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Every year in the fall, the Qing emperor was to preside over ceremonies during which he was asked to check-mark the names of criminals condemned to capital punishment whom he reckoned were to be executed. This article proposes an understanding not only of these check-marking ceremonies under the Qing dynasty, but also of the judicial rehearing procedure of all capital punishment criminal cases, known as the Court and Autumn Assizes. Based on materials drawn from the Qing central archives and other institutional sources, as well as on the information found in officials' diaries, this study provides a dynamic and evolutionary analysis of the Assizes and the check-marking ceremonies, highlighting their position as central features of the imperial judicial process. By detailing their successive changes, it seeks to unravel their highly complex and bureaucratic nature and to better assess the exact role played by the various institutional actors they called into play, first and foremost, the sovereign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sn and dual-oxygen-vacancy mediated Z-scheme Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 /Sn/NiAl-LDH was synthesized. • The V O,O -Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 /Sn/NiAl-LDH showed desired photoelectrochemical properties. • The SPR effect of Sn and oxygen defects accelerated charges separation and transfer. • Superior CO 2 photoreduction performance was achieved by V O,O -Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 /Sn/NiAl-LDH. • The mechanism of CO 2 photoreduction on the V O,O -Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 /Sn/NiAl-LDH was proposed. Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO 2) into high value-added chemicals is an attractive yet challenging process, primarily due to the readily recombination of hole-electron pairs in photocatalysts. Herein, dual-oxygen-vacancy mediated Z-scheme Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 /Sn/NiAl-layered double hydroxide (V O,O -20BSL) heterojunctions were hydrothermally synthesized and subsequently modified with Sn monomers to enhance photocatalytic activity toward CO 2 reduction. The abundance of oxygen vacancies endowed the V O,O -20BSL with extended optical adsorption, enhanced charges separation, and superior CO 2 adsorption and activation. The interfacial charges transfer of the V O,O -20BSL was demonstrated to follow a Z-scheme mechanism via photochemical deposition of metal/metal oxide. Under visible light irradiation, the V O,O -20BSL exhibited the highest yields of carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH 4), with values of 72.03 and 0.85 umol·g−1·h−1, respectively, which were 2.66 and 1.57 times higher than that of the V O -NiAl-layered double hydroxide (V O -1LDH). In situ diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) revealed that carboxylic acid groups (COOH*) and aldehyde groups (CHO*) were the predominant intermediates during CO 2 reduction, and accordingly, possible CO 2 reduction pathways and mechanism were proposed. This study presents a feasible approach to incorporate dual vacancies into Z-scheme heterojunctions for CO 2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Flower-like Z-scheme Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 /NiAl-LDH heterojunction was successfully synthesized. • The Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 /NiAl-LDH showed desired micro-strcuture and photo-properties. • The Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 /NiAl-LDH displayed high CO 2 reduction yield and high selectivity to CO. • Z-scheme mechanism of the photocatalyst was demonstrated by photodeposition method. • The mechanism of CO 2 photoreduction over the Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 /NiAl-LDH was proposed. Fabrication of efficient photocatalysts with great visible light utilization ability, rapid carriers' separation, and suitable redox potential is essential for improving photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Herein, flower-like microspheres Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 /NiAl-layered double hydroxide (BSO/LDH) heterojunctions were prepared by hydrothermal process for CO 2 reduction. The Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 nanoparticles were dispersed on NiAl-LDH nanosheets, with tight contact interface, which facilitated charges transfer and exposing more catalytic active sites. Results of photochemical deposition of metal/metal oxide demonstrated that interfacial charges transfer of the BSO/LDH followed Z-scheme mechanism, endowing more desired redox potential and more efficient carriers separation. The 30%-BSO/LDH showed the highest CO and CH 4 yields of 37.91 and 1.18 μmol g−1 h−1 under visible light irradiation, 3.4 and 2.0 times higher than those from the NiAl-LDH, respectively. The main intermediates during CO 2 reduction were carboxylate (COOH*) and aldehyde group (CHO*), and CO 2 reduction pathways and mechanism were proposed accordingly. This study provided referential strategy for designing efficient heterojunction photocatalysts for CO 2 conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The 3D hierarchical CoAl-LDH/InVO 4 Z-scheme heterojunction was fabricated. • The CoAl-LDH/InVO 4 showed excellent photocatalytic CO 2 reduction rate and stability. • The intermediates during photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 were revealed. • Mechanism of CO 2 photoreduction over the CoAl-LDH/InVO 4 was proposed. Development of efficient photocatalysts is essential for carbon dioxide (CO 2) photocatalytic reduction. In this study, Z-scheme CoAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH)/indium vanadate (InVO 4) heterojunction photocatalysts were synthesized using hydrothermal method, and their performance toward CO 2 reduction and mechanism were determined. Results of characterizations showed that the CoAl-LDH/InVO 4 -30 exhibited desired morphology, the most efficient photogenerated carriers separation and charge transfer, and the highest photocurrent response. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron spin resonance (ESR) manifested that charge transfer of the CoAl-LDH/InVO 4 conformed to Z-scheme mechanism. The CoAl-LDH/InVO 4 -30 exhibited the highest carbon monoxide (CO) yield of 174.4 μmol g−1 within 2 h of reaction, which was 2.46 and 9.79 times of pure CoAl-LDH and InVO 4 , respectively. The CO selectivity was up to nearly 100%. Moreover, in-situ fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ISFT-IR) demonstrated that bicarbonate (HCO 3 *) and carboxylate (COOH*) were the main intermediates during the CO 2 reduction process, and possible CO 2 reduction pathways were proposed. This work provides a reference for construction of Z-scheme LDH-based heterojunctions for efficient CO 2 photoreduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reservoir evaluation and classification are restrained by the progress of research on the pore structure and fluid occurrence in dolomite intercrystalline pores of the Paleogene lacustrine carbonate rock in the western Qaidam Basin. The experimental method adopted to investigate the fluid occurrence of the lacustrine carbonate rock in the study area can be used as a reference for studying tight reservoirs. By integrating technical approaches such as the thin-section petrographic analysis, SEM, electron probe, mercury injection test, and NMR test, this research studies the petrology, pore type and distribution, and pore structure of the reservoir. Moreover, the pore fluid distribution and threshold pore throat radius for the distribution of movable fluids are investigated by integrating the centrifuging treatment and NMR characterization. Results show that pores of samples in the study area are dolomite intercrystalline pores, intercrystalline dissolved pores, framework dissolved pores of algal limestone (dolostone), dissolved pores of saline minerals, and interlayer fractures, among which dolomite intercrystalline pores and intercrystalline dissolved pores are found with the highest proportions (60%). The dolomite intercrystalline pores and intercrystalline dissolved pores are nano-micropore throats with a narrow distribution. Their capillary pressure curve is characterized by a high plateau and negative skewness, while the NMR relaxation time spectrum is left-skewed and presents higher bond water saturation (over 65%). For intercrystalline pores and intercrystalline dissolved pores, the main storage space for movable fluids is provided by small and medium pores (corresponding to the NMR relaxation time of 1–10 ms and 10–100 ms, respectively), and the experimentally determined threshold pore throat radius for movable fluids is 47 nm. The reservoir is hydrophilic and therefore movable fluids mainly occur in the centers of pores. The samples with higher proportions of coarse pores and pore connectivity are associated with higher proportions of movable fluids. Our analysis shows the dolomite intercrystalline pore has a certain storage capacity and yet inferior connectivity; the proportion of movable fluids that can effectively flow is key to evaluating the effectiveness of reservoirs with dolomite intercrystalline pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The exact correlation of palatal trauma to maxillary inhibition has not been demonstrated. This paper determines the influence of different degrees of palatal trauma on maxillofacial growth and assesses whether usage of ADM can help rescue the inhibited growth during palatal wound healing. This research would help the surgeons comprehensively understand the impact of palatal trauma on maxillary growth and the therapeutic effect of the ADM. The accidental injury or surgery on soft and hard palatal tissue has an adverse impact on normal maxillary morphology. To design a single-factor experiment that excludes other interfering factors on maxillary growth, a young rat model was established to simulate the various degrees of palatal trauma. Eight maxillary parameters were measured to evaluate the impact of palatal trauma on maxillary growth. Furthermore, the acellular dermal matrix (ADM) was applied to cure the palatal trauma and alleviate the adverse impact of bone denudation on the maxillary growth. Micro-CT scanning and histology analyses were used. One-way ANOVA with least significant difference (LSD) post-test was used to evaluate the statistical significance. The palatal trauma mainly disturbed the transverse development of the maxilla. ADM promotes mucosa healing, but there is still an inhibitory effect on maxillofacial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of prosumers, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy transactions have become possible and emerged as a research focus. However, global information cannot be obtained in the P2P energy market, which results in the inability to consider network physical constraints during the trading process. As a result, the operational risks may exist in the system due to the opportunistic behaviors. To this end, this paper proposes a dual-layer game optimization method between the distributed system operator (DSO) and prosumers involving the risk price guidance mechanism in the P2P energy market. Specifically, the upper and lower layers meet the privacy requirements of each participant through limited information sharing. Then, the concept of risk price is introduced to guide prosumers' P2P energy transactions. The upper and lower layers continuously adjust their strategies, and the risk of congestion is mitigated when the game achieves equilibrium. This ensures a balanced consideration of system security and the economic interests of all participants. Additionally, a C-ADMM method with adaptive penalty factor is introduced for solving the equilibrium of the distributed P2P energy market, promoting supply-demand balance and enhancing energy efficiency while protecting privacy. Moreover, the solution efficiency is improved compared to standard ADMM methods. Case studies on an modified IEEE 33-node system validate the effectiveness of the proposed model and method. • A DSO-prosumers dual-layer game framework based on pricing guidance in the P2P energy transaction is presented. • A definition for the risk price in P2P energy transactions is provided to guide prosumers' trading behaviors. • C-ADMM with adaptive penalty factor is employed to expedite convergence in solving the P2P energy transaction model. • A method of progressively contracting the operating boundaries is introduced for accelerating the solution of game model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a noise‐robust pitch extraction method in which air‐conducted (AC) speech and bone‐conducted (BC) speech are utilized simultaneously as the input signals. Due to noise independency in both the input signals and noise suppression effect in BC speech, peak characteristics created in different functions are significantly enhanced so that accurate pitch extraction is achieved even in highly noisy environments. Experimental results show a superior performance of the proposed method relative to the state‐of‐the art method in several types of noises. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a methodology to synthesize bone‐conduced (BC) speech. Without relying on commonly used techniques for speech synthesis, we consider to transform air‐conducted (AC) speech into BC speech. An infinite impulse response (IIR) filter is explored for the transformation. From the concept of system identification, the least squares (LS) method is employed and the IIR filter is designed through the recorded AC and BC speech data. By experiments, it is shown that the BC speech synthesis method is satisfactory. Filter model, order selection and stability in the methodology are discussed and noise‐robustness gained by the BC speech synthesis is also investigated. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to realize an expected low usage of platinum (Pt) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for the large-scale market penetration of PEMFC-powered vehicles. As well as seeking Pt-based catalysts with a high specific activity, improving Pt utilization through structure optimization of the catalyst layer (CL) has been the main route and apparently a more practical way so far to develop high-performance low-Pt PEMFCs. Despite the significant progress achieved in the past 2–3 decades, a visible gap remains between the current Pt demand of automobile PEMFCs and the target value. To further increase Pt utilization, insights from previous studies are necessary. This review analyzes the structural factors that impact the current-generation efficiency of Pt in PEMFC electrodes in great detail, with emphasis particularly put on the mechanistic and molecule-level insights into the structural effects. The contents include the so-called local transport resistance associated with the permeation and diffusion of oxygen molecules in the ionomer film covering the Pt surface, regulation of ionomer aggregation through molecular interactions between ink components, modulation of ionomer distribution through pore size exclusion and surface electrostatic interaction of the carbon support, optimization of the coupling between the reaction and transport processes through graded composition, and the formation of highways of protons, electrons, and gas molecules through component alignment. We provide a critical analysis of the measurement methods and theoretical models assessing the local transport resistance, which is considered as a crucial issue in the current-generation efficiency of Pt in ultralow-Pt CL. Finally, new opportunities toward the further promotion of Pt utilization are proposed. These subjects and discussions should be of great significance in the rational design and precise fabrication of PEMFC electrodes, and may also inspire similar subjects in other electrochemical energy technologies such as water electrolysis, CO2 reduction, and batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, with advanced information technologies deployed citywide, large data volumes and powerful computational resources are intelligentizing modern city development. As an important part of intelligent transportation, route recommendation and its applications are widely used, directly influencing citizens' travel habits. Developing smart and efficient travel routes based on big data (possibly multi-modal) has become a central challenge in route recommendation research. Our survey offers a comprehensive review of route recommendation work based on urban computing. It is organized by the following three parts: (1) Methodology-wise. We categorize a large volume of classic methods and modern deep learning methods. Also, we discuss their historical relations and reveal the edge-cutting progress. (2) Application-wise. We present numerous novel applications related to route commendation within urban computing scenarios. (3) We discuss current problems and challenges and envision several promising research directions. We believe that this survey can help relevant researchers quickly familiarize themselves with the current state of route recommendation research and then direct them to future research trends. • Comprehensive classic and modern route recommendation methods are surveyed. • Rich modern applications are surveyed from the urban computing perspective. • Current important challenges and promising future directions are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, molybdenum powder with desired morphology and particle size was produced through hydrogen reduction of gaseous molybdenum trioxide by changing the hydrogen partial pressure, reaction temperature, hydrogen preheating temperature, and cooling gas flow rate. At the reaction temperature of 1000 °C, the reaction product was a mixture of MoO 2 and Mo. The reduction rate reached 100% at 1100 °C, and a further increase in temperature from 1100 °C to 1200 °C caused the average particle size of molybdenum powder to increase from 26.2 nm to 63.1 nm. Both the hydrogen temperature and the cooling intensity during the reaction had a great influence on the nucleation and growth of the grains, respectively. The molybdenum powder obtained without hydrogen preheating exhibited higher nucleation rates and finer grains than those exposed to hydrogen preheating. The molybdenum powder particles evolved from irregular polyhedra to spheres as the cooling intensity decreased through the injection of cooling gas. Therefore, the results of this work provide theoretical guidance for tuning the morphology and particle size of molybdenum powder. • Thermodynamic calculations and experiments suggest that Mo can be prepared by one-step reduction of gaseous MoO 3 with H 2. • Spherical ultrafine molybdenum powder with uniform particle size distribution can be prepared under appropriate reaction conditions. • Separate reaction zones are provided for each stage of the reaction for precise control of the experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing the dilemma faced by the field of medical science, we can find that the nature and evolutionary laws of life have not been systematically revealed; and the microscopic dynamic processes of life cannot be understood by only visualizing the microscopic static structures at the subcellular or molecular levels. Therefore, there is a need to establish a new scientific paradigm to study three fundamental scientific problems in the field of life: to analyze the microstructure of the human body; to reveal the correlations between structures; and to explore the temporal changes of structures and the functions they perform. The human body has an ever-present energy-information network transmission mechanism, and the scientific analysis of this life system can solve many difficult problems in the field of life. The construction of a holographic digital model of the human body can change the paradigm of experimental research in life sciences, promote global cooperation and sharing of life sciences research, comprehensive knowledge of the nature of human life, precise prevention and treatment of diseases, as well as promote the development of bionics and the overall progress of science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique is applied to investigate the flow and liquid mixing characteristics in submerged top-blow process. The liquid mixing effects are analyzed in terms of plane mixing uniformity U(t) and mixing time t95 at different air flow rate and lance submergence depth. Based on experimental data, the liquid mixing process has been divided into three stages by mixing uniformity U, the beginning stage (0.9 < U < 1) , the interim stage (0.1 < U < 0.9) and the end stage (0 < U < 0.1), the value of U drops slowly in the beginning stage and the end stage, but drops rapidly in the interim stage. The mixing time t95 is decreased obviously when increasing the air flow rate and lance submergence depth. There are significant local mixing differences in the liquid mixing process when the lance submergence depth is small. The local difference decreases evidently as the air flow rate and the lance submergence depth increase. The local differences are gradually eliminated when the lance approaches the container bottom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a model of the local displacement speed for the large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent premixed combustion with the flame surface density (FSD) method. This model accounts for flame stretch and curvature effects in order to improve the prediction of LES–FSD for turbulent premixed flames with the non-unity Lewis number at high pressures. The proposed model is validated by a priori and a posteriori tests, with the direct numerical simulation (DNS) and LES–FSD of statistically planar turbulent premixed flames of lean hydrogen at 1 and 10 atm and a range of turbulence intensities. The a priori test confirms that the proposed model accurately estimates the negative correlation of the displacement speed and the flame curvature. In the a posteriori test, the comparison of DNS and LES–FSD results demonstrates that the proposed model improves the prediction on the turbulent burning velocity and the turbulent flame thickness, compared with those from the existing displacement–speed model. The stretch effect in the present model leads to the rise of the turbulent burning velocity and the suppression of the "bending" phenomenon in LES–FSD, consistent with the DNS result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A coffee charcoal with multi-modifications was constructed by a one-step method. • Develop a green strategy for oxidative dehydrogenation using this novel catalyst. • Singlet oxygen (1O 2) can strengthen the oxidative dehydrogenation process. • Defects and –OH groups play key roles in activating O 2. • The mechanical driving technique can reduce the activating energy. Nitrogen heterocyclic (N-heterocyclic) compounds are extensively present in natural products and active drug molecules. However, their synthesis typically requires the use of noble metal catalysts and harsh conditions. In this study, we report a novel approach using coffee charcoal as a green catalyst for the mildly mechanically driven oxidative dehydrogenation of N-heterocyclic compounds. A one-step strategy was employed to construct a microporous coffee charcoal catalyst with C defects, in-situ co-doping of multi-atoms (N, O), and abundant modification of functional groups (–OH and –COOH). Under room temperature and with H 2 O as solvent, the coffee charcoal catalyst demonstrates a high yield of approximately 94 % and allows for gram-scale reactions with H 2 O being the only by-product. Moreover, the catalyst exhibits excellent reusability, maintaining its activity for over 13 cycles. Results indicate that the defects and atom doping can enhance the adsorption of O 2 , which is then activated to singlet oxygen (1O 2) through the conversion of –OH functional groups on the catalyst's surface. The singlet oxygen (1O 2) can strengthen the oxidative dehydrogenation of N-heterocyclic compounds. Furthermore, the mechanically driven technique both activates the reaction interface and supplies the necessary reactive energy, thus providing a comprehensive explanation for the mild reaction conditions observed. In conclusion, our research proposes a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for the oxidative dehydrogenation of N-heterocyclic compounds, which can drive crucial reactions with significant relevance to sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is a widely used hydrogel with skin‐derived gelatin acting as the main constituent. However, GelMA has not been used in the development of wearable biosensors, which are emerging devices that enable personalized healthcare monitoring. This work highlights the potential of GelMA for wearable biosensing applications by demonstrating a fully solution‐processable and transparent capacitive tactile sensor with microstructured GelMA as the core dielectric layer. A robust chemical bonding and a reliable encapsulation approach are introduced to overcome detachment and water‐evaporation issues in hydrogel biosensors. The resultant GelMA tactile sensor shows a high‐pressure sensitivity of 0.19 kPa−1 and one order of magnitude lower limit of detection (0.1 Pa) compared to previous hydrogel pressure sensors owing to its excellent mechanical and electrical properties (dielectric constant). Furthermore, it shows durability up to 3000 test cycles because of tough chemical bonding, and long‐term stability of 3 days due to the inclusion of an encapsulation layer, which prevents water evaporation (80% water content). Successful monitoring of various human physiological and motion signals demonstrates the potential of these GelMA tactile sensors for wearable biosensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microchannels in hydrogels play an essential role in enabling a smart contact lens. However, microchannels have rarely been created in commercial hydrogel contact lenses due to their sensitivity to conventional microfabrication techniques. Here, we report the fabrication of microchannels in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(HEMA)) hydrogels that are used in commercial contact lenses with a three-dimensional (3D) printed mold. We investigated the corresponding capillary flow behaviors in these microchannels. We observed different capillary flow regimes in these microchannels, depending on their hydration level. In particular, we found that a peristaltic pressure could reinstate flow in a dehydrated channel, indicating that the motion of eye-blinking may help tears flow in a microchannel-containing contact lens. Colorimetric pH and electrochemical Na+ sensing capabilities were demonstrated in these microchannels. This work paves the way for the development of microengineered poly(HEMA) hydrogels for various biomedical applications such as eye-care and wearable biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil–water relative permeability curve is an important parameter for analyzing the characters of oil and water seepages in low-permeability reservoirs. The fluid flow in low-permeability reservoirs exhibits distinct nonlinear seepage characteristics with starting pressure gradient. However, the existing theoretical model of oil–water relative permeability only considered few nonlinear seepage characteristics such as capillary pressure and fluid properties. Studying the influences of reservoir pore structures, capillary pressure, driving pressure and boundary layer effect on the morphology of relative permeability curves is of great significance for understanding the seepage properties of low-permeability reservoirs. Based on the fractal theory for porous media, an analytically comprehensive model for the relative permeabilities of oil and water in a low-permeability reservoir is established in this work. The analytical model for oil–water relative permeabilities obtained in this paper is found to be a function of water saturation, fractal dimension for pores, fractal dimension for tortuosity of capillaries, driving pressure gradient and capillary pressure between oil and water phases as well as boundary layer thickness. The present results show that the relative permeabilities of oil and water decrease with the increase of the fractal dimension for tortuosity, whereas the relative permeabilities of oil and water increase with the increase of pore fractal dimension. The nonlinear properties of low-permeability reservoirs have the prominent significances on the relative permeability of the oil phase. With the increase of the seepage resistance coefficient, the relative permeability of oil phase decreases. The proposed theoretical model has been verified by experimental data on oil–water relative permeability and compared with other conventional oil–water relative permeability models. The present results verify the reliability of the oil–water relative permeability model established in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of conducting polymers such as poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) for the development of soft organic bioelectronic devices, such as organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), is rapidly increasing. However, directly manipulating conducting polymer thin films on soft substrates remains challenging, which hinders the development of conformable organic bioelectronic devices. A facile transfer‐printing of conducting polymer thin films from conventional rigid substrates to flexible substrates offers an alternative solution. In this work, it is reported that PEDOT:PSS thin films on glass substrates, once mixed with surfactants, can be delaminated with hydrogels and thereafter be transferred to soft substrates without any further treatments. The proposed method allows easy, fast, and reliable transferring of patterned PEDOT:PSS thin films from glass substrates onto various soft substrates, facilitating their application in soft organic bioelectronics. By taking advantage of this method, skin‐attachable tattoo‐OECTs are demonstrated, relevant for conformable, imperceptible, and wearable organic biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We model the boundary-layer flashback (BLF) of CH 4 / H 2 /air swirling flames via large-eddy simulations with the flame-surface-density method (LES-FSD), in particular, at high pressures. A local displacement speed model tabulating the stretched flame speed is employed to account for the thermo-diffusive effects, flame surface curvature, and heat loss in LES-FSD. The LES-FSD well captures the propagation characteristics during the BLF of swirling flames. In the LES-FSD for lean CH 4 / H 2 /air flames at 2.5 bar, the critical equivalence ratio for flashback decreases with the increasing hydrogen volume fraction, consistent with the experiments. This is due to the improved modeling of effects of the flame stretch and heat loss on the local displacement speed. We also develop a simple model to predict the BLF limits of swirling flames. The model estimates the critical bulk velocity for given reactants and swirl number, via the balance between the flame-induced pressure rise and adverse pressure for boundary-layer separation. We validate the model against 14 datasets of CH 4 / H 2 /air swirling flame experiments, with the hydrogen volume fractions in fuel from 50% to 100%. The present model well estimates the flashback limits in various operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells, including acidic proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), are the types of the most promising high-efficiency techniques for conversion hydrogen energy to electricity energy. However, the catalysts' insufficient activity and stability toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathodes of these devices are still the important constraints to their performance. So far, carbon black supported platinum (Pt/C) and its alloys are still the most practical and best-performing type of catalysts. However, the scarcity of Pt is highly challenging and the high price of commercial catalyst will continue to drive up the cost of both PEMFCs and AEMFCs. Moreover, the traditional carbon black support is susceptible to corrosion especially under electrochemical operation, itself inactive for ORR and weakly binding with Pt-based nanoparticles. In this review, the advanced carbons synthesized by various template methods, including hard-template, soft-template, self-template and combined-template, are systematically evaluated as low-Pt catalyst supports and non-noble catalysts. For the templates-induced carbon-based catalysts, this review presents a comprehensive overview on the carbon supported low-Pt catalysts from aspect of composition, size and shape control as well as the non-noble carbon catalysts such as transition metal-nitrogen-carbons, metal-free carbons and defective carbons. Furthermore, this review also summarizes the applications of low/non-Pt carbon-based catalysts base on the template-induce advanced carbons at the cathodes of PEMFCs and AEMFCs. Overall, the templates-induced carbons can show some perfect attributes including ordered morphology, reasonable pore structure, high conductivity and surface area, good corrosion resistance and mechanical property, as well as strong metal–support interaction. All of these features are of particular importance for the construction of high-performance carbon-based ORR catalysts. However, some drawbacks mainly involve the removal of templates, maintenance of morphological structure, and demetalation. To address these issues, this review also summarizes some effective strategies, such as employing the easily removed hard/soft-templates, developing the advantageous self-templates, enhancing the metal–support interaction by formation of chemical binds, etc. In conclusion, this review provides an effective guide for the construction of template-induced advanced carbons and carbon-based low/non-Pt catalysts with analysis of technical challenges in the development of ORR electrocatalysts for both PEMFCs and AEMFCs, and also proposes several future research directions for overcoming the challenges towards practical applications. This review summarizes the advanced carbons induced by different template-methods of hard, soft, self and combined, and further as low-platinum catalyst supports and non-noble catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in the proton and anion exchange membrane fuel cells. [Display omitted] • This review presents a comprehensive overview on the templates-induced advanced carbons. • Advanced carbons are used as low-Pt catalyst supports and non-noble catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). • Low/non-Pt ORR catalysts based on advanced carbons are evaluated for applications in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. • Some possible research directions are proposed toward the templates-induced carbons and carbon-based low/non-Pt catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with a cleft palate often experience a velopharyngeal dysfunction known as velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). The purpose of this study was to examine the development of velopharyngeal function (VPF) following primary palatoplasty and the factors that are linked to it. A retrospective study was conducted to examine the medical records of patients who had cleft palate, with or without cleft lip (CP ± L) and underwent palatoplasty at a Tertiary Affiliated Hospital between 2004 and 2017. Postoperative evaluation of VPF was conducted at two follow-up times (T1, T2) and was classified as either normal VPF, mild VPI, or moderate/severe VPI. The consistency of VPF evaluations between the two time points was then assessed, and patients were categorized into either the consistent or inconsistent group. The study collected and analyzed data on gender, cleft type, age at operation, follow-up duration, and speech records. The study included 188 patients with CP ± L. Out of these, 138 patients (73.4%) showed consistent VPF evaluations, while 50 patients (26.6%) showed inconsistent VPF evaluations. Among those with VPI at T1 (91 patients), 36 patients (39.6%) had normal VPF at T2. The rate of VPI decreased from 48.40% at T1 to 27.13% at T2, whereas the rate of normal VPF increased from 44.68% at T1 to 68.09% at T2. The consistent group had a significantly younger age at operation (2.90 ± 3.82 vs 3.68 ± 4.02), a longer duration of T1 (1.67 ± 0.97 vs 1.04 ± 0.59), and a lower comprehensive score of speech performance (1.86 ± 1.27 vs 2.60 ± 1.07) than the inconsistent group. It has been verified that there are changes in the development of VPF over time. Patients who underwent palatoplasty at a younger age were more likely to have confirmed VPF diagnosis at the first evaluation. The duration of follow-up was identified as a critical factor that affects the confirmation of VPF diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNA/miRs) serve crucial roles in the progression of human glioblastoma (GBM); however, the exact regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in human GBM remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the roles of miR-454-3p in human GBM. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis was performed to examine the expression of miR-454-3p in glioma tissues and adjacent tissues. Human GBM cell lines (LN-229, A172 and GL15) and a normal human astrocyte cells (HA1800) were used for analysis. In addition, RT-qPCR and western blotting were applied for mRNA and protein expression analysis, respectively. The cell proliferation was measured using a Cell Counting kit-8 assay. Furthermore, scratch and Transwell assays were employed for the analysis of cell migration and invasion. A luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the target of miR-454-3p. The results revealed that miR-454-3p was downregulated in the glioma tissues and GBM cell lines, including LN-229, A172 and GL15. Additionally, the overexpression of miR-454-3p significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of LN-229 cells. Furthermore, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1 (CPEB1) was confirmed as a direct target of miR-454-3p. These findings indicated that the overexpression of miR-454-3p inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion by downregulating CPEB1. Therefore, miR-454-3p may act as a tumor suppressor and represent an effective therapeutic strategy in GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to improve the corrosion resistance of dispersive purging plugs. White fused corundum particles and fine powder, α-Al2O3 micropowder, Cr2O3 micropowder, Guangxi clay and zircon powder were used as the main raw materials. The mass ratio of white fused corundum particles and fine powder was fixed at 85: 15, and 0, 1%, 2%, or 3% (by mass) of zircon fine powder was added to replace the same amount of white fused corundum fine powder. The corundum porous material was prepared by the particle stacking pore-forming method at 1 650 °C for 3 h. The effect of the zircon addition on the properties and microstructure of porous materials was investigated. The results show that: after adding zircon, the permeability of the porous material increases, the cold and hot strengths increase obviously, and the expansion rate after firing decreases. When the addition of zircon is 2%, the comprehensive performance of the specimen is optimal with the smallest linear change rate and the highest permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective maintenance policy for the fixtures of the assembly system will guarantee good process capability and product quality to a great extent. Traditional maintenance schedules for the assembly system, such as a constant reliability index as the maintenance trigger, are always based on the fixed maintenance threshold in engineering practice. It always results in down time of the process, unqualified products or the excessive maintenance costs. The aim of this paper is to present a method to optimize the maintenance schedules for a serial-parallel hybrid assembly system. Based on the production chain definition of the hybrid system, a reliability evaluation method by integrating the process performance of the hybrid assembly system and product qualities is proposed. On the basis of the reliability method, a value-based preventive maintenance optimization policy for the fixture components is presented to prevent system failures. Compared with the traditional reliability threshold method for maintenance, the proposed maintenance method generates more value on the premise that the system status and product quality are guaranteed. A case study is used to illustrate the proposed method and validate the effectiveness and advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor cycling stability of Li- and Mn-rich layered oxide cathodes used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has severely limited their practical application. Unfortunately, current strategies to improve their lifecycle sacrifice initial capacity. In this paper, we firstly report the synergistic improvement of the electrochemical performance of a Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Co 0.13 Mn 0.54 O 2 (LNCMO) cathode material, including gains for capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability, by the partial substitution of Li + ions by Mg 2+ ions. Electrochemical performance is evaluated by a galvanostatic charge and discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Structure and morphology are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Compared with the substitution of transition metal (TM) ions with Mg 2+ ions reported previously, the substitution of Li + ions by Mg 2+ ions not only drastically ameliorates the capacity retention and rate performance challenges of LNCMO cathodes but also markedly suppresses their voltage fading, due to the inhibition of the migration of TM ions during cycling, while also increasing the capacity of the cathode due to an increased abundance of the Li 2 MO 3 phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li- and Mn-rich layered oxide (LMRO) cathode materials deliver a reversible capacity over 280 mAh g −1 , which is almost two times higher than that of traditional cathode materials. However, the improved mechanism of high capacity for the LMRO cathode material has not been elaborated clearly so far. In this work, the relationship between the structures and the electrochemical performance in the Li (2x+2)/(2+x) Ni (2-2x)/(6+3x) Co (2-2x)/(6+3x) Mn (2+4x)/(6+3x) O 2 (XLNCMO) (0 ≤ X ≤ 1) cathode materials is systematically studied. Electrochemical performance is evaluated by a galvanostatic charge and discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Structure and morphology are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technologies. Results demonstrate that there is an obvious synergistic effect between the Li 2 MO 3 ( C 2/ m ) phase and the LiMO 2 (R-3m) phase in the XLNCMO cathode with a mutual doped composite structure. In this composite structure, the LiMO 2 (R-3m) phase plays a role of an “activator” to activate the electrochemical activity of the Li 2 MO 3 ( C 2/ m ) phase and also provides electrochemical capacity, and the Li 2 MO 3 ( C 2/ m ) phase can be seen as an “stabilizer” to enhance the cycling stability of the LiMO 2 (R-3m) phase. Moreover, the Li 2 MO 3 ( C 2/ m ) phase can also be seen as a major contributor for enhancing the electrochemical capacity of the XLNCMO cathodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A parameter optimal design method for a tank with an inerter system is proposed in this study based on the requirements of tank vibration control to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of vibration control. Moreover, a response indicator and a cost control indicator are selected based on the control targets for liquid storage tanks for simultaneously minimizing the dynamic response and controlling costs. These indicators are reformulated through a random vibration analysis under virtual excitation. The problem is then transformed from a multiobjective optimization problem to a single-objective nonlinear problem using the ε-constraint method, which is consistent with the demand-based method. White noise excitation can be used to design the tank with the inerter system under seismic excitation to simplify the calculation. Subsequently, a MATLAB-based calculation program is compiled, and several optimization cases are examined under different excitation conditions. The effectiveness of the demand-based method is proven through a time history analysis. The results show that specific vibration control requirements can be met at the lowest cost with a simultaneous reduction in base shears and overturning base moments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor cycling stability is one of the key scientific issues needing to be solved for Li- and Mn-rich layered oxide cathode. In this paper, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is first used as a novel binder in Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 cathode to enhance its cycling stability. Electrochemical performance is conducted by galvanostatic charge and discharge. Structure and morphology are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results reveal that the CMC as binder can not only stabilize the electrode structure by preventing the electrode materials to detach from the current collector but also suppress the voltage fading of the Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 cathode due to Na+ ions doping. Most importantly, the dissolution of metal elements from the cathode materials into the electrolyte is also inhibited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to develop a pH gradient release pellet with self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS), which could not only improve the oral bioavailability of Vinpocetine (VIN), a poor soluble drug, but reduce the fluctuation of plasma concentration. First, the liquid VIN SEDDS formulation was prepared. Then the self-emulsifying pH gradient release pellets were prepared by extrusion spheronization technique, and formulation consisted by the liquid SEDDS, absorbent (colloidal silicon dioxide), penetration enhancer (sodium chloride), microcrystalline cellulose, ethyl alcohol, and three coating materials (HPMC, Eudragit L30D55, Eudragit FS30D) were eventually selected. Three kinds of coated pellets were mixed in capsules with the mass ratio of 1:1:1. The release curves of capsules were investigatedin vitrounder the simulated gastrointestinal conditions. In addition, the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of VIN self-emulsifying pH gradient release pellets, commercial tablets and liquid VIN SEDDS were evaluated in Beagle dogs. The oral bioavailability of self-emulsifying pH gradient release pellets was about 149.8% of commercial VIN tablets, and it was about 86% of liquid VIN SEDDS, but there were no significant difference between liquid SEDDS and self-emulsifying pH gradient release pellets. In conclusion, the self-emulsifying pH gradient release pellets could significantly enhance the absorption of VIN and effectively achieve a pH gradient release. And the self-emulsifying pH gradient release pellet was a promising method to improve bioavailability of insoluble drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with high stability are highly desired nowadays to produce devices that meet the commercial illumination requirement. WOLEDs based on single-host emission layer, is a preferred route to simplify device structures and thus lower the production cost. In this work, we report on single-host WOLEDs based on bipolar material, 2,6-bis[(3-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)]pyridine (26DCzPPy), as the host, and Iridium (III)bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C 2′ ] (FIrpic), [3,2-c]pyridinato-N,C 2′ ) acetylacetonate (PO-01), as blue and yellow dopants, respectively. The devices exhibit not only higher efficiency, but also superior stability compared to the conventional devices and doping-free devices. Detailed analysis is conducted to clarify the underlying reasons. This work enriches the mechanism understanding of single-host devices and paves the way for development of high performance WOLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐noble iron‐nitrogen‐carbon (Fe‐N‐C) catalysts have been explored as one type of the most promising alternatives of precious platinum (Pt) in catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, their catalytic ORR activity and stability still cannot meet the requirement of practical applications. Active sites in such catalysts are the key factors determining the catalytic performance. This review gives a critical overview on identification and understanding of active sties of non‐pyrolytic and pyrolytic Fe‐N‐C catalysts in terms of design strategies, synthesis, characterization, functional mechanisms and performance validation. The diversity and complexity of active sites that greatly dominate the progress of Fe‐N‐C catalysts include Fe‐containing sites (Fe‐based nanoparticles and single‐atom Fe‐species) and metal‐free sites (heteroatoms doping and defects). Meanwhile, synergistic effects are also discussed in this review with emphasis on the interaction among multiple active sites. Although substantial endeavors have been devoted to develop the efficient Fe‐N‐C catalysts, some challenges still remain. To facilitate further research on Fe‐N‐C catalysts toward practical applications, some research perspectives are prospected in the aspects of innovative synthesis methods, active‐sites modulation strategies, high‐resolution ex situ/in situ/operando characterization techniques, theoretical calculations, and so on. This review may provide a guideline for identifying and understanding active‐sites for developing high‐performance Fe‐N‐C catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optimal bidding model of controllable loads is proposed to minimize the worst-case conditional expectation of electricity purchase cost simultaneously in day-ahead and real-time markets. By reformulating the worst-case conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) constraints, a solvable semi-definite program (SDP) is presented to relax the moment uncertainty of electricity price and simultaneously determine the optimal day-ahead bid and real-time increment/decrement bid. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Accurate characterization of the micro- and nano-pore radius values in a tight sandstone reservoir is the key work to reasonably evaluate reservoir properties. The previous exploration of pore-stitching methods is mainly based on the morphological extension of similar segments. However, few scholars compare and verify the image and non-image stitching methods, so they cannot clarify the application scope of different pore-stitching methods. In this study, the pore structures of eight selected tight sandstone samples were evaluated using high-pressure mercury injection, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscope, and the helium porosity test. Then, the C-value fitting, interpolation fitting, and morphological fitting were used to establish high-pressure mercury injection and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) pore distribution curves to evaluate the differences among the micro-nano-scale pore radius values determined by the three fitting methods. Finally, the pore radius distribution is extracted from the binary image of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). After correcting the helium porosity data, the application scope of different fitting methods is evaluated by using the mean standard deviation verification method, and the optimal solution of the stitching method of pore radius distribution in each application scope is found. Compared to other studies, this research demonstrated three relatively simple methods for the determination of the full range of pore size distributions, providing a reliable method to evaluate the prerequisites of the range of application. This study provides a new idea for the micro-nano-scale pore radius splicing method of a tight sandstone reservoir, and the research results can provide a reference for the actual reservoir evaluation of oil and gas fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber officinale var. rubrum (red ginger) is widely used in traditional medicine in Asia. Unlike other gingers, it is not used as a spice in cuisines. To date, a total of 169 chemical constituents have been reported from red ginger. The constituents include vanilloids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, flavonoids, amino acids, etc. Red ginger has many therapeutic roles in various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, vomiting, rubella, atherosclerosis, tuberculosis, growth disorders, and cancer. Scientific evidence suggests that red ginger exhibits immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, antihyperuricemic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. These biological activities are the underlying causes of red ginger's therapeutic benefits. In addition, there have been few reports on adverse side effects of red ginger. This review aims to provide insights in terms the bioactive constituents and their biosynthesis, biological activities, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of red ginger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: High power efficiency (PE) p-bis(p-N,N-diphenyl-aminostyryl)benzene (DSA-ph) based fluorescent blue organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is demonstrated by utilizing intermixed host (IH) structure. The PE outperforms those devices based on single host (SH), mixed host (MH), and double emitting layers (DELs). By further optimizing the intermixed layer, peak PE of the IH device is increased up to 8.7lm/W (1.7 times higher than conventional SH device), which is the highest value among the DSA-ph based blue device reported so far. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The authors observe that the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the Iridium (III) bis(4-phenylthieno [3,2-c]pyridinato-N,C2′)acetylacetonate (PO-01) based yellow organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is significantly increased by uniformly co-doping Iridium (III)bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2−] (FIrpic) and PO-01 into the same wide band-gap host of N,N′-dicarbazolyl-3, 5-benzene (mCP). Detailed investigation indicates that the efficiency enhancement is ascribed to effective triplet exciton gathering by FIrpic, followed by energy transfer to PO-01. Compared to the control device, which has maximum EQE of 10.5%, an improved maximum EQE of 13.2% is obtained in the optimization white device based on FIrpic and PO-01 emission according to this principle. This work makes it easier for a single host white OLED to simultaneously harvest high efficiency in both blue and yellow units. Comprehensive experimental results show that this phenomenon can also be found and utilized in other popular hosts to realize more efficient white devices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Spillover, a well-known phenomenon in heterogeneous catalysis referring to the transport of the adsorbed intermediates over the catalyst/support interface, could enhance the catalytic performance by providing additional active sites. Here, we report the spillover-promoted electrocatalytic activity of Pt supported on nitrogen-doped carbon black (NCB) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). By treating Vulcan XC-72R carbon black (CB) at 600 °C under gaseous NH3, NCB of near 1 at% surface nitrogen content is obtained. The catalyst of Pt supported on NCB (Pt/NCB) exhibits simultaneously smaller particle sizes and higher electrochemical surface area and electrocatalytic activity for the ORR than the catalyst of Pt supported on pristine CB (Pt/CB) prepared with the same impregnation method. Particularly, the activity enhancement of Pt/NCB over Pt/CB surpasses that expected due to the surface area increase, which seems to conflict with the common belief that Pt nanoparticles of smaller sizes would have lower area specific activities for the ORR. Cyclic voltammetric responses of these catalysts implied that the oxygenated adsorbates formed on Pt can transport to surface of the NCB support, which may be responsible for the increased area specific activity of the Pt/NCB catalyst. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Color stable all-phosphor WOLEDs are obtained utilizing Ir(ppz)3 interlayer. [•] High CRI of 92/90 at 100/1000cdm−2 is obtained in a four-color device. [•] CIE coordinates of the best four-color device only change from (0.388, 0.455) to (0.387, 0.453) over 100–1000cdm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We have demonstrated white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) based on a yellow phosphorescence iridium complex and an efficient blue fluorescence. The property of the blue fluorescence is studied and the pure blue device can obtain a peak current efficiency (CE) of 8.5cd/A. The best obtained WOLED shows a peak CE of 24.7cd/A at 1000cd/m2 with Commission Internationale De L'Eclairage coordinate of (0.44, 0.48), while WOLEDs based on different architectures exhibit good color stability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) based on yellow phosphorescence of Iridium (III) bis(4-phenylthieno[3, 2-c]pyridinato-N, C2′)acetylacetonate (PO-01) and blue fluorescence of p-bis (p-N,N-diphenyl-amino-styryl) benzene (DSA-Ph). By introducing appropriate thickness of tris (phenylpyrazole) Iridium [Ir(ppz)3] as interlayer between the adjacent emission layers, taking advantage of the assistance electron-transporting behavior of guest molecules, efficient WOLEDs with negligible efficiency roll-off and high color stability are obtained. The best device shows a peak current efficiency of 21.0cd/A at 2, 300cd/m2 and the value can be maintained as high as 20.1cd/A at 9, 300cd/m2. Furthermore, the Commission Internationale de L''Eclairage coordinate of the corresponding device only changes marginally from (0.41, 0.46) to (0.40, 0.46) over 103–104 cd/m2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Solution-processable polymers consisting of perylene diimide (PDI) acceptor moieties alternating with dithienothiophene (DTT), N-dodecyl-dithienopyrrole (DTP), or oligomers of these donor groups have been synthesized. We have, in addition to varying the donor, varied the N,N′ substituents of the PDIs. The thermal, optical, electrochemical, and charge-transport properties of the polymers have been investigated. The polymers show broad absorption extending from 300 to 1000 nm with optical band gaps as low as 1.2 eV; the band gap decreases with increasing the conjugation length of donor block, or by replacement of DTT by DTP. The electron affinities of the polymers, estimated from electrochemical data, range from −3.87 to −4.01 eV and are slightly affected by the specific choice of donor moiety, while the estimated ionization potentials (−5.31 to −5.92 eV) are more sensitive to the choice of donor. Bottom-gate top-contact organic field-effect transistors based on the polymers generally exhibit n-channel behavior with electron mobilities as high as 1.7 × 10-2 cm2/V/s and on/off ratios as high as 106; one PDI-DTP polymer is an ambipolar transport material with electron mobility of 4 × 10-4 cm2/V/s and hole mobility of 4 × 10-5 cm2/V/s in air. There is considerable variation in the charge transport properties of the polymers with the chemical structures. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We have demonstrated high color rendering index (CRI) white organic light-emitting devices using a multilayer structure based on all fluorescent emitters. The CRI of white light can be easily tuned by adjusting the thickness of the blue emitting layer (B-EML). In particular, the device with 8-nm-thick B-EML obtains very high CRI values (91–92) over a wide range of luminance (4000–23,000cd/m2). Furthermore, the Commission Internationale De L''Eclairage coordinates of the device is rather stable and the variation is only (±0.005, ±0.003) over 4000–23,000cd/m2. The values are very close to white light equivalent energy point of (0.333, 0.333). We attribute these unique performances to the competition of the two mechanisms of the carrier trapping of the red dopant and efficient förster energy transfer in the blue emitting layer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: White organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) were fabricated using a ultrathin layer 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene as the yellow light-emitting layer and p-bis(p-N,N-diphenyl-aminostyryl)benzene (DSA-ph) doped in 2-methyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (MADN) matrix as the blue light-emitting layer. The thickness of rubrene ultrathin layer will seriously affect the device performance, and the device with 1nm rubrene achieves the best performance, with the maximum luminance of 33,152cd/m2 at 11V and the maximum current efficiency of 8.69cd/A at 7V. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Artemisinin (ART) is a sesquiterpene lactone natural product that is widely used to treat multi-drug resistant strains of malaria. Artemisinin and its derivatives are also selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells, which can be modulated by altering heme synthesis. Cytotoxicity to cancer cells is thought to involve generation of oxidative stress, although conflicting data exist. We have analyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using the fluorescent probes 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF) and dihydroethidine (HET) upon exposure to dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in Molt-4 leukemia cells. HET fluorescence correlated with dose-dependent DHA-induced cytotoxicity, increased within 30min of DHA exposure, and was significantly enhanced by increasing heme synthesis. Protein levels of copper,zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidases 1/2 were also found to increase with DHA exposure. 4-hydroxy-tempol (TEMPOL) and DF-Mn, MnSOD mimetics, could significantly inhibit ROS generation and reduce cell death. Production of superoxide appears to be a central mediator of cytotoxicity from DHA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A soluble conjugated alternating 3,5-didecanyldithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene–thiophene copolymer was synthesized by palladium(0)-catalyzed Stille coupling reaction. The thermal, absorption, emission, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of the polymer were examined. A weight-average molecular weight around 6.2×104 and a polydispersity index of 1.8 was estimated for the polymer using gel permeation chromatography. The polymer exhibits good thermal stability with decomposition temperature of 340°C and glass-transition temperature of 136°C. The polymer shows strong absorption peaked at 505nm in diluted solution and 518nm in thin film with an optical band gap 2.0eV. The polymer exhibits intense emission located at 550nm in solution and 603nm in film. The HOMO and LUMO energies of the polymer were estimated to be −5.4 and −3.4eV, respectively, by cyclic voltammetry. Polymer solar cells were fabricated based on the blend of the polymer and methanofullerene [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The power conversion efficiency of 0.7% was achieved under AM 1.5, 100mW/cm2 using polymer:PCBM (1:4, w/w) as active layer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Simvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering agent, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects against brain injury, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of simvastatin on the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) related signaling pathway and secondary brain injury in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) Sham group (n =25); (2) Sham+vehicle group (n =25); (3) TBI+vehicle group (n =30); and (4) TBI+simvastatin group (n =30). Right parietal cortical contusion was made by using a weight-dropping method. In TBI+simvastatin group, simvastatin was administered orally at a dose of 37.5 mg/kg at 1 and 6 h after TBI. Brain samples were extracted at 24 h after trauma. As a result, we found that treatment with simvastatin markedly inhibited the mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4, NF-κB and the downstream inflammatory agents, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Administration of simvastatin following TBI significantly ameliorated the secondary brain damage, such as cortical apoptosis, brain edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment, and motor deficits. In conclusion, post-TBI simvastatin administration may attenuate TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response in the injured rat brain, and this may be one mechanism by which simvastatin improves outcome following TBI. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Dithienothiophene-phenylene cooligomers with n-hexyloxy or n-dodecyloxy substituents have been synthesized and compared to the previously reported unsubstituted parent compound. The effect of substituents on the thermal, electronic, optical, thin film structure and field-effect transistor (OFET) properties was investigated. Structural phase transitions from highly-ordered nanocrystalline to liquid crystalline were observed at 241 and 213 °C for n-hexyloxy- and n-dodecyloxy-substituted compounds respectively, different from the parent compound. For the alkoxy-substituted compounds, the absorption spectra in thin film blue shift 50 nm, while the fluorescence spectra in thin film red shift 88–100 nm compared to those in solution. The OFET devices based on the alkoxy-substituted compounds exhibit mobilities as high as ca 0.02 cm2V−1s−1 and their performance is sensitive to the alkoxy substituents and substrate temperatures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]