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Abstract We study the ℤ2 and U(1) Abelian lattice gauge theories using a bootstrap method, in which the loop equations and positivity conditions are employed for Wilson loops with lengths L ⩽ L max to derive two-sided bounds on the Wilson loop averages. We address a fundamental question that whether the constraints from loop equations and positivity are strong enough to solve lattice gauge theories. We answer this question by bootstrapping the 2D U(1) lattice gauge theory. We show that with sufficiently large L max = 60, the two-sided bounds provide estimates for the plaquette averages with precision near 10 −8 or even higher, suggesting the bootstrap constraints are sufficient to numerically pin down this theory. We compute the bootstrap bounds on the plaquette averages in the 3D ℤ2 and U(1) lattice gauge theories with L max = 16. In the regions with weak or strong coupling, the two-sided bootstrap bounds converge quickly and coincide with the perturbative results to high precision. The bootstrap bounds are well consistent with the Monte Carlo results in the nonperturbative region. We observe interesting connections between the bounds generated by the bootstrap computations and the Griffiths’ inequalities. We present results towards bootstrapping the string tension and glueball mass in Abelian lattice gauge theories.

Abstract The importance of molecular docking in drug discovery lies in the precise recognition between potential drug compounds and their target receptors, which is generally based on the computational method. However, it will become quite interesting if the rigid cavity structure of supramolecular macrocycles can precisely recognize a series of guests with specific fragments by mimicking molecular docking through co-crystallization experiments. Herein, we report a phenylphosphine oxide-bridged aromatic supramolecular macrocycle, F[3]A1-[P(O)Ph]3, which precisely recognizes benzonitrile derivatives through non-covalent interactions to form key-lock complexes by co-crystallization method. A total of 15 various benzonitrile derivatives as guest molecules are specifically bound by F[3]A1-[P(O)Ph]3 in co-crystal structures, respectively. Notably, among them, crisaborole (anti-dermatitis) and alectinib (anti-cancer) with the benzonitrile fragment, which are two commercial drug molecules approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), could also form a key-lock complex with F[3]A1-[P(O)Ph]3 in the crystal state, respectively.

Abstract The integration of Augmented Reality (AR) into daily surgical practice is withheld by the correct registration of pre‐operative data. This includes intelligent 3D model superposition whilst simultaneously handling real and virtual occlusions caused by the AR overlay. Occlusions can negatively impact surgical safety and as such deteriorate rather than improve surgical care. Robotic surgery is particularly suited to tackle these integration challenges in a stepwise approach as the robotic console allows for different inputs to be displayed in parallel to the surgeon. Nevertheless, real‐time de‐occlusion requires extensive computational resources which further complicates clinical integration. This work tackles the problem of instrument occlusion and presents, to the authors’ best knowledge, the first‐in‐human on edge deployment of a real‐time binary segmentation pipeline during three robot‐assisted surgeries: partial nephrectomy, migrated endovascular stent removal, and liver metastasectomy. To this end, a state‐of‐the‐art real‐time segmentation and 3D model pipeline was implemented and presented to the surgeon during live surgery. The pipeline allows real‐time binary segmentation of 37 non‐organic surgical items, which are never occluded during AR. The application features real‐time manual 3D model manipulation for correct soft tissue alignment. The proposed pipeline can contribute towards surgical safety, ergonomics, and acceptance of AR in minimally invasive surgery.

Abstract Background To review the treatment and the causes of postoperative epidural hematoma (PEDH) after intracranial tumor resection. Method A retrospective case study was conducted to examine a series of patients who developed PEDH as a complication following intracranial tumor resection between January 2016 and June 2021. The study collected data from hospital charts, including clinical status at admission, imaging results, histopathologic findings, surgical management, complications, and outcomes. Causes of PEDH were evaluated through a review of operative notes and discussions with the surgical team. Results Twenty-five patients (10 males, 15 females; median age 42 years, range 11–61 years; median medical history 27 months, range 1–96 months) were enrolled in the study. Regarding tumor location, 16 cases exhibited supratentorial brain tumors, 4 cases had infratentorial brain tumors, 2 cases of tumors occurred in the petroclival region, 2 cases in the peritorcular region, and 1 case in the pineal region. Four of these cases were complicated with supratentorial hydrocephalus. The 25 cases in this study were classified into four types based on location. Type 1 refers to EDHs that occur at the adjacent site of the operative field without involvement of the surgical area. Type 2 includes hematomas that occur at the adjacent site of the surgical area and the surgical area. Type 3 includes EDHs that occur in distant areas, and type 4 involves EDHs in the surgical field. The numbers of cases of types 1, 2, 3, and 4 PEDHs were 16, 2, 3, and 4 cases, respectively. Most PEDHs were associated with reduced ICP after craniotomy due to intracranial tumor resection and substantial loss of CSF. All patients achieved satisfactory outcomes after hematoma evacuation. Conclusion The decrease in ICP resulting from intracranial tumor resection and CSF loss might lead to PEDHs. By employing optimized surgical techniques and meticulous patient management to prevent rapid decreases in ICP and dural detachment, we can potentially lower the incidence of PEDHs. Additionally, prompt evacuation of hematomas can contribute to positive outcomes.

Abstract Background Vulvar migration is a rare complication of filler injection for breast augmentation, generally presenting as repeated pain and fever. We will report a case of woman with polyacrylamide hydrogel breast injection develops vulvar abscess. Case presentation A woman with a history of polyacrylamide hydrogel breast injection was noted to have vulvar abscess due to migration of filler materials. Filler removal surgery and vacuum sealing drainage was performed for this patient. The patient was discharged from the hospital with no further complications. After a review of pertinent literature, only four previous case reports are found. Local inflammatory response, infection, large volume injections, inframammary fold destruction, hematogenous or lymphatic migrate, trauma, gravity and external pressure could play essential parts in the migration of injected filler. Conclusion Polyacrylamide hydrogel migration poses a worldwide challenge, necessitating personalized solutions. Our case study underscores the importance of comprehensive examinations for individuals with a history of filler breast injection when suspecting vulvar filler migration.

Introduction Keloids, benign fibroproliferative tumours characterised by excessive fibroblast proliferation and over-deposition of extracellular matrix, pose a therapeutic challenge with high recurrence rates. Betamethasone (diprospan) injection (BI) is one of the most common non-invasive therapies for keloids. Pulsed dye laser (PDL) has the function of closing microvessels, which may become one of the auxiliary treatment methods of BI and may enhance its curative effect. Some studies suggest that the combination of a dual-wavelength dye laser (DWL) and BI may offer superior efficacy. This randomised controlled trial aims to evaluate whether the combined therapy of DWL+BI outperforms BI alone in treating keloids.Methods and analysis This single-centre, parallel positive control, randomised trial evaluates the efficacy and safety of DWL (585 nm PDL+1064 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) combined with BI for keloid treatment. Enrolling 66 adult patients, participants are randomised into DWL+BI or BI groups in a 1:1 ratio. Over 12 weeks, each group undergoes four treatment sessions, ensuring blinding for outcome assessors. Data collection occurs at multiple time points (4, 12, 24 and 52 weeks), with primary outcomes assessing the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) improvement rate 24 weeks after the last intervention. Secondary outcomes include VSS improvement rates, changes in keloid volume, changes in relative perfusion index measured by laser speckle contrast imaging, Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale results and patient satisfaction. Safety assessments include vital signs, laboratory tests, pregnancy tests and self-reports of adverse reactions.Ethics and dissemination The results will be presented in peer-reviewed journals and at international conferences. This study is approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.Trial registration number Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR2400080148).

Background: Mpox re-emerged worldwide with the multi-country outbreaks that occurred in May 2022, threatening the public health of human beings. Methods: This rapid systematic review summarized mpox reinfection cases documented. Electronic databases (PubMed, MedRxiv, and Social Science Research Network) were searched without time limitation, using the keywords “mpox,” “monkeypox,” & “reinfection,” “reoccur,” “reoccurrence,” “episode,” and “relapse”. All laboratory-confirmed cases of mpox reinfection published in the literature were included in this study. Results: A total of seven publications (nine cases) from Africa, Europe, and South America were included. All mpox reinfection cases were male, with a median age of 36; 88.89% of cases had unprotected sexual behaviors with other males before each illness episode. The average onset interval between the two episodes was about 4 months. Perianal lesions and lymphadenopathy were major symptoms in both episodes, and no differences in clinical severity were reported between the two episodes. The mean duration of the two episodes was approximately 22 days and 13 days, respectively; which the mean duration of the second episode was shorter than the first infection (t = 2.17, p = 0.0487). Sexually transmitted infections were commonly concurrent among most cases, accounting for 55.6% and 77.8% in the two episodes, respectively. Full vaccination against mpox was rare among reinfection cases. Conclusion: A second infection is possible even in a short period. Reinforcing monitoring, reducing high-risk behaviors, and heightening health education regarding mpox for high-risk populations are crucial to limit mpox spread, including persons with a history of mpox infection.

Abstract We initiate the analytical functional bootstrap study of conformal field theories with large N limits. In this first paper we particularly focus on the 1D O(N) vector bootstrap. We obtain a remarkably simple bootstrap equation from the O(N) vector crossing equations in the large N limit. The numerical conformal bootstrap bound is saturated by the generalized free field theories, while its extremal functional actions do not converge to any non-vanishing limit. We study the analytical extremal functionals of this crossing equation, for which the total positivity of the SL(2, ℝ) conformal block plays a critical role. We prove the SL(2, ℝ) conformal block is totally positive in the limits with large ∆ or small 1 − z and show that the total positivity is violated below a critical value ∆ TP ∗ $$ {\Delta }_{\textrm{TP}}^{\ast } $$ ≈ 0.32315626. The SL(2, ℝ) conformal block forms a surprisingly sophisticated mathematical structure, which for instance can violate total positivity at the order 10 −5654 for a normal value ∆ = 0.1627! We construct a series of analytical functionals {α M } which satisfy the bootstrap positive conditions up to a range ∆ ⩽ Λ M . The functionals {α M } have a trivial large M limit. However, due to total positivity, they can approach the large M limit in a way consistent with the bootstrap positive conditions for arbitrarily high Λ M . Moreover, in the region ∆ ⩽ Λ M , the analytical functional actions are consistent with the numerical bootstrap results, therefore it clarifies the positive structure in the crossing equation analytically. Our result provides a concrete example to illustrate how the analytical properties of the conformal block lead to nontrivial bootstrap bounds. We expect this work paves the way for large N analytical functional bootstrap in higher dimensions.

Mesoscale eddies pervade the global ocean, characterized by a typical horizontal scale of approximately 100 km and a timescale on the order of a month. Forecasting these eddies is the primary objective in predicting the ocean’s “weather” over periods ranging from days to a month. This study provides a historical perspective on milestones in the evolution of successful mesoscale eddy-forecasting systems over the past half-century. Advances in eddy-resolving numerical models, observing systems, and, in particular, data assimilation (DA) algorithms have led to success in forecasting mesoscale eddies. Mesoscale eddies arise from baroclinic flow instabilities, making their forecast highly sensitive to initial conditions. A forecasting model must be appropriately initialized to generate subsequent forecasts successfully. DA integrates various observations into the model forecast, producing optimal estimates of the ocean state to initialize numerical models. An effective combination of observations from the Argo float observing network and a constellation of altimetry satellites is crucial for accurate estimates of the ocean state at the mesoscale through DA, ensuring success in forecasting mesoscale eddies. The temporal and spatial scales of the ocean state at different depths are greatly different. These ocean state characteristics pose multiple challenges in altimetry DA. To tackle these challenges, multiscale DA (MSDA) algorithms have been suggested, formulated, and implemented. Different strategies for the implementation of MSDA are discussed. The most pressing needs for further model development and enhancing mesoscale DA are outlined.

Abstract We bootstrap the deconfined quantum critical point (DQCP) and 3D Quantum Electrodynamics (QED3) coupled to N f flavors of two-component Dirac fermions. We show the lattice and perturbative results on the SO(5) symmetric DQCP are excluded by the bootstrap bounds with an assumption that the lowest singlet scalar is irrelevant. Remarkably, we discover a new family of kinks in the 3D SO(N) vector bootstrap bounds with N ⩾ 6. We demonstrate coincidences between SU(N f ) adjoint and SO N f 2 − 1 $$ \textrm{SO}\left({N}_f^2-1\right) $$ vector bootstrap bounds due to a novel algebraic relation between the crossing equations. By introducing gap assumptions breaking the SO N f 2 − 1 $$ \textrm{SO}\left({N}_f^2-1\right) $$ symmetry, the SU(N f ) adjoint bootstrap bounds with large N f converge to the 1/N f perturbative results of QED3. Our results provide strong evidence that the SO(5) DQCP is not continuous and the critical flavor number of QED3 is slightly above 2: N f ∗ ∈ 2 4 $$ {N}_f^{\ast}\in \left(2,4\right) $$ . Bootstrap results near N f ∗ $$ {N}_f^{\ast } $$ are well consistent with the merger and annihilation mechanism for the loss of conformality in QED3.

IntroductionDental caries is one of the most common and costly biofilm-dependent oral diseases in the world. Streptococcus mutans is the major cariogenic pathogen of dental caries. S. mutans synthesizes extracellular polysaccharides by autologous glucosyltransferases, which then promotes bacterial adhesion and cariogenic biofilm formation. The S. mutans biofilm is the principal target for caries treatment. This study was designed to explore the antibacterial activity and mechanisms of areca nut essential oil (ANEO) against S. mutans.MethodsThe ANEOs were separated by negative pressure hydro-distillation. The Kirby-Bauer method and broth microdilution method were carried out to evaluate the antibacterial activity of different ANEOs. The antibacterial mechanism was revealed by crystal violet staining, XTT reduction, microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon test, extracellular polysaccharide production assay, glucosyltransferase activity assay, lactate dehydrogenase leaking, propidium iodide staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytotoxicity of ANEOs was determine by MTT assay.ResultsThe ANEOs separated at different temperatures exhibited different levels of antibacterial activity against S. mutans, and the ANEO separated at 70°C showed the most prominent bacteriostatic activity. Anti-biofilm experiments showed that the ANEOs attenuated the adhesion ability of S. mutans by decreasing the surface hydrophobicity of the bacteria, prevented S. mutans biofilm formation by inhibiting glucosyltransferase activity, reducing extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, and reducing the total biofilm biomass and activity. SEM further demonstrated the destructive effects of the ANEOs on the S. mutans biofilm. Cell membrane-related experiments indicated that the ANEOs destroyed the integrity of the cell membrane, resulting in the leakage of lactic dehydrogenase and nucleic acids. SEM imaging of S. mutans cell showed the disruption of the cellular morphology by the ANEOs. The cytotoxicity assay suggested that ANEO was non-toxic towards normal oral epithelial cells.DiscussionThis study displayed that ANEOs exerted antibacterial activity against S. mutans primarily by affecting the biofilm and disrupting the integrity of the cell membrane. ANEOs has the potential to be developed as an antibacterial agent for preventing dental caries. Additionally, a new method for the separation of essential oil components is presented.

BackgroundAmbient temperature change is a risk factor for urolithiasis that cannot be ignored. The association between temperature and urolithiasis varies from region to region. Our study aimed to analyze the impact of extremely high and low temperatures on the number of inpatients for urolithiasis and their lag effect in Ganzhou City, China.MethodsWe collected the daily number of inpatients with urolithiasis in Ganzhou from 2018 to 2019 and the meteorological data for the same period. The exposure-response relationship between the daily mean temperature and the number of inpatients with urolithiasis was studied by the distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM). The effect of extreme temperatures was also analyzed. A stratification analysis was performed for different gender and age groups.ResultsThere were 38,184 hospitalizations for urolithiasis from 2018 to 2019 in Ganzhou. The exposure-response curve between the daily mean temperature and the number of inpatients with urolithiasis in Ganzhou was non-linear and had an observed lag effect. The warm effects (30.4°C) were presented at lag 2 and lag 5–lag 9 days, and the cold effects (2.9°C) were presented at lag 8 and lag 3–lag 4 days. The maximum cumulative warm effects were at lag 0–10 days (cumulative relative risk, CRR = 2.379, 95% CI: 1.771, 3.196), and the maximum cumulative cold effects were at lag 0–5 (CRR = 1.182, 95% CI: 1.054, 1.326). Men and people between the ages of 21 and 40 were more susceptible to the extreme temperatures that cause urolithiasis.ConclusionExtreme temperature was correlated with a high risk of urolithiasis hospitalizations, and the warm effects had a longer duration than the cold effects. Preventing urolithiasis and protecting vulnerable people is critical in extreme temperature environments.

A satellite altimeter measures sea surface height (SSH) along the nadir track. Multiple satellite altimeters have been in orbit, and the measurements been merged for mapping mesoscale eddies of ~100 km in size in the oceans. The capability of the mapped SSH for resolving mesoscale eddies depends on mapping algorithms. A two-dimensional variational (2DVAR) algorithm was implemented to generate mapped SSH at a grid size of 1/12° in the South China Sea. A range of comparisons were performed between the mapped SSH and the commonly used AVISO (Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic satellite data) mapped SSH data product at a grid size of 1/8° and 1/4°. The effective resolution, which represents the spatial scale that the data can resolve, was examined. The effective resolution of the mapped SSH using the 2DVAR algorithm is approximately 100 km, while it is 250 km with the 1/8° and 1/4° AVISO data products. The difference in the effective resolution results from the difference in the background state and thus the background error. The result suggests that the effective resolution of the mapped data could be increased by choosing a background state so that the associated errors could have a smaller decorrelation length scale.

We study the IR phase of three dimensional quantum electrodynamics (QED3) coupled to Nf=2 flavors of two-component Dirac fermions, which has been controversial for decades. This theory has been proposed to be self-dual with symmetry enhancement (SU(2)f×U(1)t)/Z2→O(4) at the IR fixed point. We focus on the four-point correlator of monopole operators with unit topological charge of U(1)t. We illustrate the O(4)→SU(2)f×U(1)t branching rules based on an O(4) symmetric positive structure in the monopole four-point crossing equations. We use conformal bootstrap method to derive nonperturbative constraints on the CFT data and test the conformality and self-duality of Nf=2 QED3. In particular we find the CFT data obtained from previous lattice simulations can be ruled out by introducing irrelevant assumptions in the spectrum, indicating the IR phase of Nf=2 QED3 is not conformal.

Abstract Infrared fixed points of gauge theories provide intriguing targets for the modern conformal bootstrap program. In this work we provide some preliminary evidence that a family of gauged fermionic CFTs saturate bootstrap bounds and can potentially be solved with the conformal bootstrap. We start by considering the bootstrap for SO(N) vector 4-point functions in general dimension D. In the large N limit, upper bounds on the scaling dimensions of the lowest SO(N) singlet and traceless symmetric scalars interpolate between two solutions at ∆ = D/2 − 1 and ∆ = D − 1 via generalized free field theory. In 3D the critical O(N) vector models are known to saturate the bootstrap bounds and correspond to the kinks approaching ∆ = 1/2 at large N. We show that the bootstrap bounds also admit another infinite family of kinks T D $$ {\mathcal{T}}_D $$ , which at large N approach solutions containing free fermion bilinears at ∆ = D − 1 from below. The kinks T D $$ {\mathcal{T}}_D $$ appear in general dimensions with a D-dependent critical N * below which the kink disappears. We also study relations between the bounds obtained from the bootstrap with SO(N) vectors, SU(N) fundamentals, and SU(N) × SU(N) bi-fundamentals. We provide a proof for the coincidence between bootstrap bounds with different global symmetries. We show evidence that the proper symmetries of the underlying theories of T D $$ {\mathcal{T}}_D $$ are subgroups of SO(N), and we speculate that the kinks T D $$ {\mathcal{T}}_D $$ relate to the fixed points of gauge theories coupled to fermions.

Abstract Three-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs) with slightly broken higher spin symmetry provide an interesting laboratory to study general properties of CFTs and their roles in the AdS/CFT correspondence. In this work we compute the planar four-point functions at arbitrary ’t Hooft coupling λ in the CFTs with slightly broken higher spin symmetry. We use a bootstrap approach based on the approximate higher spin Ward identity. We show that the bootstrap equation is separated into two parts with opposite parity charges, and it leads to a recursion relation for the λ expansions of the correlation functions. The λ expansions terminate at order λ 2 and the solutions are exact in λ. Our work generalizes the approach proposed by Maldacena and Zhiboedov to four-point correlators, and it amounts to an on-shell study for the 3D Chern-Simons vector models and their holographic duals in AdS 4. Besides, we show that the same results can also be obtained rather simply from bosonization duality of 3D Chern-Simons vector models. The odd term at order O(λ) in the spinning four-point function relates to the free boson correlator through a Legendre transformation. This provides new evidence on the 3D bosonization duality at the spinning four-point function level. We expect this work can be generalized to a complete classification of general four-point functions of single trace currents.

Abstract We compute the superconformal partial waves of the four-point correlator 〈JJJJ〉, in which the external operator J is the superconformal primary of the 4D N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 stress-tensor multiplet J $$ \mathcal{J} $$ . We develop the superembedding formalism for the superconformal field theories (SCFTs) with extended supersymmetry. In N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 SCFTs, the three- point functions JJO $$ \left\langle \mathcal{JJO}\right\rangle $$ with general multiplet O $$ \mathcal{O} $$ contain two independent nilpotent superconformal invariants and new superconformal tensor structures, which can be nicely constructed from variables in superembedding space, and the three-point functions can be written in compact forms. We compute the superconformal partial waves corresponding to the exchange of long multiplets using supershadow approach. The results are consistent with the non-trivial constraints by decomposing the N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 superconformal blocks into N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 superconformal blocks. Our results provide the necessary ingredient to study the fascinating 4D N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 SCFTs using conformal bootstrap.

Recent progress in deep learning (DL) has revived the interest on DL-based computer aided detection or diagnosis (CAD) systems for breast cancer screening. Patch-based approaches are one of the main state-of-the-art techniques for 2D mammogram image classification, but they are intrinsically limited by the choice of patch size, as there is no unique patch size that is adapted to all lesion sizes. In addition, the impact of input image resolution on performance is not yet fully understood. In this work, we study the impact of patch size and image resolution on the classifier performance for 2D mammograms. To leverage the advantages of different patch sizes and resolutions, a multi patch-size classifier and a multi-resolution classifier are proposed. These new architectures perform multi-scale classification by combining different patch sizes and input image resolutions. The AUC is increased by 3% on the public CBIS-DDSM dataset and by 5% on an internal dataset. Compared with a baseline single patch size and single resolution classifier, our multi-scale classifier reaches an AUC of 0.809 and 0.722 in each dataset.

BackgroundThe goal of this study was to identify potential predictive biomarkers for the therapeutic effect of infliximab (IFX) in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and explore the potential molecular mechanism of nonresponse to IFX treatment to achieve individualized treatment of RA.MethodsDifferential gene expression between IFX responders and nonresponders in the GSE58795 and GSE78068 datasets was identified. Coexpression analysis was used to identify the modules associated with nonresponse to IFX therapy for RA, and enrichment analysis was conducted on module genes. Least absolute shrink and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to develop a gene signature for predicting the therapeutic effect of IFX in RA, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the predictive value of the signature. Correlation analysis and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) were used to explore the potential role of the hub genes. Experimental validation was conducted in synovial tissue and RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs).ResultsA total of 46 common genes were obtained among the two datasets. The yellow-green module was identified as the key module associated with nonresponse to IFX therapy for RA. We identified a 25-gene signature in GSE78068, and the AUC for the signature was 0.831 in the internal validation set and 0.924 in the GSE58795 dataset(external validation set). Derlin-1 (DERL1) was identified as the hub gene and demonstrated to be involved in the immune response and autophagy regulation. DERL1 expression was increased in RA synovial tissue compared with OA synovial tissue, and DERL1-siRNA partially inhibited autophagosome formation in RA-FLSs.ConclusionThe 25-gene signature may have potential predictive value for the therapeutic effect of IFX in RA at the beginning of IFX treatment, and autophagy may be involved in nonresponse to IFX treatment. In particular, DERL1 may be associated with the regulation of autophagy.

With the increasing number of satellite altimeters in orbit, the effective resolution of merged multiple satellite altimetry data can be improved. We implement a two-dimensional variational (2-DVar) method to merge multiple satellite altimetry data and produce a daily gridded absolute dynamic topography (ADT) dataset with a grid size of 0.08 degrees. We conduct an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE), and the results show that the merged ADT dataset has an effective resolution of about 210 km. Compared with an independent sea surface temperature (SST) data, fine-scale structures can also be observed in the geostrophic flow of the new dataset. A relationship between effective resolution and the radius of a detected eddy is established and used for eddy analysis in the East China Sea (ECS) region. We observe that eddies in the open ocean are more numerous, have larger radii and live longer than those in other areas.

Abstract We use the conformal bootstrap approach to explore 5D CFTs with O(N) global symmetry, which contain N scalars ϕ i transforming as O(N) vector. Specifically, we study multiple four-point correlators of the leading O(N) vector ϕ i and the O(N) singlet σ. The crossing symmetry of the four-point functions and the unitarity condition provide nontrivial constraints on the scaling dimensions (Δ ϕ , Δ σ ) of ϕ i and σ. With reasonable assumptions on the gaps between scaling dimensions of ϕ i (σ) and the next O(N) vector ϕ i ′ (singlet σ ′ ) scalar, we are able to isolate the scaling dimensions (Δ ϕ , Δ σ ) in small islands. In particular, for large N = 500, the isolated region is highly consistent with the result obtained from large N expansion. We also study the interacting O(N) CFTs for 1≤N ≤100. Isolated regions on (Δ ϕ , Δ σ ) plane are obtained using conformal bootstrap program with lower order of derivatives Λ; however, they disappear after increasing Λ. For N = 100, no solution can be found with Λ = 25 under the assumptions on the scaling dimensions of next O(N) vector Δ ϕ i ′ ≥ 5.0 $$ {\varDelta}_{\phi_i^{\prime }}\ge\ 5.0 $$ (singlet Δ σ ′ ≥ 3.3). These islands are expected to be corresponding to interacting but nonunitary O(N) CFTs. Our results suggest a lower bound on the critical value N c > 100, below which the interacting O(N) CFTs turn into nonunitary.

We show that the scaling dimensions of lowest operators in conformal field theories (CFTs) can be isolated in small and closed regions from single correlator bootstrap. We find the conserved currents play crucial roles in bootstrapping the crossing equation. By imposing a mild gap between the scaling dimensions of the conserved current and its next operator, the scaling dimensions of lowest operators are forced to lie in small isolated regions, i.e., these CFTs can be almost fixed by few lowest operators in certain channels. For CFTs with extended supersymmetry, the single correlator crossing equation involves several conserved or shortened operators and by imposing gaps in these sectors it is possible to isolate different CFTs. Specifically, we bootstrap the isolated regions corresponding to the 3D Ising model, O(N) vector model, N=1,2 supersymmetric Ising models by introducing mild gaps in certain sectors with conserved or shortened operators.

Coastal zones are highly dynamical systems affected by a variety of natural and anthropogenic forcing factors that include sea level rise, extreme events, local oceanic and atmospheric processes, ground subsidence, etc. However, so far, they remain poorly monitored on a global scale. To better understand changes affecting world coastal zones and to provide crucial information to decision-makers involved in adaptation to and mitigation of environmental risks, coastal observations of various types need to be collected and analyzed. In this white paper, we first discuss the main forcing agents acting on coastal regions (e.g., sea level, winds, waves and currents, river runoff, sediment supply and transport, vertical land motions, land use) and the induced coastal response (e.g., shoreline position, estuaries morphology, land topography at the land–sea interface and coastal bathymetry). We identify a number of space-based observational needs that have to be addressed in the near future to understand coastal zone evolution. Among these, improved monitoring of coastal sea level by satellite altimetry techniques is recognized as high priority. Classical altimeter data in the coastal zone are adversely affected by land contamination with degraded range and geophysical corrections. However, recent progress in coastal altimetry data processing and multi-sensor data synergy, offers new perspective to measure sea level change very close to the coast. This issue is discussed in much detail in this paper, including the development of a global coastal sea-level and sea state climate record with mission consistent coastal processing and products dedicated to coastal regimes. Finally, we present a new promising technology based on the use of Signals of Opportunity (SoOp), i.e., communication satellite transmissions that are reutilized as illumination sources in a bistatic radar configuration, for measuring coastal sea level. Since SoOp technology requires only receiver technology to be placed in orbit, small satellite platforms could be used, enabling a constellation to achieve high spatio-temporal resolutions of sea level in coastal zones.

Observing system experiments are presented to characterise impacts of surface and vertical profile measurements on aerosol analysis and forecast skill. A three-dimensional (3D) variational data assimilation system is implemented within the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry model, and the control variables consist of eight species of the Model for Simulation Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry scheme. In the experiments, the 3D profiles of aircraft speciated observations and surface concentration observations acquired during the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change field campaign are assimilated. The data assimilation experiments are performed at 02:00 local time 2 June 2010, and surface observations at 02:00 and aircraft observations from 01:30 to 02:30 local time are assimilated. The results show that the assimilation of both aircraft and surface observations improves the subsequent forecasts. The improved forecast skill resulting from the assimilation of the aircraft profiles persists a time longer than the assimilation of the surface observations, which suggests the necessity of vertical profile observations for extending aerosol forecasting time.

Subfootprint variability (SFV), or representativeness error, is variability within the footprint of a satellite that can impact validation by comparison of in situ and remote sensing data. This study seeks to determine the size of the sea surface salinity (SSS) SFV as a function of footprint size in two regions that were heavily sampled with in situ data. The Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Studies-1 (SPURS-1) experiment was conducted in the subtropical North Atlantic in the period 2012–2013, whereas the SPURS-2 study was conducted in the tropical eastern North Pacific in the period 2016–2017. SSS SFV was also computed using a high-resolution regional model based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). We computed SFV at footprint sizes ranging from 20 to 100 km for both regions. SFV is strongly seasonal, but for different reasons in the two regions. In the SPURS-1 region, the meso- and submesoscale variability seemed to control the size of the SFV. In the SPURS-2 region, the SFV is much larger than SPURS-1 and controlled by patchy rainfall.

GEROS-ISS stands for GNSS REflectometry, radio occultation, and scatterometry onboard the International Space Station (ISS). It is a scientific experiment, successfully proposed to the European Space Agency in 2011. The experiment as the name indicates will be conducted on the ISS. The main focus of GEROS-ISS is the dedicated use of signals from the currently available Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in L-band for remote sensing of the Earth with a focus to study climate change. Prime mission objectives are the determination of the altimetric sea surface height of the oceans and of the ocean surface mean square slope, which is related to sea roughness and wind speed. These geophysical parameters are derived using reflected GNSS signals (GNSS reflectometry, GNSS-R). Secondary mission goals include atmosphere/ionosphere sounding using refracted GNSS signals (radio occultation, GNSS-RO) and remote sensing of land surfaces using GNSS-R. The GEROS-ISS mission objectives and its design, the current status, and ongoing activities are reviewed and selected scientific and technical results of the GEROS-ISS preparation phase are described.

We developed the data management system for the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration-sponsored Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (SPURS) Atlantic field campaign (SPURS-1). Data management support means more than simply collecting and archiving static data sets. It involves a complex mixture of data visualization, interaction with principal investigators, Web development, public outreach, quality assurance, and archiving for posterity.

We report the use of a 3-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation method as part of a numerical model off northern Chile. The numerical model is part of an ocean forecasting project that aims to understand the impact of environmental variability on the distribution of biological species in the area. We assimilated data from a simulated ocean observing system to recover a known state, obtaining a significantly smaller error when compared to a numerical run with no assimilation. Our results validate the computational implementation of the code, and allow us to evaluate the impact of the choice of data in the assimilation process: the assimilation of sea surface height being particularly important. We note that the assimilation of surface data propagates properly to greater depths and reduces the error with reference to the known state. This was possible by using covariance error matrices calculated previously for the California coastal area. The implementation of the data assimilation module is relatively simple and permits its use in operational forecasting systems, and for the design and evaluation of future ocean observational systems.

We study helical phase inflation which realizes “monodromy inflation” in supergravity theory. In the model, inflation is driven by the phase component of a complex field whose potential possesses helicoid structure. We construct phase monodromy based on explicitly breaking global U(1) symmetry in the superpotential. By integrating out heavy fields, the phase monodromy from single complex scalar field is realized and the model fulfills natural inflation. The phase-axion alignment is achieved from explicitly symmetry breaking and gives super-Planckian phase decay constant. The F-term scalar potential provides strong field stabilization for all the scalars except inflaton, which is protected by the approximate global U(1) symmetry. Besides, we show that helical phase inflation can be naturally realized in no-scale supergravity with SU(2,1)/SU(2)×U(1) symmetry since the supergravity setup needed for phase monodromy is automatically provided in the no-scale Kähler potential. We also demonstrate that helical phase inflation can be reduced to another well-known supergravity inflation model with shift symmetry. Helical phase inflation is free from the UV-sensitivity problem although there is super-Planckian field excursion, and it suggests that inflation can be effectively studied based on supersymmetric field theory while a UV-completed framework is not prerequisite.