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Abstract Background With the rapid development of digital technology, it is crucial to explore at the individual microlevel whether digital technology can reduce health inequality and discuss potential transmission mechanisms. Methods This study uses data from the 2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2020) and the ordinary least squares (OLS) method to estimate the impact of digital technology on health inequality. This work then discusses the potential transmission mechanisms through which digital technology influences health inequality. Finally, it analyses the heterogeneity effects of digital technology on health inequality across different groups. Results We find that digital technology has reduced both physical and mental health inequality. Strengthening family support, enhancing health investment, and improving health behaviours are the transmission paths from digital technology to health inequality. Groups with older cohorts, females, less-educated individuals, low-income individuals, and rural individuals benefit more from physical health inequality, whereas the impact of digital technology on mental health inequality does not differ across groups. Conclusion Digital technology has a significant impact on reducing both physical and mental health inequality, with particularly notable benefits for vulnerable populations. It is imperative to focus more on the targeted effects of digital technology on these marginalized groups.

Capacitive deionization(CDI) is a new electrochemical nitrate removal technology, which has the advantages of simple structure and operation, low cost, low energy consumption and environmental friendliness. However, there are problems such as insufficient adsorption capacity, poor selectivity and limited desalting capacity. In view of the problems in CDI, scholars have carried out in-depth research on the structure optimization of CDI device and the modification of electrode materials. The research progress of CDI device structure optimization including membrane capacitance deion technology (MCDI), flow electrode capacitance deion technology (FCDI), capacitance-electrocatalytic coupling technology, etc was introduced. The research progress of electrode material modification was mainly introduced from the aspects of resin coating, surface modification, metal oxide/hydroxide doping, and structure regulation. The analysis showed that the CDI device structure optimization and electrode material modification improved the performance of the technology to remove nitrate and expanded the application range of the technology to remove nitrate, which made the CDI technology had a very broad application prospect in the removal of nitrate. Finally, some suggestions were proposed to provide reference for the further development of CDI from the aspects of improving the selectivity and removal rate, increasing the adsorption capacity of electrode, enhancing the sustainable utilization of electrode and practical application.

The power grid of a multi-electric aircraft is a typical isolated island microgrid with a wide frequency range from 360 to 800 Hz. The dynamic performance of the traditional constant-frequency power grid synchronization method is insufficient in the variable frequency power grid of the multi-electric aircraft. An adaptive enhanced complex-coefficient filter-based phase locked loop (AECCF-PLL) is designed for the variable frequency power grid by integrating an adaptive module into the enhanced complex-coefficient filter-based phase locked loop to accurately estimate the state of variable frequency power grid. The relationship between the transfer function and the step response is analyzed. The relationship between the model parameters and the frequency is derived, and the frequency adaptive module is established to meet the requirements for stability and rapidity in the state estimation of the variable frequency power grid. The experimental results show that the proposed AECCF-PLL can achieve the rapid and stable estimation of the state of the variable frequency power grid when there are disturbances such as large or small frequency jumps, harmonics and slopes.

This study conducted the CO2-PTF coal experiment to further reveal the fracturing transformation mechanism of CO2 phase transition fracturing(CO2-PTF)coal. According to the CT scanning and 3D fracture reconstruction, we analyzed the fracture structure parameters of coal before and after CO2-PTF, and clarified the evolution characteristics of the three-dimensional fracture structure of coal induced by CO2-PTF. The research results indicated that after CO2-PTF, the total number of fractures in the coal sample decreased, while the total volume and surface area of fractures increased. The CO2-PTF generated fracture expansion and transformation effects where the small-scale fractures were expanded and transformed into larger scale fractures under the CO2-PTF pressure. The number, volume, and surface area of fractures of less than 1 000 μm in length were significantly reduced, while the volume and surface area of fractures of longer than 1 000 μm in length were significantly increased. The expansion and connection between fractures caused a decrease in their quantity. CO2-PTF improves the connectivity of the three-dimensional fracture in coal and is conducive to gas migration and production. This study offers new insights into and evaluation method for the effect of CO2-PTF, and could provide references for the research on fracture evolution characteristics in other unconventional natural gas reservoirs and their modifications.

Aiming at the information asymmetry problem in the supply chain of pelagic fishery aquatic products, this paper constructs a traceability system for pelagic fishery aquatic products with the help of blockchain and fishery networking technologies. At each level, the traceability analysis is conducted using distinct technical methods and evaluation criteria. The system is designed and operated systematically by integrating pelagic fishery fishing enterprises, transportation enterprises, processing enterprises, sales enterprises, consumers and regulatory departments. By relying on the technical platform of fishery networking, the functions of the traceability system of marine fishery products are also strengthened. The corresponding traceability system is constructed by taking tuna as an example, with a view to improving the credibility and safety of information traceability of China′s pelagic fishery aquatic products industry chain, reducing the information asymmetry of various subjects of pelagic fishery, and providing a better solution to achieve the purpose, which is to strengthen the credibility and security of information traceability of China′s pelagic fisheries industry chain, reduce the information asymmetry of pelagic fisheries, and provide references and lessons for the high-quality, sustainable development of pelagic fisheries industry.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic condition characterized by a progressive decline in liver function, leading to disruptions in liver integrity and metabolic function, resulting in lipid deposition and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and not yet fully understood, contributing to the absence of specific therapeutic strategies. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor pivotal in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. However, the impacts of PPARγ on NAFLD remains insufficiently explored. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of PPARγ in NAFLD and its underlying molecular mechanisms.

ObjectiveTo understand the characteristics of PM2.5 pollution in the air of Pearl River Delta city in Guangdong Province under the COVID-19 epidemic and the health risks of inhaling elements in PM2.5.MethodsIn 2022， 10 PM2.5 monitoring points were set up in 10 districts in Guangzhou， Shenzhen， Foshan and Zhuhai， and air samples were collected for 7 consecutive days every month to analyze the concentration of PM2.5 and the 12 elements in PM2.5. The classic "four-step" method was used to evaluate the carcinogenic risk and chronic non-carcinogenic risk of the elements in air PM2.5 on health. The age-sensitive characteristics of metal elements were combined in the carcinogenic risk assessment， and age-sensitive factors were introduced to analyze the impact of air pollution on population health.ResultsA total of 818 samples were collected. and the average annual PM2.5 concentration in the four cities of the Pearl River Delta was 30.17 （1.00-166.00， s=21.06） μg·m-3， which was lower than the concentration limit of the secondary standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard （GB 3095-2012）. The difference of PM2.5 concentration in the four cities was statistically significant. The PM2.5 concentrations in Zhuhai and Shenzhen， which were located near the sea， were lower than those in Guangzhou and Foshan. The monthly mean concentration of PM2.5 in the four cities was the lowest at 13.70 （4.00-34.00， s=5.93） μg·m-3 in July and the highest at 57.73 （14.00-146.00， s=27.96） μg·m-3 in January， showing a low concentration from May to October and a high concentration from November to April of the following year. The average daily PM2.5 concentration exceeded the secondary standard for 29 days， mainly distributed in January and November. The average annual mass concentration of elements in PM2.5 in the four cities was Al>Mn>Pb>As>Ni>Cr>Se>Sb>Cd>Tl>Be>Hg. AS and Mn have chronic non-carcinogenic risk in population， while Cr， AS， Cd， Be and Ni have carcinogenic risk in population.ConclusionThe PM2.5 pollution levels of the four cities in the Pearl River Delta are low and variable. Coastal cities are lower than non-coastal cities， which shows the characteristics of first decreasing and then increasing throughout the year. The order of mass concentration of metal elements of PM2.5 in four cities is basically the same except Be and Ni. As and Mn in PM2.5 show a certain degree of chronic non-carcinogenic risk， and As， Cr， Cd， Ni and Be have a certain degree of carcinogenic risk. The four cities need to take effective intervention measures to continue to strengthen the pollution control and health protection of Cr， As， Cd and Mn in the air， and control the health burden caused by air pollution.

Abstract The existing image semantic segmentation models have low accuracy in detecting tiny targets or multi-targets at overlapping regions. This work proposes a hybrid vision transformer with unified-perceptual-parsing network (ViT-UperNet) for medical image segmentation. A self-attention mechanism is embedded in a vision transformer to extract multi-level features. The image features are extracted hierarchically from low to high dimensions using 4 groups of Transformer blocks with different numbers. Then, it uses a unified-perceptual-parsing network based on a feature pyramid network (FPN) and a pyramid pooling module (PPM) for the fusion of multi-scale contextual features and semantic segmentation. FPN can naturally use hierarchical features, and generate strong semantic information on all scales. PPM can better use the global prior knowledge to understand complex scenes, and extract features with global context information to improve segmentation results. In the training process, a scalable self-supervised learner named masked autoencoder is used for pre-training, which strengthens the visual representation ability and improves the efficiency of the feature learning. Experiments are conducted on cardiac magnetic resonance image segmentation where the left and right atrium and ventricle are selected for segmentation. The pixels accuracy is 93.85%, the Dice coefficient is 92.61% and Hausdorff distance is 11.16, which are improved compared with the other methods. The results show the superiority of Vit-UperNet in medical images segmentation, especially for the low-recognition and serious-occlusion targets.

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs), a promising energy storage device in the large-scale energy storage market, have attracted extensive attention in recent years due to their high safety, low cost, environmental friendliness, and excellent electrochemical performance. Despite the rapid development of AZIBs technology, challenges such as insufficient energy density and limited cycling life still exist, which hinders the practical application of AZIBs. Due to the critical role that cathode materials play in the electrochemical performance of AZIBs, it is necessary to summarize the progress of cathode materials for AZIBs. In this review, the Zn2+ storage mechanisms of the cathode materials are analyzed. Subsequently, the representative cathode materials are introduced, and their structures and electrochemical performances are compared. The existing problems and improvement strategies of these cathode materials are summarized in detail. Finally, the future challenges and promising prospects for cathode materials are proposed. This review will guide researchers and manufacturers, benefiting them in designing advanced AZIBs for grid-scale energy storage.

Abstract Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology has been increasingly applied to power line carrier communication (PLC). Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT)‐based channel estimation algorithm is suitable for OFDM‐based PLC due to its low complexity. In view of the problem that the traditional DFT channel estimation does not consider the influence of noise inside cyclic prefix (CP), an improved DFT channel estimation based on signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) estimation is proposed. First, least‐square (LS) algorithm is performed and the frequency domain channel estimation is converted to the time domain through inverse DFT, and the average SNR of the system is estimated according to the pilot sequence. Second, the substitute SNR for each sample point inside CP is defined and used to filter impulse noise inside CP. Third, the average SNR is converted into the threshold of the useful signal energy inside CP, and the widespread background noise inside CP is filtered. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can obtain more accurate channel estimation than other DFT channel estimation algorithms because it can effectively filter out noise inside CP. In addition, compared with other similar algorithms, the proposed algorithm dose not result in a significant increase in complexity.

Objective·To investigate the effect of hydrogel stiffness on nucleus pulposus cell phenotype and its function in repairing intervertebral disc degeneration in rats.Methods·Methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels with different concentrations were constructed. The stiffness of the hydrogels was investigated by using rheological analysis and uniaxial compression test. The microstructure and morphology of the hydrogels were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nucleus pulposus cells with normal phenotype were inoculated on the surface of GelMA hydrogels. The biocompatibility of the hydrogel was evaluated by live-dead cell staining and the growth pattern of nucleus pulposus cells on hydrogels with different stiffness was observed with phalloidin staining under microscope. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to examine the nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of nucleus pulposus cell-associated genes [neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (Ncam-1), aggrecan (Acan), sex-determing region of Y chromosome (SRY)-box transcription factor 9 (Sox9)]. A rat caudal acupuncture intervertebral disc degeneration model was established. Nucleus pulposus cells cultured on different hydrogels were harvested and injected into the degenerated discs separately. Four weeks after surgery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to analyze the water content of the intervertebral discs in each group. Histological tests were performed to examine the disc structure and proteoglycan levels.Results·The elastic modulus of the hydrogels was 1 kPa and 200 kPa when the concentration of GelMA prepolymerisation solution was at 4% and 15% respectively. SEM observation revealed that the hydrogels showed a loose and porous microstructure, and the porosity of hydrogels decreased significantly with the decrease of their stiffness. In vitro experiments demonstrated that both GelMA hydrogel mediums showed good biocompatibility and the ability to support cell proliferation. Nucleus pulposus cells cultured on the soft matrix (4%GelMA) had a lower elongation and spreading area than those cultured on the stiff matrix (15%GelMA), showing a tendency of YAP concentration in the cytoplasm. The gene expression of nucleus pulposus cells was examined and the levels of Sox9, Acan and Ncam-1 in the soft matrix hydrogel group were 23.7, 6.6 and 12.7 times of those in the control group respectively. In vivo experiments on rat disc degeneration showed that the soft hydrogel matrix group had higher disc water content and structural integrity than the stiff hydrogel matrix group.Conclusion·Compared to stiff GelMA hydrogels, hydrogels with low stiffness better maintain the growth phenotypes in the nucleus pulposus cells and have better therapeutic effect on disc degeneration in vivo.

ObjectivesThe online behavior of online users has taken on complex and diverse characteristics, and posting product reviews on e-commerce platforms is no exception. In fact, reviews contain rich and multi-dimensional discrete emotional information, and whether there is a relationship between the expression of these different discrete emotions and the time interval between product purchase and review posting as well as their related characteristics are the issues that this study needs to analyze and solve in depth.MethodsBased on the OCC model (named after three proposers) of psychological emotional cognitive evaluation theory as the basis for emotion classification, the study used the massive amounts of Chinese reviews of mobile phones on the Chinese e-commerce platform Jingdong Mall as the research object, applied supervised machine learning methods to classify discrete emotions, and constructed a large corpus containing satisfaction, disappointment, admiration, reproach, love, and hate; then the study delved into the distribution and behavioral dynamics characteristics of consumers’ comments containing the different discrete emotions at different “purchase-comment” time intervals.ResultsThe results showed that the first peak of the distribution curves of the six discrete emotions at different “purchase-comment” time intervals occurs on the first day after purchase and then decreases gradually but at different rates. The three curves for satisfaction, love, and hate emotions also show a second peak on the eleventh day, which is more similar to the bimodal distribution, implying that the corresponding product reviews are more objective. In addition, the distribution of reviews containing the six discrete emotions at different “purchase-comment” time intervals follows a power-law distribution and has the temporal characteristics of human behavioral dynamics, that is, “strong paroxysms and weak memory“. However, the reviews containing the admiration and reproach emotions were most intensively written by consumers after the purchase, indicating that the service provided by the seller, logistics, and e-commerce platform stimulates more consumers to give quick responses and detailed reviews.ConclusionThis study is not only of great significance for exploring the internal mechanisms of consumer discrete emotional expression but also provides important decision-making references for potential consumer purchasing decisions, product updates for developers, marketing strategy formulation for marketing teams, and service improvement for sellers, logistics companies, and e-commerce platforms.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), the most biologically active ingredient of Astragali Radix, is used to treat diabetes mellitus (DM)-related chronic wounds in traditional Chinese medicine for several decades. This herb possesses an anti-inflammatory effect. Our study proved that APS can reduce excessive inflammation at the late phase of wound-healing in diabetic ulcers. Aim of the study: To clarify the molecular mechanism of APS in promoting wound-healing via reducing excessive inflammation in diabetic ulcers during the late stages of wound-healing. Methods and materials: The rat model of the diabetic ulcers was established via intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (60 mg/kg). We detected the regulation of APS on diabetic ulcers by measuring wound-healing rates. Bioinformatics was used to predict the target genes of APS, and autodocking was used to predict the combination of APS and target genes. Immunohistochemistry, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, and flow cytometric sorting were investigated. Results: The results demonstrated that APS promoted wound-healing and inhibited excessive inflammation at the late phase of wound-healing in diabetic rats. Mechanistic findings showed that APS promoted the expression of β-catenin and Rspo3 while inhibiting the expression of NF-KB and GSK-3β, which leads to the transformation of M1-type macrophages into M2-type macrophages and thus reducing excessive inflammation at the late phase of wound-healing in diabetic ulcers. Conclusion: We found an interesting finding that APS promoted the polarization of macrophages towards M2-type through the β-catenin/NF-κB axis to reduce excessive inflammation at the late phase of wound-healing. Therefore, APS may be a promising drug for treating diabetic ulcers in clinic.

In order to explore the challenges and optimization paths faced by ideological and political education in colleges and universities under the Internet environment. This paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation model for the ranking of university online public opinion, conducts quantitative posture analysis based on rank affiliation function, starts qualitative posture analysis based on language grade evaluation, determines objective weights of quantitative and qualitative posture ranking indicators by using deviation method, uses binary, ordered ratio method to determine for expert weights, and integrates subjective and objective assignments based on empirical factors. After establishing the comprehensive evaluation of the posture level of college network public opinion, the influence of network public opinion on thinking and political education was analyzed: bad network information can easily distort college students’ ideology and value orientation, and the posture level evaluation of the influence of network public opinion on college students’ values reached −0.85. Meanwhile, the network public opinion hinders the formation of the moral sentiment of college students, and the posture level evaluation of the influence reached −0.67. This study analyzes the influence of college network public opinion on thinking and politics from both qualitative and quantitative aspects and provides an intentional reference for college thinking and politics education to respond effectively to the network environment.

[Objective] The effect of different disturbance modes on soil physical and chemical properties and vegetation characteristics of typical grassland areas in Inner Mongolia were analyzed in order to provide a scientific basis for restoring the ecological environment following road construction and for adopting reasonable restoration measures. [Methods] Three highways (G303 Xilinhot-Abaga section, G207 Xilinhot-Xiwuzhumuqin section, G207 Xilinhot-Uritutala village section) in the Xilinguole brassland area were studied. Using the method of space instead of time, the soil and vegetation characteristics of a road ecosystem under different numbers of restoration years (1, 5, 15 years) and different disturbance modes (rolling, cutting, borrow pit, embankment) were investigated. [Results] ① Disturbance mode had a significant impact on soil physical and chemical properties, and soil bulk density followed the disturbance mode order of rolling > embankment > cutting > borrow pit. As the number of restoration years increased, soil bulk density approached the bulk density of the undisturbed area. Soil moisture content followed the disturbance mode order of rolling < cutting < borrow pit < embankment, and soil moisture increased as the number of restoration years increased. Soil organic carbon, total phosphorus, and total potassium contents were lowest for the rolling disturbance mode, and highest for the embankment disturbance mode. ② The plant community richness index initially increased, then decreased, and finally stabilized. Species diversity index for the 5-year restoration period was higher than for the 15-year restoration period. ③ From the principal component analysis of relevant data, the comprehensive ranking of embankment, cutting, and borrow pit disturbance after 15 years of recovery was high, and the comprehensive scores were 2.33, 1.42 and 1.32, respectively. The comprehensive scores of rolling disturbance were the lowest, and damage to the ecosystem was the most serious. [Conclusion] There were significant differences in the physical and chemical properties and vegetation index of disturbed soil compared with undisturbed soil. The nutrient content of the filled soil was higher, while the nutrient content of the excavated soil was significantly lacking in nutrients compared with the undisturbed area. Therefore, it will be necessary to strengthen the ecological protection of disturbed areas.

Objective: To improve the quality of dried pitaya products. Methods: Based on the porous medium theory and Fick's law, a mathematical model of the coupling of heat and mass transfer of pitaya fruit with multiple physical fields of solid mechanics was established, and the variation of temperature and moisture content of pitaya fruit during the heat pump drying process was studied. Results: The calculation accuracy of the model considering volume shrinkage was higher. The maximum relative error between the calculated value and the test value was 9.2% after reaching the drying standard. The temperature distribution of pitaya slices decreased gradually from the surface to the center in the early stage of drying, and achieved a balance later, while the water distribution showed an opposite trend. The temperature and humidity gradient forces in the heat pump drying process were the main factors leading to the shrinkage deformation of pitaya slices. The calculated values of dry base moisture content of pitaya slices under different drying temperature and slice thickness were consistent with the experimental values, and the relative errors were all less than 10%, which proved the accuracy of the model. Conclusion: The mathematical model established by the experiment can accurately simulate the heat pump drying process of Pitaya.

Objective To evaluate retrospectively the clinical efficacy of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) in the patients with acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP). Methods A total of 244 patients with ABP recei-ving treatment in our department from January 2014 to November 2021 were included in this study. There were 76 cases in study group using PTGBD treatment, among them, 41 cases with performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) after symptoms remission, and 168 cases without PTGBD in control group with 49 cases using ERCP and 119 cases with conservative treatment. The rate of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) and postoperative adverse events were compared between two groups. Results The rate of PEP was significantly lower in study group (11/41) than in control group (23/49), 26.8% vs.46.9%, P=0.008. The patients in both groups were performed cholecystectomy or cholecystectomy with bile duct drainage in late stage (73 cases in study group and 152 cases in control group). The shorter operative time [(76.3±28.3) min vs.(121.6±34.9) min, P=0.011], less intraoperative blood loss [(65.7±27.6) mL vs. (99.2±60.3) mL, P=0.028], shorter abdominal drainage duration [(3.6±2.5) d vs. (8.9±4.9) d, P=0.016] in study group than in control group. The rate of postoperative sepsis [2.7% (2 cases) vs. 5.3% (8 cases), P=0.003], rate of reoperation [1.4%(1 case) vs. 3.9%(6 cases), P

A method of heat storage and temperature control for refuge chamber with phase change energy storage wall is put forward, that is, coupled temperature control method of mine air pressure, phase change cold storage for energy storage wall under conventional condition, and wall phase change heat absorption when mine accident occurs, the diatomaceous earth-based phase change material was used as the energy storage aggregate additive to prepare composite cement mortar, which was then laid on the wall of the refuge chamber to achieve temperature control effect. The test results show that when the amount of energy storage aggregate is 15% and the amount of activated carbon is 6%, the prepared composite cement mortar can be adapted to the energy storage wall structure of the refuge chamber and improve the indoor thermal environment of the refuge chamber.

Resistant starch has the benefits in the regulation of intestinal flora, improvement of intestinal function, control of cholesterol levels and glycemic index. In recent years, the most concerned is the prebiotic effect of resistant starch. Fermented milk has been considered as the best carrier of probiotics and prebiotics. Adding type III resistant starch to fermented milk could not only improve the quality of fermented milk, but also enhance the functionality of fermented milk. This paper briefly introduced the relationships between resistant starch and prebiotics, and summarized the application of type III resistant starch in fermented milk. This paper also expounded the effect of type III resistant starch on the quality of fermented milk and its probiotic evaluation, which could provide reference for the application and development of type III resistant starch in functional fermented milk.

The excavation thickness of the coal seam and the corresponding motion space of the overlying strata are so large in the fully-mechanized top coal caving face, that roof accidents are occur easily. In order to understand the mechanism of roof disasters in fully-mechanized caving working face, some cases of roof disasters in fully-mechanized caving working face are statistically analyzed. According to the roof conditions and disaster characteristics, the roof disasters in fully-mechanized caving working face are divided into two types: large-area roof cutting and support crushing for soft roof, large-area roof collapse with roof cutting and support crushing for hard roof. Taking Cuimu Mine and Caojiatan Mine as examples, the characteristics of two types of roof disasters are analyzed, and the corresponding roof disaster mechanism is presented: The roof in soft roof working face is of weak cementation. If the actual support stiffness is insufficient, the roof will break at the coal wall, and is easy to be unstable after breaking. As the same time, the insufficient support strength eventually leads to the leads to cutting and support crushing disaster of roof. The roof in hard roof working face is of good integrity and is not easy to break. When the suspended roof area is enough, the sudden breaking of roof will cause an impact on the support. If the breaking line is at the coal wall, it will easily leads to cutting and support crushing disaster of roof. Combined with engineering practice, prevention and control measures for two types of roof disaster are presented. For the soft roof working face, the measures such as reasonably improving the support stiffness, the supporting efficiency and the advancing speed of the working face, and the early warning and so on are used to prevent the occurrence of large-scale roof cutting and support crushing. For the hard roof working face, in addition to support management and rational mining design, it is necessary to improving roof conditions. For examples, the regional hydraulic fracturing technology is used to weaken the roof and prevent large-area roof collapse and support crushing disasters.

Objective To analyze the expression of immune cells and immunosuppressive factors in the immune microenvironment of glioblastoma. Methods A total of 30 glioma specimens, all of which were glioblastoma (IDH⁃wildtype), were surgically removed and completely preserved in the First Affiliated Hospital of Ji'nan University and Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital from November 2020 to April 2021. T lymphocytes (CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells), suppressive immune cells [FoxP3+ regulatory T cell (Treg)], immunosuppressive factors [transforming growth factor⁃β (TGF⁃β)], immunosuppressive factors [programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PDL1)] in the immune microenvironment of glioblastoma were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results The proportion of CD4+ T cells in glioblastoma was very low. CD3+ T cells accounted for more than 3% in 15 cases (50%), and CD8+ T cells were similar to CD3+ T cells. Few FoxP3+ Treg cells were detected in only 2 cases (6.67%). The cytoplasm of 24 cases (80%) of glioblastoma showed strong positive expression of TGF⁃β, and its expression was correlated with the distribution of CD3+ T cells. No CD3+ T cells were found in the areas with high expression of TGF⁃β, and CD3+ T cells were widely distributed in the areas with low expression of TGF⁃β. PDL1 expression was non⁃detected. Conclusions TGF⁃β protein was highly expressed in glioblastoma, and future drugs or immunotherapies designed to target TGF⁃β may contribute to the clinical treatment of glioblastoma.

The application of hydraulic fracturing technology on rock fracturing for hard and complete roof, and destressing for roadways with high stresses is increasingly widespread. Based on a top coal caving working face with extra-thick coal seam and complete roof layers in the Caojiatan coal mine in Shaanxi Province, the roof rock geomechanical measurements, compressibility tests, theory of hydraulic fracture propagation, and 3D numerical simulation were carried out, and the determination approaches for fracturing rock horizon above a working face, fracturing borehole layout and parameters, and fracturing technology were put forward. The underground industrial trial and a comprehensive surface microseismic monitoring with actual time were conducted, and the spatial distribution characteristics of hydraulic fractures in roof were obtained. Meanwhile, shield resistance, periodic weighting step distance and duration distance, weighting dynamic load coefficient, and roof breaking energy were monitored and analyzed, and the hydraulic fracturing effect was synthetically evaluated. A complete set of technology for hydraulic fracturing with directional boreholes in underground coal mines were preliminarily established, which includes determination of fracturing rock horizon and parameter design, fracturing technology and equipment with directional boreholes, monitoring of hydraulic fracture spatial distribution, and comprehensive evaluation of hydraulic fracturing effect. The underground trial pointed out that: on the in-situ stress regime in the Caojiatan coal mine, that is the minimum principal stress is vertical stress, the hydraulic fractures were mainly horizontal fractures with a propagation distance of about 80 m on both sides of boreholes, the hard and complete roofs above the working face were effectively weakened, and regional roof reconstruction was achieved. The intensive ground pressure appearance of the working face was obviously reduced in the fracturing area, and production safety was ensured. Finally, the existing issues associated with hydraulic fracturing were discussed, and technical developments were envisaged.

Objective To evaluate the osteogenic effects of using a 3D-printed bredigite(BRT) bone scaffold on the Onlay graft in rats. Methods BRT scaffold material was fabricated by 3D printing technology as the experimental group, β-tricalcium phosphate(β-TCP) bone scaffolds were used as the control group. The scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), mechanical test and in vitro degradation test. An animal model of Onlay graft in SD rats was established. According to the different grafts, the animal model was divided into autogenous bone transplantation group (Auto Group), β- TCP group and BRT group. At 12 weeks after the operation, the target line was obtained for gross observation, micro CT scanning and analysis, and HE staining histological analysis. Results BRT scaffolds have distinctive surface topographywith relatively uniformly sized pores in SEM imaging. A higher mechanical strength and degradation rate was obtained with BRT scaffolds（46.80 ± 3.44) MPa, compared to β-TCP scaffolds（11.29 ± 1.30) MPa (P

在智能电网与新能源发电融合背景下, 电力电子接口装置的大量使用将给系统引入额外的直流偏置。因此, 电网电压信息获取算法的直流偏置抑制能力变得至关重要。二阶广义积分器锁相环(SOGI-PLL)广泛应用于电网信息的同步与提取, 可以有效抑制频率波动和相位跳变对电网状态估计精度的影响, 但其自适应频率反馈环节在实现谐波抑制的同时, 对于电网中含有的直流偏置非常敏感。针对这一问题, 提出了一种固定频率反馈的级联SOGI-PLL(FFCD-SOGI-PLL), 使用级联结构输入固定电网标称频率, 实现信号直流分量滤除, 增强了谐波抑制性能。通过小信号模型给出其稳定性分析和参数设计方法。实验结果表明, 在电网电压含有直流分量、谐波以及电网电压跌落时, 设计的FFCD-SOGI-PLL可以快速稳定地对电网电压状态信息进行精确估计。

This study proposes a second digital divide measurement for university students in Guangdong, encompassing internet usage proficiency and internet-enabled learning levels. Drawing on information literacy theory, the dimensions of information awareness, acquisition, storage, retrieval, utilization, and ethical/security considerations are individually assessed. A total of 1038 valid responses were collected through a questionnaire survey, and data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and variance analysis. The internet usage and enabled learning levels of university students in Guangdong are found to be moderately above average. The second-level digital divide among university students in Guangdong is complex, resulting from the interactive effects of personal factors, growth environment, and university environment. Personal characteristics (gender, grade), growth environment (average living expenses, parental education, family location, growth location, family learning environment), and campus learning environment have a significant impact on both the level of internet usage and internet-enabled learning. Conversely, personal characteristics (disciplinary category), and school location exhibit no significant impact on internet-enabled learning levels.

Adequate fixation in the intubated patient is essential to prevent potentially dislocation or unplanned extubation. This paper introduces a new type of endotracheal tube fastener, which has been designed to prevent the unplanned extubation of endotracheal tube. The ventilate and dismountable design using cotton pads could help to reduce the patient's discomfort. (气管套管的固定是避免管路移位或者脱落的重要措施。本研究设计一种实用新型气管套管系带, 其固定操作简单, 能有效预防套管本体在使用过程中滑脱, 且固定棉垫和活动棉垫轻薄透气、可拆卸清洗或更换, 有助于减轻患者不适感。)

Abstract Robust and comprehensive modelling of targets is the key to successful person re‐identification. However, some useful information may be ignored, since CNNs tend to learn from the most distinctive feature region of the human body. In the present study, a multi‐branch lightweight network structure that can enhance the ability of diverse feature retrieval is introduced. The proposed network consists of three branches. In the feature erasure branch, a drop block model is added to remove the horizontal region with the highest activation degree from feature vectors so as to allow the network to learn relatively low discrimination features. The global branch is used as an essential supplement to the feature erasure branch. A unified horizontal segmentation strategy is adopted in the local branch to avoid the influence of feature dislocation. Finally, diverse feature learning is achieved through the branch network structure. The proposed method can achieve state‐of‐the‐art results on Market‐1501, CUHK03 and DukeMTMC‐Reid data sets, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of the method.

ObjectiveTo analyze the case, scene and forensic pathological characteristics of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy （SUDEP）, to provide a practical basis for forensic identification.MethodsA total of 9 autopsy cases of SUDEP were collected. The basic information of the cases, the scene characteristics, the forensic pathological changes, the common drugs and antiepileptic drug test results, and pericardial fluid biochemical test results were analyzed.ResultsAll of the 9 cases were male epilepsy patients died during sleep at night, the age of death was （37.1±8.6） years, and the course of epilepsy was （21.3±5.6） years. Six corpses were in prone position and three in left lateral position. The hemorrhage of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, sternal thyroid muscle and sternohyoid muscle were found with 8 cases, 5 cases and 4 cases, respectively, all of them were unilateral. Six cases had bilateral hemorrhage of pectoralis minor muscle. Brain edema, phagocytosis of frontotemporal neurons and gliosis, cardiac fibers bend in wavy patterns and eosinophilic staining enhancement, pulmonary edema, pulmonary congestion, alveolar hemorrhage, pulmonary small bronchiole wall shrinking, tubular proteinuria and pancreatic parenchymal hemorrhage were the common histopathological changes. The biochemical test results of pericardial fluid indicated that there were myocardial ischemic damage.ConclusionYoung male, early onset, long course of disease, sleep in the prone position, poor drug compliance or combination, epileptic seizure may be the risk factors of SUDEP. Cardiac dysfunction and respiratory depression might be the main death mechanism of SUDEP.

We demonstrate spatial modification of the optical properties of thin-film metal oxides, zinc oxide (ZnO) and vanadium dioxide (VO2) as representatives, using a commercial focused ion beam (FIB) system. Using a Ga+ FIB and thermal annealing, we demonstrated variable doping of a wide-bandgap semiconductor, ZnO, achieving carrier concentrations from 1018 cm−3 to 1020 cm−3. Using the same FIB without subsequent thermal annealing, we defect-engineered a correlated semiconductor, VO2, locally modifying its insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) temperature by up to ∼25 °C. Such area-selective modification of metal oxides by direct writing using a FIB provides a simple, mask-less route to the fabrication of optical structures, especially when multiple or continuous levels of doping or defect density are required.

ObjectiveA sample survey was conducted on the radionuclide content in imported Japaneseinfant milk powder sold by cross-border e-commerce in order to provide basic data for risk assessment.MethodsRandom sampling was conducted on imported Japanese infant milk powder sold by online cross-border e-commerce， including different brands and types. The strontium-90 activity concentration of milk powder samples was analyzed by HDEHP extraction chromatography （rapid method）， γ radionuclide activity concentration was analyzed by γ energy spectrometer， total αand total β activity concentration was analyzed by low background α， β measuring instrument.Then， the Radionuclide content in infant milk powder was compared with that from Chinese and imported from the Netherlands.ResultsThe artificial γ radionuclides （60Co， 103Ru， 106Ru， 131I， 134Cs， 137Cs） were not detected in the imported milk powder samples from Japan. strontium-90 activity concentration of 5 milk powder samples imported from Japan was lower than the method detection limit （MDL）. The strontium-90 activity concentration of other samples ranged from 0.13 to 0.18 Bq/kg. Only natural radionuclides 238U was detected in all samples， which ranged from 33.5 to 109 Bq/kg. The activity concentration of total α and total β ranged from 0.05 to 0.12 Bq/kg. The content of all radionuclides was lower than the limit of Chinese national food safety standards （GB18871—2002 and GB14882—94）.ConclusionThe results showed that 60% of the samples of infant milk powder imported from Japan on online cross-border e-commerce platforms were produced in Areas banned from import by China . Although the radionuclide content detected did not exceed China’s limits， considering the limitations of the sampling quantity and scope， consumers still need to be aware of the risk of excessive levels of radionuclides in infant milk powder imported from Janan. With the follow-up measures of the Fukushima nuclear accident， the relevant regulatory authorities still need strengthen random inspection and monitoring.

Objective To analysis of risk factors for stress ulcers after the surgery of acute cerebral hemorrhage, and use these factors to construct a Nomogram model. Methods In this study, 300 patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage treated in The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China between January 2015 and November 2020 were recruited and divided into stress ulcers group (53 patients) and non⁃ulcers group (247 patients) according to whether the postoperative period was complicated by stress ulcers. Univariate and multivariate stepwise Logistic regression were used to assess the risk factors for stress ulcers after the surgery of acute cerebral hemorrhage and the Nomogram model was established. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve of the model were plotted, and Hosmer⁃Lemeshow goodness of fit test was performed. Results Logistic regression showed that age increased (OR=1.043, 95%CI: 1.059-1.086; P=0.042), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score≤8 (OR=2.809, 95%CI: 1.018-7.740; P=0.044), the cerebral hemorrhage volume≥30 ml (OR=3.830, 95%CI: 1.342-10.933; P=0.012), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) increased (OR=1.090, 95%CI:1.032-1.151; P=0.002), the increase of postoperative systolic blood pressure (OR=1.031, 95%CI: 1.008-1.055; P=0.008) and postoperative intracranial infection (OR=2.809, 95%CI: 1.006-7.847; P=0.049) were the risk factors for stress ulcers after the surgery of acute cerebral hemorrhage. The Nomogram model was established based on the 6 risk factors, and the area under curve (AUC) of ROC was 0.881 (95%CI: 0.821-0.942, P=0.001); the best cut⁃off value for predicting the risk of acute postoperative cerebral hemorrhage complicated by stress ulcers was 137. The calibration curves showed good agreement between the predicted and actual probabilities, and the Hosmer⁃Lemeshow goodness of fit test showed there was no statistical difference (χ2=7.891, P=0.445), indicating that the Nomogram model has good discrimination, calibration and stability. Conclusions Over⁃age, GCS score≤8, cerebral hemorrhage volume≥30 ml, NLR increase, postoperative systolic blood pressure increase and intracranial infection were the risk factors for stress ulcers after the surgery of acute cerebral hemorrhage. In conclusion, this Nomogram model is able to individually, visually and briefly predict the risk of postoperative complications of stress ulcers in patients after the surgery of acute cerebral hemorrhage.

Certificateless generalized signcryption (CLGSC) scheme has been widely applied in resource-limited IoT environments for they could not only solve the problems of the certificate management and key escrow,but also serve as encryption,signature,or signcryption scheme according to the security requirements of the network.Firstly,concrete attacks are given to prove that Karati's scheme could not resist forgery attacks.This paper analyzes the essential reason why the adversaries can forge a valid signature or signcryption in CLGSC schemes.Then,an efficient certificateless generalized signcryption scheme without bilinear pairing is proposed.The proposed scheme is secure under the random oracle model based on the computational Diffie-Hellman problem and discrete logarithm problem.Finally,performance evaluation and comparison prove that the proposed scheme outperforms other CLGSC schemes in terms of computation cost,communication overhead and security functionalities.Therefore,the proposed scheme can provide the service of secure data transmission among resource-limited IoT devices.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a predominant cause of death and permanent disability globally. In recent years, much emphasis has been laid on treatments for TBI. Increasing evidence suggests that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) can improve neurological repair after TBI. However, the clinical use of HUCMSCs transplantation in TBI has been limited by immunological rejection, ethical issues, and the risk of tumorigenicity. Many studies have shown that HUCMSCs-derived exosomes may be an alternative approach for HUCMSCs transplantation. We hypothesized that exosomes derived from HUCMSCs could inhibit apoptosis after TBI, reduce neuroinflammation, and promote neurogenesis. A rat model of TBI was established to investigate the efficiency of neurological recovery with exosome therapy. We found that exosomes derived from HUCMSCs significantly ameliorated sensorimotor function and spatial learning in rats after TBI. Moreover, HUCMSCs-derived exosomes significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that HUCMSC-derived exosomes inhibited neuronal apoptosis, reduced inflammation, and promoted neuron regeneration in the injured cortex of rats after TBI. These results indicate that HUCMSCs-derived exosomes may be a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI.

Objective: The present study was developed to explore the impact of acupuncture on the Th17/Treg balance in the brain and the periphery and associated changes in cognitive deficits in a rat model of vascular dementia (VD). Methods: Male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were randomly assigned to sham-operated (Gs, n = 10), and operation (n = 30) groups. A VD model was established for all rats in the operation group via the permanent bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery. Behavioral screening of these rats was conducted via a hidden platform trial at 2 months post-operation. These operation group rats were then further subdivided into impaired (Gi) and acupuncture (Ga) groups (n = 10/group). Acupuncture was performed over a 21-day period for rats in the Ga group. A Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess cognitive function for rats in all groups. Flow cytometry and fluorescent staining were used to detect Th17 and Treg cells in samples from these animals based on IL-17/FoxP3 or CD4+FoxP3+/CD4+RORγt+ staining profiles. Results: Relative to the Gs group, escape latency values for rats in the Gi group were significantly increased. Following treatment, rats in the Ga group exhibited significant reductions in escape latency values as compared to rats in the Gi group (P 0.05), whereas the frequency of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood and spleen of Ga group rats trended downward relative to the Gi group (P > 0.05). Significantly fewer CD4+RORγt+ and RORγt+ cells were detected in the Ga group relative to the Gi group, whereas CD4+FoxP3+ and FoxP3+ cell counts were increased (P

Translation is a crucial process during plant growth and morphogenesis. In grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), many transcripts can be detected by RNA sequencing; however, their translational regulation is still largely unknown, and a great number of translation products have not yet been identified. Here, ribosome footprint sequencing was carried out to reveal the translational profile of RNAs in grapevine. A total of 8291 detected transcripts were divided into four parts, including the coding, untranslated regions (UTR), intron, and intergenic regions, and the 26 nt ribosome-protected fragments (RPFs) showed a 3 nt periodic distribution. Furthermore, the predicted proteins were identified and classified by GO analysis. More importantly, 7 heat shock-binding proteins were found to be involved in molecular chaperone DNA J families participating in abiotic stress responses. These 7 proteins have different expression patterns in grape tissues; one of them was significantly upregulated by heat stress according to bioinformatics research and was identified as DNA JA6. The subcellular localization results showed that VvDNA JA6 and VvHSP70 were both localized on the cell membrane. Therefore, we speculate that DNA JA6 may interact with HSP70. In addition, overexpression of VvDNA JA6 and VvHSP70, reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, improved the antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), increased the content of proline, an osmolyte substance, and affected the expression of the high-temperature marker genes VvHsfB1, VvHsfB2A, VvHsfC and VvHSP100. In summary, our study proved that VvDNA JA6 and the heat shock protein VvHSP70 play a positive role in the response to heat stress. This study lays a foundation for further exploring the balance between gene expression and protein translation in grapevine under heat stress.

Paraffin phase change composite material (PPCCM) has attracted increasing attention and research from scholars at home and abroad because of its excellent latent heat value and high energy storage density. As an important class of medium and low temperature phase change materials, PPCCM is the first choice to prepare room temperature and low-temperature composite phase change materials. However, the risk of low thermal conductivity and some defects are obstacles for the industrialization of PPCCM. Due to the unique structure of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with complex coils and excellent thermal conductivity, CNTs is considered as one of the important candidate materials that are expected to improve the thermal performance of PPCCM significantly. Therefore, the combination of CNTs and paraffin has become a hot issue. In this review, according to the current research status of CNTs and PPCCM in the past few years, the preparation, microencapsulation and practical application were systematically summarized. The challenges(complex preparation process, poor stability, few actual evaluation, etc.) and possible research priorities(doping ratio, wettability, economy, etc.) were also discussed.

The effect of a single hydraulic cutting is not very ideal for thick coal seam with low permeability or coal seam with gangue to increase the permeability and release the pressure. In order to solve the above problem, taking the 21212 working face of Dongpang Coal Mine of Jizhong Energy Co. as an example, this paper proposes hydraulic cutting cooperative pressure relief and penetration enhancement technology in the upper and lower coal seam. According to the specific structure of coal seam, the hydraulic cutting construction is carried out once in the upper and once in the lower coal seam. The fractures generated by the 2 slots in the upper and lower coal seam continue to crack, expand and extend, resulting in the full development of coal fissures between the hydraulic cutting holes, forming a three-dimensional fissure network connected with each other. The network generates cooperative pressure relief and penetration enhancement effects, and expands the effective extraction radius. In order to arrange the test hole spacing of hydraulic cutting more reasonably, FLAC 3D software is used to establish a physical model of hydraulic cutting cooperative pressure relief. The hydraulic cutting water pressure is 30 MPa. One coal output is 4.5 m3 (cutting width is 0.3 m, seam depth is 1.57 m, double cutting in the upper and lower coal seams). Another coal output is 6 m3 (cutting width is 0.3 m, seam depth is 1.78 m, double cutting in the upper and lower coal seams). The theoretical effective extraction radii of these two types of coal rock are 4.5 m and 4.8 m respectively. In order to determine the effect of hydraulic cutting, the extraction effect of test hole S1 with coal output of 4.5 m3 and test hole S2 with coal output of 6 m3 and non-cutting extraction hole. The results show that the average volume fraction of gas extraction in the non-cutting extraction hole is 22.38% and the average pure volume of gas extraction is 0.206 m3/min. The average volume fraction of gas extraction in the cutting extraction test hole S1 is 75.73% and the average pure volume of gas extraction is 0.382 m3/min. The average volume fraction of gas extraction in the cutting extraction test hole S2 is 86.91%, and the average pure volume of gas extraction is 0.454 9 m3/min. Compared with the hole without cutting, after adopting hydraulic cutting to increase permeability, the permeability of coal seam is greatly improved. The gas extraction volume fraction is increased by about 4 times, the gas extraction volume is increased by about 2 times, and the gas extraction effect is good. According to the actual measured effective extraction radius of gas pressure drop method, the relationship between the effective extraction radius and extraction time of the coal output of 4.5 m3 and 6 m3 hydraulic cutting can be obtained. When the extraction time is 30 d, 60 d, 120 d and 180 d, the effective extraction radii of the 4.5 m3 hydraulic cutting process are 4.9 m, 5.5 m, 6.1 m and 6.5 m. And the effective extraction radii of the 6 m3 hydraulic cutting are 5.1 m, 5.6 m, 6.3 m and 6.7 m. After comprehensive consideration, the construction parameters of hydraulic cutting technology suitable for Dongpang Coal Mine are finally obtained. The coal output is 4.5 m3, the extraction time is 60 days, the effective extraction radius is 5.5 m, and the hole spacing is 7.7 m.

In order to solve the problem of path planning for the spacecraft cluster to reach the dynamic target point under the premise of considering obstacle avoidance. In view of the fixed search radius, it will be difficult for the spacecraft to find a better value when it is close to the target point. This paper converts the orbital dynamics of each member spacecraft into an optimization problem considering constraints, and proposes an improved CPSO algorithm based on coordination. The path planning method of the traditional particle swarm optimization (CPSO): The dynamic radius search method that changes the search radius by changing the distance between them, and improves the CPSO algorithm based on this. The improved CPSO algorithm autonomously finds the optimal path of each member spacecraft at the current moment through the dynamic search radius, thereby obtaining the optimal solution for the dynamic path planning of the spacecraft cluster in three-dimensional space. The simulation results show that the use of the improved CPSO algorithm can not only obtain the optimal solution to the spacecraft cluster dynamic path planning problem, but also greatly reduce the fuel consumption in its path planning and improve the path stability of each member spacecraft.

The thermal oxidative degradation behavior and process of vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) at high temperature was studied by the sol-gel analysis, equilibrium swelling method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with mass spectrometry (FTIR-MS) and in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The chemical structure changes of degradation process of the SBR vulcanizate at 210 ℃ were compared with those of 150 ℃.The results showed that the sol content of the SBR vulcanizate at 210 ℃ gradually increased in the initial stage of the reaction, reached a maximum value of 28.1% at 10 min, and then a significant decline occurred.The trend of the reaction at 150 ℃ was similar to that at 210 ℃, but the reaction rate was relatively slower.The vulcanized SBR produced a small amount of sulfur dioxide gas at 7 min and a relatively large amount of other oxidation products containing carboxyl group and thioheterocyclic group at 12 min were observed by FTIR-MS.The cross-linking bonds of the vulcanized SBR were initially converted from polysulfur bonds to monosulfur bonds, part of which were then oxidized to sulfoxide groups and further to sulfonyl groups or sulfates.The backbone oxidation of the SBR vulcanizate was an autocatalytic oxidation, and the carbonyl group content remained stable during the late stage of oxidation.