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Additional file 1: Supplemental Fig 1. Effect of Cur on Caco-2 cell proliferation assessed by inverted microscopy (magnification, 400×). A Caco-2 cells were incubated with different concentrations of Cur (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 μM) for 48 h. B Cells of the Caco-2 line were incubated with the indicated concentrations of MC (100 μM), Cur (10 μM), and HC (9 μM) for 48 h. Cur, curcumin; MC, micellar cholesterol; HC, HC-030031. Supplemental Fig 2. Expression levels of NPC1L1, TRPA1, PPARγ, SP-1, SREBP-2 in the colorectal cancer cell lines (taken from the Expression Atlas [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/home]). A Expression levels of NPC1L1 in the colorectal cancer cell lines. B Expression levels of TRPA1, PPARγ, SP-1, SREBP-2 in the Caco-2, SW620, LoVo, HCT116, SW480, and HF-29 cell line. FPKM, fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped; NPC1L1, Niemann-Pick C1-like 1; TPM, transcripts per million; TRPA1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SREBP-2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2; SP-1, specificity protein-1. Supplemental Fig 3. The potential effect of Cur on Caco-2, SW620, HCT116, and LoVo cell lines. A and B Caco-2, SW620, HCT116, and LoVo cells were incubated with 10 μM Cur for 48 h. Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay (A). Effect of Cur on cellular uptake of micellar cholesterol in Caco-2, SW620, HCT116, and LoVo cell line (B). Data presented as mean ± SEM. (n = 4). **P < 0.01 vs control, ***P < 0.01 vs control (A) or MC (B). Cur, curcumin; MC, micellar cholesterol; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; SEM, standard error of the mean. Supplemental Fig 4. Effect of the PPARγ signal on Caco-2 cell proliferation with Cur. Caco-2 cells were pretreated with 10 μM BRL or 5 μM GW9662 and incubated with 10 μM Cur for 48 h. Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay. Data presented as mean ± SEM. (n = 5). ***P < 0.001 vs control, ###P < 0.001 vs Cur, &&P < 0.01 vs Cur. Cur, curcumin; BRL, rosiglitazone, BRL 49653; GW, GW 9662; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; SEM, standard error of the mean.

The hydrogen-blended combustion technology is a new technology that mixes a specific proportion of hydrogen, in the fuel, to improve combustion efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions. This technology is considered to be an effective method in improving the overall energy produced. The principle of “power to gas” technology is to take advantage of the intermittent nature of both wind-generated and solar energy, by using the surplus energy for the production of hydrogen by the electrolysis of water. The hydrogen can then be combined with carbon dioxide to produce methane, or by direct addition to natural gas in the pipeline network, thus enabling large-scale utilization of hydrogen energy. The rationality of the application of hydrogen-blended combustion technology in gas boilers is based on a simplified mechanism of GRI-MECH 3.0 of methane combustion. This reaction contains 24 elementary reactions involving 17 components. In this work, a numerical simulation experiment was designed, where atmospheric air was the oxidant, and the oxygen excess coefficient was maintained as a constant. A total of eleven groups of methane/hydrogen premixing ratios Rf (0~1) were considered and the effects of differing hydrogen blending ratios on fuel combustion temperature, combustion rate, and main pollutant emission concentrations were studied. The results showed that, by increasing the hydrogen blending ratio, both the combustion temperature and the reaction rate increased. Similarly, the concentration and the total emissions of soot and CO decreased, while the concentration of NOx increased, however, the total emissions decreased first then increased. The mechanisms relating to the effect of hydrogen mixing on the combustion process and the resultant pollutant formation were also analyzed, concerning China's urban fuel gas interchangeability regulations and industrial pollutant emission standards, the optimal hydrogen blending ratio was determined to be 23%., 本工作针对天然气掺氢燃烧技术在燃气锅炉的最佳掺混比开展数值模拟研究，以小火焰燃烧器为研究对象，计算了在空气氛围、恒定过氧系数、不同甲烷掺混氢气比条件下，掺氢比对燃料燃烧温度、燃烧速率、主要污染物排放浓度的影响。其中燃烧机理采用GRI-MECH 3.0简化机理，该反应包含24个基元反应，涉及17种组分。计算结果表明，随掺氢比增加，燃烧温度上升、燃烧反应速率加快，炭烟和CO的浓度与排放总量均降低，NOx的浓度上升但排放总量先减小后增大。结合我国城镇燃气的燃料互换性规范及工业污染物排放标准，得出最佳掺氢比为23%。