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This article opens with a reflection on the extrinsic and intrinsic causes of the neglect of Chinese prose in sinological literary studies, followed by the construction of a patterning-based scheme for codifying Chinese prose forms. An in-depth analysis of eight famous texts, drawn from antiquity through the Qing, reveals how continual innovations in extratextual patterning and textual patterning have given rise to manifold and inherently related prose forms over the millennia. The close reading also sheds light on these prose forms' distinctive artistic features, as well as their symbiotic relationships with the three types of genres (narrative, descriptive, and expository) and with broad sociopolitical and cultural developments. It is hoped that these findings will generate serious interest in prose studies among literary sinologists.

The term qing 情 (emotion) has lain at the core of Chinese thinking about literature from antiquity through modern times. It is of profound paradigmatic significance because each major reconceptualization of qing by literary writers and scholars almost invariably signifies and undergirds a new direction of literary production and reception. Mapping out qing's long and complex lexical-conceptual history over the millennia is crucial to the study of Chinese literary thought, premodern and modern alike. In undertaking such a historicized macro study, this article consistently grounds it in the microanalysis of influential and representative statements on qing made since antiquity. Through careful contextualization, it seeks to determine which particular meaning(s) of qing is most likely intended in each instance and if and how an author has reconceptualized the term to present a new understanding of literature. It also strives to assess the theoretical significance of all major qing reconceptualizations in the broader context of Chinese intellectual and literary history. Wherever appropriate, it draws insights from Western emotion studies to illuminate hitherto unrecognized theoretical significance of some major qing reconceptualizations.

In order to ensure the using life requirements of the whole machine, it is necessary to predict the reliability of the internal chip components of the whole machine under the same environmental stress. According to the experimental results, we can try to eliminate the problem that the service life of the whole machine is reduced due to the failure of the chip component. The reliability life expectancy can increase the failure process of internal chip components and can reflect the problems of the chip more quickly. For a new chip component, the reliability index is unknown, which needs us to study and determine the stress cycle type and specific stress parameters of the environmental test, to judge its reliability. This article aims the airborne T/R component chip as an example, and studies, determines and evaluates its reliability index under Aircraft installed conditions. According to different operating conditions, the environmental stress screening test and the environmental adaptability test is carried out firstly. Then the stress cycle method of the stress reliability test is studied according to the airborne environment spectrum. The reliability test is carried out after the test stress cycle is determined which accelerates the deterioration. The experimental results are analyzed for the study of the failure mechanism. The reliability test process in this paper provides a reference for the follow-up reliability test research, which has great significance to the development of installed chip components.

In this paper, a high efficiency testing system for 5G high power and high linearity power amplifier (PA) is proposed. Two bidirectional couplers are used in the input/output channels for the return loss, gain and saturated output power measurement at the same time, which can simplify the system construction and calibration process. The date acquirement of S 11 /S 22 can be provided by four power meters connected to bidirectional coupler. By using the testing platform, the RF and system-level parameters of sub-6G PAs can be measured at the same time, and the automatic acquisition program generated by the Labview is used for quick access of data. The test period can be reduced dramatically which can save the time and money for the identification & inspection of the third-party testing agency. What is more, the calibration process can be simpler and the consistency between each test process can be better. For validation of the power amplifier measured system, three type of sub-6G PAs operated at 2.595GHz, 3.5GHz and 4.85GHz, respectively were measured by using this platform. The test result shows that the platform can provide reliable and effective test data for different 5G PAs. The test platform including hardware and software can be promoted for practitioners in the designer, user and third-party testing agency which is significant for the development of 5G industry chain.

In this letter, a constantly low-phase-noise voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with wide frequency tuning range (FTR) (44.4%) is presented. The presented VCO is based on a four-pole tunable bandpass filter (BPF) with quasi-elliptic frequency response and constant absolute bandwidth (CABW). Because the four-pole quasi-elliptic BPF is used, the low phase noise of the VCO is obtained, and because the CABW of the filter is kept within a wide FTR, the low phase noise is maintained over the wide FTR. Based on this concept, a demonstrative VCO is designed and measured. The oscillation frequency of the demonstrative VCO is able to be tuned from 1.35 to 2.12 GHz (44.4%) and the phase noise keeps better than −101.3 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and −127.8 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz over the FTR.

This article reveals the coherent theory of literary creation hidden within the multivalence of the term yi in Wang Changling's (ca. 698–ca. 756) writings on poetry. A close and intertextual reading demonstrates how Wang deftly appropriates various Daoist and Daoist-inspired notions of yi 意 to illuminate different phases of literary creation. Comparisons with the term's adaptations by earlier literary and calligraphy critics further accentuate Wang's unique and innovative approach. Looking into a hitherto neglected Buddhist source, the author uncovers a Buddhicized yi-xiang-yan 意-象-言 (conception-image-word) paradigm, one that allows Wang to move beyond the theories of Lu Ji (261–303) and Liu Xie (ca. 465–ca. 522). Borrowing the Buddhist sense of yi and yishi 意識, Wang demonstrates the creative mind's receptivity to the richness and nuances of the world, followed by its dynamic transformation of what it has absorbed in quietude. The result is a much more detailed view of the different phases of the creative process—one that leads to a new appreciation of its poetic results.

In this letter, a C-band compact wideband bandpass filter (BPF) with high selectivity and improved return loss (RL) is proposed. Two pairs of short-circuited stubs are employed on a transmission-line model to generate three transmission poles and two transmission zeros (TZs), where the odd- and even-mode analysis is used to analyze the resonant frequencies of the BPF. By applying the transversal signal-interference technique, two additional TZs can be generated in the upper and lower stopbands, respectively. The measured results show that the 3-dB fractional bandwidth is 62.8% at the center frequency of 5 GHz. The RL and the insertion loss within the passband are better than 22 and 0.6 dB, respectively. Moreover, the roll-off rate is up to 100 dB/GHz.

© 2019 IEEE. In this letter, an ultralow phase-noise differential oscillator is proposed using a balanced feedback filter based on quarter stepped-impedance resonators (QSIRs). Phase-noise performance of the designed oscillators can be significantly improved by taking advantage of high peak group delay, improved stopband suppression, and differential configuration of the proposed feedback filter. To verify the hypothesis and compare the phase-noise performance among single-ended and differential oscillators, both the prototypes are designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show that the designed single-ended and differential oscillators are operating at 1.953 GHz. The differential oscillator shows not only a good balanced output power of 8.29 dBm with a measured high suppression of 40.07 dB on the second harmonic but also a superior low phase-noise performance of −130.19 dBc/Hz at a frequency offset of 100 kHz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the best phase-noise performance among the state-of-the-art works designed on planar hybrid integrated circuits at a similar frequency range.

© 2019 IEEE. This paper presents a low phase noise differential oscillator by employing a balanced feedback bandpass filter (BPF) designed with the proposed stub-loaded nested split-ring resonator (SLNSRR). The proposed balanced BPF functions as a frequency stabilization element in its feedback loop. Taking advantage of the balanced structure, a high group delay is obtained by introducing a transition zero near the upper passband of feedback loop filter. The proposed differential oscillator can present a differential output with low phase noise performance. For proof of the concept, a 2 GHz differential oscillator has been designed, fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the 180o out-of-phase differential signals are obtained with almost the same peak-peak voltage among two channels. The output power is 9.18 dBm when oscillates at 2.004 GHz with the second harmonic suppression of 40.63 dB. The measured phase noise is -126.72 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz frequency offset. The figure-of-merit (FOM) at 100 kHz is -196.19 dBc/Hz. The phase noise performance of proposed differential oscillator is one of the best among open literatures.

In this letter, a three-pole frequency-agile bandpass filter (FA-BPF) with three transmission zeros (TZs) is presented. Based on the element variable coupling matrix (EVCM), the FA-BPF consists of two varactor-loaded quarter-wavelength resonators and one half-wave length resonator with varactors loaded at the specific position from the shorted-end. By adjusting the stub length from loading position to the shorted-end and the specific coupling length between resonators, the required coupling coefficients can be obtained for the FA-BPF with constant absolute bandwidth (CABW) and predefined frequency tuning range (FTR). To improve the frequency selectivity of the FA-BPF, the cross-coupling is realized for the topology of the filter, and thus a transmission zero (TZ) appears on the edge of passband. Besides, the source-load coupling is also introduced to generate two TZs to enhance the stopband rejection level. For demonstration, the FA-BPF is designed, fabricated and measured. The measurement results show that a great agreement with simulation results based on the proposed method.

In this letter, a novel low phase noise oscillator based on stubs loaded nested split-ring resonator (SLNSRR) is proposed. The SLNSRR consists of a nested split-ring resonator (NSRR) and two short-circuited stubs loaded symmetrically at the NSRR bottom. It possesses a compact size about $0.094\,\,\lambda _{g} \times 0.129\,\,\lambda _{g}$ (where $\lambda _{g}$ is the guided wavelength at the center frequency). Based on the proposed SLNSRR, a close-to-upper passband transmission zero has been realized in a bandpass filter. The filter has a sharp phase variation and leads to a steep group delay, which can obtain better phase noise performance in an oscillation circuit. For verifying the design, an L-band oscillator has been fabricated and measured. The measured results show that at the oscillation frequency of 1.98 GHz with 9.5-dBm output power, the phase noise is −127.22 and −145.43 dBc/Hz at 100-kHz and 1-MHz frequency offset, respectively. The figure-of-merit at 100-kHz frequency offset is −198.4 dBc/Hz.

In this paper, a compact X-band low phase noise oscillator based on a hybrid SIW cavity resonator is presented. This proposed resonator is composed of a circular waveguide cascaded by two rectangular waveguides. Two pairs of holes are embedded into the resonator to improve the Q-factor. Owing to the existence of discontinuous metal side walls, the fundamental mode $\mathbf{TM}_{110}$ of the circular waveguide can be applied to design the oscillation frequency of the oscillator. The fabricated oscillator has been demonstrated to oscillate at 9.5 GHz. The phase noise is less than −112.84 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset with 1.67 dBm output power, exhibiting the figure of merit (FOM) of −202.06 dBc/Hz.

© 2018 IEEE. This paper presents a low phase noise oscillator with high harmonic suppression employing a pair of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) quarter-wavelength resonators (QWR) in the feedback loop of the oscillator. By tuning the width of the SIW-QWR based filter, the stopband bandwidth can be extended while maintaining the high group delay in the passband. Taking advantages of the proposed SIW-QWR, an X-band low phase noise oscillator with the second and third harmonic suppression is designed, fabricated and tested. The measured results show that the oscillator operates at 8.08 GHz with -2.14 dBm output power. The second and third harmonic suppression of the presented oscillator can reach to 39.23 dB and 67.64 dB, respectively, with a single SIW-QWR filter. The phase noise performance of the proposed oscillator are -109.94 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz frequency offset and - 130.36 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz frequency offset, respectively.

In this letter, a low phase noise oscillator using a compact SIR EMC filter as frequency stabilization element is presented. The proposed filter is composed of a pair of compact quarter-wavelength step-impedance resonators(SIR) with mixed electrical and magnetic coupling(EMC). Due to introducing EMC between two resonators, a transmission zero(TZ) closed to the upper passband is realized and the upper-passband of the filter exhibits sharp selectivity characteristic. It achieves high group delay peak and high quality(Q) factor close to TZ. Therefore, the phase noise(PN) of microwave planar oscillator using this proposed filter can be reduced significantly at the oscillation frequency close to the high group delay peak frequency. To prove the method mentioned above, an S-band planar oscillator using the proposed filter with compact size is designed and fabricated. The measured results show that the designed oscillation frequency is 2.493GHz with 6.1dBm output power and its PN is −125.6 and −141.1 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and 1 MHz offset frequency, respectively. The figure of merit of the oscillator at 100kHz offset frequency is −198.5 dBc/Hz.

In this paper, a high-Q factor air-filled substrate integrated waveguide (AFSIW) resonator is firstly applied to the design of Ku-band low phase noise planar oscillator. The AFSIW resonator utilizes air-filled substrate to replace the dielectric-filled substrate. It can reduce loss, and realize higher quality factor than the conventional substrate integrated waveguide(SIW) resonator. The air-filled part of the AFSIW is covered by two metallic covers or two plated substrates, which can be integrated with other planar circuits and active devices easily. Therefore, taking the proposed AFSIW resonator as frequency stabilization element, microwave planar oscillator can realize excellent phase noise performance. To validate the proposed method, a Ku-band low phase noise planar oscillator based on AFSIW is firstly designed and measured. The results show that the oscillator operates at 14.84GHz with −5.9dBm output power. The measured phase noise and the calculated figure of merit(FOM) of the oscillator are −128.3dBc/Hz and −198.7dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset carrier frequency, respectively.

© 2018 IEEE. In this paper, a low phase noise VCO employing tunable stubs loaded nested split-ring resonator (SLNSRR) has been proposed By loading anti-pair varactors at each side of the SLNSRR, the center frequency of the SLNSRR filter can be tuned from 1.82 GHz to 2.18 GHz. In the oscillator design, the tunable SLNSRR filter is used as a frequency stable element to select the oscillation frequency while keeping the low phase noise performance. To validate the method, an L-band to S-band VCO is designed, fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the proposed VCO has a frequency tuning range from 1.787 GHz to 2.117 GHz with a 16.9 % bandwidth. Over this frequency range, the phase noises measured at 1 MHz frequency offset are better than -113.49 dBc/Hz.

© 2018 IEEE. In this paper, a novel frequency-tunable filter based low noise voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is proposed. The proposed tunable filter consists of a T-type resonator with four varactors and a pair of short-ended stubs connected with feedlines. High-Q can be achieved by introducing a transmission zero on the upper stopband, which can reduce the phase noise of the VCO. The whole size of the tunable filter is 0.002λ2g. The proposed VCO was fabricated and measured indicating a promising frequency-tuning range from 2.2 to 3.2 GHz with the second harmonic suppression level of better than 22 dB. The measured phase noise is -88-91.44dBc/Hz at 100KHz offset.

The author argues that Chinese characters have shaped Chinese poetic art not through their ideographic form but through their monosyllabic sound. Specifically, the pauses in a Chinese poetic line tend to be determined by sound patterns. Since monosyllabic sound is nearly always endowed with meaning, sound patterns tend to be semantic groupings as well. These groupings of meaning, in turn, determine syntax and, by extension, the organization of an entire poem. Given the semantic denseness of Chinese poetry, this structure is crucial to the overall meaning of a poem, to how we read or understand it. So what we have is something like sound ⇒ prosodic pattern ⇒ semantic grouping ⇒ syntax ⇒ structure. A multilayered integration of all these elements seems to represent the gestalt of Chinese poetic form, with monosyllabic sound as its foundation. At its best, this gestalt engenders a dynamic interplay of all its elements, from which poetic vision emerges.

This singular work presents the most comprehensive and nuanced studies available in any Western language of Chinese aesthetic thought and practice during the Six Dynasties (A.D. 220-589). A prologue details the historical context in which Six Dynasties aesthetics arose and sketches out its major stages of development. The ten essays that follow bring fresh perspectives to bear on important writings on literature, music, painting, calligraphy, and gardening. Grounded in close readings of primary texts, they reveal the complex, dynamic interplay between life and art, the sensuous and the metaphysical, and the artistic and the philosophical/religious that lies at the heart of the aesthetic thought and practice of the time.

In this letter, a compact microstrip bandstop filter (BSF) is proposed. The topology of the proposed filter is formed by a pair of coupled line with open-ended stub connected by a T-shaped transmission line. Owing to the structure symmetry, the closed-form expressions of scattering parameters can be achieved by odd-and even-methods. Then transmission zeros can be adjusted by coupled line width with open-ended stub, and the centre frequency can be tuned by the length of coupled line and open-ended stub in the middle together. In order to verify the proposed topology, a bandstop filter with 20dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 28% at centre frequency f 0 =4 GHz has been fabricated, and stopband rejection depth is less than −35dB.

A low phase noise oscillator based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) combline resonator is presented. By taking high-Q advantage of the resonator's superior characteristics, the proposed oscillator possesses low phase noise performance with a compact size. For validating the idea, an oscillator operating at X-band is designed and fabricated. The measured results show that at the oscillation frequency of 10.07 GHz with − 0.7 dBm output power, the phase noise is −127.25 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz frequency offset.

The four-character statement “ Yi yi ni zhi ” 以意逆志 by Mencius on how to interpret the Book of Poetry has won praise from critics of all persuasions for nearly a millennium. How could this Mencian statement become a credo for so many different and often mutually opposed interpretive traditions? The extraordinary “versatility” of the Mencian statement, this article suggests, has much to do with the rich inherent ambiguity of uninflected classical Chinese. By adroitly exploiting the ambiguities of the words yi 意, ni 逆, and zhi 志 as well as its syntax, traditional Chinese critics continually reinterpreted the Mencian statement in away that justified their novel interpretive approaches. So, by investigating the continual reinterpretation of the Mencian statement, this article maps out the rise of diverse interpretive approaches from pre-Han times through the Qing. It also discovers two distinctive thrusts of these approaches and sheds light on the underlying dynamic unity of the Chinese interpretive tradition.

Ni/Al2O3 nanocomposites were prepared by the mechanochemical synthesis method. The annealing process enlarges the grain size of both the metal Ni and insulating Al2O3 in the as-milled nanocomposite and leads to an increase of the saturation magnetization and a decrease of the surface anisotropy. An optimal reflection loss (RL) of −23 dB is obtained in the as-milled nanocomposite at 17.8 GHz for an absorber thickness of 6.6 mm. The annealed sample exhibits a RL exceeding −20 dB in the whole K u-band for an absorber thickness of 6.6–9.7 mm with an optimal RL of −54.7 dB at 13.2 GHz for a layer thickness of 9.3 mm. The excellent microwave-absorption properties are a consequence of a proper match of the dielectric and magnetic losses.

This paper is an attempt to investigate how Lu Ji and Liu Xie develop their theories of literary creation on the foundation of the early philosophical discourse on language and reality. The first part of the paper examines various key terms, concepts, and paradigms developed in the philosophical discourse. The second part pursues a close reading of Lu’s and Liu’s texts to demonstrate how ingeniously they adapt and integrate those terms, concepts, and paradigms to accomplish two important tasks: to establish a broad framework for conceptualizing literary creation and to differentiate the complex mental and linguistic endeavors at different stages of the creative process. The paper ends with some general reflections on the impact of the two essays on the subsequent development of Chinese literary and aesthetic thoughts.

There are numerous traces of Nietzsche's influence in Wang Guowei's "On the Dream of the Red Chamber " even though there is not a single mention of Nietzsche's name in that seminal essay. Nietzschean thought looms large where Wang openly disagrees with or quietly departs from the views of Schopenhauer and, to a lesser extent, those of Kant and Aristotle. His questioning of Schopenhauer's "no-life-ism" harks back to Nietzsche's challenge to Schopenhauer's life-negating ethics. His portrayal of Bao Yu reveals three distinctive character traits of the Nietzschean overman. In particular, the praise of Bao Yu's rebellious character reveals Wang's preference for the iconoclastic Nietzschean overman over the passive Schopenhauerian saint. A strong influence of Nietzsche's views of tragedy may also be observed in Wang's discussion of the tragic form. His modification of Aristotle's catharsis seems to have been made in the spirit of Nietzsche's criticism of its "pathological discharge." His stress on the ultimate salvational function of the Dream strongly reminds us of what Nietzsche has said about the life-saving role of the Dionysian tragedy in the Birth. Finally, in his conditional endorsement of "live-life-ism" we can see a thinly disguised repudiation of the extreme Darwinian tendency he mistakenly reads into Nietzsche's works. It should not be surprising that there are so many echoes of Nietzschean thought in "On the Dream." While writing this essay Wang was deeply occupied with the study of Nietzsche's aesthetic and ethical theories through comparisons with Schopenhauer's. If this influence of Nietzsche can be established on the basis of the evidence given above, there is then a need to reassess Nietzschean thought as a catalyst more important than hitherto thought for the rethinking of traditional Chinese literary and cultural traditions-a broad twentiethcentury critical and intellectual trend initiated by none other than Wang's "On the Dream."