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8. Knock Mitigation and Power Enhancement of Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engine through Ammonia Blending

Author

Zhao, Haiwen Ge, Ahmad Hadi Bakir, and Peng

Subjects
ammonia, hydrogen, spark-ignition engine, alternative fuel, carbon-free fuel
Abstract

Hydrogen and ammonia are primary carbon-free fuels that have massive production potential. In regard to their flame properties, these two fuels largely represent the two extremes among all fuels. The extremely fast flame speed of hydrogen can lead to an easy deflagration-to-detonation transition and cause detonation-type engine knock that limits the global equivalence ratio, and consequently the engine power. The very low flame speed and reactivity of ammonia can lead to a low heat release rate and cause difficulty in ignition and ammonia slip. Adding ammonia into hydrogen can effectively modulate flame speed and hence the heat release rate, which in turn mitigates engine knock and retains the zero-carbon nature of the system. However, a key issue that remains unclear is the blending ratio of NH3 that provides the desired heat release rate, emission level, and engine power. In the present work, a 3D computational combustion study is conducted to search for the optimal hydrogen/ammonia mixture that is knock-free and meanwhile allows sufficient power in a typical spark-ignition engine configuration. Parametric studies with varying global equivalence ratios and hydrogen/ammonia blends are conducted. The results show that with added ammonia, engine knock can be avoided, even under stoichiometric operating conditions. Due to the increased global equivalence ratio and added ammonia, the energy content of trapped charge as well as work output per cycle is increased. About 90% of the work output of a pure gasoline engine under the same conditions can be reached by hydrogen/ammonia blends. The work shows great potential of blended fuel or hydrogen/ammonia dual fuel in high-speed SI engines.

Published
2023
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13. A temperature‐dependent hydrating structure around SO42− investigated from Raman spectroscopy.

Author

Hu, Qingcheng, Zhao, Haiwen, Wu, Xiang'en, and Liang, Yuying

Subjects
*RAMAN spectroscopy, *ION pairs, *HYDROGEN bonding, *DEUTERIUM oxide, *ELECTROSTATICS, *SOLUBILITY
Abstract

The Raman spectra of H2O/D2O−Na2SO4 solutions are measured at temperatures (T) up to 573 K. The hydrating structure of SO42− is investigated based on the solute‐correlated (SC) OD/OH stretch bands obtained by the multivariate curve resolution method. Remaining a nearly constant wavenumber of the main peak with increasing temperature, the SC OD/OH bands are narrowed first due to the reduced relative intensity of the shoulder at 2395/~3245 cm−1 when T < ~473 K/~513 K but then because the OD/OH bands get sunken around 2610/3580 cm−1 above ~473/~513 K (letting the ~2660/~3635 cm−1 mode be more prominent and even a separate peak). These spectral features incline to support a temperature‐dependent water structure in the SO42− hydration shell balanced by the SO42−···H2O(D2O) and O–H(D)···O hydrogen bonds (those with D are stronger) as well as the electrostatics. Most hydrating water molecules are engaged in hydrogen bonding configurations of single donor (SD) and single hydrogen‐bond water (SHW). As temperature rises, the average number of hydrogen bonds per hydrating water molecule decreases below ~373 K because of the SD → SHW transition and increases afterward owning to the rapid increase of the ion pairs, and SO42− changes its role from structure breaker to structure maker above ~453 K. The temperature‐dependent solubility behavior of Na2SO4 in H2O can be rationalized by the ion pairing effect and temperature‐dependent structure details in SO42− hydration shell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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22. Understanding water structure from Raman spectra of isotopic substitution H2O/D2O up to 573 K.

Author

Hu, Qingcheng, Zhao, Haiwen, and Ouyang, Shunli

Abstract

The OH/OD stretch band on Raman spectra of water is complex, and understanding the spectral features based on water structure needs further study. This study investigates Raman spectra of isotopic substitution (IS) of water (with volume ratio VH2O/VD2O of 0/1, 1/4, 1/1, 4/1 and 1/0) at temperatures from 303 to 573 K. The data show that the OH and OD stretch band profiles are similar in their dependences on temperature and IS ratio. IS reduces the band widths at low temperatures but the reducing effect diminishes above ∼450 K, due to the largely enhanced intensity of the high-frequency shoulder (∼3650 cm−1/2690 cm−1), which turns into the main peak for the OH (or OD) stretch bands when VH2O/VD2O (or VD2O/VH2O) reaches 1/4 at temperatures over ∼510 K. These spectral features strongly indicate a multi-structure model stating that water has various local hydrogen bonding (HB) environments. Intermolecular vibrational couplings are important in determining the band width, while intramolecular vibrational couplings are not recommended for interpreting the OH/OD stretch band. Five dominant HB configurations are identified in water: two types of tetrahedral, single donor (SD) HB configuration, single hydrogen-bonded water (SHW), and free water (FW) without any hydrogen bonds, which are represented by five sub-bands. It is estimated that most (＞50%) of the water molecules are in highly asymmetric HB environments (SD and SHW). The increase of temperature breaks HB structure and IS further promotes structure transition from tetrahedral to SD, SHW and FW. Then, number of hydrogen bonds in water are greatly reduced by temperature and IS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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23. Research on wavelet analysis in fault signal processing

Author

Zhang Ya-li, Shah-rong Lee, Liu Bingqing, Zhao Haiwen, and Wang Bao-guang

Subjects
Signal processing, Computer science, business.industry, Wavelet transform, Pattern recognition, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Fault (power engineering), Signal, Fault detection and isolation, Fault indicator, Stuck-at fault, Wavelet, Control theory, Control system, Fault coverage, Artificial intelligence, business
Abstract

Fault are always detected and diagnosed by analysing signals with fault features. This paper tries to introduce the wavelet analysis into the fault detection of the control system by analysing the fault signal, and provides an effective approach to detect faults in electro-hydraulic servo (EHS) system. A wavelet model based approach (WMBA) has been developed. This model is used to generate residual signal by comparing the healthy signal with the signal in the running system. By processing the residual signal, faults from incipient fault to serious fault can be detected effectively.

Published
2005
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29. ILC Reference Design Report Volume 3 - Accelerator

Author

Phinney, Nan, Toge, Nobukazu, Walker, Nicholas J., Aarons, Gerald, Abe, Toshinori, Abernathy, Jason, Ablikim, Medina, Abramowicz, Halina, Adey, David, Adloff, Catherine, Adolphsen, Chris, Afanaciev, Konstantin, Agapov, Ilya, Ahn, Jung-Keun, Aihara, Hiroaki, Akemoto, Mitsuo, Del Carmen Alabau, Maria, Albert, Justin, Albrecht, Hartwig, Albrecht, Michael, Alesini, David, Alexander, Gideon, Alexander, Jim, Allison, Wade, Amann, John, Amirikas, Ramila, An, Qi, Anami, Shozo, Ananthanarayan, B., Anderson, Terry, Andricek, Ladislav, Anduze, Marc, Anerella, Michael, Anfimov, Nikolai, Angal-Kalinin, Deepa, Antipov, Sergei, Antoine, Claire, Aoki, Mayumi, Aoza, Atsushi, Aplin, Steve, Appleby, Rob, Arai, Yasuo, Araki, Sakae, Arkan, Tug, Arnold, Ned, Arnold, Ray, Arnowitt, Richard, Artru, Xavier, Arya, Kunal, Aryshev, Alexander, Asakawa, Eri, Asiri, Fred, Asner, David, Atac, Muzaffer, Atoian, Grigor, Attié, David, Augustin, Jean-Eudes, Augustine, David B., Ayres, Bradley, Aziz, Tariq, Baars, Derek, Badaud, Frederique, Baddams, Nigel, Bagger, Jonathan, Bai, Sha, Bailey, David, Bailey, Ian R., Baker, David, Balalykin, Nikolai I., Balbuena, Juan Pablo, Baldy, Jean-Luc, Ball, Markus, Ball, Maurice, Ballestrero, Alessandro, Ballin, Jamie, Baltay, Charles, Bambade, Philip, Ban, Syuichi, Band, Henry, Bane, Karl, Banerjee, Bakul, Barbanotti, Serena, Barbareschi, Daniele, Barbaro-Galtieri, Angela, Barber, Desmond P., Barbi, Mauricio, Bardin, Dmitri Y., Barish, Barry, Barklow, Timothy L., Barlow, Roger, Barnes, Virgil E., Barone, Maura, Bartels, Christoph, Bartsch, Valeria, Basu, Rahul, Battaglia, Marco, Batygin, Yuri, Baudot, Jerome, Baur, Ulrich, Elwyn Baynham, D., Beard, Carl, Bebek, Chris, Bechtle, Philip, Becker, Ulrich J., Bedeschi, Franco, Bedjidian, Marc, Behera, Prafulla, Behnke, Ties, Bellantoni, Leo, Bellerive, Alain, Bellomo, Paul, Bentson, Lynn D., Benyamna, Mustapha, Bergauer, Thomas, Berger, Edmond, Bergholz, Matthias, Beri, Suman, Berndt, Martin, Bernreuther, Werner, Bertolini, Alessandro, Besancon, Marc, Besson, Auguste, Beteille, Andre, Bettoni, Simona, Beyer, Michael, Bhandari, R. K., Bharadwaj, Vinod, Bhatnagar, Vipin, Bhattacharya, Satyaki, Bhattacharyya, Gautam, Bhattacherjee, Biplob, Bhuyan, Ruchika, Bi, Xiao-Jun, Biagini, Marica, Bialowons, Wilhelm, Biebel, Otmar, Bieler, Thomas, Bierwagen, John, Birch, Alison, Bisset, Mike, Biswal, S. S., Blackmore, Victoria, Blair, Grahame, Blanchard, Guillaume, Blazey, Gerald, Blue, Andrew, Blümlein, Johannes, Boffo, Christian, Bohn, Courtlandt, Boiko, V. I., Boisvert, Veronique, Bondarchuk, Eduard N., Boni, Roberto, Bonvicini, Giovanni, Boogert, Stewart, Boonekamp, Maarten, Boorman, Gary, Borras, Kerstin, Bortoletto, Daniela, Bosco, Alessio, Bosio, Carlo, Bosland, Pierre, Bosotti, Angelo, Boudry, Vincent, Boumediene, Djamel-Eddine, Bouquet, Bernard, Bourov, Serguei, Bowden, Gordon, Bower, Gary, Boyarski, Adam, Bozovic-Jelisavcic, Ivanka, Bozzi, Concezio, Brachmann, Axel, Bradshaw, Tom W., Brandt, Andrew, Brasser, Hans Peter, Brau, Benjamin, Brau, James E., Breidenbach, Martin, Bricker, Steve, Brient, Jean-Claude, Brock, Ian, Brodsky, Stanley, Brooksby, Craig, Broome, Timothy A., Brown, David, Brownell, James H., Bruchon, Mélanie, Brueck, Heiner, Brummitt, Amanda J., Brun, Nicole, Buchholz, Peter, Budagov, Yulian A., Bulgheroni, Antonio, Bulyak, Eugene, Bungau, Adriana, Bürger, Jochen, Burke, Dan, Burkhart, Craig, Burrows, Philip, Burt, Graeme, Burton, David, Büsser, Karsten, Butler, John, Butterworth, Jonathan, Buzulutskov, Alexei, Cabruja, Enric, Caccia, Massimo, Cai, Yunhai, Calcaterra, Alessandro, Caliier, Stephane, Camporesi, Tiziano, Cao, Jun-Jie, Cao, J. S., Capatina, Ofelia, Cappellini, Chiara, Carcagno, Ruben, Carena, Marcela, Carloganu, Cristina, Carosi, Roberto, Stephen Carr, F., Carrion, Francisco, Carter, Harry F., Carter, John, Carwardine, John, Cassel, Richard, Cassell, Ronald, Cavallari, Giorgio, Cavallo, Emanuela, Cembranos, Jose A. R., Chakraborty, Dhiman, Chandez, Frederic, Charles, Matthew, Chase, Brian, Chattopadhyay, Subhasis, Chauveau, Jacques, Chefdeville, Maximilien, Chehab, Robert, Chel, Stéphane, Chelkov, Georgy, Chen, Chiping, Chen, He Sheng, Chen, Huai Bi, Chen, Jia Er, Chen, Sen Yu, Chen, Shaomin, Chen, Shenjian, Chen, Xun, Chen, Yuan Bo, Cheng, Jian, Chevallier, M., Chi, Yun Long, Chickering, William, Cho, Gi-Chol, Cho, Moo-Hyun, Choi, Jin-Hyuk, Choi, Jong Bum, Choi, Seong Youl, Choi, Young-Il, Choudhary, Brajesh, Choudhury, Debajyoti, Rai Choudhury, S., Christian, David, Christian, Glenn, Christophe, Grojean, Chung, Jin-Hyuk, Church, Mike, Ciborowski, Jacek, Cihangir, Selcuk, Ciovati, Gianluigi, Clarke, Christine, Clarke, Don G., Clarke, James A., Clements, Elizabeth, Coca, Cornelia, Coe, Paul, Cogan, John, Colas, Paul, Collard, Caroline, Colledani, Claude, Combaret, Christophe, Comerma, Albert, Compton, Chris, Constance, Ben, Conway, John, Cook, Ed, Cooke, Peter, Cooper, William, Corcoran, Sean, Cornat, Rémi, Corner, Laura, Cortina Gil, Eduardo, Clay Corvin, W., Cotta Ramusino, Angelo, Cowan, Ray, Crawford, Curtis, Cremaldi, Lucien M., Crittenden, James A., Cussans, David, Cvach, Jaroslav, Da Silva, Wilfrid, Dabiri Khah, Hamid, Dabrowski, Anne, Dabrowski, Wladyslaw, Dadoun, Olivier, Dai, Jian Ping, Dainton, John, Daly, Colin, Damerell, Chris, Danilov, Mikhail, Daniluk, Witold, Daram, Sarojini, Datta, Anindya, Dauncey, Paul, David, Jacques, Davier, Michel, Davies, Ken P., Dawson, Sally, Boer, Wim, Curtis, Stefania, Groot, Nicolo, La Taille, Christophe, Lira, Antonio, Roeck, Albert, Sangro, Riccardo, Santis, Stefano, Deacon, Laurence, Deandrea, Aldo, Dehmelt, Klaus, Delagnes, Eric, Delahaye, Jean-Pierre, Delebecque, Pierre, Delerue, Nicholas, Delferriere, Olivier, Demarteau, Marcel, Deng, Zhi, Denisov, Yu N., Densham, Christopher J., Desch, Klaus, Deshpande, Nilendra, Devanz, Guillaume, Devetak, Erik, Dexter, Amos, Di Benedetto, Vito, Diéguez, Angel, Diener, Ralf, Dinh, Nguyen Dinh, Dixit, Madhu, Dixit, Sudhir, Djouadi, Abdelhak, Dolezal, Zdenek, Dollan, Ralph, Dong, Dong, Dong, Hai Yi, Dorfan, Jonathan, Dorokhov, Andrei, Doucas, George, Downing, Robert, Doyle, Eric, Doziere, Guy, Drago, Alessandro, Dragt, Alex, Drake, Gary, Drásal, Zbynek, Dreiner, Herbert, Drell, Persis, Driouichi, Chafik, Drozhdin, Alexandr, Drugakov, Vladimir, Du, Shuxian, Dugan, Gerald, Duginov, Viktor, Dulinski, Wojciech, Dulucq, Frederic, Dutta, Sukanta, Dwivedi, Jishnu, Dychkant, Alexandre, Dzahini, Daniel, Eckerlin, Guenter, Edwards, Helen, Ehrenfeld, Wolfgang, Ehrlichman, Michael, Ehrlichmann, Heiko, Eigen, Gerald, Elagin, Andrey, Elementi, Luciano, Eliasson, Peder, Ellis, John, Ellwood, George, Elsen, Eckhard, Emery, Louis, Enami, Kazuhiro, Endo, Kuninori, Enomoto, Atsushi, Eozénou, Fabien, Erbacher, Robin, Erickson, Roger, Oleg Eyser, K., Fadeyev, Vitaliy, Fang, Shou Xian, Fant, Karen, Fasso, Alberto, Faucci Giannelli, Michele, Fehlberg, John, Feld, Lutz, Feng, Jonathan L., Ferguson, John, Fernandez-Garcia, Marcos, Luis Fernandez-Hernando, J., Fiala, Pavel, Fieguth, Ted, Finch, Alexander, Finocchiaro, Giuseppe, Fischer, Peter, Fisher, Peter, Eugene Fisk, H., Fitton, Mike D., Fleck, Ivor, Fleischer, Manfred, Fleury, Julien, Flood, Kevin, Foley, Mike, Ford, Richard, Fortin, Dominique, Foster, Brian, Fourches, Nicolas, Francis, Kurt, Frey, Ariane, Frey, Raymond, Friedsam, Horst, Frisch, Josef, Frishman, Anatoli, Fuerst, Joel, Fujii, Keisuke, Fujimoto, Junpei, Fukuda, Masafumi, Fukuda, Shigeki, Funahashi, Yoshisato, Funk, Warren, Furletova, Julia, Furukawa, Kazuro, Furuta, Fumio, Fusayasu, Takahiro, Fuster, Juan, Gadow, Karsten, Gaede, Frank, Gaglione, Renaud, Gai, Wei, Gajewski, Jan, Galik, Richard, Galkin, Alexei, Galkin, Valery, Gallin-Martel, Laurent, Gannaway, Fred, Gao, Jian She, Gao, Jie, Gao, Yuanning, Garbincius, Peter, Garcia-Tabares, Luis, Garren, Lynn, Garrido, Luís, Garutti, Erika, Garvey, Terry, Garwin, Edward, Gascón, David, Gastal, Martin, Gatto, Corrado, Gatto, Raoul, Gay, Pascal, Ge, Lixin, Ge, Ming Qi, Ge, Rui, Geiser, Achim, Gellrich, Andreas, Genat, Jean-Francois, Geng, Zhe Qiao, Gentile, Simonetta, Gerbick, Scot, Gerig, Rod, Ghosh, Dilip Kumar, Ghosh, Kirtiman, Gibbons, Lawrence, Giganon, Arnaud, Gillespie, Allan, Gillman, Tony, Ginzburg, Ilya, Giomataris, Ioannis, Giunta, Michele, Gladkikh, Peter, Gluza, Janusz, Godbole, Rohini, Godfrey, Stephen, Goldhaber, Gerson, Goldstein, Joel, Gollin, George D., Gonzalez-Sanchez, Francisco Javier, Goodrick, Maurice, Gornushkin, Yuri, Gostkin, Mikhail, Gottschalk, Erik, Goudket, Philippe, Gough Eschrich, Ivo, Gournaris, Filimon, Graciani, Ricardo, Graf, Norman, Grah, Christian, Grancagnolo, Francesco, Grandjean, Damien, Grannis, Paul, Grassellino, Anna, Eugeni Graugés, Gray, Stephen, Green, Michael, Greenhalgh, Justin, Greenshaw, Timothy, Grefe, Christian, Gregor, Ingrid-Maria, Grenier, Gerald, Grimes, Mark, Grimm, Terry, Gris, Philippe, Grivaz, Jean-Francois, Groll, Marius, Gronberg, Jeffrey, Grondin, Denis, Groom, Donald, Gross, Eilam, Grunewald, Martin, Grupen, Claus, Grzelak, Grzegorz, Gu, Jun, Gu, Yun-Ting, Guchait, Monoranjan, Guiducci, Susanna, Guler, Ali Murat, Guler, Hayg, Gulmez, Erhan, Gunion, John, Guo, Zhi Yu, Gurtu, Atul, Ha, Huy Bang, Haas, Tobias, Haase, Andy, Haba, Naoyuki, Haber, Howard, Haensel, Stephan, Hagge, Lars, Hagura, Hiroyuki, Hajdu, Csaba, Haller, Gunther, Haller, Johannes, Hallermann, Lea, Halyo, Valerie, Hamaguchi, Koichi, Hammond, Larry, Han, Liang, Han, Tao, Hand, Louis, Handu, Virender K., Hano, Hitoshi, Hansen, Christian, Hansen, Jørn Dines, Hansen, Jorgen Beck, Hara, Kazufumi, Harder, Kristian, Hartin, Anthony, Hartung, Walter, Hast, Carsten, Hauptman, John, Hauschild, Michael, Hauviller, Claude, Havranek, Miroslav, Hawkes, Chris, Hawkings, Richard, Hayano, Hitoshi, Hazumi, Masashi, He, An, He, Hong Jian, Hearty, Christopher, Heath, Helen, Hebbeker, Thomas, Hedberg, Vincent, Hedin, David, Heifets, Samuel, Heinemeyer, Sven, Heini, Sebastien, Helebrant, Christian, Helms, Richard, Heltsley, Brian, Henrot-Versille, Sophie, Henschel, Hans, Hensel, Carsten, Hermel, Richard, Herms, Atilà, Herten, Gregor, Hesselbach, Stefan, Heuer, Rolf-Dieter, Heusch, Clemens A., Hewett, Joanne, Higashi, Norio, Higashi, Takatoshi, Higashi, Yasuo, Higo, Toshiyasu, Hildreth, Michael D., Hiller, Karlheinz, Hillert, Sonja, Hillier, Stephen James, Himel, Thomas, Himmi, Abdelkader, Hinchliffe, Ian, Hioki, Zenro, Hirano, Koichiro, Hirose, Tachishige, Hisamatsu, Hiromi, Hisano, Junji, Hlaing, Chit Thu, Hock, Kai Meng, Hoeferkamp, Martin, Hohlfeld, Mark, Honda, Yousuke, Hong, Juho, Hong, Tae Min, Honma, Hiroyuki, Horii, Yasuyuki, Horvath, Dezso, Hosoyama, Kenji, Hostachy, Jean-Yves, Hou, Mi, Hou, Wei-Shu, Howell, David, Hronek, Maxine, Hsiung, Yee B., Hu, Bo, Hu, Tao, Huang, Jung-Yun, Huang, Tong Ming, Huang, Wen Hui, Huedem, Emil, Huggard, Peter, Hugonie, Cyril, Hu-Guo, Christine, Huitu, Katri, Hwang, Youngseok, Idzik, Marek, Ignatenko, Alexandr, Ignatov, Fedor, Ikeda, Hirokazu, Ikematsu, Katsumasa, Ilicheva, Tatiana, Imbault, Didier, Imhof, Andreas, Incagli, Marco, Ingbir, Ronen, Inoue, Hitoshi, Inoue, Youichi, Introzzi, Gianluca, Ioakeimidi, Katerina, Ishihara, Satoshi, Ishikawa, Akimasa, Ishikawa, Tadashi, Issakov, Vladimir, Ito, Kazutoshi, Ivanov, V. V., Ivanov, Valentin, Ivanyushenkov, Yury, Iwasaki, Masako, Iwashita, Yoshihisa, Jackson, David, Jackson, Frank, Jacobsen, Bob, Jaganathan, Ramaswamy, Jamison, Steven, Janssen, Matthias Enno, Jaramillo-Echeverria, Richard, Jaros, John, Jauffret, Clement, Jawale, Suresh B., Jeans, Daniel, Jedziniak, Ron, Jeffery, Ben, Jehanno, Didier, Jenner, Leo J., Jensen, Chris, Jensen, David R., Jiang, Hairong, Jiang, Xiao Ming, Jimbo, Masato, Jin, Shan, Keith Jobe, R., Johnson, Anthony, Johnson, Erik, Johnson, Matt, Johnston, Michael, Joireman, Paul, Jokic, Stevan, Jones, James, Jones, Roger M., Jongewaard, Erik, Jönsson, Leif, Joshi, Gopal, Joshi, Satish C., Jung, Jin-Young, Junk, Thomas, Juste, Aurelio, Kado, Marumi, Kadyk, John, Käfer, Daniela, Kako, Eiji, Kalavase, Puneeth, Kalinin, Alexander, Kalinowski, Jan, Kamitani, Takuya, Kamiya, Yoshio, Kamiya, Yukihide, Kamoshita, Jun-Ichi, Kananov, Sergey, Kanaya, Kazuyuki, Kanazawa, Ken-Ichi, Kanemura, Shinya, Kang, Heung-Sik, Kang, Wen, Kanjial, D., Kapusta, Frédéric, Karataev, Pavel, Karchin, Paul E., Karlen, Dean, Karyotakis, Yannis, Kashikhin, Vladimir, Kashiwagi, Shigeru, Kasley, Paul, Katagiri, Hiroaki, Kato, Takashi, Kato, Yukihiro, Katzy, Judith, Kaukher, Alexander, Kaur, Manjit, Kawagoe, Kiyotomo, Kawamura, Hiroyuki, Kazakov, Sergei, Kekelidze, V. D., Keller, Lewis, Kelley, Michael, Kelly, Marc, Kelly, Michael, Kennedy, Kurt, Kephart, Robert, Keung, Justin, Khainovski, Oleg, Khan, Sameen Ahmed, Khare, Prashant, Khovansky, Nikolai, Kiesling, Christian, Kikuchi, Mitsuo, Kilian, Wolfgang, Killenberg, Martin, Kim, Donghee, Kim, Eun San, Kim, Eun-Joo, Kim, Guinyun, Kim, Hongjoo, Kim, Hyoungsuk, Kim, Hyun-Chui, Kim, Jonghoon, Kim, Kwang-Je, Kim, Kyung Sook, Kim, Peter, Kim, Seunghwan, Kim, Shin-Hong, Kim, Sun Kee, Kim, Tae Jeong, Kim, Youngim, Kim, Young-Kee, Kimmitt, Maurice, Kirby, Robert, Kircher, François, Kisielewska, Danuta, Kittel, Olaf, Klanner, Robert, Klebaner, Arkadiy L., Kleinwort, Claus, Klimkovich, Tatsiana, Klinkby, Esben, Kluth, Stefan, Knecht, Marc, Kneisel, Peter, Ko, In Soo, Ko, Kwok, Kobayashi, Makoto, Kobayashi, Nobuko, Kobel, Michael, Koch, Manuel, Kodys, Peter, Koetz, Uli, Kohrs, Robert, Kojima, Yuuji, Kolanoski, Hermann, Kolodziej, Karol, Kolomensky, Yury G., Komamiya, Sachio, Kong, Xiang Cheng, Konigsberg, Jacobo, Korbel, Volker, Koscielniak, Shane, Kostromin, Sergey, Kowalewski, Robert, Kraml, Sabine, Krammer, Manfred, Krasnykh, Anatoly, Krautscheid, Thorsten, Krawczyk, Maria, James Krebs, H., Krempetz, Kurt, Kribs, Graham, Krishnagopal, Srinivas, Kriske, Richard, Kronfeld, Andreas, Kroseberg, Jürgen, Kruchonak, Uladzimir, Kruecker, Dirk, Krüger, Hans, Krumpa, Nicholas A., Krumshtein, Zinovii, Kuang, Yu Ping, Kubo, Kiyoshi, Kuchler, Vic, Kudoh, Noboru, Kulis, Szymon, Kumada, Masayuki, Kumar, Abhay, Kume, Tatsuya, Kundu, Anirban, Kurevlev, German, Kurihara, Yoshimasa, Kuriki, Masao, Kuroda, Shigeru, Kuroiwa, Hirotoshi, Kurokawa, Shin-Ichi, Kusano, Tomonori, Kush, Pradeep K., Kutschke, Robert, Kuznetsova, Ekaterina, Kvasnicka, Peter, Kwon, Youngjoon, Labarga, Luis, Lacasta, Carlos, Lackey, Sharon, Lackowski, Thomas W., Lafaye, Remi, Lafferty, George, Lagorio, Eric, Laktineh, Imad, Lal, Shankar, Laloum, Maurice, Lam, Briant, Lancaster, Mark, Lander, Richard, Lange, Wolfgang, Langenfeld, Ulrich, Langeveld, Willem, Larbalestier, David, Larsen, Ray, Lastovicka, Tomas, Lastovicka-Medin, Gordana, Latina, Andrea, Latour, Emmanuel, Laurent, Lisa, Le, Ba Nam, Le, Duc Ninh, Le Diberder, Francois, Dû, Patrick Le, Lebbolo, Hervé, Lebrun, Paul, Lecoq, Jacques, Lee, Sung-Won, Lehner, Frank, Leibfritz, Jerry, Lenkszus, Frank, Lesiak, Tadeusz, Levy, Aharon, Lewandowski, Jim, Leyh, Greg, Li, Cheng, Li, Chong Sheng, Li, Chun Hua, Li, Da Zhang, Li, Gang, Li, Jin, Li, Shao Peng, Li, Wei Ming, Li, Weiguo, Li, Xiao Ping, Li, Xue-Qian, Li, Yuanjing, Li, Yulan, Li, Zenghai, Li, Zhong Quan, Liang, Jian Tao, Liao, Yi, Lilje, Lutz, Guilherme Lima, J., Lintern, Andrew J., Lipton, Ronald, List, Benno, List, Jenny, Liu, Chun, Liu, Jian Fei, Liu, Ke Xin, Liu, Li Qiang, Liu, Shao Zhen, Liu, Sheng Guang, Liu, Shubin, Liu, Wanming, Liu, Wei Bin, Liu, Ya Ping, Liu, Yu Dong, Lockyer, Nigel, Logan, Heather E., Logatchev, Pavel V., Lohmann, Wolfgang, Lohse, Thomas, Lola, Smaragda, Lopez-Virto, Amparo, Loveridge, Peter, Lozano, Manuel, Lu, Cai-Dian, Lu, Changguo, Lu, Gong-Lu, Lu, Wen Hui, Lubatti, Henry, Lucotte, Arnaud, Lundberg, Björn, Lundin, Tracy, Luo, Mingxing, Luong, Michel, Luth, Vera, Lutz, Benjamin, Lutz, Pierre, Lux, Thorsten, Luzniak, Pawel, Lyapin, Alexey, Lykken, Joseph, Lynch, Clare, Ma, Li, Ma, Lili, Ma, Qiang, Ma, Wen-Gan, Macfarlane, David, Maciel, Arthur, Macleod, Allan, Macnair, David, Mader, Wolfgang, Magill, Stephen, Magnan, Anne-Marie, Maiheu, Bino, Maity, Manas, Majchrzak, Millicent, Majumder, Gobinda, Makarov, Roman, Makowski, Dariusz, Malaescu, Bogdan, Mallik, C., Mallik, Usha, Malton, Stephen, Malyshev, Oleg B., Malysheva, Larisa I., Mammosser, John, Mamta, Mamuzic, Judita, Manen, Samuel, Manghisoni, Massimo, Manly, Steven, Marcellini, Fabio, Marcisovsky, Michal, Markiewicz, Thomas W., Marks, Steve, Marone, Andrew, Marti, Felix, Martin, Jean-Pierre, Martin, Victoria, Martin-Chassard, Gisèle, Martinez, Manel, Martinez-Rivero, Celso, Martsch, Dennis, Martyn, Hans-Ulrich, Maruyama, Takashi, Masuzawa, Mika, Mathez, Hervé, Matsuda, Takeshi, Matsumoto, Hiroshi, Matsumoto, Shuji, Matsumoto, Toshihiro, Matsunaga, Hiroyuki, Mättig, Peter, Mattison, Thomas, Mavromanolakis, Georgios, Mawatari, Kentarou, Mazzacane, Anna, Mcbride, Patricia, Mccormick, Douglas, Mccormick, Jeremy, Mcdonald, Kirk T., Mcgee, Mike, Mcintosh, Peter, Mckee, Bobby, Mcpherson, Robert A., Meidlinger, Mandi, Meier, Karlheinz, Mele, Barbara, Meller, Bob, Melzer-Pellmann, Isabell-Alissandra, Mendez, Hector, Mercer, Adam, Merkin, Mikhail, Meshkov, I. 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Subjects
Physics::Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2 s^-1. The complex includes a polarized electron source, an undulator-based positron source, two 6.7 km circumference damping rings, two-stage bunch compressors, two 11 km long main linacs and a 4.5 km long beam delivery system. This report is Volume III (Accelerator) of the four volume Reference Design Report, which describes the design and cost of the ILC. The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2 s^-1. The complex includes a polarized electron source, an undulator-based positron source, two 6.7 km circumference damping rings, two-stage bunch compressors, two 11 km long main linacs and a 4.5 km long beam delivery system. This report is Volume III (Accelerator) of the four volume Reference Design Report, which describes the design and cost of the ILC.

30. International Linear Collider Reference Design Report Volume 2: Physics at the ILC

Author

Djouadi, Abdelhak, Lykken, Joseph, Moenig, Klaus, Okada, Yasuhiro, Oreglia, Mark, Yamashita, Satoru, Aarons, Gerald, Abe, Toshinori, Abernathy, Jason, Ablikim, Medina, Abramowicz, Halina, Adey, David, Adloff, Catherine, Adolphsen, Chris, Afanaciev, Konstantin, Agapov, Ilya, Ahn, Jung-Keun, Aihara, Hiroaki, Akemoto, Mitsuo, Del Carmen Alabau, Maria, Albert, Justin, Albrecht, Hartwig, Albrecht, Michael, Alesini, David, Alexander, Gideon, Alexander, Jim, Allison, Wade, Amann, John, Amirikas, Ramila, An, Qi, Anami, Shozo, Ananthanarayan, B., Anderson, Terry, Andricek, Ladislav, Anduze, Marc, Anerella, Michael, Anfimov, Nikolai, Angal-Kalinin, Deepa, Antipov, Sergei, Antoine, Claire, Aoki, Mayumi, Aoza, Atsushi, Aplin, Steve, Appleby, Rob, Arai, Yasuo, Araki, Sakae, Arkan, Tug, Arnold, Ned, Arnold, Ray, Arnowitt, Richard, Artru, Xavier, Arya, Kunal, Aryshev, Alexander, Asakawa, Eri, Asiri, Fred, Asner, David, Atac, Muzaffer, Atoian, Grigor, Attié, David, Augustin, Jean-Eudes, Augustine, David B., Ayres, Bradley, Aziz, Tariq, Baars, Derek, Badaud, Frederique, Baddams, Nigel, Bagger, Jonathan, Bai, Sha, Bailey, David, Bailey, Ian R., Baker, David, Balalykin, Nikolai I., Balbuena, Juan Pablo, Baldy, Jean-Luc, Ball, Markus, Ball, Maurice, Ballestrero, Alessandro, Ballin, Jamie, Baltay, Charles, Bambade, Philip, Ban, Syuichi, Band, Henry, Bane, Karl, Banerjee, Bakul, Barbanotti, Serena, Barbareschi, Daniele, Barbaro-Galtieri, Angela, Barber, Desmond P., Barbi, Mauricio, Bardin, Dmitri Y., Barish, Barry, Barklow, Timothy L., Barlow, Roger, Barnes, Virgil E., Barone, Maura, Bartels, Christoph, Bartsch, Valeria, Basu, Rahul, Battaglia, Marco, Batygin, Yuri, Baudot, Jerome, Baur, Ulrich, Elwyn Baynham, D., Beard, Carl, Bebek, Chris, Bechtle, Philip, Becker, Ulrich J., Bedeschi, Franco, Bedjidian, Marc, Behera, Prafulla, Behnke, Ties, Bellantoni, Leo, Bellerive, Alain, Bellomo, Paul, Bentson, Lynn D., Benyamna, Mustapha, Bergauer, Thomas, Berger, Edmond, Bergholz, Matthias, Beri, Suman, Berndt, Martin, Bernreuther, Werner, Bertolini, Alessandro, Besancon, Marc, Besson, Auguste, Beteille, Andre, Bettoni, Simona, Beyer, Michael, Bhandari, R. K., Bharadwaj, Vinod, Bhatnagar, Vipin, Bhattacharya, Satyaki, Bhattacharyya, Gautam, Bhattacherjee, Biplob, Bhuyan, Ruchika, Bi, Xiao-Jun, Biagini, Marica, Bialowons, Wilhelm, Biebel, Otmar, Bieler, Thomas, Bierwagen, John, Birch, Alison, Bisset, Mike, Biswal, S. S., Blackmore, Victoria, Blair, Grahame, Blanchard, Guillaume, Blazey, Gerald, Blue, Andrew, Blümlein, Johannes, Boffo, Christian, Bohn, Courtlandt, Boiko, V. I., Boisvert, Veronique, Bondarchuk, Eduard N., Boni, Roberto, Bonvicini, Giovanni, Boogert, Stewart, Boonekamp, Maarten, Boorman, Gary, Borras, Kerstin, Bortoletto, Daniela, Bosco, Alessio, Bosio, Carlo, Bosland, Pierre, Bosotti, Angelo, Boudry, Vincent, Boumediene, Djamel-Eddine, Bouquet, Bernard, Bourov, Serguei, Bowden, Gordon, Bower, Gary, Boyarski, Adam, Bozovic-Jelisavcic, Ivanka, Bozzi, Concezio, Brachmann, Axel, Bradshaw, Tom W., Brandt, Andrew, Brasser, Hans Peter, Brau, Benjamin, Brau, James E., Breidenbach, Martin, Bricker, Steve, Brient, Jean-Claude, Brock, Ian, Brodsky, Stanley, Brooksby, Craig, Broome, Timothy A., Brown, David Nathan, Brown, David Norvil, Brownell, James H., Bruchon, Mélanie, Brueck, Heiner, Brummitt, Amanda J., Brun, Nicole, Buchholz, Peter, Budagov, Yulian A., Bulgheroni, Antonio, Bulyak, Eugene, Bungau, Adriana, Bürger, Jochen, Burke, Dan, Burkhart, Craig, Burrows, Philip, Burt, Graeme, Burton, David, Büsser, Karsten, Butler, John, Butterworth, Jonathan, Buzulutskov, Alexei, Cabruja, Enric, Caccia, Massimo, Cai, Yunhai, Calcaterra, Alessandro, Caliier, Stephane, Camporesi, Tiziano, Cao, Jun-Jie, Cao, J. S., Capatina, Ofelia, Cappellini, Chiara, Carcagno, Ruben, Carena, Marcela, Carloganu, Cristina, Carosi, Roberto, Stephen Carr, F., Carrion, Francisco, Carter, Harry F., Carter, John, Carwardine, John, Cassel, Richard, Cassell, Ronald, Cavallari, Giorgio, Cavallo, Emanuela, Cembranos, Jose A. R., Chakraborty, Dhiman, Chandez, Frederic, Charles, Matthew, Chase, Brian, Chattopadhyay, Subhasis, Chauveau, Jacques, Chefdeville, Maximilien, Chehab, Robert, Chel, Stéphane, Chelkov, Georgy, Chen, Chiping, Chen, He Sheng, Chen, Huai Bi, Chen, Jia Er, Chen, Sen Yu, Chen, Shaomin, Chen, Shenjian, Chen, Xun, Chen, Yuan Bo, Cheng, Jian, Chevallier, M., Chi, Yun Long, Chickering, William, Cho, Gi-Chol, Cho, Moo-Hyun, Choi, Jin-Hyuk, Choi, Jong Bum, Choi, Seong Youl, Choi, Young-Il, Choudhary, Brajesh, Choudhury, Debajyoti, Rai Choudhury, S., Christian, David, Christian, Glenn, Christophe, Grojean, Chung, Jin-Hyuk, Church, Mike, Ciborowski, Jacek, Cihangir, Selcuk, Ciovati, Gianluigi, Clarke, Christine, Clarke, Don G., Clarke, James A., Clements, Elizabeth, Coca, Cornelia, Coe, Paul, Cogan, John, Colas, Paul, Collard, Caroline, Colledani, Claude, Combaret, Christophe, Comerma, Albert, Compton, Chris, Constance, Ben, Conway, John, Cook, Ed, Cooke, Peter, Cooper, William, Corcoran, Sean, Cornat, Rémi, Corner, Laura, Cortina Gil, Eduardo, Clay Corvin, W., Cotta Ramusino, Angelo, Cowan, Ray, Crawford, Curtis, Cremaldi, Lucien M., Crittenden, James A., Cussans, David, Cvach, Jaroslav, Da Silva, Wilfrid, Dabiri Khah, Hamid, Dabrowski, Anne, Dabrowski, Wladyslaw, Dadoun, Olivier, Dai, Jian Ping, Dainton, John, Daly, Colin, Damerell, Chris, Danilov, Mikhail, Daniluk, Witold, Daram, Sarojini, Datta, Anindya, Dauncey, Paul, David, Jacques, Davier, Michel, Davies, Ken P., Dawson, Sally, Boer, Wim, Curtis, Stefania, Groot, Nicolo, La Taille, Christophe, Lira, Antonio, Roeck, Albert, Sangro, Riccardo, Santis, Stefano, Deacon, Laurence, Deandrea, Aldo, Dehmelt, Klaus, Delagnes, Eric, Delahaye, Jean-Pierre, Delebecque, Pierre, Delerue, Nicholas, Delferriere, Olivier, Demarteau, Marcel, Deng, Zhi, Denisov, Yu N., Densham, Christopher J., Desch, Klaus, Deshpande, Nilendra, Devanz, Guillaume, Devetak, Erik, Dexter, Amos, Di Benedetto, Vito, Diéguez, Angel, Diener, Ralf, Dinh, Nguyen Dinh, Dixit, Madhu, Dixit, Sudhir, Dolezal, Zdenek, Dollan, Ralph, Dong, Dong, Dong, Hai Yi, Dorfan, Jonathan, Dorokhov, Andrei, Doucas, George, Downing, Robert, Doyle, Eric, Doziere, Guy, Drago, Alessandro, Dragt, Alex, Drake, Gary, Drásal, Zbynek, Dreiner, Herbert, Drell, Persis, Driouichi, Chafik, Drozhdin, Alexandr, Drugakov, Vladimir, Du, Shuxian, Dugan, Gerald, Duginov, Viktor, Dulinski, Wojciech, Dulucq, Frederic, Dutta, Sukanta, Dwivedi, Jishnu, Dychkant, Alexandre, Dzahini, Daniel, Eckerlin, Guenter, Edwards, Helen, Ehrenfeld, Wolfgang, Ehrlichman, Michael, Ehrlichmann, Heiko, Eigen, Gerald, Elagin, Andrey, Elementi, Luciano, Eliasson, Peder, Ellis, John, Ellwood, George, Elsen, Eckhard, Emery, Louis, Enami, Kazuhiro, Endo, Kuninori, Enomoto, Atsushi, Eozénou, Fabien, Erbacher, Robin, Erickson, Roger, Oleg Eyser, K., Fadeyev, Vitaliy, Fang, Shou Xian, Fant, Karen, Fasso, Alberto, Faucci Giannelli, Michele, Fehlberg, John, Feld, Lutz, Feng, Jonathan L., Ferguson, John, Fernandez-Garcia, Marcos, Luis Fernandez-Hernando, J., Fiala, Pavel, Fieguth, Ted, Finch, Alexander, Finocchiaro, Giuseppe, Fischer, Peter, Fisher, Peter, Eugene Fisk, H., Fitton, Mike D., Fleck, Ivor, Fleischer, Manfred, Fleury, Julien, Flood, Kevin, Foley, Mike, Ford, Richard, Fortin, Dominique, Foster, Brian, Fourches, Nicolas, Francis, Kurt, Frey, Ariane, Frey, Raymond, Friedsam, Horst, Frisch, Josef, Frishman, Anatoli, Fuerst, Joel, Fujii, Keisuke, Fujimoto, Junpei, Fukuda, Masafumi, Fukuda, Shigeki, Funahashi, Yoshisato, Funk, Warren, Furletova, Julia, Furukawa, Kazuro, Furuta, Fumio, Fusayasu, Takahiro, Fuster, Juan, Gadow, Karsten, Gaede, Frank, Gaglione, Renaud, Gai, Wei, Gajewski, Jan, Galik, Richard, Galkin, Alexei, Galkin, Valery, Gallin-Martel, Laurent, Gannaway, Fred, Gao, Jian She, Gao, Jie, Gao, Yuanning, Garbincius, Peter, Garcia-Tabares, Luis, Garren, Lynn, Garrido, Luís, Garutti, Erika, Garvey, Terry, Garwin, Edward, Gascón, David, Gastal, Martin, Gatto, Corrado, Gatto, Raoul, Gay, Pascal, Ge, Lixin, Ge, Ming Qi, Ge, Rui, Geiser, Achim, Gellrich, Andreas, Genat, Jean-Francois, Geng, Zhe Qiao, Gentile, Simonetta, Gerbick, Scot, Gerig, Rod, Ghosh, Dilip Kumar, Ghosh, Kirtiman, Gibbons, Lawrence, Giganon, Arnaud, Gillespie, Allan, Gillman, Tony, Ginzburg, Ilya, Giomataris, Ioannis, Giunta, Michele, Gladkikh, Peter, Gluza, Janusz, Godbole, Rohini, Godfrey, Stephen, Goldhaber, Gerson, Goldstein, Joel, Gollin, George D., Gonzalez-Sanchez, Francisco Javier, Goodrick, Maurice, Gornushkin, Yuri, Gostkin, Mikhail, Gottschalk, Erik, Goudket, Philippe, Gough Eschrich, Ivo, Gournaris, Filimon, Graciani, Ricardo, Graf, Norman, Grah, Christian, Grancagnolo, Francesco, Grandjean, Damien, Grannis, Paul, Grassellino, Anna, Graugés, Eugeni, Gray, Stephen, Green, Michael, Greenhalgh, Justin, Greenshaw, Timothy, Grefe, Christian, Gregor, Ingrid-Maria, Grenier, Gerald, Grimes, Mark, Grimm, Terry, Gris, Philippe, Grivaz, Jean-Francois, Groll, Marius, Gronberg, Jeffrey, Grondin, Denis, Groom, Donald, Gross, Eilam, Grunewald, Martin, Grupen, Claus, Grzelak, Grzegorz, Gu, Jun, Gu, Yun-Ting, Guchait, Monoranjan, Guiducci, Susanna, Guler, Ali Murat, Guler, Hayg, Gulmez, Erhan, Gunion, John, Guo, Zhi Yu, Gurtu, Atul, Ha, Huy Bang, Haas, Tobias, Haase, Andy, Haba, Naoyuki, Haber, Howard, Haensel, Stephan, Hagge, Lars, Hagura, Hiroyuki, Hajdu, Csaba, Haller, Gunther, Haller, Johannes, Hallermann, Lea, Halyo, Valerie, Hamaguchi, Koichi, Hammond, Larry, Han, Liang, Han, Tao, Hand, Louis, Handu, Virender K., Hano, Hitoshi, Hansen, Christian, Hansen, Jørn Dines, Hansen, Jorgen Beck, Hara, Kazufumi, Harder, Kristian, Hartin, Anthony, Hartung, Walter, Hast, Carsten, Hauptman, John, Hauschild, Michael, Hauviller, Claude, Havranek, Miroslav, Hawkes, Chris, Hawkings, Richard, Hayano, Hitoshi, Hazumi, Masashi, He, An, He, Hong Jian, Hearty, Christopher, Heath, Helen, Hebbeker, Thomas, Hedberg, Vincent, Hedin, David, Heifets, Samuel, Heinemeyer, Sven, Heini, Sebastien, Helebrant, Christian, Helms, Richard, Heltsley, Brian, Henrot-Versille, Sophie, Henschel, Hans, Hensel, Carsten, Hermel, Richard, Herms, Atilà, Herten, Gregor, Hesselbach, Stefan, Heuer, Rolf-Dieter, Heusch, Clemens A., Hewett, Joanne, Higashi, Norio, Higashi, Takatoshi, Higashi, Yasuo, Higo, Toshiyasu, Hildreth, Michael D., Hiller, Karlheinz, Hillert, Sonja, Hillier, Stephen James, Himel, Thomas, Himmi, Abdelkader, Hinchliffe, Ian, Hioki, Zenro, Hirano, Koichiro, Hirose, Tachishige, Hisamatsu, Hiromi, Hisano, Junji, Hlaing, Chit Thu, Hock, Kai Meng, Hoeferkamp, Martin, Hohlfeld, Mark, Honda, Yousuke, Hong, Juho, Hong, Tae Min, Honma, Hiroyuki, Horii, Yasuyuki, Horvath, Dezso, Hosoyama, Kenji, Hostachy, Jean-Yves, Hou, Mi, Hou, Wei-Shu, Howell, David, Hronek, Maxine, Hsiung, Yee B., Hu, Bo, Hu, Tao, Huang, Jung-Yun, Huang, Tong Ming, Huang, Wen Hui, Huedem, Emil, Huggard, Peter, Hugonie, Cyril, Hu-Guo, Christine, Huitu, Katri, Hwang, Youngseok, Idzik, Marek, Ignatenko, Alexandr, Ignatov, Fedor, Ikeda, Hirokazu, Ikematsu, Katsumasa, Ilicheva, Tatiana, Imbault, Didier, Imhof, Andreas, Incagli, Marco, Ingbir, Ronen, Inoue, Hitoshi, Inoue, Youichi, Introzzi, Gianluca, Ioakeimidi, Katerina, Ishihara, Satoshi, Ishikawa, Akimasa, Ishikawa, Tadashi, Issakov, Vladimir, Ito, Kazutoshi, Ivanov, V. V., Ivanov, Valentin, Ivanyushenkov, Yury, Iwasaki, Masako, Iwashita, Yoshihisa, Jackson, David, Jackson, Frank, Jacobsen, Bob, Jaganathan, Ramaswamy, Jamison, Steven, Janssen, Matthias Enno, Jaramillo-Echeverria, Richard, Jaros, John, Jauffret, Clement, Jawale, Suresh B., Jeans, Daniel, Jedziniak, Ron, Jeffery, Ben, Jehanno, Didier, Jenner, Leo J., Jensen, Chris, Jensen, David R., Jiang, Hairong, Jiang, Xiao Ming, Jimbo, Masato, Jin, Shan, Keith Jobe, R., Johnson, Anthony, Johnson, Erik, Johnson, Matt, Johnston, Michael, Joireman, Paul, Jokic, Stevan, Jones, James, Jones, Roger M., Jongewaard, Erik, Jönsson, Leif, Joshi, Gopal, Joshi, Satish C., Jung, Jin-Young, Junk, Thomas, Juste, Aurelio, Kado, Marumi, Kadyk, John, Käfer, Daniela, Kako, Eiji, Kalavase, Puneeth, Kalinin, Alexander, Kalinowski, Jan, Kamitani, Takuya, Kamiya, Yoshio, Kamiya, Yukihide, Kamoshita, Jun-Ichi, Kananov, Sergey, Kanaya, Kazuyuki, Kanazawa, Ken-Ichi, Kanemura, Shinya, Kang, Heung-Sik, Kang, Wen, Kanjial, D., Kapusta, Frédéric, Karataev, Pavel, Karchin, Paul E., Karlen, Dean, Karyotakis, Yannis, Kashikhin, Vladimir, Kashiwagi, Shigeru, Kasley, Paul, Katagiri, Hiroaki, Kato, Takashi, Kato, Yukihiro, Katzy, Judith, Kaukher, Alexander, Kaur, Manjit, Kawagoe, Kiyotomo, Kawamura, Hiroyuki, Kazakov, Sergei, Kekelidze, V. D., Keller, Lewis, Kelley, Michael, Kelly, Marc, Kelly, Michael, Kennedy, Kurt, Kephart, Robert, Keung, Justin, Khainovski, Oleg, Khan, Sameen Ahmed, Khare, Prashant, Khovansky, Nikolai, Kiesling, Christian, Kikuchi, Mitsuo, Kilian, Wolfgang, Killenberg, Martin, Kim, Donghee, Kim, Eun San, Kim, Eun-Joo, Kim, Guinyun, Kim, Hongjoo, Kim, Hyoungsuk, Kim, Hyun-Chui, Kim, Jonghoon, Kim, Kwang-Je, Kim, Kyung Sook, Kim, Peter, Kim, Seunghwan, Kim, Shin-Hong, Kim, Sun Kee, Kim, Tae Jeong, Kim, Youngim, Kim, Young-Kee, Kimmitt, Maurice, Kirby, Robert, Kircher, François, Kisielewska, Danuta, Kittel, Olaf, Klanner, Robert, Klebaner, Arkadiy L., Kleinwort, Claus, Klimkovich, Tatsiana, Klinkby, Esben, Kluth, Stefan, Knecht, Marc, Kneisel, Peter, Ko, In Soo, Ko, Kwok, Kobayashi, Makoto, Kobayashi, Nobuko, Kobel, Michael, Koch, Manuel, Kodys, Peter, Koetz, Uli, Kohrs, Robert, Kojima, Yuuji, Kolanoski, Hermann, Kolodziej, Karol, Kolomensky, Yury G., Komamiya, Sachio, Kong, Xiang Cheng, Konigsberg, Jacobo, Korbel, Volker, Koscielniak, Shane, Kostromin, Sergey, Kowalewski, Robert, Kraml, Sabine, Krammer, Manfred, Krasnykh, Anatoly, Krautscheid, Thorsten, Krawczyk, Maria, James Krebs, H., Krempetz, Kurt, Kribs, Graham, Krishnagopal, Srinivas, Kriske, Richard, Kronfeld, Andreas, Kroseberg, Jürgen, Kruchonak, Uladzimir, Kruecker, Dirk, Krüger, Hans, Krumpa, Nicholas A., Krumshtein, Zinovii, Kuang, Yu Ping, Kubo, Kiyoshi, Kuchler, Vic, Kudoh, Noboru, Kulis, Szymon, Kumada, Masayuki, Kumar, Abhay, Kume, Tatsuya, Kundu, Anirban, Kurevlev, German, Kurihara, Yoshimasa, Kuriki, Masao, Kuroda, Shigeru, Kuroiwa, Hirotoshi, Kurokawa, Shin-Ichi, Kusano, Tomonori, Kush, Pradeep K., Kutschke, Robert, Kuznetsova, Ekaterina, Kvasnicka, Peter, Kwon, Youngjoon, Labarga, Luis, Lacasta, Carlos, Lackey, Sharon, Lackowski, Thomas W., Lafaye, Remi, Lafferty, George, Lagorio, Eric, Laktineh, Imad, Lal, Shankar, Laloum, Maurice, Lam, Briant, Lancaster, Mark, Lander, Richard, Lange, Wolfgang, Langenfeld, Ulrich, Langeveld, Willem, Larbalestier, David, Larsen, Ray, Lastovicka, Tomas, Lastovicka-Medin, Gordana, Latina, Andrea, Latour, Emmanuel, Laurent, Lisa, Le, Ba Nam, Le, Duc Ninh, Le Diberder, Francois, Dû, Patrick Le, Lebbolo, Hervé, Lebrun, Paul, Lecoq, Jacques, Lee, Sung-Won, Lehner, Frank, Leibfritz, Jerry, Lenkszus, Frank, Lesiak, Tadeusz, Levy, Aharon, Lewandowski, Jim, Leyh, Greg, Li, Cheng, Li, Chong Sheng, Li, Chun Hua, Li, Da Zhang, Li, Gang, Li, Jin, Li, Shao Peng, Li, Wei Ming, Li, Weiguo, Li, Xiao Ping, Li, Xue-Qian, Li, Yuanjing, Li, Yulan, Li, Zenghai, Li, Zhong Quan, Liang, Jian Tao, Liao, Yi, Lilje, Lutz, Guilherme Lima, J., Lintern, Andrew J., Lipton, Ronald, List, Benno, List, Jenny, Liu, Chun, Liu, Jian Fei, Liu, Ke Xin, Liu, Li Qiang, Liu, Shao Zhen, Liu, Sheng Guang, Liu, Shubin, Liu, Wanming, Liu, Wei Bin, Liu, Ya Ping, Liu, Yu Dong, Lockyer, Nigel, Logan, Heather E., Logatchev, Pavel V., Lohmann, Wolfgang, Lohse, Thomas, Lola, Smaragda, Lopez-Virto, Amparo, Loveridge, Peter, Lozano, Manuel, Lu, Cai-Dian, Lu, Changguo, Lu, Gong-Lu, Lu, Wen Hui, Lubatti, Henry, Lucotte, Arnaud, Lundberg, Björn, Lundin, Tracy, Luo, Mingxing, Luong, Michel, Luth, Vera, Lutz, Benjamin, Lutz, Pierre, Lux, Thorsten, Luzniak, Pawel, Lyapin, Alexey, Lynch, Clare, Ma, Li, Ma, Lili, Ma, Qiang, Ma, Wen-Gan, Macfarlane, David, Maciel, Arthur, Macleod, Allan, Macnair, David, Mader, Wolfgang, Magill, Stephen, Magnan, Anne-Marie, Maiheu, Bino, Maity, Manas, Majchrzak, Millicent, Majumder, Gobinda, Makarov, Roman, Makowski, Dariusz, Malaescu, Bogdan, Mallik, C., Mallik, Usha, Malton, Stephen, Malyshev, Oleg B., Malysheva, Larisa I., Mammosser, John, Mamta, Mamuzic, Judita, Manen, Samuel, Manghisoni, Massimo, Manly, Steven, Marcellini, Fabio, Marcisovsky, Michal, Markiewicz, Thomas W., Marks, Steve, Marone, Andrew, Marti, Felix, Martin, Jean-Pierre, Martin, Victoria, Martin-Chassard, Gisèle, Martinez, Manel, Martinez-Rivero, Celso, Martsch, Dennis, Martyn, Hans-Ulrich, Maruyama, Takashi, Masuzawa, Mika, Mathez, Hervé, Matsuda, Takeshi, Matsumoto, Hiroshi, Matsumoto, Shuji, Matsumoto, Toshihiro, Matsunaga, Hiroyuki, Mättig, Peter, Mattison, Thomas, Mavromanolakis, Georgios, Mawatari, Kentarou, Mazzacane, Anna, Mcbride, Patricia, Mccormick, Douglas, Mccormick, Jeremy, Mcdonald, Kirk T., Mcgee, Mike, Mcintosh, Peter, Mckee, Bobby, Mcpherson, Robert A., Meidlinger, Mandi, Meier, Karlheinz, Mele, Barbara, Meller, Bob, Melzer-Pellmann, Isabell-Alissandra, Mendez, Hector, Mercer, Adam, Merkin, Mikhail, Meshkov, I. N., Messner, Robert, Metcalfe, Jessica, Meyer, Chris, Meyer, Hendrik, Meyer, Joachim, Meyer, Niels, Meyners, Norbert, Michelato, Paolo, Michizono, Shinichiro, Mihalcea, Daniel, Mihara, Satoshi, Mihara, Takanori, Mikami, Yoshinari, Mikhailichenko, Alexander A., Milardi, Catia, Miller, David J., Miller, Owen, Miller, Roger J., Milstene, Caroline, Mimashi, Toshihiro, Minashvili, Irakli, Miquel, Ramon, Mishra, Shekhar, Mitaroff, Winfried, Mitchell, Chad, Miura, Takako, Miyamoto, Akiya, Miyata, Hitoshi, Mjörnmark, Ulf, Mnich, Joachim, Moffeit, Kenneth, Mokhov, Nikolai, Molloy, Stephen, Monaco, Laura, Monasterio, Paul R., Montanari, Alessandro, Moon, Sung Ik, Moortgat-Pick, Gudrid A., Mora Freitas, Paulo, Morel, Federic, Moretti, Stefano, Morgunov, Vasily, Mori, Toshinori, Morin, Laurent, Morisseau, François, Morita, Yoshiyuki, Morita, Youhei, Morita, Yuichi, Morozov, Nikolai, Morozumi, Yuichi, Morse, William, Moser, Hans-Guenther, Moultaka, Gilbert, Mtingwa, Sekazi, Mudrinic, Mihajlo, Mueller, Alex, Mueller, Wolfgang, Muennich, Astrid, Muhlleitner, Milada Margarete, Mukherjee, Bhaskar, Mukhopadhyaya, Biswarup, Müller, Thomas, Munro, Morrison, Murayama, Hitoshi, Muto, Toshiya, Myneni, Ganapati Rao, Nabhiraj, P. Y., Nagaitsev, Sergei, Nagamine, Tadashi, Nagano, Ai, Naito, Takashi, Nakai, Hirotaka, Nakajima, Hiromitsu, Nakamura, Isamu, Nakamura, Tomoya, Nakanishi, Tsutomu, Nakao, Katsumi, Nakao, Noriaki, Nakayoshi, Kazuo, Nam, Sang, Namito, Yoshihito, Namkung, Won, Nantista, Chris, Napoly, Olivier, Narain, Meenakshi, Naroska, Beate, Nauenberg, Uriel, Nayyar, Ruchika, Neal, Homer, Nelson, Charles, Nelson, Janice, Nelson, Timothy, Nemecek, Stanislav, Neubauer, Michael, Neuffer, David, Newman, Myriam Q., Nezhevenko, Oleg, Ng, Cho-Kuen, Nguyen, Anh Ky, Nguyen, Minh, Nguyen Thi, Hong, Niebuhr, Carsten, Niehoff, Jim, Niezurawski, Piotr, Nishitani, Tomohiro, Nitoh, Osamu, Noguchi, Shuichi, Nomerotski, Andrei, Noonan, John, Norbeck, Edward, Nosochkov, Yuri, Notz, Dieter, Nowak, Grazyna, Nowak, Hannelies, Noy, Matthew, Nozaki, Mitsuaki, Nyffeler, Andreas, Nygren, David, Oddone, Piermaria, O, Joseph, Oh, Jong-Seok, Oh, Sun Kun, Ohkuma, Kazumasa, Ohlerich, Martin, Ohmi, Kazuhito, Ohnishi, Yukiyoshi, Ohsawa, Satoshi, Ohuchi, Norihito, Oide, Katsunobu, Okada, Nobuchika, Okamura, Takahiro, Okugi, Toshiyuki, Okumi, Shoji, Okumura, Ken-Ichi, Olchevski, Alexander, Oliver, William, Olivier, Bob, Olsen, James, Olsen, Jeff, Olsen, Stephen, Olshevsky, A. G., Olsson, Jan, Omori, Tsunehiko, Onel, Yasar, Onengut, Gulsen, Ono, Hiroaki, Onoprienko, Dmitry, Oren, Will, Orimoto, Toyoko J., Oriunno, Marco, Orlandea, Marius Ciprian, Oroku, Masahiro, Orr, Lynne H., Orr, Robert S., Oshea, Val, Oskarsson, Anders, Osland, Per, Ossetski, Dmitri, Österman, Lennart, Ostiguy, Francois, Otono, Hidetoshi, Ottewell, Brian, Ouyang, Qun, Padamsee, Hasan, Padilla, Cristobal, Pagani, Carlo, Palmer, Mark A., Pam, Wei Min, Pande, Manjiri, Pande, Rajni, Pandit, V. S., Pandita, P. N., Pandurovic, Mila, Pankov, Alexander, Panzeri, Nicola, Papandreou, Zisis, Paparella, Rocco, Para, Adam, Park, Hwanbae, Parker, Brett, Parkes, Chris, Parma, Vittorio, Parsa, Zohreh, Parsons, Justin, Partridge, Richard, Pasquinelli, Ralph, Gabriella Pásztor, Paterson, Ewan, Patrick, Jim, Patteri, Piero, Ritchie Patterson, J., Pauletta, Giovanni, Paver, Nello, Pavlicek, Vince, Pawlik, Bogdan, Payet, Jacques, Pchalek, Norbert, Pedersen, John, Pei, Guo Xi, Pei, Shi Lun, Pelka, Jerzy, Pellegrini, Giulio, Pellett, David, Peng, G. 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Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, hep-ph
Abstract

This article reviews the physics case for the ILC. Baseline running at 500 GeV as well as possible upgrades and options are discussed. The opportunities on Standard Model physics, Higgs physics, Supersymmetry and alternative theories beyond the Standard Model are described. This article reviews the physics case for the ILC. Baseline running at 500 GeV as well as possible upgrades and options are discussed. The opportunities on Standard Model physics, Higgs physics, Supersymmetry and alternative theories beyond the Standard Model are described.

31. ILC Reference Design Report Volume 4 - Detectors

Author

Behnke, Ties, Damerell, Chris, Jaros, John, Miyamoto, Akiya, Aarons, Gerald, Abe, Toshinori, Abernathy, Jason, Ablikim, Medina, Abramowicz, Halina, Adey, David, Adloff, Catherine, Adolphsen, Chris, Afanaciev, Konstantin, Agapov, Ilya, Ahn, Jung-Keun, Aihara, Hiroaki, Akemoto, Mitsuo, Del Carmen Alabau, Maria, Albert, Justin, Albrecht, Hartwig, Albrecht, Michael, Alesini, David, Alexander, Gideon, Alexander, Jim, Allison, Wade, Amann, John, Amirikas, Ramila, An, Qi, Anami, Shozo, Ananthanarayan, B., Anderson, Terry, Andricek, Ladislav, Anduze, Marc, Anerella, Michael, Anfimov, Nikolai, Angal-Kalinin, Deepa, Antipov, Sergei, Antoine, Claire, Aoki, Mayumi, Aoza, Atsushi, Aplin, Steve, Appleby, Rob, Arai, Yasuo, Araki, Sakae, Arkan, Tug, Arnold, Ned, Arnold, Ray, Arnowitt, Richard, Artru, Xavier, Arya, Kunal, Aryshev, Alexander, Asakawa, Eri, Asiri, Fred, Asner, David, Atac, Muzaffer, Atoian, Grigor, Attié, David, Augustin, Jean-Eudes, Augustine, David B., Ayres, Bradley, Aziz, Tariq, Baars, Derek, Badaud, Frederique, Baddams, Nigel, Bagger, Jonathan, Bai, Sha, Bailey, David, Bailey, Ian R., Baker, David, Balalykin, Nikolai I., Balbuena, Juan Pablo, Baldy, Jean-Luc, Ball, Markus, Ball, Maurice, Ballestrero, Alessandro, Ballin, Jamie, Baltay, Charles, Bambade, Philip, Ban, Syuichi, Band, Henry, Bane, Karl, Banerjee, Bakul, Barbanotti, Serena, Barbareschi, Daniele, Barbaro-Galtieri, Angela, Barber, Desmond P., Barbi, Mauricio, Bardin, Dmitri Y., Barish, Barry, Barklow, Timothy L., Barlow, Roger, Barnes, Virgil E., Barone, Maura, Bartels, Christoph, Bartsch, Valeria, Basu, Rahul, Battaglia, Marco, Batygin, Yuri, Baudot, Jerome, Baur, Ulrich, Elwyn Baynham, D., Beard, Carl, Bebek, Chris, Bechtle, Philip, Becker, Ulrich J., Bedeschi, Franco, Bedjidian, Marc, Behera, Prafulla, Bellantoni, Leo, Bellerive, Alain, Bellomo, Paul, Bentson, Lynn D., Benyamna, Mustapha, Bergauer, Thomas, Berger, Edmond, Bergholz, Matthias, Beri, Suman, Berndt, Martin, Bernreuther, Werner, Bertolini, Alessandro, Besancon, Marc, Besson, Auguste, Beteille, Andre, Bettoni, Simona, Beyer, Michael, Bhandari, R. 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Sebastien, Helebrant, Christian, Helms, Richard, Heltsley, Brian, Henrot-Versille, Sophie, Henschel, Hans, Hensel, Carsten, Hermel, Richard, Herms, Atilà, Herten, Gregor, Hesselbach, Stefan, Heuer, Rolf-Dieter, Heusch, Clemens A., Hewett, Joanne, Higashi, Norio, Higashi, Takatoshi, Higashi, Yasuo, Higo, Toshiyasu, Hildreth, Michael D., Hiller, Karlheinz, Hillert, Sonja, Hillier, Stephen James, Himel, Thomas, Himmi, Abdelkader, Hinchliffe, Ian, Hioki, Zenro, Hirano, Koichiro, Hirose, Tachishige, Hisamatsu, Hiromi, Hisano, Junji, Hlaing, Chit Thu, Hock, Kai Meng, Hoeferkamp, Martin, Hohlfeld, Mark, Honda, Yousuke, Hong, Juho, Hong, Tae Min, Honma, Hiroyuki, Horii, Yasuyuki, Horvath, Dezso, Hosoyama, Kenji, Hostachy, Jean-Yves, Hou, Mi, Hou, Wei-Shu, Howell, David, Hronek, Maxine, Hsiung, Yee B., Hu, Bo, Hu, Tao, Huang, Jung-Yun, Huang, Tong Ming, Huang, Wen Hui, Huedem, Emil, Huggard, Peter, Hugonie, Cyril, Hu-Guo, Christine, Huitu, Katri, Hwang, Youngseok, Idzik, Marek, Ignatenko, Alexandr, Ignatov, Fedor, Ikeda, Hirokazu, Ikematsu, Katsumasa, Ilicheva, Tatiana, Imbault, Didier, Imhof, Andreas, Incagli, Marco, Ingbir, Ronen, Inoue, Hitoshi, Inoue, Youichi, Introzzi, Gianluca, Ioakeimidi, Katerina, Ishihara, Satoshi, Ishikawa, Akimasa, Ishikawa, Tadashi, Issakov, Vladimir, Ito, Kazutoshi, Ivanov, V. V., Ivanov, Valentin, Ivanyushenkov, Yury, Iwasaki, Masako, Iwashita, Yoshihisa, Jackson, David, Jackson, Frank, Jacobsen, Bob, Jaganathan, Ramaswamy, Jamison, Steven, Janssen, Matthias Enno, Jaramillo-Echeverria, Richard, Jauffret, Clement, Jawale, Suresh B., Jeans, Daniel, Jedziniak, Ron, Jeffery, Ben, Jehanno, Didier, Jenner, Leo J., Jensen, Chris, Jensen, David R., Jiang, Hairong, Jiang, Xiao Ming, Jimbo, Masato, Jin, Shan, Keith Jobe, R., Johnson, Anthony, Johnson, Erik, Johnson, Matt, Johnston, Michael, Joireman, Paul, Jokic, Stevan, Jones, James, Jones, Roger M., Jongewaard, Erik, Jönsson, Leif, Joshi, Gopal, Joshi, Satish C., Jung, Jin-Young, Junk, Thomas, Juste, Aurelio, Kado, Marumi, Kadyk, John, Käfer, Daniela, Kako, Eiji, Kalavase, Puneeth, Kalinin, Alexander, Kalinowski, Jan, Kamitani, Takuya, Kamiya, Yoshio, Kamiya, Yukihide, Kamoshita, Jun-Ichi, Kananov, Sergey, Kanaya, Kazuyuki, Kanazawa, Ken-Ichi, Kanemura, Shinya, Kang, Heung-Sik, Kang, Wen, Kanjial, D., Kapusta, Frédéric, Karataev, Pavel, Karchin, Paul E., Karlen, Dean, Karyotakis, Yannis, Kashikhin, Vladimir, Kashiwagi, Shigeru, Kasley, Paul, Katagiri, Hiroaki, Kato, Takashi, Kato, Yukihiro, Katzy, Judith, Kaukher, Alexander, Kaur, Manjit, Kawagoe, Kiyotomo, Kawamura, Hiroyuki, Kazakov, Sergei, Kekelidze, V. D., Keller, Lewis, Kelley, Michael, Kelly, Marc, Kelly, Michael, Kennedy, Kurt, Kephart, Robert, Keung, Justin, Khainovski, Oleg, Khan, Sameen Ahmed, Khare, Prashant, Khovansky, Nikolai, Kiesling, Christian, Kikuchi, Mitsuo, Kilian, Wolfgang, Killenberg, Martin, Kim, Donghee, Kim, Eun San, Kim, Eun-Joo, Kim, Guinyun, Kim, Hongjoo, Kim, Hyoungsuk, Kim, Hyun-Chui, Kim, Jonghoon, Kim, Kwang-Je, Kim, Kyung Sook, Kim, Peter, Kim, Seunghwan, Kim, Shin-Hong, Kim, Sun Kee, Kim, Tae Jeong, Kim, Youngim, Kim, Young-Kee, Kimmitt, Maurice, Kirby, Robert, Kircher, François, Kisielewska, Danuta, Kittel, Olaf, Klanner, Robert, Klebaner, Arkadiy L., Kleinwort, Claus, Klimkovich, Tatsiana, Klinkby, Esben, Kluth, Stefan, Knecht, Marc, Kneisel, Peter, Ko, In Soo, Ko, Kwok, Kobayashi, Makoto, Kobayashi, Nobuko, Kobel, Michael, Koch, Manuel, Kodys, Peter, Koetz, Uli, Kohrs, Robert, Kojima, Yuuji, Kolanoski, Hermann, Kolodziej, Karol, Kolomensky, Yury G., Komamiya, Sachio, Kong, Xiang Cheng, Konigsberg, Jacobo, Korbel, Volker, Koscielniak, Shane, Kostromin, Sergey, Kowalewski, Robert, Kraml, Sabine, Krammer, Manfred, Krasnykh, Anatoly, Krautscheid, Thorsten, Krawczyk, Maria, James Krebs, H., Krempetz, Kurt, Kribs, Graham, Krishnagopal, Srinivas, Kriske, Richard, Kronfeld, Andreas, Kroseberg, Jürgen, Kruchonak, Uladzimir, Kruecker, Dirk, Krüger, Hans, Krumpa, Nicholas A., Krumshtein, Zinovii, Kuang, Yu Ping, Kubo, Kiyoshi, Kuchler, Vic, Kudoh, Noboru, Kulis, Szymon, Kumada, Masayuki, Kumar, Abhay, Kume, Tatsuya, Kundu, Anirban, Kurevlev, German, Kurihara, Yoshimasa, Kuriki, Masao, Kuroda, Shigeru, Kuroiwa, Hirotoshi, Kurokawa, Shin-Ichi, Kusano, Tomonori, Kush, Pradeep K., Kutschke, Robert, Kuznetsova, Ekaterina, Kvasnicka, Peter, Kwon, Youngjoon, Labarga, Luis, Lacasta, Carlos, Lackey, Sharon, Lackowski, Thomas W., Lafaye, Remi, Lafferty, George, Lagorio, Eric, Laktineh, Imad, Lal, Shankar, Laloum, Maurice, Lam, Briant, Lancaster, Mark, Lander, Richard, Lange, Wolfgang, Langenfeld, Ulrich, Langeveld, Willem, Larbalestier, David, Larsen, Ray, Lastovicka, Tomas, Lastovicka-Medin, Gordana, Latina, Andrea, Latour, Emmanuel, Laurent, Lisa, Le, Ba Nam, Le, Duc Ninh, Le Diberder, Francois, Dû, Patrick Le, Lebbolo, Hervé, Lebrun, Paul, Lecoq, Jacques, Lee, Sung-Won, Lehner, Frank, Leibfritz, Jerry, Lenkszus, Frank, Lesiak, Tadeusz, Levy, Aharon, Lewandowski, Jim, Leyh, Greg, Li, Cheng, Li, Chong Sheng, Li, Chun Hua, Li, Da Zhang, Li, Gang, Li, Jin, Li, Shao Peng, Li, Wei Ming, Li, Weiguo, Li, Xiao Ping, Li, Xue-Qian, Li, Yuanjing, Li, Yulan, Li, Zenghai, Li, Zhong Quan, Liang, Jian Tao, Liao, Yi, Lilje, Lutz, Guilherme Lima, J., Lintern, Andrew J., Lipton, Ronald, List, Benno, List, Jenny, Liu, Chun, Liu, Jian Fei, Liu, Ke Xin, Liu, Li Qiang, Liu, Shao Zhen, Liu, Sheng Guang, Liu, Shubin, Liu, Wanming, Liu, Wei Bin, Liu, Ya Ping, Liu, Yu Dong, Lockyer, Nigel, Logan, Heather E., Logatchev, Pavel V., Lohmann, Wolfgang, Lohse, Thomas, Lola, Smaragda, Lopez-Virto, Amparo, Loveridge, Peter, Lozano, Manuel, Lu, Cai-Dian, Lu, Changguo, Lu, Gong-Lu, Lu, Wen Hui, Lubatti, Henry, Lucotte, Arnaud, Lundberg, Björn, Lundin, Tracy, Luo, Mingxing, Luong, Michel, Luth, Vera, Lutz, Benjamin, Lutz, Pierre, Lux, Thorsten, Luzniak, Pawel, Lyapin, Alexey, Lykken, Joseph, Lynch, Clare, Ma, Li, Ma, Lili, Ma, Qiang, Ma, Wen-Gan, Macfarlane, David, Maciel, Arthur, Macleod, Allan, Macnair, David, Mader, Wolfgang, Magill, Stephen, Magnan, Anne-Marie, Maiheu, Bino, Maity, Manas, Majchrzak, Millicent, Majumder, Gobinda, Makarov, Roman, Makowski, Dariusz, Malaescu, Bogdan, Mallik, C., Mallik, Usha, Malton, Stephen, Malyshev, Oleg B., Malysheva, Larisa I., Mammosser, John, Mamta, Mamuzic, Judita, Manen, Samuel, Manghisoni, Massimo, Manly, Steven, Marcellini, Fabio, Marcisovsky, Michal, Markiewicz, Thomas W., Marks, Steve, Marone, Andrew, Marti, Felix, Martin, Jean-Pierre, Martin, Victoria, Martin-Chassard, Gisèle, Martinez, Manel, Martinez-Rivero, Celso, Martsch, Dennis, Martyn, Hans-Ulrich, Maruyama, Takashi, Masuzawa, Mika, Mathez, Hervé, Matsuda, Takeshi, Matsumoto, Hiroshi, Matsumoto, Shuji, Matsumoto, Toshihiro, Matsunaga, Hiroyuki, Mättig, Peter, Mattison, Thomas, Mavromanolakis, Georgios, Mawatari, Kentarou, Mazzacane, Anna, Mcbride, Patricia, Mccormick, Douglas, Mccormick, Jeremy, Mcdonald, Kirk T., Mcgee, Mike, Mcintosh, Peter, Mckee, Bobby, Mcpherson, Robert A., Meidlinger, Mandi, Meier, Karlheinz, Mele, Barbara, Meller, Bob, Melzer-Pellmann, Isabell-Alissandra, Mendez, Hector, Mercer, Adam, Merkin, Mikhail, Meshkov, I. N., Messner, Robert, Metcalfe, Jessica, Meyer, Chris, Meyer, Hendrik, Meyer, Joachim, Meyer, Niels, Meyners, Norbert, Michelato, Paolo, Michizono, Shinichiro, Mihalcea, Daniel, Mihara, Satoshi, Mihara, Takanori, Mikami, Yoshinari, Mikhailichenko, Alexander A., Milardi, Catia, Miller, David J., Miller, Owen, Miller, Roger J., Milstene, Caroline, Mimashi, Toshihiro, Minashvili, Irakli, Miquel, Ramon, Mishra, Shekhar, Mitaroff, Winfried, Mitchell, Chad, Miura, Takako, Miyata, Hitoshi, Mjörnmark, Ulf, Mnich, Joachim, Moenig, Klaus, Moffeit, Kenneth, Mokhov, Nikolai, Molloy, Stephen, Monaco, Laura, Monasterio, Paul R., Montanari, Alessandro, Moon, Sung Ik, Moortgat-Pick, Gudrid A., Mora Freitas, Paulo, Morel, Federic, Moretti, Stefano, Morgunov, Vasily, Mori, Toshinori, Morin, Laurent, Morisseau, François, Morita, Yoshiyuki, Morita, Youhei, Morita, Yuichi, Morozov, Nikolai, Morozumi, Yuichi, Morse, William, Moser, Hans-Guenther, Moultaka, Gilbert, Mtingwa, Sekazi, Mudrinic, Mihajlo, Mueller, Alex, Mueller, Wolfgang, Muennich, Astrid, Muhlleitner, Milada Margarete, Mukherjee, Bhaskar, Mukhopadhyaya, Biswarup, Müller, Thomas, Munro, Morrison, Murayama, Hitoshi, Muto, Toshiya, Myneni, Ganapati Rao, Nabhiraj, P. Y., Nagaitsev, Sergei, Nagamine, Tadashi, Nagano, Ai, Naito, Takashi, Nakai, Hirotaka, Nakajima, Hiromitsu, Nakamura, Isamu, Nakamura, Tomoya, Nakanishi, Tsutomu, Nakao, Katsumi, Nakao, Noriaki, Nakayoshi, Kazuo, Nam, Sang, Namito, Yoshihito, Namkung, Won, Nantista, Chris, Napoly, Olivier, Narain, Meenakshi, Naroska, Beate, Nauenberg, Uriel, Nayyar, Ruchika, Neal, Homer, Nelson, Charles, Nelson, Janice, Nelson, Timothy, Nemecek, Stanislav, Neubauer, Michael, Neuffer, David, Newman, Myriam Q., Nezhevenko, Oleg, Ng, Cho-Kuen, Nguyen, Anh Ky, Nguyen, Minh, Nguyen Thi, Hong, Niebuhr, Carsten, Niehoff, Jim, Niezurawski, Piotr, Nishitani, Tomohiro, Nitoh, Osamu, Noguchi, Shuichi, Nomerotski, Andrei, Noonan, John, Norbeck, Edward, Nosochkov, Yuri, Notz, Dieter, Nowak, Grazyna, Nowak, Hannelies, Noy, Matthew, Nozaki, Mitsuaki, Nyffeler, Andreas, Nygren, David, Oddone, Piermaria, O, Joseph, Oh, Jong-Seok, Oh, Sun Kun, Ohkuma, Kazumasa, Ohlerich, Martin, Ohmi, Kazuhito, Ohnishi, Yukiyoshi, Ohsawa, Satoshi, Ohuchi, Norihito, Oide, Katsunobu, Okada, Nobuchika, Okada, Yasuhiro, Okamura, Takahiro, Okugi, Toshiyuki, Okumi, Shoji, Okumura, Ken-Ichi, Olchevski, Alexander, Oliver, William, Olivier, Bob, Olsen, James, Olsen, Jeff, Olsen, Stephen, Olshevsky, A. G., Olsson, Jan, Omori, Tsunehiko, Onel, Yasar, Onengut, Gulsen, Ono, Hiroaki, Onoprienko, Dmitry, Oreglia, Mark, Oren, Will, Orimoto, Toyoko J., Oriunno, Marco, Orlandea, Marius Ciprian, Oroku, Masahiro, Orr, Lynne H., Orr, Robert S., Oshea, Val, Oskarsson, Anders, Osland, Per, Ossetski, Dmitri, Österman, Lennart, Ostiguy, Francois, Otono, Hidetoshi, Ottewell, Brian, Ouyang, Qun, Padamsee, Hasan, Padilla, Cristobal, Pagani, Carlo, Palmer, Mark A., Pam, Wei Min, Pande, Manjiri, Pande, Rajni, Pandit, V. S., Pandita, P. N., Pandurovic, Mila, Pankov, Alexander, Panzeri, Nicola, Papandreou, Zisis, Paparella, Rocco, Para, Adam, Park, Hwanbae, Parker, Brett, Parkes, Chris, Parma, Vittorio, Parsa, Zohreh, Parsons, Justin, Partridge, Richard, Pasquinelli, Ralph, Pásztor, Gabriella, Paterson, Ewan, Patrick, Jim, Patteri, Piero, Ritchie Patterson, J., Pauletta, Giovanni, Paver, Nello, Pavlicek, Vince, Pawlik, Bogdan, Payet, Jacques, Pchalek, Norbert, Pedersen, John, Pei, Guo Xi, Pei, Shi Lun, Pelka, Jerzy, Pellegrini, Giulio, Pellett, David, Peng, G. X., Penn, Gregory, Penzo, Aldo, Perry, Colin, Peskin, Michael, Peters, Franz, Petersen, Troels Christian, Peterson, Daniel, Peterson, Thomas, Petterson, Maureen, Pfeffer, Howard, Pfund, Phil, Phelps, Alan, Phi, Quang, Phillips, Jonathan, Phinney, Nan, Piccolo, Marcello, Piemontese, Livio, Pierini, Paolo, Thomas Piggott, W., Pike, Gary, Pillet, Nicolas, Jayawardena, Talini Pinto, Piot, Phillippe, Pitts, Kevin, Pivi, Mauro, Plate, Dave, Pleier, Marc-Andre, Poblaguev, Andrei, Poehler, Michael, Poelker, Matthew, Poffenberger, Paul, Pogorelsky, Igor, Poirier, Freddy, Poling, Ronald, Poole, Mike, Popescu, Sorina, Popielarski, John, Pöschl, Roman, Postranecky, Martin, Potukochi, Prakash N., Prast, Julie, Prat, Serge, Preger, Miro, Prepost, Richard, Price, Michael, Proch, Dieter, Puntambekar, Avinash, Qin, Qing, Qu, Hua Min, Quadt, Arnulf, Quesnel, Jean-Pierre, Radeka, Veljko, Rahmat, Rahmat, Rai, Santosh Kumar, Raimondi, Pantaleo, Ramberg, Erik, Ranjan, Kirti, Rao, Sista V. L. S., Raspereza, Alexei, Ratti, Alessandro, Ratti, Lodovico, Raubenheimer, Tor, Raux, Ludovic, Ravindran, V., Raychaudhuri, Sreerup, Re, Valerio, Rease, Bill, Reece, Charles E., Regler, Meinhard, Rehlich, Kay, Reichel, Ina, Reichold, Armin, Reid, John, Reid, Ron, Reidy, James, Reinhard, Marcel, Renz, Uwe, Repond, Jose, Resta-Lopez, Javier, Reuen, Lars, Ribnik, Jacob, Rice, Tyler, Richard, François, Riemann, Sabine, Riemann, Tord, Riles, Keith, Riley, Daniel, Rimbault, Cécile, Rindani, Saurabh, Rinolfi, Louis, Risigo, Fabio, Riu, Imma, Rizhikov, Dmitri, Rizzo, Thomas, Rochford, James H., Rodriguez, Ponciano, Roeben, Martin, Rolandi, Gigi, Roodman, Aaron, Rosenberg, Eli, Roser, Robert, Ross, Marc, Rossel, François, Rossmanith, Robert, Roth, Stefan, Rougé, André, Rowe, Allan, Roy, Amit, Roy, Sendhunil B., Roy, Sourov, Royer, Laurent, Royole-Degieux, Perrine, Royon, Christophe, Ruan, Manqi, Rubin, David, Ruehl, Ingo, Jimeno, Alberto Ruiz, Ruland, Robert, Rusnak, Brian, Ryu, Sun-Young, Sabbi, Gian Luca, Sadeh, Iftach, Sadygov, Ziraddin Y., Saeki, Takayuki, Sagan, David, Sahni, Vinod C., Saini, Arun, Saito, Kenji, Saito, Kiwamu, Sajot, Gerard, Sakanaka, Shogo, Sakaue, Kazuyuki, Salata, Zen, Salih, Sabah, Salvatore, Fabrizio, Samson, Joergen, Sanami, Toshiya, Levi Sanchez, Allister, Sands, William, Santic, John, Sanuki, Tomoyuki, Sapronov, Andrey, Sarkar, Utpal, Sasao, Noboru, Satoh, Kotaro, Sauli, Fabio, Saunders, Claude, Saveliev, Valeri, Savoy-Navarro, Aurore, Sawyer, Lee, Saxton, Laura, Schäfer, Oliver, Schälicke, Andreas, Schade, Peter, Schaetzel, Sebastien, Scheitrum, Glenn, Schibler, Emilie, Schindler, Rafe, Schlösser, Markus, Schlueter, Ross D., Schmid, Peter, Schmidt, Ringo Sebastian, Schneekloth, Uwe, Schreiber, Heinz Juergen, Schreiber, Siegfried, Schroeder, Henning, Peter Schüler, K., Schulte, Daniel, Schultz-Coulon, Hans-Christian, Schumacher, Markus, Steffen Schumann, Schumm, Bruce A., Schwienhorst, Reinhard, Schwierz, Rainer, Scott, Duncan J., Scuri, Fabrizio, Sefkow, Felix, Sefri, Rachid, Seguin-Moreau, Nathalie, Seidel, Sally, Seidman, David, Sekmen, Sezen, Seletskiy, Sergei, Senaha, Eibun, Senanayake, Rohan, Sendai, Hiroshi, Sertore, Daniele, Seryi, Andrei, Settles, Ronald, Sever, Ramazan, Shales, Nicholas, Shao, Ming, Shelkov, G. A., Shepard, Ken, Shepherd-Themistocleous, Claire, Sheppard, John C., Shi, Cai Tu, Shidara, Tetsuo, Shim, Yeo-Jeong, Shimizu, Hirotaka, Shimizu, Yasuhiro, Shimizu, Yuuki, Shimogawa, Tetsushi, Shin, Seunghwan, Shioden, Masaomi, Shipsey, Ian, Shirkov, Grigori, Shishido, Toshio, Shivpuri, Ram K., Shrivastava, Purushottam, Shulga, Sergey, Shumeiko, Nikolai, Shuvalov, Sergey, Si, Zongguo, Siddiqui, Azher Majid, Siegrist, James, Simon, Claire, Simrock, Stefan, Sinev, Nikolai, Singh, Bhartendu K., Singh, Jasbir, Singh, Pitamber, Singh, R. K., Singh, S. K., Singini, Monito, Sinha, Anil K., Sinha, Nita, Sinha, Rahul, Sinram, Klaus, Sissakian, A. N., Skachkov, N. B., Skrinsky, Alexander, Slater, Mark, Slominski, Wojciech, Smiljanic, Ivan, Smith, A. J. Stewart, Smith, Alex, Smith, Brian J., Smith, Jeff, Smith, Jonathan, Smith, Steve, Smith, Susan, Smith, Tonee, Neville Snodgrass, W., Sobloher, Blanka, Sohn, Young-Uk, Solidum, Ruelson, Solyak, Nikolai, Son, Dongchul, Sonmez, Nasuf, Sopczak, Andre, Soskov, V., Spencer, Cherrill M., Spentzouris, Panagiotis, Speziali, Valeria, Spira, Michael, Sprehn, Daryl, Sridhar, K., Srivastava, Asutosh, St Lorant, Steve, Stahl, Achim, Stanek, Richard P., Stanitzki, Marcel, Stanley, Jacob, Stefanov, Konstantin, Stein, Werner, Steiner, Herbert, Stenlund, Evert, Stern, Amir, Sternberg, Matt, Stockinger, Dominik, Stockton, Mark, Stoeck, Holger, Strachan, John, Strakhovenko, V., Strauss, Michael, Striganov, Sergei I., Strologas, John, Strom, David, Strube, Jan, Stupakov, Gennady, Su, Dong, Sudo, Yuji, Suehara, Taikan, Suehiro, Toru, Suetsugu, Yusuke, Sugahara, Ryuhei, Sugimoto, Yasuhiro, Sugiyama, Akira, Suh, Jun Suhk, Sukovic, Goran, Sun, Hong, Sun, Stephen, Sun, Werner, Sun, Yi, Sun, Yipeng, Suszycki, Leszek, Sutcliffe, Peter, Suthar, Rameshwar L., Suwada, Tsuyoshi, Suzuki, Atsuto, Suzuki, Chihiro, Suzuki, Shiro, Suzuki, Takashi, Swent, Richard, Swientek, Krzysztof, Swinson, Christina, Syresin, Evgeny, Szleper, Michal, Tadday, Alexander, Takahashi, Rika, Takahashi, Tohru, Takano, Mikio, Takasaki, Fumihiko, Takeda, Seishi, Takenaka, Tateru, Takeshita, Tohru, Takubo, Yosuke, Tanaka, Masami, Tang, Chuan Xiang, Taniguchi, Takashi, Tantawi, Sami, Tapprogge, Stefan, Tartaglia, Michael A., Tassielli, Giovanni Francesco, Tauchi, Toshiaki, Tavian, Laurent, Tawara, Hiroko, Taylor, Geoffrey, Telnov, Alexandre V., Telnov, Valery, Tenenbaum, Peter, Teodorescu, Eliza, Terashima, Akio, Terracciano, Giuseppina, Terunuma, Nobuhiro, Teubner, Thomas, Teuscher, Richard, Theilacker, Jay, Thomson, Mark, Tice, Jeff, Tigner, Maury, Timmermans, Jan, Titov, Maxim, Toge, Nobukazu, Tokareva, N. A., Tollefson, Kirsten, Tomasek, Lukas, Tomovic, Savo, Tompkins, John, Tonutti, Manfred, Topkar, Anita, Toprek, Dragan, Toral, Fernando, Torrence, Eric, Traversi, Gianluca, Trimpl, Marcel, Mani Tripathi, S., Trischuk, William, Trodden, Mark, Trubnikov, G. V., Tschirhart, Robert, Tskhadadze, Edisher, Tsuchiya, Kiyosumi, Tsukamoto, Toshifumi, Tsunemi, Akira, Tucker, Robin, Turchetta, Renato, Tyndel, Mike, Uekusa, Nobuhiro, Ueno, Kenji, Umemori, Kensei, Ummenhofer, Martin, Underwood, David, Uozumi, Satoru, Urakawa, Junji, Urban, Jeremy, Uriot, Didier, Urner, David, Ushakov, Andrei, Usher, Tracy, Uzunyan, Sergey, Vachon, Brigitte, Valerio, Linda, Valin, Isabelle, Valishev, Alex, Vamra, Raghava, Graaf, Harry, Kooten, Rick, Zandbergen, Gary, Vanel, Jean-Charles, Variola, Alessandro, Varner, Gary, Velasco, Mayda, Velte, Ulrich, Velthuis, Jaap, Vempati, Sundir K., Venturini, Marco, Vescovi, Christophe, Videau, Henri, Vila, Ivan, Vincent, Pascal, Virey, Jean-Marc, Visentin, Bernard, Viti, Michele, Vo, Thanh Cuong, Vogel, Adrian, Vogt, Harald, Toerne, Eckhard, Vorozhtsov, S. B., Vos, Marcel, Votava, Margaret, Vrba, Vaclav, Wackeroth, Doreen, Wagner, Albrecht, Wagner, Carlos E. M., Wagner, Stephen, Wake, Masayoshi, Walczak, Roman, Walker, Nicholas J., Walkowiak, Wolfgang, Wallon, Samuel, Walsh, Roberval, Walston, Sean, Waltenberger, Wolfgang, Walz, Dieter, Wang, Chao En, Wang, Chun Hong, Wang, Dou, Wang, Faya, Wang, Guang Wei, Wang, Haitao, Wang, Jiang, Wang, Jiu Qing, Wang, Juwen, Wang, Lanfa, Wang, Lei, Wang, Min-Zu, Wang, Qing, Wang, Shu Hong, Wang, Xiaolian, Wang, Xue-Lei, Wang, Yi Fang, Wang, Zheng, Wanzenberg, Rainer, Ward, Bennie, Ward, David, Warmbein, Barbara, Warner, David W., Warren, Matthew, Washio, Masakazu, Watanabe, Isamu, Watanabe, Ken, Watanabe, Takashi, Watanabe, Yuichi, Watson, Nigel, Wattimena, Nanda, Wayne, Mitchell, Weber, Marc, Weerts, Harry, Weiglein, Georg, Weiland, Thomas, Weinzierl, Stefan, Weise, Hans, Weisend, John, Wendt, Manfred, Wendt, Oliver, Wenzel, Hans, Wenzel, William A., Wermes, Norbert, Werthenbach, Ulrich, Wesseln, Steve, Wester, William, White, Andy, White, Glen R., Wichmann, Katarzyna, Wienemann, Peter, Wierba, Wojciech, Wilksen, Tim, Willis, William, Wilson, Graham W., Wilson, John A., Wilson, Robert, Wing, Matthew, Winter, Marc, Wirth, Brian D., Wolbers, Stephen A., Wolff, Dan, Wolski, Andrzej, Woodley, Mark D., Woods, Michael, Woodward, Michael L., Woolliscroft, Timothy, Worm, Steven, Wormser, Guy, Wright, Dennis, Wright, Douglas, Wu, Andy, Wu, Tao, Wu, Yue Liang, Xella, Stefania, Xia, Guoxing, Xia, Lei, Xiao, Aimin, Xiao, Liling, Xie, Jia Lin, Xing, Zhi-Zhong, Xiong, Lian You, Xu, Gang, Xu, Qing Jing, Yajnik, Urjit A., Yakimenko, Vitaly, Yamada, Ryuji, Yamaguchi, Hiroshi, Yamamoto, Akira, Yamamoto, Hitoshi, Yamamoto, Masahiro, Yamamoto, Naoto, Yamamoto, Richard, Yamamoto, Yasuchika, Yamanaka, Takashi, Yamaoka, Hiroshi, Yamashita, Satoru, Yamazaki, Hideki, Yan, Wenbiao, Yang, Hai-Jun, Yang, Jin Min, Yang, Jongmann, Yang, Zhenwei, Yano, Yoshiharu, Yazgan, Efe, Yeh, G. P., Yilmaz, Hakan, Yock, Philip, Yoda, Hakutaro, Yoh, John, Yokoya, Kaoru, Yokoyama, Hirokazu, York, Richard C., Yoshida, Mitsuhiro, Yoshida, Takuo, Yoshioka, Tamaki, Young, Andrew, Yu, Cheng Hui, Yu, Jaehoon, Yu, Xian Ming, Yuan, Changzheng, Yue, Chong-Xing, Yue, Jun Hui, Zacek, Josef, Zagorodnov, Igor, Zalesak, Jaroslav, Zalikhanov, Boris, Zarnecki, Aleksander Filip, Zawiejski, Leszek, Zeitnitz, Christian, Zeller, Michael, Zerwas, Dirk, Zerwas, Peter, Zeyrek, Mehmet, Zhai, Ji Yuan, Zhang, Bao Cheng, Zhang, Bin, Zhang, Chuang, Zhang, He, Zhang, Jiawen, Zhang, Jing, Zhang, Jing Ru, Zhang, Jinlong, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, X., Zhang, Yuan, Zhang, Zhige, Zhang, Zhiqing, Zhang, Ziping, Zhao, Haiwen, Zhao, Ji Jiu, Zhao, Jing Xia, Zhao, Ming Hua, Zhao, Sheng Chu, Zhao, Tianchi, Zhao, Tong Xian, Zhao, Zhen Tang, Zhao, Zhengguo, Zhou, Min, Zhou, Feng, Zhou, Shun, Zhu, Shou Hua, Zhu, Xiong Wei, Zhukov, Valery, Zimmermann, Frank, Ziolkowski, Michael, Zisman, Michael S., Zomer, Fabian, Zong, Zhang Guo, Zorba, Osman, and Zutshi, Vishnu

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, physics.ins-det
Abstract

This report, Volume IV of the International Linear Collider Reference Design Report, describes the detectors which will record and measure the charged and neutral particles produced in the ILC's high energy e+e- collisions. The physics of the ILC, and the environment of the machine-detector interface, pose new challenges for detector design. Several conceptual designs for the detector promise the needed performance, and ongoing detector R&D is addressing the outstanding technological issues. Two such detectors, operating in push-pull mode, perfectly instrument the ILC interaction region, and access the full potential of ILC physics. This report, Volume IV of the International Linear Collider Reference Design Report, describes the detectors which will record and measure the charged and neutral particles produced in the ILC's high energy e+e- collisions. The physics of the ILC, and the environment of the machine-detector interface, pose new challenges for detector design. Several conceptual designs for the detector promise the needed performance, and ongoing detector R&D is addressing the outstanding technological issues. Two such detectors, operating in push-pull mode, perfectly instrument the ILC interaction region, and access the full potential of ILC physics.

34. [Unconstrained detection of ballistocardiogram and heart rate based on vibration acceleration].

Author

Tian H, Zhao H, Guo S, Liu J, and Wang X

Subjects
Electrocardiography, Humans, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Acceleration, Ballistocardiography, Heart Rate, Vibration
Abstract

The requirement for unconstrained monitoring of heartbeat during sleep is increasing, but the current detection devices can not meet the requirements of convenience and accuracy. This study designed an unconstrained ballistocardiogram (BCG) detection system using acceleration sensor and developed a heart rate extraction algorithm. BCG is a directional signal which is stronger and less affected by respiratory movements along spine direction than in other directions. In order to measure the BCG signal along spine direction during sleep, a 3-axis acceleration sensor was fixed on the bed to collect the vibration signals caused by heartbeat. An approximate frequency range was firstly assumed by frequency analysis to the BCG signals and segmental filtering was conducted to the original vibration signals within the frequency range. Secondly, to identify the true BCG waveform, the accurate frequency band was obtained by comparison with the theoretical waveform. The J waves were detected by BCG energy waveform and an adaptive threshold method was proposed to extract heart rates by using the information of both amplitude and period. The accuracy and robustness of the BCG detection system proposed and the algorithm developed in this study were confirmed by comparison with electrocardiogram (ECG). The test results of 30 subjects showed a high average accuracy of 99.21% to demonstrate the feasibility of the unconstrained BCG detection method based on vibration acceleration.

Published
2019
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35. Understanding water structure from Raman spectra of isotopic substitution H 2 O/D 2 O up to 573 K.

Author

Hu Q, Zhao H, and Ouyang S

Abstract

The OH/OD stretch band on Raman spectra of water is complex, and understanding the spectral features based on water structure needs further study. This study investigates Raman spectra of isotopic substitution (IS) of water (with volume ratio V H 2 O /V D 2 O of 0/1, 1/4, 1/1, 4/1 and 1/0) at temperatures from 303 to 573 K. The data show that the OH and OD stretch band profiles are similar in their dependences on temperature and IS ratio. IS reduces the band widths at low temperatures but the reducing effect diminishes above ∼450 K, due to the largely enhanced intensity of the high-frequency shoulder (∼3650 cm -1 /2690 cm -1 ), which turns into the main peak for the OH (or OD) stretch bands when V H 2 O /V D 2 O (or V D 2 O /V H 2 O ) reaches 1/4 at temperatures over ∼510 K. These spectral features strongly indicate a multi-structure model stating that water has various local hydrogen bonding (HB) environments. Intermolecular vibrational couplings are important in determining the band width, while intramolecular vibrational couplings are not recommended for interpreting the OH/OD stretch band. Five dominant HB configurations are identified in water: two types of tetrahedral, single donor (SD) HB configuration, single hydrogen-bonded water (SHW), and free water (FW) without any hydrogen bonds, which are represented by five sub-bands. It is estimated that most (>50%) of the water molecules are in highly asymmetric HB environments (SD and SHW). The increase of temperature breaks HB structure and IS further promotes structure transition from tetrahedral to SD, SHW and FW. Then, number of hydrogen bonds in water are greatly reduced by temperature and IS.

Published
2017
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