lesions remains unknown., (© 2012 The Authors BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology © 2012 RCOG.)

The use of video during birth for quality of care was discussed in focus groups with women, nurses, midwives and doctors. Qualitative analysis revealed three categories of importance. First, goals and benefits: improving quality of care, teaching, research and legal issues are important potential applications. Second, limitations: concerns for privacy, fear of feedback and use of video in case of adverse events. Third, rules and regulations: goals and scope of the use of video need to be clearly described, access to video needs to be secured, and time until destruction needs to be specified. Video capture of birth is considered useful and seems acceptable if specific conditions are met., (© 2011 The Authors BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology © 2011 RCOG.)

Objective: To assess brain damage using the neuroinflammation marker S100B in a preeclampsia rat model., Methods: Non-pregnant and pregnant rats were infused with saline or low-dose-endotoxin on day 14 of pregnancy. S100B expression in the brain (immunohistochemistry) and S100B plasma concentrations (ELISA) were studied., Results: No differences in S100B expression in brain tissue were observed between the four groups. Pregnant endotoxin treated animals did not show increased levels of plasma S100B levels as compared with control pregnant rats, while significantly higher plasma S100B levels were found in non-pregnant endotoxin versus pregnant endotoxin infused rats., Conclusion: Pregnancy nor experimental preeclampsia, alter S100B in rat brain, or in plasma. Increased plasma S100B in non-pregnant endotoxin-treated rats may indicate brain injury in these rats, whereas pregnancy might be protective., (Copyright © 2011 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We evaluated the effect of so-called monitoring and treatment charts on the management of eclampsia in a referral hospital in Malawi. Baseline characteristics, clinical management, as well as overall maternal and perinatal outcome were compared by reviewing the medical files of two groups, before and after introduction of the charts in 2006. The use of the charts has resulted in improved monitoring of women with eclampsia and may have contributed to the reduction in the planned prelabour caesarean section rate from 87% to 33%, as more women underwent induction of labour after stabilisation (P = 0.020). Overall maternal and perinatal outcomes were similar., (© 2010 The Authors Journal compilation © RCOG 2010 BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.)

Objective: To provide an inventory of the reported late terminations of pregnancy because ofa severe anomaly of the unborn child, i.e. termination after 24 weeks of pregnancy, in The Netherlands for the period 2004-2007., Design: Inventory and descriptive., Method: A description is given of the various assessment procedures for the termination of pregnancy after 24 weeks. A distinction is made between abortion for lethal foetal abnormalities (category 1) and severe functional impairments with a limited chance for survival of the unborn (category 2). The level of caution exercised in decision making and performing category 1 terminations is assessed by the professional group, namely by the assessment committee for Late Pregnancy Termination of the Dutch Association for Gynaecology and Obstetrics. Since 15 March 2007, late pregnancy terminations that fall under category 2 have by law been assessed by a national central committee of experts. An overview of the reported cases of late terminations of pregnancy in the Netherlands for the period 2004-2007 is given., Results and Conclusion: The number of reported terminations of pregnancy after 24 weeks (n = 72) has declined considerably since the early 1990s. A possible explanation is that due to increasing technological improvements and the implementation of prenatal screening in early preg-nancy, an abortion can be performed before the 24th week of pregnancy if any severe abnormalities are observed.

The recently introduced ultrasonographic screening programme for the detection of fetal structural anomalies at 20 weeks' gestation is leading to a growing number of cases with an unclear prognosis. This article presents the decision-making process which followed the screening of two women: one aged 36 years, where a post-screening work-up was conducted and swiftly led to well-balanced decision making to abort a fetus with trisomy 21, and one woman aged 30 years, in whom repeated non-decisive results of further diagnostic tests ultimately led to a hasty decision to abort the pregnancy. Up to 24 weeks, current Dutch law allows the couple to decide to have a termination of pregnancy; thereafter the legal possibility of having a termination is very limited. This may lead to rushed decision-making. It is argued that careful decisions in these matters are more important than staying within the 24-week limit. The national central committee ofexperts which is responsible for the evaluation of all abortions after 24 weeks gestation in the so-called category 2 cases (conditions which will lead to serious and irreparable functional disorders, such as severe spina bifida and hydrocephalus, but which are compatible with life) should take account of this dilemma ofhaste and caution.

Acute or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy is a rare disorder that presents with weakness, hyporeflexia, and sensory loss. Treatment consists of immunosuppression and/or plasma exchange. A woman in the first trimester of pregnancy presents with flaccid quadriplegia and numbness. Electromyography demonstrated a demyelinating polyneuropathy with active denervation. The diagnosis of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy was made. She was treated with corticosteroids and plasmapheresis. Despite slow improvement, she decided to terminate the pregnancy at 18 weeks' gestation. At 1 year postpartum she is still in remission. Inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of every pregnant woman with new onset peripheral neuropathy. It is suggested that relapse occurs three times more common during pregnancy. Plasmapheresis is the recommended treatment.

Placenta percreta is diagnosed usually in the third trimester as massive postpartum hemorrhage when an attempt to remove the placenta reveals lack of a cleavage plane. However, placenta percreta may present in the second trimester with signs and symptoms of uterine rupture. The diagnosis of this event may be difficult because of mild abdominal discomfort often associated with normal pregnancy. We describe two cases that occurred in the second trimester with an unusual presentation. Both patients suffered considerable surgical morbidity. Other cases reported in the literature are mentioned as well. When a patient with risk factors for abnormal placentation presents with abdominal pain and/or vaginal bleeding in the second trimester of pregnancy, the diagnosis of placenta percreta should be considered. A laparotomy is indicated immediately when hemoperitoneum is suspected because uterine rupture has most likely occurred. Placenta percreta in the second trimester is a potentially life-threatening condition that warrants expeditious diagnosis to limit maternal postoperative morbidity.

Pre-eclampsia is the most common medical complication of pregnancy. Immunologic maladaptation has been suggested to play a role in the etiology of pre-eclampsia. The putative misalliance of fetal trophoblast with maternal tissue in the uteroplacental vascular bed may give rise to an increase in oxygen free radicals. Oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxides might form the link between the hypothetical immunologic maladaptation and the endothelial cell damage known to occur in pre-eclampsia. Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of increased oxygen free radical production in pre-eclampsia. Oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxides decrease vascular prostacyclin and EDRF release and increase thromboxane A2 and endothelin release. The hypothesis is put forward that in pre-eclampsia a proposed immunologic maladaptation causes an increase in oxygen free radicals by decidual lymphoid cells. A decrease in vasodilatory autocoids, prostacyclin and EDRF may result from the endothelial cell damage induced by oxygen free radicals. Uteroplacental prostacyclin production might be essential as escape mechanism. The adequacy as escape mechanism seems to determine the final clinical outcome.

Plasma endothelin levels were studied in 29 pregnancies. Levels were found to be increased in 9 pregnancies complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertensive disease and/or pre-eclampsia as compared to levels in 14 normotensive pregnancies with gestational age varying between 24-40 weeks with normal Doppler flow velocity waveforms of the uterine arcuate arteries, and 6 normotensive pregnancies with abnormal Doppler flow velocity waveforms at 24 weeks' gestation. Two patients with severe pre-eclampsia showed a rise in plasma endothelin levels, suggesting a correlation between plasma endothelin levels and the disease process. Endothelin is produced by endothelial cells of blood vessels; it is the most potent vasoconstrictor known to date. For this reason it has been suggested that endothelin might be important in the control of systemic blood pressure and local blood flow, both disturbed in pre-eclampsia. The conclusion of this study is that the venous plasma level of endothelin would seem to be a marker for severe disease, however, without any predictive value.