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Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The focus of this research was to investigate the fate of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in naturally contaminated milk samples during various processing treatments such as skimming, boiling, sterilisation, pasteurisation and fermentation. The raw milk samples were collected, and AFM1‐contaminated samples were subjected to different processing treatments and analysed using AFM1 quantitative rapid test strip. Processing treatments like skimming and pasteurisation did not change the AFM1 content in milk, whereas high temperature heat treatments like boiling and sterilisation reduced AFM1 content up to 20%. Fermentation of milk with Streptococcus thermophilus reduced AFM1 up to 8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is an essential part of the human diet and is a nutrient‐rich food that improves nutrition and food security. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), adulterants, microbial loads, and physicochemical properties of raw cow's milk (CM) in Nekemte City, Ethiopia. A total of 12 samples of fresh CM were purposefully collected from four kebeles in the city (Bake Jama, Burka Jato, Cheleleki, and Bakanisa Kese) based on the potential of each milk production and distributor site. The AFM1 concentration was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a Sigma‐Aldrich standard (St. Louis, MO, USA). The concentrations of AFM1 in Bake Jama, Burka Jato, Cheleleki, and Bakanisa Kese were found to be 0.01–0.03 g/L, 0.31–0.35 g/L, 0.19–0.21 g/L, and 0.04–0.07 g/L, respectively. The concentrations of AFM1 in the present study varied significantly (p < 0.05) and ranged from 0.01 g/L to 0.35 g/L. These results show that of the 12 samples tested, all were positive for AFM1 and contaminated to varying degrees. The results of this study also revealed that the concentration of AFM1 in 7 (58%) of the 12 milk samples was above the European Union's (EU) maximum tolerance limit (0.05 g/L). The present study also revealed that of the investigated adulterants, only the addition of water had positive effects on three milk samples, while the remaining adulterants were not detected in any of the milk samples. The total bacterial count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC) were significantly (p < 0.05) different and ranged from 5.53 to 6.82 log10cfumL−1 and from 4.21 to 4.74 log10cfumL−1, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the milk samples in the present study were significantly (p < 0.05) different and ranged from 2.8% to 5.75% fat, 7.03% to 9.75% solid‐not‐fat (SNF), 2.35% to 3.61% protein, 3.33% to 5.15% lactose, 11.54% to 13.69% total solid, 0.16% to 0.18% titratable acid, 26.7 to 32.1°C, 6.35 to 6.55 pH, and 1.027 to 1.030 specific gravity. The physicochemical parameters of the raw milk in the study area met the required quality standards. Hence, further studies are required to determine the extent of the problem and the factors associated with high levels of AFM1 in raw milk in the study areas, including the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a major carcinogenic compound found in milk and dairy products, posing a constant risk to consumers in the Mediterranean region. This study systematically reviewed AFM1 presence in these products in Mediterranean countries over a period of 20 years and estimated the relevant nutritional exposure for consumers. Using data from three databases, 596 articles were retrieved with 123 meeting the inclusion criteria. The frequency of AFM1 occurrence was 40% regardless of milk type, with non-cow milk showing an increasing trend. Moreover, the Estimated Daily Intake of AFM1 from milk and dairy product consumption and the associated Hazard Index were determined. Notably, Southeastern Mediterranean countries presented higher contamination levels, leading to elevated Estimated Daily Intake and Hhazard Index values. Thermally processed milk showed high contamination levels, and among dairy products, cheeses were the most contaminated. This review highlights AFM1 as a persistent hazard in the dairy sector, underscoring the need for effective interventions throughout the milk production stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a major carcinogenic compound found in milk and dairy products, posing a constant risk to consumers in the Mediterranean region. This study systematically reviewed AFM1 presence in these products in Mediterranean countries over a period of 20 years and estimated the relevant nutritional exposure for consumers. Using data from three databases, 596 articles were retrieved with 123 meeting the inclusion criteria. The frequency of AFM1 occurrence was 40% regardless of milk type, with non-cow milk showing an increasing trend. Moreover, the Estimated Daily Intake of AFM1 from milk and dairy product consumption and the associated Hazard Index were determined. Notably, Southeastern Mediterranean countries presented higher contamination levels, leading to elevated Estimated Daily Intake and Hhazard Index values. Thermally processed milk showed high contamination levels, and among dairy products, cheeses were the most contaminated. This review highlights AFM1 as a persistent hazard in the dairy sector, underscoring the need for effective interventions throughout the milk production stages.

Background: The presence of aflatoxin M1, a toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic substance, poses significant health risks. Hence, this study assesses the levels of aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized, and sterilized milk obtained from the North Khorasan Province, Iran, and evaluates its potential impact on consumer health. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study randomly collected 189 raw milk samples. Additionally, 70 pasteurized and sterilized milk samples from supermarkets in the North Khorasan Province, Iran, were included. All samples were assessed for aflatoxin M1 contamination using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Meanwhile, statistical analysis (analysis of variance) was performed on the results. Results: The Mean±SD concentration of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk from the North Khorasan Province, Iran, was 18.44±34.6 ng/L, while pasteurized and sterilized milk had a higher mean concentration of 42.8±21.54 ng/L. The lowest concentration was found in Bojnord City, Iran, at 9.30±8.91 ng/L, while the highest concentration was detected in Jajarm at 30.70±80.50 ng/L. The mean contamination of aflatoxin M1 was not statistically significant (P=0.42) in most cities of the province. Meanwhile, 6.34% of raw milk and 11.4% of pasteurized milk samples had higher levels of aflatoxin M1 than the maximum limit recommended by the Iran National Standard Organization (INSO) (100 ng/L). However, none of the milk samples exceeded the permissible limit set by the Veterinary Organization of the country (500 ng/L). Conclusion: The mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk from the North Khorasan Province is lower than the European Union (EU) standard of 50 ng/L and the approved limit set by the country’s Veterinary Organization (500 ng/L). Therefore, it is not considered a significant threat to the health of adults.

Wagashi is a West African type cottage cheese locally prepared from cow milk. Wagashi like other milk products, is prone to microbial contamination, particularly by fungi. Many of these fungal species produce mycotoxins which are of serious public health concern. This work aimed to update the mycoflora profile and determine the concentrations of aflatoxin M1 and its health risk characterization due to the consumption of wagashi. Culturing the wagashi on mycological media (Oxytetracycline Glucose Yeast Extract OGYE, Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol DRBC) caused a de-novo growth of the quiescent spores at 28–30 °C for 5–7 days. The analysis of AFM1 levels in the samples was done using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography connected to a Fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The exposure and risk assessment to the AFMI levels were determined using deterministic models prescribed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The fungal counts ranged between 2.36–4.30 log10 CFU/g. In total, thirteen (13) fungal species from eight (8) genera were isolated from all wagashi samples. They are; Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium digitatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus terreus, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus fumigatus, Yeast sp., Mucor racemosus and Fusarium oligosporum belonging to the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Rhodotorula, Rhizopus, Yeast, and Mucor. The AFM1 observed in the wagashi samples' analysis was low, ranging from 0.00 (Not Detected) ± 0.00 − 0.06 ± 0.002 µg/Kg. Risk assessments of AFM1 using deterministic models produced outcomes that ranged between 5.92 × 10−3- 0.14 ng/kg bw/day, 1.42 –44.35, 0–0.0323 ng aflatoxins/kg bw/day, and 1.51 × 10−3 − 9.69 × 10−4 cases/100,000 person/yr for estimated daily intake (EDI), margin of exposure (MOE), average potency, and cancer risks, respectively, for the age categories investigated. Fungal counts were interpreted as medium to high. It was also established that the consumption of wagashi may pose adverse health effects on all age categories in the selected zones of the study since all calculated MOE values were less than 100,000.

ABSTRACT: A novel ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor based on split aptamer and Au-reduced graphene oxide (Au-rGO) nanomaterials was proposed to detect aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). In this work, Au-rGO nanomaterials were coated on the electrode through the electrodeposition method to increase the aptamer enrichment. We split the aptamer of AFM1 into 2 sequences (S1 and S2), where S1 was immobilized on the electrode due to the Au-S bond, and S2 was tagged with methylene blue (MB) and acted as a response signal. A complementary strand to S1 (CS1) labeled with ferrocene (Fc) was introduced as another reporter. In the presence of AFM1, CS1 was released from the electrode surface due to the formation of the S1-AFM1-S2 complex, leading to a decrease in Fc and an increase in the MB signal. The developed ratiometric aptasensor exhibited a linear range of 0.03 μg L−1 to 2.00 μg L−1, with a detection limit of 0.015 μg L−1 for AFM1 detection. The ratiometric aptasensor also showed a linear relationship from 0.2 μg L−1 to 1.00 μg L−1, with a detection limit of 0.05 μg L−1 in natural milk after sample pretreatment, indicating the successful application of the developed ratiometric aptasensor. Our proposed strategy provides a new way to construct aptasensors with high sensitivity and selectivity.

Background: The presence of aflatoxin M1, a toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic substance, poses significant health risks. Hence, this study assesses the levels of aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized, and sterilized milk obtained from the North Khorasan Province, Iran, and evaluates its potential impact on consumer health. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study randomly collected 189 raw milk samples. Additionally, 70 pasteurized and sterilized milk samples from supermarkets in the North Khorasan Province, Iran, were included. All samples were assessed for aflatoxin M1 contamination using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Meanwhile, statistical analysis (analysis of variance) was performed on the results. Results: The Mean±SD concentration of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk from the North Khorasan Province, Iran, was 18.44±34.6 ng/L, while pasteurized and sterilized milk had a higher mean concentration of 42.8±21.54 ng/L. The lowest concentration was found in Bojnord City, Iran, at 9.30±8.91 ng/L, while the highest concentration was detected in Jajarm at 30.70±80.50 ng/L. The mean contamination of aflatoxin M1 was not statistically significant (P=0.42) in most cities of the province. Meanwhile, 6.34% of raw milk and 11.4% of pasteurized milk samples had higher levels of aflatoxin M1 than the maximum limit recommended by the Iran National Standard Organization (INSO) (100 ng/L). However, none of the milk samples exceeded the permissible limit set by the Veterinary Organization of the country (500 ng/L). Conclusion: The mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk from the North Khorasan Province is lower than the European Union (EU) standard of 50 ng/L and the approved limit set by the country’s Veterinary Organization (500 ng/L). Therefore, it is not considered a significant threat to the health of adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanobody has become an important tool for immunoassays because of its stability, specificity, and ease of expression. To monitor the aflatoxin M1 in dairy products, the anti-AFM1 nanobody, named M6, selected from the Bactrian camel AFM1 immune library, evaluated its properties, and developed an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA). After optimizing the parameters, including the blocking method, methanol concentrations, pH values, and ionic strength in the reaction system, a standard competitive inhibition curve was established, and methodological specificity and accuracy was verified. Results showed that Nb-M6 had a good affinity and thermal stability, the limit of detection (LOD) of Nb-icELISA was 0.111 ng/ mL, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 1.498 ng/ mL. The recoveries of dairy products spiked were 89.8% - 104.1%, which were in agreement with the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The Nb-icELISA is simple, convenient and can be applied to batch screening of AFM1 in dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 40 milk samples (10 raw cow milk, 10 camel milk, 10 pasteurised milk, and 10 ultra-high temperature milk) were randomly collected from Golestan Province (including two cities, Gorgan and Gonbad-e Kavus) from December 2021 to March 2022. Aflatoxin M1(AFM1) level was determined by the high-performance chromatography method. AFM1 was found in all samples. The mean concentration of AFM1 in raw cow milk, camel milk, pasteurised milk, and ultra-high temperature milk were 72.81 ± 2.18, 57.10 ± 1.86, 34.73 ± 1.34, and 49.36 ± 1.78 ng/kg, respectively. The highest level of AFM1 was found in raw cow milk (p < 0.05). According to the EU standard of AFM1 level, pasteurised milk is the safest type of milk in Golestan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two different concentrations of matrix certified reference materials (CRMs) were produced for the accurate measurement of aflatoxin M1(AFM1) in milk powder (GBW(E) 100552, GBW(E) 100553). The raw material was obtained by feeding cows with positive drugs. The homogeneity, stability and characterization of these matrix CRMs were examined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with isotope-labeled internal standard method. The certified value for the low concentration of AFM1 in milk powder was 2.45 µg/kg with an expanded uncertainty of 0.43 µg/kg (coverage factor k = 2, at 95% confidence). The certified value for the high concentration of AFM1 in milk powder was 3.45 µg/kg with an expanded uncertainty of 0.49 µg/kg (coverage factor k = 2, at 95% confidence). In addition, the samples were evaluated in detail for homogeneity, long-term stability at − 80 °C for 6 months and short-term stability at 4 °C for 7 days. The results showed that the samples were stable and homogeneous under the above conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of the amount of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk is crucial for food safety. Here, we utilize a fiber optic (FO) localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor by constructing gold nanoparticle (AuNP) multimers, in which the nanogaps amplified the LSPR signal by the hot spot effect, and achieved a highly sensitive detection of f AFM1. Through the optimization of parameter conditions for the fabrication of the sensor and detection system, a high performance result from the FO LSPR biosensor was obtained, and the method for AFM1 detection was established, with a wide detection range of 0.05–100 ng/mL and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 ng/mL, and it has been successfully validated with the actual sample milk. Therefore, it is a good strategy to fabricate highly sensitive FO LSPR sensors for detecting AFM1 by constructing AuNP multimers, and this approach is suitable for developing other biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first assessment of dietary exposure to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and associated health risks through milk and dairy product consumption in Armenia. Data on AFM1 in raw milk were obtained from an annual residue monitoring program. Additionally, commonly consumed dairy products (pasteurized milk, cheese, sour cream, curd cheese) were sampled, considering the sources of raw milk used by dairy companies. Per capita consumption of raw milk was sourced from national food balance databases, while individual consumption data for dairy products was collected via a 24 h recall survey with 1400 adult respondents. Detectable levels of AFM1 were observed in 7.14% of raw milk samples (up to 0.334 μg/kg) and, albeit at lower amounts (up to 0.009 µg/kg), in 30% and 40% of sour cream and curd cheese, respectively. The AFM1 levels were lower than the national maximum permitted level (0.5 μg/kg); however, levels in raw milk exceeded the EU ML (0.05 μg/kg). The estimated margin of exposure values for dairy products indicated no significant risk, whereas a reasonable worst-case estimate, using the measurable levels of AFM1 in raw milk consumption indicated a potential public health concern. This study provides a scientific basis for evaluating aflatoxin issues in the Caucasus area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor based on split aptamer and Au-reduced graphene oxide (Au-rGO) nanomaterials was proposed to detect aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). In this work, Au-rGO nanomaterials were coated on the electrode through the electrodeposition method to increase the aptamer enrichment. We split the aptamer of AFM1 into 2 sequences (S1 and S2), where S1 was immobilized on the electrode due to the Au-S bond, and S2 was tagged with methylene blue (MB) and acted as a response signal. A complementary strand to S1 (CS1) labeled with ferrocene (Fc) was introduced as another reporter. In the presence of AFM1, CS1 was released from the electrode surface due to the formation of the S1-AFM1-S2 complex, leading to a decrease in Fc and an increase in the MB signal. The developed ratiometric aptasensor exhibited a linear range of 0.03 μg L−1 to 2.00 μg L−1, with a detection limit of 0.015 μg L−1 for AFM1 detection. The ratiometric aptasensor also showed a linear relationship from 0.2 μg L−1 to 1.00 μg L−1, with a detection limit of 0.05 μg L−1 in natural milk after sample pretreatment, indicating the successful application of the developed ratiometric aptasensor. Our proposed strategy provides a new way to construct aptasensors with high sensitivity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was planned to explore the AFM1‐reducing potential of various heat and acid‐killed lactic acid bacteria (LAB), activated carbon and bentonite (BENT) in milk contaminated with 0.5 μg/L AFM1 and their impact on milk composition. A negligible impact was observed on milk composition with AC while exhibiting a higher AFM1 removal (78.2%) than bentonite (35.8%). Their combination with LAB cells increased AFM1 decontamination for most of the treatments, with highest AFM1 removal (97.6%) exhibited by a treatment involving 0.1% AC and acid‐killed cells of L. cremoris. The results of this study indicate that LAB cells associated with the adsorbents tested are highly effective in reducing milk AFM1 content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast milk (BM) is considered as the best source of nutrition which could have prevention effects on various diseases in the first years of a child. Along with nutritive compounds, presence of contaminants such as mycotoxins in BM could be transmitted into neonate. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence, levels, and factors associated with the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ocratoxin a (OTA) in BM samples of nursing mothers in rural centers of Yazd, Iran. The presence and average AFM1 and OTA concentration in 72 BM samples was measured by competitive ELISA. The demographic and diet parameters of nursing mothers were collected by a questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS 18 software. AFM1 and OTA were detected in 63 (87.5%) and 47 (65.2%) samples with the mean concentration levels of 19.46 ± 13.26 ng/L (ranges from 5.1 to 53.9) and 200 ± 160 ng/L (ranges from 100 to 2460), respectively. Of these, 32 samples (50.7%) for AFM1 and 23 samples (48.9%) for OTA had values exceeding the limit set by the European Union regulation for infant foods (25 ng/L for AFM1 and 500 ng/L for OTA). It was also found that the risk of AFM1 and OTA occurrence in BM increased significantly with the consumption of beans, bread, cereals, fruit juice and crackers, and cream, respectively. This study showed that the estimated daily intake for AFM1 and OTA by 1 month of age infants was 2.7 and 28.5 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, while, as the age of the infant increased, the values were lower and close to 0.9 and 9.9 ng/kg bw/day for AFM1 and OTA in 12 months of age infants, respectively. The high occurrence and noticeable levels of AFM1 and OTA detected in this study indicated that some infants receive undesirable exposures to AFM1 and OTA with breast milk. Therefore, it is recommended that mothers are advised to avoid certain foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding that are likely sources of mycotoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The numerous strategies have been conducted worldwide to mitigate the presence of these hazardous toxins. In this systematic study, these researches are summarized. The search of this study was done with keywords aflatoxin M1, AFM1, reduce, decrease, mitigation, prevent, prevention, and milk in databases without a time limit. A total of 49 manuscripts were carefully reviewed, and their data were extracted. Some interventions focused on modifying animal rations, aiming to reduce AFM1 in milk. Some were applied directly to the animals. In this method, which was done more than other research interventions, some toxin binders are used as feed additives. The third type of intervention consisted of measures that were taken directly on the milk itself. Among the three types of interventions, the use of toxin binders in animal feed was more practical and effective.

Objective: In this study, a colorimetric sensing system based on different aptamers and AuNPs was constructed for the rapid quantitative detection of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. The detection performance of AFM1 aptamers with 21 (A21) and 72 base (A72) lengths commonly used in literature reports was evaluated in actual samples. Methods: AuNPs solution was prepared by sodium citrate reduction. After adding AFM1 aptamer and AFM1 standard solution, the aptamer specifically combined with AFM1 to form a special three-dimensional structure. With the addition of NaCl solution, the stability of AuNPs solution was disrupted and aggregation occurred, resulting in color change of the solution. AFM1 was quantitatively detected by measuring the absorbance value and absorption spectrum of AuNPs solution. Results: Under the optimum condition, the limits of detection of AuNPs-aptasensor based on A21 and A72 aptamers were 25.26 µg/L and 5.77 µg/L, respectively, with the linear range of 10~800 µg/L. Moreover, the AuNPs-aptasensor had good selectivity and specificity. The recoveries of AuNPs-aptasensor based on A21 and A72 aptamers were 95.7%~103.6% and 94.3%~98.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The A72 performed better than A21 in detecting AFM1 in milk, which would be related to the length, configuration and affinity of the aptamer. The colorimetric sensing method established based on aptamers A72 was simple, fast, sensitive, highly specific, and visualized, providing data reference for the application of AFM1 aptamers in dairy products.

Background: Aflatoxin M1 or milk toxin has been detected in many parts of the world both in raw milk and dairy products. It has been shown that the lactic acid bacteria especially Lactobacillus spp. reduce aflatoxin M1 levels in dairy products. Methods: We performed a systematic review to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus strains on aflatoxin M1 residues. So a systematic literature search by using certain keywords was carried out in three bibliographic databases on aflatoxin M1 binding ability of Lactobacillus species in milk and dairy products. After the initial screening of the titles and abstracts, the related articles to our work were retrieved and the full text of the studies, which probably included the required data were obtained. The eligible articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria mentioned in the methodology. Results: In general, Lactobacillus spp. was shown to have a potential application to decrease the aflatoxin M1 levels in milk and dairy products from less than 10% to up to 99%. Also, this systematic review revealed that the reducing effect of Lactobacillus spp. on aflatoxin M1 residues was dependent on several factors including fermentation, incubation and storage time, bacterial population, type and viability of bacteria, and concentration of aflatoxin. Conclusion: Application of Lactobacillus strains in production of the dairy products from contaminated milk can be a very effective way to reduce aflatoxin M1 level in these products.

Background: The assessment of risks related to food safety is becoming a challenge in developing countries with its consequent health hazards. Chemicals risk assessment in dairy products is important to maintain consumer's health locally and internationally. Since milk and dairy products are essential foods for a wide range of customers, mostly children, patients, and pregnant women, it is very important to estimate the risks of some chemical residues, such as pesticides, some heavy metals, and aflatoxins. Aim: This work aims to determine the levels of chemical contamination in milk and traditional Egyptian cheese. Methods: Heavy metals were determined in samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS were also used for measuring pesticide residues. The Aflatoxin M1 was determined by Enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay. Results: Raw milk samples were tested and showed elevated concentrations of lead and cadmium, (46% and 4%, respectively). The heavy metals detected in the Egyptian cheese samples were variable depending on the type of cheese. Moreover, p.p.-DDE phenofose was present in 45% and 29% of raw milk and Ras cheese samples, respectively. For Aflatoxin M1, only 7% of milk samples and 2.9% of Ras cheese samples exceeded the acceptable limits. Conclusion: More surveying and risk assessment of chemical residues in milk and milk products are essential for controlling health risks to consumers. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(2.000): 640-651]

Background and Objectives: Molds naturally produce mycotoxins, secondary metabolites that contaminate human and livestock food. Aflatoxins are toxic substances that can cause acute and chronic human poisoning with teratogenic effects. These are poisonous chemicals made by the secondary metabolism of a number of fungi, including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius. These fungi grow on major food crops in a wide range of climates. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk is a growing concern. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk, a food rich in protein, fat, micronutrients, and water, is a growing concern. Considering the high toxicity of aflatoxin M1 and its harmful effects on human health, its measurement in milk is of great importance. This study aimed to investigate the presence of aflatoxin M1 in ruminant milk supplied in Karaj County. Materials and Methods: 60 raw milk samples were randomly sampled in the summer and autumn seasons, which included 20 cow milk samples, 10 buffalo milk samples, 10 camel milk samples, 10 sheep milk samples, and 10 goat milk samples, from the supply centers of these products in Karaj County. The AFM1 ELISA kit (Biopharm-R, Germany) was used to measure the amount of aflatoxin M1 in milk. The samples were transferred to the food hygiene and quality control laboratory of Shahrekord Islamic Azad University. There were differences in the amount of AFM in milk samples from different ruminants. Duncan's test was used with a 95% confidence level to find them, and a significance level of p<0.05 was used to find the mean difference. We used Excel software to draw the graphs. Results: All raw milk samples, including those from cows, sheep, goats, buffaloes, and camels, tested positive for aflatoxin M1. Aflatoxin M1 contaminated 29 samples (48.3%) with less than 5 ng/L, 27 samples (45%) with 20–5 ng/L, and 4 samples (6.70%) with 20–50 ng/L. Furthermore, in this study, none of the ruminant raw milk samples had contamination beyond 50 ng/l. Conclusion: The results showed that the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in none of the studied milks was beyond the standard. The contamination levels were lower than Iranian standards. European and American In the present study, the use of ruminant milk sold in Karaj County does not pose any risk to consumers' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins are the most harmful mycotoxins that cause human and animal health concerns. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the primary hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and immunotoxicity in humans and animals. Because of the important role of dairy products in human life, especially children, AFM1 is such a major concern to humans because of its frequent occurrence in dairy products at concentrations high enough to cause adverse effects to human and animal health. Reduced its bioavailability becomes a high priority in order to protect human and animal health. This study aimed to investigate, in vivo, the ability of lactic acid bacteria (lactobacillus rhamnosus GAF01, LR) and clay mineral (bentonite, BT) mixture to mitigate/reduce AFM1-induced immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in exposed Balb/c mice. The in vivo study was conducted using male Balb/c mice that treated, orally, by AFM1 alone or in combination with LR and/or BT, daily for 10 days as follows: group 1 control received 200 µl of PBS, group 2 treated with LR alone (2.108 CFU/mL), group 3 treated with BT alone (1 g/kg bw), group 4 treated with AFM1 alone (100 μg/kg), group 5 co-treated with LR + AFM1, group 6 co-treated with BT + AFM1, group 7 co-treated with BT + LR + AFM1. Forty-eight h after the end of the treatment, the mice were sacrificed and the blood, spleen, thymus, liver and kidney were collected. The blood was used for biochemical and immunological study. Spleen and thymus samples were used to thymocytes and splenocytes assessments. Liver and kidney samples were the target for evaluation of oxidative stress enzymes status and for histological assays. The results showed that AFM1 caused toxicities in male Blab/c mice at different levels. Treatment with AFM1 resulted in severe stress of liver and kidney organs indicated by a significant change in the biochemical and immunological parameters, histopathology as well as a disorder in the profile of oxidative stress enzymes levels. Also, it was demonstrated that AFM1 caused toxicities in thymus and spleen organs. The co-treatment with LR and/or BT significantly improved the hepatic and renal tissues, regulated antioxidant enzyme activities, spleen and thymus viability and biochemical and immunological parameters. LR and BT alone showed to be safe during the treatment. In summary, the LR and/or BT was able to reduce the biochemical, histopathological and immunological damages induced by AFM1 and indeed it could be exploited as one of the biological strategies for food and feedstuffs detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A four-month long study throughout the summer of 2022 i.e., April, May, June, and July; was conducted to determine Aflatoxin M1 concentration in raw milk retailed in the shops of Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 40 samples (10 per month) were analyzed using the ELISA kit method while considering European Union (50ng/kg), US Food and Drug Regulation Authority (500ng/kg), and Pakistan Pure Food Regulations (500ng/kg) as AFM1 permissible limits. About 82.50% of 40 samples were contaminated with AFM1 while only 17.50% samples were found to be uncontaminated. Of these contaminated samples over 87.88% samples exceeded the safe limit as set by the European Union i.e., 50ng/kg with only 12.12% of the samples being safe for use. On the other hand, only 6.06% of the samples were unfit as per the USFDA & Punjab Pure Food Regulations (PPFR) limit i.e., 500ng/kg. A mean value of 133.57 ± 0.14ng/kg of AFM1 contamination was calculated ranging from 5.43 ± 0.05ng/kg to 964.75 ± 0.04ng/kg in April and July, respectively. The lowest average contamination was recorded in May i.e., 68.35 ± 0.258ng/kg which went progressively higher in the later months due to unusual record-breaking rainfall in the region while highest average contamination was found in the month of July i.e., 228.789 ± 0.075ng/kg. The current study is significantly important as it identify the contamination of Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in the summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The assessment of risks related to food safety is becoming a challenge in developing countries with its consequent health hazards. Chemical risk assessment in dairy products is important to maintain consumer health locally and internationally. Since milk and dairy products are essential foods for a wide range of customers, mostly children, patients, and pregnant women, it is very important to estimate the risks of some chemical residues, such as pesticides, some heavy metals, and aflatoxins. Aim: This work aims to determine the levels of chemical contamination in milk and traditional Egyptian cheese. Methods: Heavy metals were determined in samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. GC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS and LC-MS/MS were also used for measuring pesticide residues. The Aflatoxin M1 was determined by enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay. Results: Raw milk samples were tested and showed elevated concentrations of lead and cadmium, (46% and 4%, respectively). The heavy metals detected in the Egyptian cheese samples were variable depending on the type of cheese. Moreover, p.p.-DDE phenofose was present in 45% and 29% of raw milk and Ras cheese samples, respectively. For Aflatoxin M1, only 7% of milk samples and 2.9% of Ras cheese samples exceeded the acceptable limits. Conclusion: More surveying and risk assessment of chemical residues in milk and milk products are essential for controlling health risks to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study compared the bio‐detoxification capabilities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans cell walls for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The yeast cell walls were disrupted using thermal shock‐ultrasound, resulting in 75 nm particles, as confirmed by dynamic light scattering. These disrupted cell walls were then immobilized on nano‐zeolite and entrapped in ca‐alginate. SEM, FTIR & XRD confirmed their physical absorption on the nano‐zeolite and entrapment in ca‐alginate. Samples were exposed to AFM1 for 15 min and 24 h, either in combination or free, before or after immobilization. HPLC analysis revealed significant variations in AFM1 reduction. The highest reduction of 89.49% was observed after 15 min with alginate treatment, while the immobilized‐entrapped C. albicans cell wall showed the lowest reduction of 24.77% after 24 h. Both free Candida cell walls and immobilized‐entrapped Saccharomyces cell walls showed impressive detoxification abilities. Additionally, immobilized‐entrapped cell walls are reusable and a sustainable choice for industrial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a common mycotoxin, can occur in agricultural products. As a metabolite of AFB1, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) mainly exist in dairy products. These two mycotoxins threaten human health, although it is unclear how they affect the function of the intestinal barrier. In this study, mice were exposed to AFB1 (0.3 mg/kg body b.w.) and AFM1(3.0 mg/kg b.w.) either individually or in combination for 28 days to explore the main differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and the associated enriched pathways. These findings were preliminarily verified by the transcriptomic and proteomic analyses in differentiated Caco-2 cells. The results revealed that AFB1 and AFM1 exposure in mice disrupted the function of the intestinal barrier, and the combined toxicity was greater than that of each toxin alone. Further proteomic analysis in mice demonstrated that the mechanisms underlying these differences could be explained as follows: (i) lipid metabolism was enriched by AFB1-induced DEPs. (ii) protein export pathway was stimulated by AFM1-induced DEPs. (iii) cell metabolic ability was inhibited (as evidenced by changes in UDP-GT1, UDP-GT2, and Gatm6), apoptosis was induced (MAP4K3), and epithelial cell integrity was disrupted (Claudin7 and IQGAP2), resulting in more extensive intestinal damage after combined treatment. In conclusion, the hazardous impact of co-exposure to AFB1 and AFM1 from proteomic perspectives was demonstrated in the present study.

Background: Aflatoxin M1 is one of mycotoxins which is produced by metabolism of Aflatoxin B1 and enters to the human body through animal milk. It has very strong hepatotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects and is potentially dangerous for human health. As milk is one of the most important foods for humans, it is essential to protect the health risk of Aflatoxin M1 in different age groups. In the present study, raw and pasteurized milk samples of Zanjan, East Azerbaijan, Gilan and Kermanshah provinces have been evaluated then contamination of the samples with aflatoxin M1 and also the status of this contamination in different seasons have been investigated. Methods: 180 samples (93 samples of raw milk and 87 samples of pasteurized milk) In the autumn and winter of 1997 and the spring and summer of 1998 were collected from stores in Zanjan, East Azarbaijan, Gilan and Kermanshah provinces. The samples were centrifuged, the surface fat removed, and competitive ELISA assessed for aflatoxin M1. Results: In this study, 180 samples were collected from 4 cities of Tabriz, Kermanshah, Zanjan and Rasht, where the level of aflatoxin M1 was measured by ELISA method. The results showed that 100% of the examined samples were infected with aflatoxin M1 and the average concentration aflatoxin M1 in Tabriz, Kermanshah, Zanjan and Rasht are 31.9±6.5, 30.7±16.9, 29.9±2.2 and 25.4±3.8 ng/L,that was observed in the range of

The efficacy of ImarsilTM in mitigating the effects of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in cow's milk on hematological and histopathological parameters was investigated in this study. Seventy-two albino rats were randomly allocated to four treatment groups A - D in a six-week study. Rats in all groups were fed standard ration. In addition, 2 mL of clean distilled water, 2 mL of milk, 2 mL of AFM1 contaminated milk (456 ng/L), and 2 mL of AFM1 contaminated milk (456 ng/L) treated with ImarsilTM at 2% dosage rate were added to the ration of animals in groups A, B, C, and D respectively. The results of the investigation showed that rats in Group C developed a significant (p0.05) among the different groups. In group C, a significant reduction (p

Background: The presence of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in dairy products results from the ingestion of feedstuffs contaminated with aflatoxin B1 by ruminants. The current study aimed to determine the AFM1 concentration in commercial pasteurized cow milk samples obtained from the Iranian market. Methods: A total of 54 pasteurized cow milk samples, manufactured between January and April 2019, were purchased from different cities in Iran, including Tehran, Isfahan, Sari, Tabriz, Zanjan, Kermanshah, Ahvaz, Shiraz, and Kerman. These samples were analyzed using a competitive enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay technique. The associated health risk was estimated by the Monte Carlo simulation method. Additionally, the margin of exposure and cancer risk were employed as benchmarks to assess threats to consumer health. Results: AFM1 was detected in 33 samples (61 %), totally with concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 0.45 µg kg-1. 9.26 % of the samples exceeded the maximum residue level specified by Iran's national standard (0.1 µg kg-1). The average concentration of AFM1 in the 54 pasteurized milk samples collected from different regions was determined to be 0.042 ± 0.072 µg L-1. Nevertheless, all samples remained below the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) maximum limit (0.5 µg kg-1). Human health risk assessment showed that about half of the consumers were at risk based on the Margin of Exposure (MOE) assessment. Conclusion: The results of this survey indicate the usefulness of a monitoring program to supervise the safety of commercially available pasteurized cow milk for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the assessment of microbial quality and chemical contamination in milk and milk products, highlighting the global issue of food contamination and its impact on public health. The study focused on the microbiological risks associated with raw milk consumption, including bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter, as well as the presence of aflatoxins, highly toxic mycotoxins produced by certain molds. Various methods were used to detect food pathogens, and the study found the presence of E. coli, coliform bacteria, and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli in some dairy products. Additionally, all samples tested positive for aflatoxin M1, with a significant percentage exceeding Egyptian and EU regulations. The findings emphasize the need for stricter food safety measures and monitoring to protect public health. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and concentrations of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw buffalo milk samples obtained from four different seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn in Sohag City, upper Egypt, and compared the determined findings against the several regulations regarding AFM1 that have been legislated by the European Union, US Food and Drug Administration and Egyptian Regulations. Design/methodology/approach: Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins in raw buffalo milk samples trailed in different seasons, in Sohag City, Egypt. The aflatoxin that has been included in this survey is AFM1. Milk samples were obtained from February to October 2021. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used as a methodology technique. Findings: The results of AFM1 presented the highest frequency of occurrence, with a detected incidence of 85.5% in winter samples, 64.2% in spring samples, 78.5% in summer samples and 78.5% in autumn samples. The positive samples showed concentration range levels of AFM1 between 0.0 and 0.9 µg/kg (12 samples) in winter samples, 0.03 and 1.2 µg/kg in spring milk samples (9 samples), 0.06 and 0.8 µg/kg in summer milk samples (11 samples) and lasted with 0.028 and 0.9 µg/kg in autumn milk samples (11 samples). The percentage of AFM1samples exceeded the maximum residues limit of Egyptian Standard Regulation 2010/7136 last updated, 78%, 57%, 100% and 64% in the four examined seasons, respectively. Originality/value: The residue levels of AFM1 obtained in the investigated samples represented a serious concern about the health risk of consumers. Milk is introduced to the diet plan all over the people units especially the offspring ones as it is a complete food that contains a lot of important nutrients. So it is worth to set a regular schedule for monitoring and inspection of dairy products for aflatoxin residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk and milk products are the main nutritional foods for all age groups, especially for infants and children. Milk may be dangerous to consume due to the presence of a harmful substance called Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The objective of this study was to assess the levels of AFM1 in milk, particularly those that exceed the standards set by the European Union (50 ng/L), the Food and Drug Administration (500 ng/L), and the Iranian National Standards Organization (100 ng/L). The study included one hundred and eighty samples of raw cow's milk from various retail dairy markets in Gorgan, with 45 samples collected during each season. The level of Aflatoxin M1 in the samples was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. AFM1 was detected in 139 (72.2%) raw cow milk samples with a range of 3.5–357 ng/L. All of the samples collected had Aflatoxin M1 concentration levels that were below the maximum limit of 500 ng/L set by the FDA. However, 41 samples (22.7%) exceeded the EU's limit of 50 ng/L, and 26 samples (14.4%) exceeded the INSO's limit of 100 ng/L for Aflatoxin M1 in raw cow's milk. The lowest and highest AFM1 levels of contamination were detected in the summer and winter seasons, which constituted 32 (71.1%) and 38 (84.4%) samples, respectively. The consumption of raw cow milk can lead to health risks for individuals from various age groups because regulatory limits are not being followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides current information on the level of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in three kinds of milk. This is the first report on AFM1 contamination in raw camel milk in the studied area. Seven raw camel milk, 21 raw cow milk, and 13 powdered milk samples were analysed with a highly sensitive competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The results indicated that 14.63% (6/41) of all the analysed samples were positive, with an average concentration of 17.92ng/L, and a range of 5.5–42.5ng/L. It was found that only one sample (4.76%) of cow’s milk was positive, but all camels’ milk samples (100%) were free from Aflatoxin M1. The highest incidence and concentration (38.46%) was found in powdered milk with an average concentration of 20.34 ng/L. No analysed sample exceeded the limit set by European regulations (50 ng/L). This means that the milk analysed does not represent a consumer health hazard owing to the low concentration of Aflatoxin M1, but continuous monitoring is still needed to protect public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was planned to qualitatively assess AFM1 residues in milk as well as milk product samples. Cow's raw milk, Aged Roomy cheese, Domiati and Kariesh cheese (50 of each type) were collected from various supermarkets in Mansoura governorate in Egypt during 2020-2022. Samples were tested using the TLC method, positive samples from TLC method were exposed to the HPLC method for detection of their levels and their concentrations were compared with the permissible limits. The obtained results showed high incidence in raw cow milk (36%) followed by fresh Kariesh cheese (28%), then aged roomy cheese (24%), and then Damietta cheese (12%) collected from the local markets in Mansoura by TLC. The obtained concentrations in analyzed dairy samples were compared with the Permissible Limits (PL) set by the concerning agents [US, EU] by quantitative detection using HPLC. The detectable concentration of AFM1 in raw milk and cheese by HPLC showed high concentration of aflatoxin M1 in aged roomy cheese (121.08) followed by raw cow milk (80.83), followed by fresh Kariesh cheese (50.14), and then Damietta cheese (35.33) collected from the local markets in in Dakahlia governorate. The current study's findings showed that raw milk and cheese sold in Mansoura city are occasionally contaminated with AFM1. As a result, it is strongly advised to effectively heat treat raw milk and give animals nutrition free of aflatoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To improve the storage safety of Xinjiang fresh walnut. Methods: Xinjiang "Xin 2" thin-skinned walnut was used as material, sterile water was inoculated as a control group, and Aspergillus flavus was inoculated as an experimental group. The Aspergillus flavus isolated and purified from naturally moldy walnut was artificially inoculated into Xinjiang thin-skinned fresh walnut with different water content （10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%） to investigate the growth and toxicity of Aspergillus flavus. Results: The water content of walnut which was suitable for the growth of Aspergillus flavus and the secretion of Aflatoxin M1 was 15%. With the increase of walnut water content, the growth of Aspergillus flavus increased first and then decreased, but the growth of each water content was different, and the growth of Aspergillus flavus was proportional to the content of Aflatoxin M1. Conclusion: The water content of raw materials is closely related to the growth of Aspergillus flavus and the content of Aflatoxin M1 produced.

Milk and milk products are the main nutritional foods for all age groups, especially for infants and children. Milk may be dangerous to consume due to the presence of a harmful substance called Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The objective of this study was to assess the levels of AFM1 in milk, particularly those that exceed the standards set by the European Union (50 ng/L), the Food and Drug Administration (500 ng/L), and the Iranian National Standards Organization (100 ng/L). The study included one hundred and eighty samples of raw cow’s milk from various retail dairy markets in Gorgan, with 45 samples collected during each season. The level of Aflatoxin M1 in the samples was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. AFM1 was detected in 139 (72.2%) raw cow milk samples with a range of 3.5–357 ng/L. All of the samples collected had Aflatoxin M1 concentration levels that were below the maximum limit of 500 ng/L set by the FDA. However, 41 samples (22.7%) exceeded the EU’s limit of 50 ng/L, and 26 samples (14.4%) exceeded the INSO’s limit of 100 ng/L for Aflatoxin M1 in raw cow’s milk. The lowest and highest AFM1 levels of contamination were detected in the summer and winter seasons, which constituted 32 (71.1%) and 38 (84.4%) samples, respectively. The consumption of raw cow milk can lead to health risks for individuals from various age groups because regulatory limits are not being followed.

Considering the introduction of aptamers as a new generation of analyte identifiers, this class of materials can be used in diagnostic systems because aptamers are easier to produce, more sensitive, higher accuracy, less sensitive to environmental factors, easier to handle and can be used. A special type of aptamer that has sequence rich in guanine base can create a special nanostructure called G-quadraplex. The creation of this structure gives the aptamer an enzyme property so that it can act like an enzyme in the vicinity of it, oxidize a chromogenic substrate and produce a colored signal. The main way to produce aptamers is a laboratory technique called SELEX (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment), in which a mixture of different oligo libraries in the vicinity of the target analyte creates aptamers in several consecutive cycles. The aim of this study was the introduction a novel approach for obtaining DNA aptamers for detection a ligand such as aflatoxin M1 in bioinformatically manner in replacing to SELEX for obtaining the specific oligoaptamers against aflatoxin M1. For this purpose, the structure of the selected oligoaptamers were predicted using some molecular simulators and bioinformatically techniques. The results of these molecular simulations suggested G-quadruplex aptamers with suitable affinity for binding to aflatoxin M1 in colorimetric assays.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this network meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of different mycotoxin binders (MTB) to reduce aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. A literature search was conducted to identify in vivo research papers from different databases. Inclusion criteria were in vivo, dairy cows, description of the MTB used, doses of MTB, aflatoxin inclusion in the diet, and concentration of AFM1 in milk. Twenty-eight papers with 131 data points were selected. Binders used in the studies were hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), yeast cell wall (YCW), bentonite, and mixes of several MTB (MX). The response variables were AFM1 concentration, AFM1 reduction in milk, total AFM1 excreted in milk, and transfer of aflatoxin from feed to AFM1 in milk. Data were analyzed with CINeMA and GLIMMIX procedures with the WEIGHT statement of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.). The AFM1 concentration in milk decreased for bentonite (0.3 µg/L ± 0.05; mean ± SE) and HSCAS (0.4 µg/L ± 0.12), and tended to decrease for MX (0.6 µg/L ± 0.13) but was similar for YCW (0.6 µg/L ± 0.12), compared with control (0.7 µg/L ± 0.12). The percentage reduction of AFM1 in milk was similar for all MTB and different from control with a range of reduction from 25% for YCW to 40% for bentonite. The excretion of AFM1 in milk was lower in YCW (5.3 µg/L ± 2.37), HSCAS (13.8 µg/L ± 3.31), and MX (17.1 µg/L ± 5.64), and not affected by bentonite (16.8 µg/L ± 3.33) compared with control (22.1 µg/L ± 5.33). The transfer of aflatoxin B1 from feed into AFM1 in milk was lowest in bentonite (0.6% ± 0.12), MX (1.04% ± 0.27), and HSCAS (1.04% ± 0.21), and not affected in YCW (1.4% ± 0.10), compared with control (1.7% ± 0.35). The meta-analysis results indicate that all MTB reduced the AFM1 transfer into milk, where bentonite had the highest capacity and YCW the lowest.

The detection of the amount of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk is crucial for food safety. Here, we utilize a fiber optic (FO) localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor by constructing gold nanoparticle (AuNP) multimers, in which the nanogaps amplified the LSPR signal by the hot spot effect, and achieved a highly sensitive detection of f AFM1. Through the optimization of parameter conditions for the fabrication of the sensor and detection system, a high performance result from the FO LSPR biosensor was obtained, and the method for AFM1 detection was established, with a wide detection range of 0.05–100 ng/mL and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 ng/mL, and it has been successfully validated with the actual sample milk. Therefore, it is a good strategy to fabricate highly sensitive FO LSPR sensors for detecting AFM1 by constructing AuNP multimers, and this approach is suitable for developing other biosensors.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the hydroxylated form of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and is expelled in the milk of both humans and animals following the consumption of AFB1-contaminated food. AFM1 has been categorized as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Consequently, the European Commission has established a maximum allowable concentration of 50 pg/mL for AFM1 in dairy products and milk. Here, a rapid and sensitive approach for detecting AFM1 in bovine milk is presented. The analytical setup comprises a broad-band white LED, a spectrophotometer, and a silicon photonic probe, all interconnected by a bifurcated optical fiber [1]. Additionally, a laptop powers the system and facilitates signal monitoring through specialized software. The silicon photonic probe is equipped with two Mach–Zehnder interferometers: one functionalized with AFM1-bovine serum albumin conjugate, and the other with bovine serum albumin to serve as a blank. The analysis involves immersing the probe directly into a mixture of anti-AFM1 antibodies and the sample, followed by sequential immersion into biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG antibody and streptavidin solutions. The entire assay process takes 12 min, and the limit of detection in undiluted milk is 20 pg/mL, below the EU maximum allowable limit of 50 pg/mL. The assay demonstrates accuracy, with %recovery values ranging from 87.5 to 112%, and repeatability, with intra/inter-assay coefficients of variation below 7.6%. Given its analytical performance and compact instrumentation, the proposed immunosensor proves to be an ideal solution for precise on-site determination of AFM1 in milk samples.

This paper presents the first assessment of dietary exposure to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and associated health risks through milk and dairy product consumption in Armenia. Data on AFM1 in raw milk were obtained from an annual residue monitoring program. Additionally, commonly consumed dairy products (pasteurized milk, cheese, sour cream, curd cheese) were sampled, considering the sources of raw milk used by dairy companies. Per capita consumption of raw milk was sourced from national food balance databases, while individual consumption data for dairy products was collected via a 24 h recall survey with 1400 adult respondents. Detectable levels of AFM1 were observed in 7.14% of raw milk samples (up to 0.334 μg/kg) and, albeit at lower amounts (up to 0.009 µg/kg), in 30% and 40% of sour cream and curd cheese, respectively. The AFM1 levels were lower than the national maximum permitted level (0.5 μg/kg); however, levels in raw milk exceeded the EU ML (0.05 μg/kg). The estimated margin of exposure values for dairy products indicated no significant risk, whereas a reasonable worst-case estimate, using the measurable levels of AFM1 in raw milk consumption indicated a potential public health concern. This study provides a scientific basis for evaluating aflatoxin issues in the Caucasus area.

Mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a threat to food safety and human health because it is present in animal feed and is metabolized into aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a more toxic form, during lactation. The aim of this study was to quantify AFM1 concentrations in raw milk of buffalos, cows, sheep, and goats sampled randomly from four regions within Baghdad ‎Province, Iraq, and to compare these levels with the maximum allowable levels set forth by the ‎European Commission (EC), the Iraqi Standard Specification (IQS), and the food and Drug Administration (FDA). The carry-over of AFB1 from feed to AFM1 in milk were also calculated for each of the ‎studied species. A total of 200 random samples, including 50 each from cows, buffaloes, ‎sheep, and goats, were collected from farms located in Zu'afraniya, Nahrawan, Abu Ghraib, and ‎Fedhalia regions. AFM1 and AFB1 concentrations were determined using the ‎enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Raw milk samples from cows, sheep, buffaloes, and goats were all found to have AFM1 concentrations that were below the limits set by the EC, IQS, and FDA. Animal feed samples, on the other hand, had AFB1 concentrations of 10.08, 5.95, 4.27, and 7.10 ppb for ‎buffaloes, cows, sheep, and goats, respectively. The observed carry-over rates ranged from 0.36% ‎in goats to 0.78% in buffaloes to 0.66% in cows. Multiple factors, including animal species, ‎are considered, and it is determined that a universal carry-over equation cannot be applied to all cases. ‎Therefore, it is essential to regularly monitor AFM1 levels in milk from various animal species in order to ‎lessen potential health risks. Furthermore, the study suggests enhancing agricultural and veterinary ‎practices to better regulate feed quality for dairy animals‎‎‎‎.

Dairy milk holds a prominent position as a widely consumed food, particularly among infants and children. However, it is crucial to address the presence of multiple natural toxic compounds that may co-occur in dairy milk to ensure its safety prior to consumption. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), an emerging mycotoxin of interest, is a potential contaminant in the milk of animals who ingest aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The toxin is regulated in the European Union under Commission Regulation No 1881/2006. Unfortunately, there is a notable lack of data concerning the transfer of various emerging microbial contaminants into dairy milk and, therefore, their natural occurrences. In this study, a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of multiple cyanotoxins (microcystin congeners and nodularin) and AFM1 by the main analytical guidelines. Toxins are extracted with methanol 80%, followed by an SPE clean-up step before LC-MS/MS analysis. The LOQ was fixed at 1 µg/L for the nine cyanotoxins and 0.05 µg/L for AFM1. Recoveries were measured between 82.67% and 102%. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other LC-MS/MS methods available for the simultaneous quantification of cyanotoxins and mycotoxins in milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]