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As the most representative element of ancient villages, street space reflects the development context and characteristics of ancient villages. In the face of the study of the characteristic form of street space, we should first understand the characteristics of street space. Articles in huizhou hong cun, for example, starting from the big cultural viewpoint of design cultural perspective, through on-the-spot investigation and the historical data, from the ancient village space elements, streets space interface composition and node space, etc., analyzed the cultural viewpoint about characteristics of street space in the form of the influence, we reveal the characters of street Spaces included, deep, It is expected to provide reference for the research and understanding of ancient villages from the perspective of design culture.

Under high-temperature batch fluidized bed conditions and by employing Juye coal as the raw material, the present study determined the effects of the bed material, temperature, OC/C ratio, steam flow and oxygen carrier cycle on the chemical looping combustion of coal. In addition, the variations taking place in the surface functional groups of coal under different reaction times were investigated, and the variations achieved by the gas released under the pyrolysis and combustion of Juye coal were analyzed. As revealed from the results, the carbon conversion ratio and rate were elevated significantly, and the volume fraction of the outlet CO2 remained more than 92% under the oxygen carriers. The optimized reaction conditions to achieve the chemical looping combustion of Juye coal consisted of a temperature of 900 °C, an OC/C ratio of 2, as well as a steam flow rate of 0.5 g·min−1. When the coal was undergoing the chemical looping combustion, volatiles primarily originated from the pyrolysis of aliphatic CH3 and CH2, and CO and H2 were largely generated from the gasification of aromatic carbon. In the CLC process, H2O and CO2 began to separate out at 270 °C, CH4 and tar began to precipitate at 370 °C, and the amount of CO2 was continuously elevated with the rise of the temperature.

Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays an important role in the generation, metabolism and survival of tumor. We are aimed to make a comprehensive exploration of the UPS's role in ccRCC with bioinformatic tools, which may contribute to the understanding of UPS in ccRCC, and give insight for further research. Methods: The UPS-related genes (UPSs) were collected by an integrative approach. The expression and clinical data were downloaded from TCGA database. R soft was used to perform the differentially expressed UPSs analysis, functional enrichment analysis. We also estimated prognostic value of each UPS with the help of GEPIA database. Two predicting models were constructed with the differentially expressed UPSs and prognosis-related genes, respectively. The correlations of risk score with clinical characteristics were also evaluated. Data of GSE29609 cohort were obtained from GEO database to validate the prognostic models. Results: We finally identified 91 differentially expressed UPSs, 48 prognosis related genes among them, and constructed a prognostic model with 18 UPSs successfully, the AUC was 0.760. With the help of GEPIA, we found 391 prognosis-related UPSs, accounting for 57.84% of all UPSs. Another prognostic model was constructed with 28 prognosis-related genes of them, and with a better AUC of 0.825. Additionally, our models can also stratify patients into high and low risk groups accurately in GSE29609 cohort. Similar prognostic values of our models were observed in the validated GSE29609 cohort. Conclusions: UPS is dysregulated in ccRCC. UPS related genes have significant prognostic value in ccRCC. Models constructed with UPSs are effective and applicable. An abnormal ubiquitin proteasome system should play an important role in ccRCC and be worthy of further study.

Zhengdong Gao,1,2,* Yaxiao Liu,1,2,* Lekai Zhang,1,2 Zizhuo Yang,1,2 Linchen Lv,1,2 Shuai Wang,1,2 Lipeng Chen,1,2 Nan Zhou,1,2 Yaofeng Zhu,1 Xuewen Jiang,1 Benkang Shi,1,2 Yan Li1,2 1Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Benkang Shi; Yan Li, Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China, Email bkang68@sdu.edu.cn; yanli@sdu.edu.cnPurpose: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can evoke a rapid host immune response leading to bladder inflammation and epithelial damage. Neuroimmune interactions are critical for regulating immune function in mucosal tissues. Yet the role of nociceptor neurons in bladder host defense has not been well defined. This study aimed to explore the interaction between nociceptor neurons and bladder immune system during UTIs.Methods: In this study, whether uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can directly stimulate nociceptor neurons was detected. Female C57BL/6J mice were treated with high dose of capsaicin, a high-affinity TRPV1 agonist, to ablate nociceptor neurons. Bladder inflammation, barrier epithelial function and bladder immune cell infiltration were assessed after UPEC infection. The level of neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in infected bladder was detected. Furthermore, the effects of CGRP on neutrophils and macrophages were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.Results: We found that UPEC and its pathogenic factor LPS could directly excite nociceptor neurons, releasing CGRP into infected bladder, which suppressed the recruitment of neutrophils, the polarization of macrophages and the killing function of UPEC. Both Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) and BIBN4096 (CGRP antagonism) blocked neuronal inhibition and prevented against UPEC infection.Conclusion: The present study showed a novel mechanism by which UPEC stimulated the secretion of CGRP from nociceptor neurons to suppress innate immunity.Keywords: UTIs, CGRP, nociceptor neurons, UPEC, innate immune cells

We did this research to observe the effect of LIPUS on long bone fracture repair and caveolin-1, β-catenin signaling expression in the radius defects of rabbits, to explore its possible molecular mechanisms. 24 male New Zealand rabbits with bilateral radial bone defects were divided into 4 groups randomly, n = 6. The right side had daily LIPUS exposure for 20 minutes, while the left received sham treatment. After 7, 14, 21, 28 days, respectively, fracture healing was observed by X-ray imaging and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan, specimens were harvested for histology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression analysis. We found that LIPUS brought forward endochondral ossification, increased the bone callus size without changes in Bone Mineral Density (BMD). The caveolin-1 expression increased first then decreased, while the β-catenin kept growing during the process. These demonstrated that caveolin-1 participated in fracture healing accelerated by LIPUS, which was speculated to play a dual role in β-catenin signaling expression.

We report an on-chip high-speed visible-band electro-optic modulator that can operate over the full visible spectrum of 400–700 nm, with a record low V π ⋅ L of 0.48, 0.25, and 0.17 V ⋅ c m at red, green, and blue wavelengths of 630, 520, and 450 nm, respectively, and an operation bandwidth of > 20 G H z .

The development of tourism in historical villages has a certain impact on the native environment, which leads to visitors occupying community public spaces relatively frequently. The design of rural public spaces, especially in relation to the street network’s spatial configuration, significantly affects how villagers interact with one another. This research investigated the influence of street network space on the regional social interaction preferences of rural community populations by applying space syntax theory. Three typical villages in southern Anhui, China, were the subject of an observation analysis of social behaviors and pedestrian volumes on street networks. Using a segment model, it was possible to determine seven spatial configuration attributes of streets, including depth to the village entrance (DtoE), connectivity, curvature, the normalized angle choice (NACH) and integration (NAIN) with two radii. A considerable joint effect of street spatial type and spatial layout attributes on the regional social interaction preferences of rural community populations was found by MANOVA and stepwise regression analysis. The sampled community tends to engage in social activities in branch streets, and the pedestrian volume contained 67.1% of all the observed people in the street networks. Streets’ spatial attributes with lower NACH or NAIN levels (less usability or accessibility) and higher DtoE or curvature levels (more privacy or deformation) have greater influences on community pedestrian volumes. Regarding street type, the in-between space was found to have the most significant effect on the pedestrian volume of the branch streets, which are the preferred zones of community populations in the context of social activities.

Alteration of bladder morphology and function was the most important consequence of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). Using a rat model of partial BOO (pBOO), we found that rats treated with metformin showed lower baseline pressures with a reduced inflammatory reaction in the early phase (2 wk) after pBOO. The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome pathway was inhibited in pBOO rat bladders with treatment of metformin in the early phase. Metformin reduced the activity of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 in primary urothelial cells. In the chronic phase (9 wk after pBOO), metformin treatment ameliorated bladder fibrosis and improved the reduced compliance. Treatment with metformin suppressed the activation of Smad3 and compensated the diminished autophagy in 9-wk pBOO rat bladders. Autophagy was inhibited with upregulation of profibrotic proteins in primary fibroblasts from chronic pBOO bladders, which could be restored by administration of metformin. The antifibrotic effects of metformin on fibroblasts were diminished after silencing of AMP-activated protein kinase or light chain 3B. In summary, this study elucidates that oral administration of metformin relieves inflammation in the bladder during the early phase of pBOO. Long-term oral administration of metformin can prevent functional and histological changes in the pBOO rat bladder. The current study suggests that metformin might be used to prevent the development of bladder dysfunction secondary to BOO.

Objectives Much of the information to date in terms of subtypes and function of bladder urothelial cells were derived from anatomical location or by the expression of a small number of marker genes. To have a comprehensive map of the cellular anatomy of bladder urothelial cells, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing to thoroughly characterize mouse bladder urothelium. Materials and methods A total of 18,917 single cells from mouse bladder urothelium were analysed by unbiased single‐cell RNA sequencing. The expression of the novel cell marker was confirmed by immunofluorescence using urinary tract infection models. Results Unsupervised clustering analysis identified 8 transcriptionally distinct cell subpopulations from mouse bladder urothelial cells. We discovered a novel type of bladder urothelial cells marked by Plxna4 that may be involved with host response and wound healing. We also found a group of basal‐like cells labelled by ASPM that could be the progenitor cells of adult bladder urothelium. ASPM+ urothelial cells are significantly increased after injury by UPEC. In addition, specific transcription factors were found to be associated with urothelial cell differentiation. At the last, a number of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome–regulating genes were found differentially expressed among different urothelial cell subpopulations. Conclusions Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of bladder urothelial cells, which is fundamental to understanding the biology of bladder urothelium and associated bladder disease., Much of the information to date in terms of subtypes and function of bladder urothelial cells were derived from anatomical location or by the expression of a small number of marker genes. To have a comprehensive map of the cellular anatomy of bladder urothelial cells, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing to thoroughly characterize mouse bladder urothelium. A total of 18 917 single cells from mouse bladder urothelium were analysed by unbiased single‐cell RNA sequencing. The expression of the novel cell marker was confirmed by immunofluorescence using urinary tract infection models. Unsupervised clustering analysis identified 8 transcriptionally distinct cell subpopulations from mouse bladder urothelial cells. We discovered a novel type of bladder urothelial cells marked by Plxna4 that may be involved with host response and wound healing. We also found a group of basal‐like cells labelled by ASPM that could be the progenitor cells of adult bladder urothelium. ASPM+ urothelial cells are significantly increased after injury by UPEC. In addition, specific transcription factors were found to be associated with urothelial cell differentiation. At the last, a number of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome–regulating genes were found differentially expressed among different urothelial cell subpopulations. Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of bladder urothelial cells, which is fundamental to understanding the biology of bladder urothelium and associated bladder disease.

Abbe diffraction limit has always been an important subject in conventional far-field focusing and imaging systems, where the resolution of an image is usually limited to 0.5λ/NA. Recently, the studies of the optical super-oscillation lens (SOL) enable us to break the limitation in both theory and practice successfully. Here a genetic algorithm was introduced to design the SOL phase more controllably and precisely obtain much better focusing such as the focal spot with 0.105λ/NA (or 79.0% minification) in the simulation and 65.5% minification in the experimental demonstration. This technique is of great significance in advanced optical lithography or biology microscopy, because it promises non-invasive unlabelled imaging from the far field.

BACKGROUND: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have roles in regulating metabolism; however, the global expression profile of metabolic pathway‐associated lncRNAs in gastric cancer is unknown. The purpose of our study was to examine metabolic pathway‐related lncRNAs in gastric cancer and their possible diagnostic values. METHODS: Differential expression patterns of metabolic pathway‐related lncRNAs between gastric cancer and paired nontumor tissues were detected using metabolic pathway‐associated lncRNA microarrays. The expression of RP11‐555H23.1, one representative metabolic pathway‐associated lncRNA, was validated using quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). The associations between RP11‐55H23.1 expression and the clinicopathological features of gastric cancer patients were analyzed. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was further established. RESULTS: A total of 114 differentially expressed metabolic pathway‐associated lncRNAs (fold change >2, P