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Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cotton agroecological cultivation enables the textile industry to have a plume of sustainable origin with positive socio-environmental impacts by not using synthetic inputs from non-renewable sources. In a context in which the global demand for sustainable development products that contribute to the environment grows every day, it is necessary to create technologies accessible to all scales of farmers. The objective of this study was to monitor the agroecological cultivation of cotton in an agroforestry system (AFS). This is an experience report on the agroecological cultivation of cotton. The experiment was conducted at the UFMT Experimental Farm, in the Cuiabá River Valley. The total experimental area was 3360 m2 (56 x 60 m) and was subdivided into four blocks of 840 m (14 x 60 m). Each block was composed of two rows of fruit and tree trees and twelve rows of cotton. The cotton was sown manually and mechanized and at different spacing. It was observed that the densest cultivation between 0.30 x 0.80 m plants was the one that provided the highest production of the plume. The larger spacing between rows makes it easier to manage spontaneous plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Target spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, is an important leaf disease affecting cucumber plants, and alternative management studies are essential for the economic viability of this crop. Silicates were evaluated for the control of target spot and its pathogen, and the biochemical responses of plants were characterized. Preventive spraying was performed three times, at weekly intervals, with K2SiO3 + Cu and K2SiO3, at the concentrations 0, 28, 56, 84 and 112 mg L−1 silicon (Si). Assessments included mycelial growth and germination in vitro; disease severity; number and diameter of lesions; pathogen sporulation on leaves; activities of the enzymes peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and β‑1,3‑glucanase, and leaf levels of phenolic compounds. The application of Si-based sources had no effect in vitro, nor did it affect lesion diameter and sporulation. Disease severity was lowest after five days of inoculation for treatments with 56 and 84 mg L−1 Si, but there was no disease control after three and seven days. The number of lesions was smallest from 28 to 112 mg L−1 Si, after five days of inoculation, and at 56 mg L−1 Si after seven days of inoculation for the treatment K2SiO3 + Cu, as well as at 56 and 112 mg L−1 Si after five days and at 84 and 112 mg L−1 Si after seven days of inoculation for K2SiO3. In general, there were no differences between the tested silicates. Enzyme activities and phenolic compound levels were not influenced by Si. The reduction in the disease severity and in the number of lesions, even if dependent on Si concentration or day of evaluation, demonstrated the possible viability of Si in controlling cucumber target spot, especially after further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose is one of the most appreciated flowers in the world; however, fungal diseases can affect its production, decreasing its commercial value. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the potential of extracts of medicinal plants and commercial products based on plant extracts, plant oils, and potassium phosphite to control black spot (Diplocarpon rosae) in roses by evaluating the activation of plant defense mechanisms. The treatments consisted of using crude aqueous extract (CAE) of Rosmarinus officinalis leaves; CAE of Equisetum arvense stems; CAE of Moringa oleifera seeds; commercial product (CP) based on fermented plant extracts; CP based on potassium phosphite; CP based on plant oils; CP based on citrus mass; and fungicide. Severity of black spot disease, and yield, biometry, chlorophyll contents, and enzyme activity of peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenoloxidase in rose plants were evaluated. The treatments presented no difference from the control (water) for disease incidence and severity and yield. However, the longest stem was found in rose plants in the treatment with potassium phosphite-based commercial product, whereas the thickest stems were found in the three treatments with commercial products. The highest enzyme specific activities of peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenoloxidase were found in plants treated with potassium phosphite, CAE of M. oleifera, and CAE of R. officinalis. The results found showed that the tested natural products did not control black spot in rose bushes, despite their positive effect on plant physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles (NPs) have a high surface/volume ratio and small size (100 ≤ nm, these characteristics allow its use in the management of plant diseases in small quantities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of silver (Ag) and copper oxide (CuO) NPs in the control of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley & Broome). The effect of these NPs at doses of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L on the germination of spores of H. vastatrix and the control of rust in coffee seedlings in a greenhouse was evaluated. The CuO NPs 250 mg/L was also compared with other commercial copper fungicides: copper hydroxide, cuprous oxide and copper chelate (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid - EDTA). The incidence and severity of rust were evaluated every seven days, after the appearance the first pustules and the data obtained were transformed into area under disease progress curve for incidence (AUDPCI) and severity (AUDPCS). The 400 mg/L dose of Ag and CuO NPs inhibited 99.8 and 98.4% of H. vastatrix spore germination, respectively. In the greenhouse, in the experiments with Ag and CuO NPs, the lowest AUDPCS was also observed at the dose of 400 mg/L with 97.5 and 92%, respectively. The efficacy of NPs CuO 250 mg/L was equal (p < 0.05) to cuprous oxide, with a reduction of 84.2 and 83.1% of AUDPCS, respectively. Therefore, the potential of Ag and CuO NPs to inhibit the germination of H. vastatrix spores and to control rust in coffee seedlings was verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Maize (Zea mays) is the most commonly produced grain worldwide. One of the factors that can lead to a decrease in productivity is the Southern Leaf Blight caused by Bipolaris maydis. This is common in the main producing regions and can promote losses of up to 70% under suitable conditions. A few genotypes are resistant to this fungus, and there is no record of fungicides for the disease in Brazil. In order to search for alternative control measures with lower environmental impacts, the objective of this study was to investigate the use of polysaccharide fractions extracted from shiitake or aloe, as well as acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), as potential inductors of resistance in maize against B. maydis. Tests were conducted with maize plants (hybrids P1630H and BM3063) to evaluate the effects of the products on reducing disease severity, inhibiting pathogen germination and activating guaiacol peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities. Aloe and ASM were not efficient to control the disease. Fraction PS1 from shiitake reduced the disease severity in both hybrids by approximately 60%. Meanwhile, fraction PS2 was efficient only in hybrid BM3063, where it promoted an increase in PAL activity. However, these fractions did not affect the spore germination of B. maydis. Therefore, the polysaccharide fractions from shiitake have the potential to control Southern Leaf Blight (B. maydis) in maize probably through the activation of plant defense mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Extensão em Foco is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted with the objective of finding alternative management options for potato tuber sprouting during storage. Essential oils from Croton macrostachyus, Eucalyptus globulus, Allium sativum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon martini, Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus schimperi were applied in completely randomized design using two quantities (1 and 2 ml) and three frequencies (1, 2, 3). Essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Thymus schimperi showed the lowest percentage of weight loss relative to control tubers for varieties Gudene (8.07%) and Jalene (13.34%), respectively. Essential oils were applied in the form of vapour inside wooden box for 24 h without direct contact with tubers. For both varieties, the potato tuber weight loss found to be minimized using 2 ml essential oils. Similarly, lowest percentage of weight loss at one, two and three applications were found for variety Jalene from Cymbopogon martini, Eucalyptus globulus and Croton macrostachyus, respectively. On the other hand, lowest percentage of weight loss was maintained using Eucalyptus globulus for variety Gudene. The number and length of sprouts did not vary with quantities. Therefore, for variety Gudene, lower number of sprouts relative to control tuber (3 sprouts/tuber) was found on potato tuber treated with essential oils from Cymbopogon martini and Thymus schimperi (2.7 sprouts/tuber) whereas for variety Jalene, lower number of sprouts relative to control tuber (8.7 sprouts/tubers) was found on potato tubers treated with essential oils from Allium sativum and Rosmarinus officinalis (5.7 sprouts/tuber). The length of the longest sprouts on control tubers was 11.7 mm and 20 mm for varieties Gudene and Jalene, respectively. Longest and shortest length of sprout was found on potato tubers treated with Eucalyptus globulus and Rosmarinus officinalis, respectively, for both varieties. Therefore, essential oils used in the current study are promising alternatives to control potato sprouting during storage. However, seedlings of these species and other potential species must be made available to farmers with training on how to make extracts and apply them.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of plant extracts (PE) and manipueira on the control of Meloidogyne javanica in scarlet eggplants. The following treatments were applied: 1) control (50 mL of distilled water), 2) Cymbopogon citratus PE (PECC 50 mL, 0.3 g.mL-1), 3) Chenopodium ambrosioides PE (PECA 50 mL, 0, 3 g.ml-1), 4) Ricinus communis PE (RCPE 50 ml, 0.3 g.ml-1), 5) Manihot esculenta industrial residue (MEIR 50 ml, 0.3 g.ml-1). At 60 days after inoculation, plant height plant height (PH), shoot fresh matter (SFM) and roots (RFM), shoot dry matter (SDM) and nematological: gall index (NGI) and number of eggs (NE). PE and MEIR showed a tendency to improve the development of plants infected by the nematode. The PE reduced the reproduction of M. javanica, with emphasis on the PECA that reduced by 57.51% NE. It is concluded that the PECA was the most efficient in reducing the reproduction of M. javanica in scarlet eggplants with the potential to be used as a control alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing adequate nutrition to coffee plants is required to maintain plant health. The effect of five doses (0.05, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg L−1) of boron (B), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) on the severity of rust on coffee plants grown in nutrient solution was evaluated. Micronutrients were supplied to seedlings having two pairs of fully developed leaves. The seedling plants were inoculated with spores (106 ml−1) of the coffee rust pathogen (Hemileia vastatrix). Five assessments of the severity of the rust symptoms were made starting on the 43rd day after inoculation. The area under the disease progress curve for severity (AUDPCS) was calculated. There was a statistical difference in AUDPCS (p < 0.05) with all micronutrients tested. With B and Mn, there was a 15.1% and 52.3% reduction in severity of coffee rust at doses of 4.00 and 0.25 mg L−1, respectively. With Zn there was a 78.0% decrease in AUDPCS. The three micronutrients significantly affected the concentration of total soluble phenols, nevertheless, only Mn influenced the concentration of lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current approaches for assessing the effects of invasive alien species (IAS) are biased toward the negative effects of these species, resulting in an incomplete picture of their real effects. This can result in an inefficient IAS management. We address this issue by describing the INvasive Species Effects Assessment Tool (INSEAT) that enables expert elicitation for rapidly assessing the ecological consequences of IAS using the ecosystem services (ES) framework. INSEAT scores the ecosystem service "gains and losses" using a scale that accounted for the magnitude and the reversibility of its effects. We tested INSEAT on 18 IAS in Great Britain. Here, we highlighted four case studies: Harmonia axyridis (Harlequin ladybird), Astacus leptodactylus (Turkish crayfish), Pacifastacus leniusculus (Signal crayfish) and Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam). The results demonstrated that a collation of different experts' opinions using INSEAT could yield valuable information on the invasive aliens' ecological and social effects. The users can identify certain IAS as ES providers and the trade‐offs between the ES provision and loss associated with them. This practical tool can be useful for evidence‐based policy and management decisions that consider the potential role of invasive species in delivering human well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preserving the abundance and stocking of oaks (Quercus spp.) has become increasingly challenging in temperate hardwood forests of the eastern US in recent decades due to a remarkable shift in dominance to mesophytic species (e.g., red maple Acer rubrum). Studies have shown that efforts to sustain oaks while restraining maples yield limited success. Given that a significant portion of forestlands in the eastern U.S. are privately owned, it is critical to assess whether current forest management on cross-ownership forests can achieve those objectives. However, such assessments are rare. In this study, we employed a landscape modeling approach to investigate the long-term outcomes (i.e., 150-year forest composition and structure) of business-as-usual management and alternative management in a large, temperate hardwood forest landscape in Ohio, US. The business-as-usual management continues the current existing management practices, whereas the alternative management increases the pace and scale of forest management on both private and public lands to favor oaks. We compared the basal area and relative dominance for oaks (including Q. alba , Q. coccinea , Q. prinus , Q. rubra , and Q. velutina) and maples (including A. rubrum , A. saccharinum , and A. saccharum). Our results demonstrate that the implementation of business-as-usual management practices on both private and public lands may not effectively ensure the long-term sustainability of oak populations, but instead promote the proliferation of maple species over time. By contrast, alternative management on both private and public lands can effectively sustain oaks across a range of diameter classes while mitigating the growth of large, dominant maples. Our study emphasizes the influential role of private lands in driving oak-maple dynamics at the regional scale, as they can generate significant regional effects even when public lands continue with their business-as-usual management practices. Starting conditions based on landownership are crucial considerations for understanding these dynamics over time. • Current management may not sustain oaks on public and private lands. • Alternative management can help sustain oaks on both private and public lands. • Silvicultural management on private lands has significant regional effects. • We provide novel insights into cross-ownership oak-maple sustainable management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diplotaxis erucoides and Erucaria hispanica are common weeds of the Mediterranean region; they infest various habitats including cultivated fields and roadsides. In several fields across Israel, farmers have reported on poor control of D. erucoides and E. hispanica plants using acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of various ALS inhibitors on plants from two potentially resistant D. erucoides and E. hispanica populations. Additionally, alternative management strategies using auxinic herbicides were studied. Plants from both populations exhibited resistance to all tested ALS inhibitors, up to 20-fold the label field rate, as compared with ALS sensitive populations of D. erucoides and E. hispanica. Sequencing of the ALS gene revealed Trp574 to Leu substitution in ALS-resistant D. erucoides plants, whereas a Pro197 to Ser substitution was detected in ALS-resistant E. hispanica plants. Although high levels of resistance were observed in individuals from both putative resistant populations, sensitive individuals were also detected, suggesting the evolution of resistance in these two populations is still in progress. Auxinic herbicides, 2,4-D, and mecoprop-P, provided excellent control of plants from both ALS-resistant populations. This study documents and confirms the first case of evolution of resistance to ALS inhibitors in D. erucoides and E. hispanica populations.

Objective: To analyze three technological packages for maize production (Zea mays L.) in Huandacareo, Michoacán, Mexico, during the Spring-Summer 2016 agricultural cycle, in order to determine the one that offers high productivity and positive profitability, while preserving the environment and generating a positive social impact, in a context of sustainability. Design/methodology/approach: A sample of 10% from a population of 238 producers was obtained, applying 24 surveys randomly. Productivity was measured as yield in ha-1; profitability, through the benefit/cost ratio of the current flow of income and costs; sustainability was evaluated through three attributes: economic viability, social acceptability and environmental sustainability. Results: High productivity and positive profitability were found for the two conventional technologies, which are harmful to the environment and of low social impact; and low productivity and negative profitability for the alternative technology, which is friendly to the environment and has a high social impact. Study limitations/implications: The results are valid for the analyzed S-S cycle; in addition, the profitability analysis could be improved with a market study that evaluates the possibility of obtaining a premium for organic maize. Findings/conclusions: None of these technologies meet all the attributes to be sustainable. However, the alternative technological package can generate a sustainable maize production if: its productivity is increased, a surcharge for organic grain is obtained, and the period of transition between conventional and organic production is shortened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Tetranychus urticae Koch, the two‐spotted spider mite, is a highly polyphagous and worldwide pest of many agricultural crops, including fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals. Typical methods of control include applications of acaricides and biological control agents. Here, we present a non‐chemical technology for management of T. urticae on strawberry plants through the use of a nightly short‐duration ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) irradiation treatment. RESULTS: Potted strawberry plants infested with T. urticae that received a nightly 60‐s exposure of UV‐C irradiation had significantly fewer live mites per mid‐canopy leaflet (fewer than five) than untreated control plants (> 175). Furthermore, none of the UV‐C irradiated strawberry plants had any spider mite webbing; whereas, 65% of untreated plants were webbed. Tetranychus urticae feeding on untreated plants caused significant yellowing of the leaves compared with UV‐C‐treated plants. CONCLUSION: The UV‐C irradiation treatment maintained mite populations below the accepted economic threshold of five mites per mid‐canopy leaflet. No phytotoxic effects were visible on plants exposed to the short‐duration nightly UV‐C irradiation treatments. Further discussion is provided on the potential benefits of UV‐C irradiation for mite management. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Tetranychus urticae is a severe pest of strawberry plants worldwide. Nightly, short‐duration treatments of ultraviolet‐C irradiation provides an effective non‐chemical management strategy for T. urticae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose is a disease caused by the pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides affects avocado fruits (Persea americana Miller), making them unfit for commercialization. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of essential oils on the control of anthracnose in avocado fruits and its influence on the physico-chemical quality. The work was conducted at the Phytopathology Laboratory - UFPB, campus II. The fruits of avocado were treated with essential oils of lemon grass, cinnamon, eucalyptus, ricin, copaiba, andiroba, rosemary, canola, clove and flaxseed, which were added to the BDA culture medium at a concentration of 0.75 µLmL-1 and added to these two drops of Tween 80. In addition to the fungicide Tiabendazole 400 ml / 100 L added in the BDA medium and the control (pure culture medium). The following were evaluated: index of mycelial growth rate, conidia production and pathogen severity. The physical-chemical evaluations of the fruits were: loss of fresh mass; peel strength; pH; SS / AT ratio. The essential oils of cinnamon, lemon grass, eucalyptus, cloves, fennel, copaiba and rosemary reduce mycelial growth. The oils used show potential as an alternative treatment reducing the use of fungicides. Cinnamon oil in the concentration 0.75 µLmL-1 significantly reduces the growth and sporulation of the pathogen. Essential oils do not interfere with post-harvest quality of avocado fruits P. americana Miller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Current management may not sustain oaks while restraining maples in public forests. • Alternative management can help sustain oaks in public forests. • Silvicultural management on public lands has limited regional effects. • The relative contributions of NF and SF at the regional scale are not consistent. Active management for promoting oaks (Quercus spp.) and restraining maples (Acer spp.) is mostly conducted in public forests (e.g., national forests [NF] and state forests [SF]) because of oaks' ecological and economic importance. Studies have shown that current management efforts have limited success, meanwhile, oak-dominant forests continue to shift in composition and structure to shade-tolerant, fire-sensitive mesophytic species (e.g., red maple A. rubrum). It remains to be evaluated whether current management can achieve its objectives in public forests and at regional scales. In this study, we investigated the long-term outcomes of business-as-usual (BAU) and alternative management (AltMgt) scenarios in a large, temperate hardwood forest landscape in southern Ohio, US. The BAU approach simulates contemporary management, informed by harvest records across public lands and a geospatial disturbance database (i.e., LANDFIRE) to infer private land management. Whereas the AltMgt scenario increases the pace and scale of forest management on public lands through two-stage oak shelterwood harvests, treated every ten years across 10% of the land area with private land remaining as BAU. We used a spatially explicit and dynamic forest landscape model to project species compositional and structural changes under these two scenarios. Our results demonstrate that BAU management in public forests may not successfully sustain oak but instead favors the colonization of maples. Further, management objectives to promote oaks could be achieved on public forests under the AltMgt scenario, but such alternative management had limited impacts at the regional scale when including private lands. The management of NF and SF has a crucial role in driving regional changes in oak and maple abundance, particularly when private lands continued their BAU management. Starting conditions by landownership are also important considerations for oak-maple dynamics through time, implying the need to have a range of priorities and objectives, under different time frames, when developing long-term conservation plans for oak forests at regional-scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of this study was to evaluate the nitrogen fertilization as deep litter for pigs in order to produce biomass and accumulate nutrients by the corn. A deep litter made of rice husk as organic compound, from a commercial pig farm during finishing phase, was used. After three consecutive batches of pigs, the deep litter was subjected to a maturation period of 50 days, and samples of this material were taken for analysis of agronomic value. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates. The treatments consisted of doses of 0, 75, 150 and 300mg dm-3 of N of deep litter, as well as an additional treatment with ammonium sulfate, with a dosage of 150mg dm-3 of N. After 45 days, corn plants were harvested in order to evaluate the total dry weight and nutrient concentrations of their aerial parts. Dry matter increases were found with more application of deep litter. Regarding control fertilization, the use of increasing dosages of deep litter allowed accumulation of K, reduced the availability of P, Ca, Mg, Zn and B and did not alter the concentrations of N, Cu, Fe and Mn.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the energy flows of a commercial production system of swine deep bed in its finishing phase, located in Juiz de Fora, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Thus, an energy efficiency study was carried out by monitoring a lot of animals, during a 94-day period. The energy rate of each compound involved in the production process was quantified and the matrixes of energy consumption were determined in the form of animal feeding, electrical energy, piglets, material used as deep bed, human labor, equipment, swine buildings, production of alive swine for slaughter, organic fertilizer production (swine deep bed or swine deep litter). From the direct input energy, 80.57% correspond to animal feeding, 11.90% to pigs for slaughter and 6.76% to piglets, while from the energy output 53.45% correspond to the terminating swine and 46.55% to organic fertilizer (swine deep bed). By the results obtained, we can conclude that such production system has corresponded to an industrial and highly specialized agro ecosystem, importing a great part of the energy consumed in the production process, with 41% of energy efficiency.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os fluxos de energia de um sistema comercial de produção de suínos em cama sobreposta da fase de terminação, localizado em Juiz de Fora - MG. Para tanto, realizou-se estudo de eficiência energética, por meio do acompanhamento de um lote de animais, durante o período de 94 dias. Quantificou-se o coeficiente energético de cada componente envolvido no processo de produção e determinaram-se as matrizes de consumo energético nas formas de ração, energia elétrica, leitões, material usado como cama, mão de obra, equipamentos, instalações, produção de suínos vivos, e produção de adubo orgânico (cama sobreposta de suíno). Da energia direta de entrada, 80,57% correspondem à ração, 11,90% à serragem e 6,76% aos leitões. Da energia de saída, 53,45% referem-se aos suínos para abate e 46,55% ao adubo orgânico (cama sobreposta de suíno). Pelos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o sistema de produção em questão se enquadrou nas características de um agroecossistema industrial, altamente especializado, importando grande parte da energia consumida no processo de produção e apresentando eficiência energética de 41%.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the nitrogen fertilization in the form of swine deep bed in the properties of a quartz-sand neosol. The organic compound used was the deep bed made with rice hulls, from a commercial swine finishing system farm. Deep bed samples have been collected at various points in the installation in order to obtain a representative composite sample which has been fractionated in a 2.0 mm sieve and submitted to a 50-day maturation period. Then, agronomic value analyses were done. The experimental design was completely randomized. The treatments consisted of 0; 75; 150 and 300 mg dm-3 of N doses of deep bed as well as an additional treatment with ammonium sulfate at a 150 mg dm-3 of N. The experimental period in the greenhouse was 45 days, where the soil was cultivated with maize. After the experiment completion, further soil properties analyses were done. From the results, it was noted that the organic fertilization with deep bed provided a significant increase in the levels of potassium, in the sum of the bases, in the effective CEC, in the CEC at pH 7.0 and in the percentage of saturation.Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada na forma de cama sobreposta de suíno sobre os atributos de um Neossolo Quartzarênico. O composto orgânico utilizado foi a cama sobreposta, feita com casca-de-arroz, proveniente de uma granja comercial de suínos em sistema de terminação. As amostras de cama sobreposta foram retiradas em vários pontos da instalação, visando a obter-se amostra composta representativa, após o que foi fracionada em peneira de 2,0 mm e submetida a uma compostagem adicional de 50 dias. Na sequência, foram realizadas análises de valor agronômico. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos constituíram-se das dosagens de 0; 75; 150 e 300 mg dm-3 de N na forma de cama sobreposta, bem como um tratamento adicional com sulfato de amônio na dose de 150 mg dm-3 de N. O período experimental em casa de vegetação foi de 45 dias, onde se cultivou o solo com milho. Finalizado o experimento, procedeu-se a nova análise dos atributos do solo. Pelos resultados obtidos, notou-se que a adubação orgânica com cama sobreposta proporcionou aumentos significativos nos teores de potássio, na soma de bases, na CTC efetiva, na CTC a pH 7,0 e na porcentagem de saturação por bases.

Bemisia tabaci biótipo B é um dos principais insetos-praga na cultura da abobrinha (Cucurbita pepo L.). O manejo dessa mosca-branca tornou-se grande desafio aos agricultores, uma vez que esta apresenta rápida capacidade de desenvolver resistência a diferentes classes de inseticidas. Como alternativa vem sendo investigado o uso de extratos vegetais com atividades inseticida e/ou insetistática, os quais têm revelado resultados promissores no combate a inseto. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os possíveis efeitos de sete extratos provenientes de cinco espécies vegetais, Ruta graveolens L. (folhas), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (folhas + ramos), Trichilia pallida Swartz (ramos), T. pallida (folhas), A. indica (amêndoas), Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (inflorescências + ramos+ folhas) e Mentha pulegium L. (folhas), sobre Bemisia tabaci biótipo B em abobrinha, por meio de testes de repelência e deterrência para oviposição. Em teste com chance de escolha, avaliou-se a atratividade e determinou-se o índice de repelência após 6, 24 e 48 horas da aplicação dos extratos. A oviposição foi verificada após a terceira contagem do número de adultos. O extrato à base de folhas de M. pulegium mostrou repelência e deterrência à oviposição de B. tabaci biótipo B, podendo ser recomendado como alternativa para o manejo do inseto.Bemisia tabaci biotype B is one of the main pests in squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). The management of this whitefly has become a major challenge to growers, since they have the ability to quickly develop resistance to different classes of insecticides. Alternatively, the use of plant extracts with insecticide and/or insectistatic activities has been investigated, showing promising results for the whitefly control. The present study evaluated the possible effects of seven extracts from five plant species, Ruta graveolens L. (leaves), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (leaves + branches), Trichilia pallida Swartz (branches), T. pallida (leaves), A. indica (almonds), Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (inflorescence + leaves + branches) and Mentha pulegium L. (leaves) on Bemisia tabaci biotype B in squash, by assays of repellence and oviposition deterrence. In free choice tests, the attractiveness and determination of the rate of repellence (with 6, 24 and 48 hours after application of the extracts) were evaluated. The oviposition was observed after the third counting of the number of adults. The extract of leaves of M. pulegium showed repellence and oviposition deterrence to B. tabaci biotype B and may be recommended as an alternative in the insect management.

Critical management authors are constantly searching for alternative models. We could learn from the study of the functioning of pirate communities, for example. It would have been important for the critical authors to have an example of a real pirate city organized under libertarian principles, such as the Republic of Salé (1627–1641/1666). Unfortunately, the study of this case, based on historical sources, shows that it was not an ideal pirate city, but rather a maritime city state, a plutocracy, inserted in national and international trade networks. Even when demythologized, the pirate utopia remains a fascinating part of our collective imaginary and thus could provide us with solutions to the limitations of existing models. One could, however, say that fully assumed fiction would have more impact than this false reality to which is attributed things that did not even exist. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Since the negative trends in bird populations breeding in intensified farming systems of western Europe could be difficult to reverse, this article highlights the importance of also considering conservation measures in key-sites for grassland birds in European Russia where farming abandonment is the prevailing threat. Non-passerine bird species frequency was studied in the period 2007–2009, within 193 count points in diversely managed meadows of 36 key-regions in Russia and compared to the outcomes of 492 count points in hay meadows of 25 key-regions in France. In Russia, five species were recorded in at least 35% of the plots, among which the Corncrake Crex crex in 75% of total sample. Pair density was defined in two hay meadow systems in Russia with the Territory Mapping method. Bird biomass density was not different when compared to the most favourable conditions recorded in France, but with a Corncrake density of 2.1 calling males per 10 ha vs. 1.0 in the major French stronghold. Experimental results of alternative management showed the limits of mowing postponement programmes in French grassland ecosystems and enabled us to explore the effects of rotational mowing for limiting habitat loss due to farming abandonment in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La planta de lino oleaginoso es especialmente sensible a la competencia con malezas, que limita el rendimiento potencial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue delimitar el período crítico de competencia del lino con una comunidad natural de malezas. Se realizó una experiencia de campo durante 1993, 1994 y 1995 en La Plata, Argentina. Los tratamientos consistieron en mantener el lino con y sin presencia de malezas en distintas etapas de su desarrollo. La comunidad de malezas fue evaluada en su composición y producción de materia seca y el cultivo en su rendimiento en semillas y componentes. El período crítico se delimitó entre los 30 y 80 días después de la siembra. En este período, la disminución de rendimiento de lino respecto del testigo sin malezas fue superior al 10%. La disminución de rendimiento del cultivo totalmente enmalezado fue del 79% respecto del desmalezado todo el ciclo. Fue afectado el número de semillas por planta ya que su definición está incluida en el período delimitado. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que las alternativas de control deben considerar el período crítico y también propiciar su utilización en modelos de predicción.Linseed plant is especially sensitive to weed competition, which limits its potential yield. The aim of this work was to determine the critical period of linseed competition with a natural weed community. A field experiment was carried out in 1993, 1994 and 1995 in La Plata, Argentina. Treatments consisted of keeping linseed with and without weeds at different stages of development. Weed composition and dry biomass, and linseed yield and its components were evaluated. The critical period of competition was determined, starting at 30 days and ending 80 days after crop seeding. Linseed yield decrease was greater than 10% during the critical period of competition,when compared to the check plot kept without competition. The maximum yield decrease of the check plot kept totally weeded crop from seeding to harvest was 79%. The number of seeds per linseed plant was affected, since its definition was included in the delimited critical period. The results obtained suggest that alternative weed management must consider long critical periods and should be used in predictive models.

Attract-and-kill is a possible alternative to the conventional control of Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) with bait or cover sprays of organophosphate insecticides. In this study, we determined if an attract-and-kill device (MagMED ® ) could be applied alone at the recommended rate (80 devices/ha), or needed to be combined with other conventional control tactics to suppress medfly in deciduous fruit orchards (apple, nectarine, peach, pear, plum). We also determined if attract-and-kill had any detrimental effects on naturally occurring beneficial insects. Based on an acceptable level of crop loss of 2–5% (the level of crop loss growers can tolerate), attract-and-kill suppressed medfly and reduced crop loss below the acceptable level in orchards with additional controls. Attract-and-kill was most effective when combined with either bait spraying, cover spraying or both. Combining attract-and-kill with cover sprays of fenthion resulted in a drop in crop loss of apples from 2.5% to 0.5%. By combining attract-and-kill with weekly bait sprays and two cover spray applications, crop loss fell from 13.7% to 4.3% in peaches, from 6.3% to 5% in nectarines and from 6.3% to 3.7% in pears. Twice weekly bait spraying was the most effective technique at suppressing medfly, providing acceptable control when applied alone, which further improved by combining with attract-and-kill. By combining attract-and-kill with twice weekly bait spraying crop loss fell from 2% to 1% in nectarines and from 4% to 2% in apples. In laboratory trials, attract-and-kill devices killed 100% of brown lacewings ( Micromus tasmaniae Walker) and 94% of transverse ladybeetles ( Coccinella transversalis Fabricius) 24 h after contact. However, orchard samples suggest that it may not pose any significant negative impact on naturally occurring beneficials such as Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Thysanoptera and Syrphidae in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of aqueous plant extracts on hatching, mobility, and mortality of Heterodera glycines race 1. For this purpose, aqueous plant extracts were obtained from leaves of Ocimum pupuraceus, Cymbopogon winterianus, Cymbopogon citratus, and seeds of Cucurbita moschata and Carica papaya. After extraction and separation of juveniles and eggs into 2 mL suspension in test tubes, 1 mL of each aqueous plant extract was applied to the nematode suspension. The tubes were incubated in BOD at 26°C. After 24 hr, the suspension with juveniles was carefully washed, and the percentage of inactive juveniles was recorded. The percentage of dead juveniles was also evaluated after more than 24 hr. After 16 d, hatching was evaluated by counting hatched juveniles and remaining unhatched eggs. Extracts of C. papaya, C. moschata, and C. winteranus reduced juvenile hatching when compared with water or C. citratus extract. Mobility was reduced with application of C. citratus and C. papaya extracts, and there was 100% mortality with the C. papaya extract. Extracts from seeds of C. papaya and C. moschata showed the greatest cumulative impact, reducing the nematode population by 100% and 97.05%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agricolas is the property of University of Narino, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Market information was combined with predicted input-output relationships in an economic analysis of alternative nutritional management for dual-purpose member herds of the Genesis farmer organization of central coastal Veracruz, Mexico. Cow productivity outcomes for typical management and alternative feeding scenarios were obtained from structured sets of simulations in a companion study of productivity limitations and potentials using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System model (Version 6.0). Partial budgeting methods and sensitivity analysis were used to identify economically viable alternatives based on expected change in milk income over feed cost (change in revenues from milk sales less change in feed costs). Herd owners in coastal Veracruz have large economic incentives, from $584 to $1,131 in predicted net margin, to increase milk sales by up to 74% across a three-lactation cow lifetime by improving diets based on good quality grass and legume forages. This increment is equal to, or exceeds, in value the total yield from at least one additional lactation per cow lifetime. Furthermore, marginal rates of return (change in milk income over feed costs divided by change in variable costs when alternative practices are used) of 3.3 ± 0.8 indicate clear economic incentives to remove fundamental productivity vulnerabilities due to chronic energy deficits and impeded growth of immature cows under typical management. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the economic outcomes are robust for a variety of market conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed chemical and kinetic composition and animal performance information was used to evaluate productivity limitations and potentials of dual-purpose member herds of the Genesis farmer organization of central coastal Veracruz, Mexico. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System model (Version 6.0) was systematically applied to specific groups of cows in structured simulations to establish probable input-output relationships for typical management, and to estimate probable outcomes from alternative management based on forage-based dietary improvements. Key herd vulnerabilities were pinpointed: chronic energy deficits among dry cows of all ages in late gestation and impeded growth for immature cows. Regardless of the forage season of calving, most cows, if not all, incur energy deficits in the final trimester of gestation; thus reducing the pool of tissue energy and constraining milking performance. Under typical management, cows are smaller and underweight for their age, which limits feed intake capacity, milk production and the probability of early postpartum return to ovarian cyclicity. The substitution of good-quality harvested forage for grazing increased predicted yields by about one-third over typical scenarios for underweight cows. When diets from first parturition properly supported growth and tissue repletion, milk production in second and third lactations was predicted to improve about 60%. Judiciously supplemented diets based on good quality grass and legume forages from first calving were predicted to further increase productivity by about 80% across a three-lactation cow lifetime. These dual-purpose herd owners have large incentives to increase sales income by implementing nutritional strategies like those considered in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northern root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne hapla) is a prominent root vegetable pest in the Czech Republic. Effects of several plant essences for M. hapla management on carrot ( Daucus carota) were tested. The tested compounds included commercially available plant essences from Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil), Mentha arvensis (field mint), Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold), and commercial product of neem seed ( Azadirachta indica). Two further essences from Eugenia caryophyllata (clove) and Origanum majorana (marjoram) were obtained by distillation. Tests were conducted on container-grown carrots maintained under field conditions. The delivery method involved absorbing the tested essences in perlite particles placed in a substrate. The results showed a negative correlation between gall numbers of the carrots and treatment concentrations, especially for clove and majoram. Similar results were achieved when considering M. hapla egg numbers. Furthermore, the same treatments showed significant differences ( P ≥ 0.05) in fresh and dry root weights. Based on these results the management of M. hapla using plant essences seems to be possible, however, further research is desirable to determine the appropriate dosage needed for efficient and most appropriate delivery method of these substances under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The decade of the nineties has already exhibited a dramatic growth in the home health care industry. Ongoing health care reform in this country provides home health care professionals an exciting opportunity to broaden their scope of practice as they care for the prenatal client who presents with complex home health care needs. The purpose of this article is to provide the nurse with an overview of those conditions that are now frequently seen in the home care environment. These informational guidelines provide a framework in which the home health nurse can work while allowing flexibility for the individual differences of providers, institutions, and clients. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]