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Tema diplomskega dela je premislek o možnosti avtonomije avtomata – tj. umetne inteligence. Po uvodnemu poglavju, v katerem predstavim temo in razlog, zakaj je posebej zanimiva, nadaljujem s vpogledom v nastanek in pomen človekovih pravic. Osredotočam se predvsem na deklaracijo o neodvisnosti ZDA in Deklaracijo o pravicah človeka in državljana iz razsvetljenske Francije. Poskušam razložiti prednosti in pomanjkljivosti tudi sodobnih splošnih človekovih pravic UN (kje se še vedno pojavljajo nesoglasja, itd.). V nadaljevanju je govora o 19. členu iz te deklaracije in zakaj predvideva človeško lastnost avtonomije. Kaj sploh je avtonomija, kako in zakaj je skozi evolucijo nastala pri ljudeh. Te ugotovitve projiciram na izdelavo umetnih inteligenc. Ta diplomske naloge se podrobneje posveča temu, ali obstaja potencial, da bi avtomati avtonomijo v prihodnosti lahko dosegli. Oziroma, na kakšen način bi morali avtomate razvijati, da bodo ta potencial imeli. Razumeti poskušam tudi to, kakšne posledice bi avtonomen avtomat lahko predstavljal za človeško družbo in kako naj se družba do njega vede. Mar naj bo avtomat upravičen do določenih človekovih pravic ali ne? The topic of this graduation thesis is a consideration of the possibility of autonomy of the automaton - i.e. artificial intelligence. After the introductory chapter, in which I present the topic and the reason why it is particularly interesting, I continue with an insight into the origin and importance of human rights. I am focusing mainly on the Declaration of Independence of the United States and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of Enlightenment France. I am also trying to explain the advantages and disadvantages of contemporary UN universal human rights (where disagreements still arise, etc.). The following is a discussion of Article 19 of this declaration and why it requires for the human quality of autonomy. What exactly is autonomy, how and why did it arise in humans through evolution. I project these findings onto the fabrication of artificial intelligence. This dissertation focuses in more detail on whether there is a potential for automata to achieve autonomy in the future. That is, in what way should automata be developed to have this potential. I am also trying to understand what consequences an autonomous automaton could present for human society and how society should behave towards it. Should the machine be entitled to certain human rights or not?

V državah z dobro vzpostavljenimi cepilnimi programi je cepljenje “žrtev lastnega uspeha”, saj je nizka pojavnost bolezni, ki jih preprečujemo s cepljenjem, zmanjšala izkušnjo njihovega bremena in s tem očitnost koristi cepljenja. Povečevanje števila staršev, ki zavračajo cepljenje svojih otrok, je že ogrozilo t. i. skupnostno imunost oz. jo zmanjšalo celo do mere, da so se ponovno začeli pojavljati izbruhi prej obvladanih nalezljivih bolezni. V prispevku predstavljamo sistematični pristop k etičnim vprašanjem glede cepljenja otrok skozi štiri principe biomedicinske etike (tj. spoštovanje posameznikove avtonomije, neškodovanje, dobrodelnost in pravičnost), ki je razumljiv model za razmislek o tovrstnih vprašanjih. Pediatrom na primarni ravni, ki se najpogosteje srečujejo z dilemami glede obravnave otrok, katerih starši zavračajo cepljenje, je lahko sistematičnost opisanega pristopa v pomoč pri etičnem razmisleku, odločanju in iskanju lastne vloge v tovrstnih situacijah. Utemeljujemo iskanje “etičnega ravnovesja”, kar pomeni, da stopnja spoštovanja avtonomije staršev ni stalna, ampak odvisna od ravni vzpostavljene skupnostne imunosti. če moralna dolžnost posameznikov, da prispevajo k imunosti populacije, ni izpolnjena, je upravičeno s strani države pred-pisano obvezno cepljenje. Država je namreč odgovorna za varovanje skupnostne imunosti, ki jo moramo razumeti kot javno dobro in zato potrebuje posebno državno zaščito.

Uvod: Enota intenzivne terapije predstavlja zelo stresno klinično okolje, kjer se zdravijo življenjsko ogroženi pacienti, ki so pogosto opravilno nesposobni. Tu zdravstveno osebje na dnevni bazi v akutnih in zelo čustvenih situacijah sprejema pomembne odločitve med življenjem in smrtjo pacientov, ob tem pa se lahko soočijo tudi z etično dilemo. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je proučiti najpogostejše etične izzive, ki se pojavljajo pri oskrbi pacientov v enoti intenzivne terapije in imajo hkrati pomembno vlogo pri zagotavljanju kakovostne zdravstvene nege. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda s sistematičnim pregledom tuje in domače strokovne ter znanstvene literature. Usmerili smo se na tri glavne etične izzive, ki se pojavljajo pri zdravstveni negi pacienta v enoti intenzivne terapije: avtonomija, dostojanstvo in prekinitev aktivnega zdravljenja. Časovni okvir je zajemal literaturo izdano med letoma 2011 in 2022, katero smo iskali v bazah podatkov Medline, ScienceDirect in Cinahl, v iskalniku Pubmed ter spletnem portalu Google učenjak. V končno analizo smo vključili 9 enot literature. Rezultati: Sodelovanje pacientov v procesu zdravstvene nege je opisano kot pogojeno z njihovim zdravstvenim stanjem in zavestjo. Pacienti v EIT pogosto občutijo izgubo nadzora nad svojim življenjem. Med hospitalizacijo želijo biti vprašani za mnenje, v primeru, da komuniciranja niso zmožni, pa vseeno želijo biti informirani. Pacienti čutijo olajšanje, če jih zdravstveno osebje spodbuja, da sodelujejo v procesu zdravstvene nege in so obravnavani kot člani tima. Žal pride tudi do situacij, ko so s strani zdravstvenega osebja obravnavani kot objekti. Primer te neprijetne situacije je lahko morebitno imenovanje pacientov po številkah posteljnih enot. Kot glavno komponento zagotavljanja dostojanstva, so pacienti izpostavili zagotavljanje intimnosti in zagotavljanje zdravstvene oskrbe brez znakov gnusa in drugih negativnih signalov s strani zdravstvenega osebja. V težkih in neprijetnih situacijah, ki jih pacienti doživljajo tekom hospitalizacije v EIT, jim je v pomoč primerna uporaba humorja, spodbujanje realnega upanja, odkrita komunikacija o njihovi diagnozi in prognozi, najpomembnejši pa je občutek podpore zdravstvenega osebja in biti cenjen kot oseba. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da se je zdravnikom etično in psihološko težje odločiti za odtegnitev kot za opustitev zdravljenja. Najpogostejši razlogi za odtegnitev zdravljenja so večorganska odpoved in slaba prognoza za akutno ali kronično bolezen ter dejstvo, da je za pacienta intenzivno zdravljenje neučinkovito. Odtegnitev zdravljenja najpogosteje predstavlja ukinitev vsega aktivnega zdravljenja, razen protibolečinske terapije, medtem ko je najpogostejša oblika opustitve zdravljenja načelo »ne oživljaj«. Razprava in zaključek: Pri pacientih v EIT se pogosto pojavljajo občutki strahu, nelagodja in nemoči, predvsem zaradi nepoznavanja bolnišničnega okolja, zmanjšanja avtonomnega odločanja, neinformiranosti in nevključenosti v zdravstveno oskrbo. To lahko privede do pasivnosti pacientov in posledično odvisnost od zdravstvenega osebja. Pacient mora imeti tekom hospitalizacije zadostno količino informacij, da lahko prevzame aktivno vlogo in sprejema informirane odločitve. Za zagotovitev dostojne zdravstvene oskrbe mora zdravstveno osebje pacienta spoštovati in nanj gledati kot na osebo, mu zagotoviti intimo ter celostni pristop zdravstvene oskrbe. V primeru odločitve o PAZ je pomembno, da pri pacientu poskrbimo za ustrezno paliativno oskrbo in med drugim poskrbimo za zadostno sedacijo in analgezijo. Introduction: The intensive care unit represents a very stressful clinical environment where life-threatening patients, who are often legally incompetent, are treated. Here, on a daily basis, in acute and highly emotional situations, medical staff make important decisions between the lives and deaths of patients. At this point they may also face an ethical dilemma. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study the most common ethical challenges that arise in the care of patients in the intensive care unit and at the same time play an important role in providing quality care. Methods: A descriptive method with a systematic review of foreign and domestic professional and scientific literature was used. We focused on three main ethical challenges that arise in patient care in the intensive care unit: autonomy, dignity, and discontinuation of treatment. The time frame included literature published between 2011 and 2022, which we searched in the Medline, ScienceDirect and Cinahl databases, in the Pubmed search engine and in the Google Scholar web portal. 9 units of literature were included in the final analysis. Results: The participation of patients in the nursing process is described as conditioned by their state of health and consciousness. Patients in the ICU often experience a loss of control over their lives. During hospitalization, they want to be asked for their opinion, but in case they are unable to communicate, they still want to be informed. Patients feel relieved when they are encouraged by the medical staff to participate in the nursing process and are treated as team members. Unfortunately, there are also situations when they are treated as objects. An example of this situation is patient, being called by their bed unit number. As a major component of ensuring dignity, patients highlighted the provision of intimacy and the provision of health care without signs of disgust and other negative signals showed by medical staff. Appropriate use of humor, fostering real hope, open communication about their diagnosis and prognosis, sense of support from medical staff and being valued as a person helped patients survive through difficult and awkward situations experienced during hospitalization at the ICU. It has been found out that it is ethically and psychologically more difficult for physicians to decide to withdraw than to withold treatment. The most common reasons for withdraw treatment are multiorgan failure and poor prognosis for acute or chronic disease, and the fact that intensive treatment is ineffective for the patient. Withdrawal of treatment most often means the abolition of all active treatment, except analgesic therapy, while the most common form of withhold of treatment is the principle "do not resuscitate". Discussion and conclusion: Patients in the ICU often experience feelings of fear, discomfort and helplessness, mainly due to ignorance of the hospital environment, reduced autonomy of decision-making, lack of information and non-involvement in healthcare. This may lead to patient passivity and consequent dependence on medical staff. The patient must have sufficient information during hospitalization to be able to take an active role and make informed decisions. In order to ensure decent medical care, the medical staff must respect and view the patient as a person, provide him with intimacy and a holistic approach to medical care. In case of a decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment it is important to provide the patient with appropriate palliative care, including adequate sedation and analgesia.

V diplomskem delu smo izdelali avtonomni sistem za dolgotrajno spremljanje površin iz zraka. Pomembno je, da je sistem zanesljiv in varen, zato smo temu posvetili posebno pozornost in doseženo tudi analizirali. Izdelali smo zmogljiv in varen letalnik z bazno postajo. Izdelek vsebuje vse želene funkcije, predvsem avtonomno letenje, ki za vzlet in pristanek potrebuje samo pritisk tipke na bazni postaji. Prav tako preko nje letalnik sporoča uporabniku svoje stanje med letom in avtonomno ohranja zadano lokacijo nad nadzorovanim območjem. To doseže z uporabo navigacijskega sistema, kompasa, tipala nagiba in višine. Letalnik je sposoben leteti več kot 40 minut, kar omogoča snemanje daljših dogodkov. Ker je sistem samostojen, ga med letom ni treba nadzorovati. Tako lahko med njegovim delovanjem počnemo druge stvari. Sistem je bil preizkušen pri snemanju daljših športnih dogodkov iz zraka (nogometni treningi). Posnetki so se izkazali kot uporabni za arhiviranje ter analizo športnih dogodkov. Raziskali smo tudi razširitev uporabe izdelka, ki med letom omogoča letalniku spreminjanje zadane lokacije s sledenjem uporabniku (npr. kolesarjem). In this thesis, we have developed an autonomous system for long-term aerial surface monitoring. It is important that the system is reliable and safe, so we have devoted special attention to this and analyzed the results thoroughly. We have built a powerful and safe aircraft with a base station. The product contains all the desired features, especially autonomous flight, which requires only a button press on the base station to take off and land. The base station is also used to communicate the status of the aircraft in flight to the user. The aircraft autonomously maintains a specified position over a controlled area. This is done with the help of the navigation system, compass, inclination and altitude sensors. The aircraft is capable of flying for more than 40 minutes, so longer events can be recorded. Since the system is autonomous, it does not need to be controlled during the flight. So we can do other things while it is in operation. The system was tested for aerial footage of longer sporting events (soccer practices). The footage proved useful for archiving and analyzing sporting events. We also explored how the product can be used so that the aircraft changes the specified location during flight by tracking the user (e.g. cyclists).

V sodobni družbi medicina, kljub velikim napredkom in odkritjem znanosti nima zdravil za vse bolezni, ki pestijo človeštvo. Tehnologiji navkljub je smrt danes del življenja. Kljub številnim zdravilom umiranje ni nujno mirno, spokojno ali neboleče. Sodobna družba se še vedno sooča s strahom pred koncem življenja, pred smrtjo in trpljenjem, ki ga ta prinaša. Posledično se je oblikovalo razlikovanje med t. i. dobro in slabo smrtjo. Dobra smrt predstavlja zaželeno obliko umiranje, kjer bolnik namesto trpljenja le mirno zaspi. Strah pred trpečim umiranjem in želja po mirni smrti vodita do vprašanja evtanazije, ki prinaša rešitev trpljenju v obliki mirne smrti na željo pacienta. Težnje po uzakonitvi evtanazije v Sloveniji so podprte s številnimi argumenti osebne svobode, avtonomije posameznika, sočutja in dobrodelnosti do bolnih. Na drugi strani pa jim stojijo številni drugi argumenti proti legalizaciji evtanazije, kot je svetost življenja in strah pred zlorabami evtanazije. V diplomskem delu, ki je pred vami bom opredelila kaj evtanazija sploh je ter predstavila argumente za in proti uzakonitvi evtanazije v Sloveniji, ki jih je oblikovala slovenska stroka. Uporabila bom teoretični pristop raziskovanja, ter z metodo deskriptivne analize znanstvene in strokovne literature iskala odgovor na vprašanje kakšno je po mnenje Slovenske stroke vprašanju uzakonitve evtanazije v Sloveniji. In modern society despite great advances and discoveries of medical science society does not have the cure for all diseases that plague humanity. Despite advanced technology, death is still part of life. However, there is no certainty that the process of dying is peaceful, serene and painless. Moderns society still faces the fear of death, dying and all the suffering that it brings. As a result of the fear, a distinction was made between so-called good and bad death. A good death represents a desirable form of dying, where the patient falls asleep and dies peacefully with no suffering. The fear of death and suffering on one hand and the wish for peaceful death on the other leads to the question of euthanasia, which offers a choice for a peaceful death without suffering. The aspirations to legalize euthanasia in Slovenia are supported by numerous arguments, such as personal freedom, autonomy, compassion and charity towards the sick. At the same time, we can list several arguments against the legalization of euthanasia such as the sanctity of life and possible abuse of euthanasia. In my graduate thesis sitting in front of you, I will define what euthanasia is and present the arguments, created by experts from different professions, that stand for or against the legalization of euthanasia in Slovenia. With a theoretical approach to the research, I will use the method of descriptive analysis to analyse scientific literature to form and present arguments for and against the legalisation of euthanasia, while seeking an answer to the question of what is the opinion of Slovenian professionals on the issue of legalization of euthanasia in Slovenia.

Uvod: Medicinske sestre so pri zdravstveni negi bolnika z rakom vpete v njegove etične in moralne pomisleke o življenju in smrti oziroma vsakodnevne aktivnosti. Oskrba bolnikov z rakom je kompleksna in zahteva multidisciplinarno obravnavo. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti področja onkološke zdravstvene nege, ki so najbolj izpostavljena etičnim izzivom ter z etičnega vidika opredeliti vlogo medicinskih sester v onkologiji. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda dela s sistematičnim pregledom strokovne in znanstvene domače ter tuje literature. Osredotočili smo se na štiri z etiko povezana področja onkološke zdravstvene nege: komunikacija, avtonomija, dostojanstvo in bolečina. Časovni okvir je zajemal literaturo od leta 2010 do 2021 iskane preko oddaljenega dostopa v podatkovnih bazah Medline in Science Direct ter v spletnem portalu Google učenjak. V končno analizo smo vključili 16 člankov. Rezultati: Komunikacija z bolnikom z rakom pogosto zajema sporočanje slabih novic, kar medicinskim sestram povzroča nelagodje. Pogosti vzroki za neustrezno podajanje informacij bolniku z rakom so pomanjkanje komunikacijskih veščin, časa in znanja medicinskih sester. Medicinske sestre so etično naravnave k zagovarjanju bolnikovih interesov in vključitvi bolnika kot aktivnega udeleženca lastnega zdravljenja. Psihične in fizične težave bolnikov z napredovanjem bolezni pogosto zmanjšajo njihovo zadovoljstvo z življenjem, kar lahko bolniki občutijo kot izgubo dostojanstva. Pomemben element psihosocialne podpore bolnika z rakom je družina. Družinski člani so sicer pogosto manj naklonjeni popolni informiranosti bolnika o njegovem zdravstvenemu stanju, času preživetja in prognozi bolezni z namenom, da ga zaščitijo pred stresom. Obravnava bolečine je zaradi pomanjkljivega znanja medicinskih sester o protibolečinski terapiji in njeni učinkovitosti pogosto nezadovoljiva. Etični konflikti, ki se pojavijo med oskrbo bolnikov z rakom, lahko medicinskim sestram povzročajo čustveno izgorelost in nezadovoljstvo pri delu. Razprava in zaključek: Izboljšanje veščin empatične komunikacije in izobraževanje s področja obravnave bolečine bi pripomogla k izboljšanju oskrbe bolnikov z rakom. Fizične in psihosocialne stiske bolnikov z rakom vplivajo na njihovo dostojanstvo in avtonomnost, zato je pomembno, da medicinske sestre zagovarjajo njihove pravice ter ohranjajo integriteto vsakega posameznika. Zmanjšanje čustvene preobremenjenosti onkoloških medicinskih sester bi lahko zmanjšali s samorefleksijo in supervizijo etičnih dilem znotraj zdravstvenega tima. Celostna oskrba bolnika z rakom zajema tudi obravnavo psihičnih in duhovnih potreb, med katere spada tudi družinsko sodelovanje za lažje spopadanje bolnika s hudo boleznijo. Introduction: Nurses are exposed to difficult decisions and ethical conflicts in the nursing care of an oncology patient. The care of oncology patients is complex and requires multidisciplinary treatment at all levels of health care. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to present the areas of oncology nursing that are most exposed to ethical challenges and to define the role of nurses in oncology from an ethical point of view. Methods: A descriptive method of work with a systematic review of professional and scientific domestic and foreign literature was used. We focused on four selected areas of oncology nursing related to ethics: communication, autonomy, dignity, and pain. The time frame covered literature from 2010 to 2021. Literature with free access was searched in databases Medline and Science Direct and in the Google Scholar web portal. In the final analysis 16 articles were included. Results: Communication with an oncology patient often involves reporting bad news, which makes nurses uncomfortable. Lack of communication skills, time and knowledge are common causes of inadequate delivery of information to an oncology patient. The ethical concern of the nurse is to defend the patient's interests and to include the patient as an active participant in their own treatment. The mental and physical problems of patients as the disease progresses reduce their satisfaction with life, which patients may perceive as a loss of dignity. The role of the family is an indispensable element of psychosocial support for a cancer patient. Family members are often less inclined to fully inform the patient about his health condition, survival time and prognosis in order to protect him from psychosocial stress. The treatment of pain is often unsatisfactory due to the lack of knowledge of nurses about pain therapy and its effectiveness. Ethical conflicts that arise during the care of oncology patients can cause nurses emotional burnout and dissatisfaction at work. Discussion and conclusion: Improving empathic communication and skills of pain management would help to improve care of cancer patients. The physical and psychosocial hardships of cancer patients affect their dignity and autonomy, so it is important that nurses defend their rights and maintain the integrity of each individual. Self-reflection and supervision of ethical dilemmas within the medical team could help reduce the emotional overload of oncology nurses. Comprehensive care for an oncology patient also includes the treatment of psychological and spiritual needs, including family cooperation to help the patient cope with a serious illness.

V diplomskem delu sem raziskovala ohranjaje avtonomije stanovalcev v Domu upokojencev Ptuj, enoti Kidričevo. V teoretičnem delu sem predstavila dolgotrajno oskrbo in institucionalno varstvo starejših ljudi. Osredotočila sem se tudi na predstavitev pomena avtonomije v starosti, in zagotavljanje avtonomije stanovalcev v institucionalnem varstvu. Prav tako pa sem predstavila socialno delo s starejšimi ljudmi in socialno delo v domu za starejše ljudi, ki imata svoje specifične lastnosti. Glavni namen je bil raziskati ohranjanje avtonomije stanovalcev v institucionalnem varstvu. V raziskavo sem vključila stanovalce in zaposlene Doma upokojencev Ptuj, enote Kidričevo. Raziskovala sem, kako zaposleni v domu ohranjajo in upoštevajo avtonomijo stanovalcev, kakšne oblike in načine pomoči uporabljajo zaposleni za spodbujanje stanovalcev k ohranjanju avtonomije, kako stanovalci sami skrbijo za ohranjaje lastne avtonomije, ter kakšne so prakse spodbujanja avtonomije stanovalcev. S pomočjo kvalitativnega raziskovanja, kjer sem opravila intervjuje s stanovalci in zaposlenimi sem dobila rezultate, da se avtonomija stanovalcev ohranja, s tem ko zaposleni spodbujajo stanovalce k samostojnemu opravljanju vsakodnevnih opravil, k sodelovanju pri pomoči, k vključevanju v delovanje doma, k izražanju svojih želja, pripomb, interesov. Prav tako se stanovalci tudi sami trudijo za ohranjanje lastne avtonomije. Zaposleni se zavedajo, da je pomembno spodbujati stanovalce k ohranjanju samostojnosti, saj je to eden ključnih dejavnikov za zadovoljstvo stanovalcev. Predlagam, da bi v Domu upokojencev Ptuj, enoti Kidričevo zaposlili še več negovalnega osebja, saj bi tako imeli pri izvajanju nege več časa in bi se lahko še bolj individualno osredotočili na ohranjanje avtonomije stanovalcev. Predlagam tudi, da bi zaposleni imeli izobraževanje na temo krepitve moči stanovalcev in bi tako spoznali ali okrepili svoje znanje o načinu spodbujanja stanovalcev k ohranjanju avtonomije ter s tem še bolj ozavestili pomembnost ohranjanja avtonomije stanovalcev v institucionalnem varstvu. Socialni delavci so v institucionalnem varstvu ključni strokovnjaki, saj krepijo moči stanovalcev, so jim v podporo in pomoč pri ohranjanju avtonomije, ter se v domovih za starejše ljudi srečujejo z mnogimi izzivi, mnogimi povezanimi prav z ohranjanjem avtonomije stanovalcev. In my diploma thesis, I had researched the preservation of the autonomy of residents in the Home for Older People Ptuj, Kidričevo unit. In the theoretical part, I presented long-term care and institutional care for older people. I also focused on the presentation of the importance of autonomy in old age and ensuring the autonomy of residents in institutional care. In addition, I presented social work with the older people and social work in a home for the older people, which have their specific characteristics. The main purpose was to explore the preservation of the autonomy of residents in institutional care. The residents and employees of the Home for Older People Ptuj, Kidričevo Unit were included in the research. I researched how employees in the home preserve and respect the autonomy of residents, what forms and methods of assistance are used by employees to encourage residents to maintain autonomy, how residents take care of maintaining their autonomy, and what are the practices for encouraging residents' autonomy. By qualitative research, where I conducted interviews with residents and employees, I obtained results that the autonomy of residents is being preserved by employees encouraging the residents to perform everyday tasks independently, to participate in assisting, to become involved in the Home’s operation, to express their wishes, comments, interests. Likewise, the residents themselves also strive to preserve their own autonomy. Employees are aware of the importance of encouraging residents to preserve independence, as it is one of the key factors for residents’ satisfaction. I propose that more nursing staff be employed in the Home for Older People Ptuj, Kidričevo Unit, as this would give them more time to provide care and they could focus even more individually on preserving the autonomy of residents. I also propose that employees should have training on the topic of empowering residents and would thus recognise or strengthen their knowledge on how to encourage residents to preserve the autonomy, and thereby further raise awareness of the importance of preserving the autonomy of residents in institutional care. Social workers are key experts in institutional care, as they empower the residents, support, and help them to preserve their autonomy, and face many challenges in homes for the older people, many of which are precisely related to preserving the autonomy of its residents.

Športno pravo predstavlja zelo širok korpus pravil. Raven avtonomije, ki velja na področju športnega prava je odvisna od področja, ki se obravnava. Največjo avtonomijo uživa športno pravo pri urejanju pravil, ki so pomembna za potek same športne igre oziroma tekme. Športni sodniki igrajo tu pomembno vlogo, saj skrbijo za to, da se tekma tudi zares odvija po teh predpisih. Da lahko sodniki čim bolj kvalitetno sodijo, uživajo pri tem visoko stopnjo avtonomije, ki se manifestira preko tako imenovane »field of play« doktrine, ki omejuje možnost presoje odločitev športnih sodnikov, sprejetih med tekmo. Presoja tovrstnih odločitev je možno samo v nekaterih primerih, na splošno pa je pravno varstvo na tem področju zelo omejeno. Na prvi pogled se zato morda zdi, da takšna omejitev predstavlja s pravnega vidika kršitev temeljnih pravnih načel, med katere spada tudi vladavina prava, vendar ni tako. Načelo vladavine prava predstavlja del korpusa pravil športnega prava, tako kot tudi številna druga načela. Ožanje možnosti izpodbijanja sodniških odločitev zato ne predstavlja kršitve načela vladavine prava. Ob natančnejši analizi se ugotovi, da se s tem šele omogoča vzpostavitev načela vladavine prava. Zato je takšna omejitev pravzaprav nujen pogoj, ki omogoča najboljši približek »poštene tekme«. Sodniki so strokovnjaki in so zato najboljši garant športnikom, da bo tekma potekala v »poštenem športnem duhu«. Kljub vsemu, pa bi bilo mogoče nabor razlogov, zaradi katerih je presoja sodniških odločitev možna, nekoliko razširiti in tako omogočiti bolj fleksibilno obravnavo nekaterih posameznih primerov. S tem bi še vedno ravnali v skladu z načelom vladavine prava, hkrati pa bi bilo športnikom in vsem, ki so bili zaradi tega oškodovani, omogočeno čim bolj kvalitetno pravno varstvo. Sports law consists of very broad set of rules. The level of autonomy in force in the field of sports law depends on the area under consideration. Sports law enjoys the greatest autonomy in regulating the rules that are important for the course of the sports game or the match itself. Sports referees play an important role here, because they make sure that the match really takes place according to these regulations. In order for the referees to judge as well as possible, they enjoy a high degree of autonomy, which is manifested through the so-called "field of play" doctrine, which limits the possibility of challenging the decisions of sports referees made during a match. Challenging such decisions is only possible in some cases, but in general, legal protection in this area is very limited. At first sight, such a restriction may, from a legal point of view, appear as a breach of fundamental legal principles, which include the rule of law, but that is not the case. The rule of law principle is part of the corpus of sports law rules, as are many other principles. Narrowing the possibility of challenging judicial decisions therefore does not constitute a breach of the rule of law. Upon closer analysis, it is determined that this only enables the establishment of the principle of the rule of law. Therefore, such a restriction is actually a necessary condition that enables the best approximation of a "fair match". The referees are experts and are therefore the best guarantor for the athletes that the match will be carried out in a "fair sporting spirit". Nevertheless, the range of reasons for the assessment of judicial decisions could be somewhat expanded to allow for more flexible handling of certain individual cases. This would still be in accordance with the principle of the rule of law, and would at the same time provide athletes and all those who have been harmed with the highest possible legal protection.

Pesniška samorefleksija v poeziji predstavlja reflektiranje vprašanj, povezanih s pesniško umetnostjo, znotraj pesniškega diskurza samega. Poezija se tako odziva na poetološka vprašanja vzporedno s teoretskim diskurzom. Koncept pesniške samorefleksije je sinonimen terminu metapoezija in glede na elemente literarne komunikacije vsebinsko obsega štiri temeljna tematska polja, ki v literarnih uresničitvah doživljajo razširitve in specifikacije. To so pesnik, pesniško delo oziroma pesniška umetnost, recepcija poezije in kontekst. V pesmih je pesniška samorefleksija pomembno prisotna vse od antike dalje, še posebej pomembna prvina pa postane v sodobni poeziji 20. stoletja. V teoretskem diskurzu v 20. stoletju so bila posebne pozornosti deležna vprašanja avtorja, njegove subjektivitete in avtonomije. Prelomni razmisleki so se v veliki meri dogajali glede na romantični koncept avtonomnega božansko navdahnjenega genija. Skladno s tem dejstvom se doktorska disertacija med osrednjimi tematskimi polji pesniške samorefleksije oziroma metapoezije osredotoči na vprašanje avtorja oziroma pesnika. V disertaciji je najprej definiran koncept pesniške samorefleksije. Ob upoštevanju dosedanjih teoretskih študij prinaša premišljene zamejitve koncepta, oblik, strategij in funkcij pesniške samorefleksije. Sledi pregled oblikovanja koncepta avtorja s poudarkom na oblikovanju romantičnega pojma genija in prelomih, ki jih je bil ta deležen v 20. stoletju. Na teoretske opredelitve se nasloni interpretativna analiza sodobne slovenske poezije po drugi svetovni vojni. Opravljene so študije primerov uresničitve pesniške samorefleksije v poeziji osmih pesnic in pesnikov različnih pesniških generacij in literarnoestetskih usmeritev: Kajetana Koviča, Daneta Zajca, Tomaža Šalamuna, Nika Grafenauerja, Milana Jesiha, Taje Kramberger, Barbare Korun in Primoža Čučnika. Pesniška samorefleksija predstavlja pomemben element v sodobnem pesniškem diskurzu. Doktorska disertacija prikaže, na kakšne načine se pesniška samorefleksija uresničuje v poeziji sodobnih slovenskih pesnikov ter kakšne učinke sproža vzpostavljanje metapoetskega zavedanja. Analiza pesniške samorefleksije prispeva k teoretskim razmislekom o poeziji, hkrati pa kaže na specifično moč poezije za ubesedovanje in prikazovanje pesniških konceptov. Produktivna se izkaže za razmislek avtorske vloge: na eni strani pesnikove družbene vloge, na drugi strani pa preigravanje različnih ravni pesnika v odnosu do teksta. Poetic self-reflection in poetry presents reflections on questions related to poetic art, occurring within the poetic discourse. Poetry responds to poetological questions parallel with theoretical discourse. The concept of poetic self-reflection is synonymous with the term metapoetry and, with respect to the elements of literary communication, consists of four basic thematic fields, which experience extensions and specifications in their literary realizations. These are the poet, the work of poetry or poetic art, the reception of poetry, and the context. Poetic self-reflection has been significantly present in poems from antiquity on, and has become a particularly important element in modern 20th-century poetry. In the 20th century, theoretical discourse, the question of the author, the author’s subjectivity and autonomy have received special attention. Breakthrough considerations largely happened in relation to the Romantic concept of autonomous divinely inspired genius. Accordingly, this doctoral thesis focuses on the question of the author or poet, as one among the central thematic fields of poetic self-reflection or metapoetry. The thesis first defines the concept of poetic self-reflection. Taking into account theoretical studies carried out to date, it considers the limitations of the concept, the form, the strategy and the functions of poetic self-reflection. An overview of the formation of the concept of the author follows, with an emphasis on the formation of the Romantic notion of genius, and breakthroughs that happened to it in the 20th century. Theoretical definitions serve as the basis for the interpretative analysis of contemporary Slovenian poetry after the Second World War. Case studies are presented regarding poetic self-reflection as it was realized in the poetry of eight female and male poets: Kajetan Kovič, Dane Zajc, Tomaž Šalamun, Niko Grafenauer, Milan Jesih, Taja Kramberger, Barbara Korun, and Primož Čučnik. Poetic self-reflection represents an important element in modern poetic discourse. This doctoral thesis presents the ways in which poetic self-reflection is realized in the poetry of contemporary Slovenian poets, as well as the effects of metapoetic consciousness as it is established. The analysis of poetic self-reflection contributes to theoretical considerations on poetry, at the same time indicating its specific power in wording and illustrating poetic concepts. It proves to be productive in considering the authorial role: on the one hand of the poet’s social role, on the other hand in replaying various levels of the poet in reference to the text.

Uvod: Cikel življenja vsako osebo pripelje do smrti. Nenehen tehnološki napredek medicine tega ne more preprečiti, vendar z najučinkovitejšimi metodami in tehnikami le podaljšuje življenje pacientov, ne glede na njihovo kakovost življenja. V izogib temu lahko osebe v času polne zavesti podajo izjavo o vnaprej izraženi volji in oskrbi ter s tem zaščitijo lastno avtonomijo pri odločanju. Pomembno je, da se ob koncu življenjske dobe vsake osebe izvaja kakovostna zdravstvena nega ter se upoštevajo želje in vrednote osebe, ki jih je izrazila vnaprej. Medicinske sestre pri zdravstveni oskrbi pacienta lahko ščitijo njihovo avtonomijo, ko je ta zaradi vplivov družinskih članov ali zdravstvene obravnave ogrožena. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti izkušnje medicinskih sester z avtonomijo odločanja pacientov o oskrbi ob koncu življenja in smrti. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda dela s pregledom strokovne in znanstvene literature. Literaturo smo iskali v prosto dostopnih podatkovnih bazah Medline in CINAHL, pregledali smo tudi internetni arhiv Obzornika zdravstvene nege in Onkologije za obdobje petih let. Literaturo smo iskali v času od oktobra 2019 do januarja 2020. Uporabili smo ključne besede v angleščini, ki smo jih kombinirali z Boolovim operatorjem AND. V analizo smo zajeli 20 člankov. Kakovost člankov je bila ocenjena s pomočjo CASP-sistema. Kot dodaten vir smo uporabili eno knjigo, Kodeks etike v zdravstveni negi in oskrbi Slovenije in Zakon o pacientovih pravicah. Rezultati: Ugotovili smo, da je avtonomija pacientov lahko ogrožena s strani tako medicinskega kot tudi s strani družinskega paternalizma. Kljub vnaprej izraženi volji in oskrbi se ta vedno ne upošteva zaradi interesov drugih oseb. Medicinske sestre imajo pomembno vlogo pri zaščiti pacientove avtonomije in ustvarjanju za pacienta udobnega okolja, saj so tiste, ki prevzamejo skrb za umirajočega pacienta. Razprava in sklep: Vnaprej izražena volja in oskrba sta se izkazali kot pozitivne v zvezi z odločanjem o medicinskih postopkih pri pacientih ob koncu življenja. Medicinske sestre so mnenja, da je oskrba ob koncu življenja bolj obvladljiva, kadar so želje in vrednote pacienta znane, čeprav samostojno niso vključene v pogovore vnaprej izražene volje in oskrbe. Še vedno je prisoten strah pred avtoritativnim položajem zdravnikov v praksi. Introduction: Inevitably, every life cycle brings a person to death. Constant medical technological progress cannot change this fact. The most efficient and advanced methods and techniques only prolong patients' life regardless of its quality. In order to avoid such state, persons can, in full consciousness, make a statement of pre-expressed will and care, thus protecting their own autonomy. It is vital that at the end of each person's life, quality nursing care is provided and that the wishes and values of the person expressed in advance are taken into account. Nurses can protect patient's autonomy during patient care when said autonomy is compromised by the influence of patient's family members or medical treat-ment. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to present nurses' experience with the auto-nomy of patients' decision-making on end-of-life care and care at death. Methods: A des-criptive method of work with a review of professional and scientific literature was used. Literature in the freely accessible Medline and CINAHL databases and the Internet archive of the Review of Nursing and Oncology for the period of five years was searched. Litera-ture was searched in the period from October 2019 to January 2020. English keywords were used, combined with the Boolean operator AND. 21 professional articles were inc-luded in the analysis. Article quality was assessed using the CASP system. One book was used as an additional source, The Code of Ethics in Nursing and Care of Slovenia and the Patients' Rights Act. Results: It has been found that patients' autonomy can be compromi-sed by both medical and family paternalism. Despite the pre-existing will, this is not taken into account due to other persons' interests. Nurses have an important role to play in protec-ting patient's autonomy and creating a comfortable environment as they are the ones who take care of a dying patient. Discussion and conclusion: Pre-expressed will and care pro-ved to be positive in deciding on medical procedures in end-of-life patients. Even though nurses themselves do not independently engage in conversations about pre-expressed will and end-of-life care, they do believe that end-of-life care is more manageable when the patient's wishes and values are known. In practice, fear of doctor's authoritative position is still very much present.

V pričujočem magistrskem delu avtorica raziskuje povezanost pričakovanj o porodu in živete izkušnje poroda, povezanost odnosa med pričakovanji in doživljanjem živete izkušnje poroda ter prvega stika z novorojenim otrokom. V teoretičnem delu magistrskega dela predstavi ključne predpostavke odnosa med pričakovanji, tvorjenjem le-teh in doživljanjem poroda ter prvega stika z otrokom. Osredotoči se na občutja avtonomije, podpore, zaupanja vase, odnosa z zdravstvenim osebjem in doživljanje porodne izkušnje. Izpostavi tudi vlogo izbire porodnega okolja in obporodne nege. Opiše pomen mehanizma navezanosti pri odnosu matere in otroka, pomen stika odrasle navezanosti matere in povezanosti poporodne depresije in navezanosti. V empiričnem delu s pomočjo kvalitativne metodologije raziskuje povezanost fenomena izkušnje poroda in ustvarjenih pričakovanj o porodu ter odnos te povezanosti do doživljanja porodne izkušnje. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih deset žensk, ki so prvič izkusile fenomen poroda, od katerega je minilo najmanj pol leta in največ dve leti. Povprečna starost udeleženk je bila 29,8 let, vse so prihajale iz osrednjeslovenske regije. Osem intervjuvank je imelo vaginalen porod, dve pa porod s carskim rezom. Na podlagi desetih intervjujev z materami, ki so prvič doživele porodno izkušnjo, avtorica ugotavlja povezanost med občutji avtonomije in živeto izkušnjo poroda ter pozitivnim doživljanjem porodne izkušnje. Rezultati so izpostavili povezanost doživljanja porodne izkušnje in občutja podpore prisotnih pri porodu. Občutje podpore se je izpostavilo predvsem kot osebni odnos zdravstvenega osebja, v sklopu katerega so bile porodnice prepoznane kot individualne osebe, njihove želje pa so bile spoštovane. Rezultati so pokazali, da je občutje avtonomije med porodom povezano z odnosom z zdravstvenim osebjem, kar je tesno prepleteno z možnostjo soodločanja o medicinskih intervencijah in drugih okoliščinah poroda. Rezultati so pokazali tudi na povezanost pričakovanj o porodu in doživljanja živete porodne izkušnje, kjer se razhajanje med pričakovanji in izkušnjo kaže v bolj negativnem vrednotenju poroda, skladje med pričakovanji in izkušnjo pa se kaže v bolj pozitivnem vrednotenju te izkušnje. Ključnega pomena sta, glede na rezultate raziskave, občutje avtonomije in možnost nadzora lastne porodne izkušnje. Nenazadnje rezultati kot dejavnik, ki je povezan s prvim stikom med materjo in otrokom ter vzpostavljanjem začetne navezanosti, prikazujejo tudi povezanost med skladjem oziroma neskladjem med pričakovanji in živeto izkušnjo. In her master's thesis, the author explores the connection of birth expectations and lived birth experience, the relationship between the two and connection to mother and newborn first contact. In theoretical section of this thesis the author presents main presumptions of relationship between expectations, formation of expectations and experience of childbirth. The focus is on feelings of agency, support, trust and confidence in self and relationship with health workers. It continues to set out important factors of birth environment and care during birth. The author describes importance of mother adult attachment style and its relationship to postpartum depression. In the empirical section of this thesis, qualitative method with phenomenological approach was implied. The specific phenomenon of childbirth experience and created expectations was focal point of this research. For the research of this phenomenon, the author conducted ten phenomenological interviews with prim parous women, from their birth experience passed at least six months and not more than two years. The average age of participants was 29,8 years and they all lived in central Slovenia. Eight women had vaginal birth and two had a caesarian section. Based on conducted interviews of first time mothers the author found correlation between feelings of agency during childbirth and positive evaluation of childbirth experience and correlation between birth experience and feeling of support from others humans present at birth. Feeling of support was especially emphasized in relationship with healthcare workers in which the support was shown as the woman was recognized as an individual person and their wishes were respected. The feeling of agency during childbirth was correlated with relationship and interactions with healthcare workers, which is then correlated to ability to make decisions about medical interventions and other factors of birth environment. Furthermore there was shown correlation between birth expectations and birth experience, where discrepancy between the two is connected to more negative assessment of birth experience, whereas concordance of expectations and experience is connected to more positive birth assessment. The main aspects of this research were the feeling of agency and possibility of control over childbirth and decisions regarding the process. Last but not least the factor connected to first contact between mother and newborn and the beginning of forming an attachment was in part also the discrepancy or concordance of birth expectations and birth experience.

V diplomskem delu sem raziskovala avtonomijo in spodbujanje samostojnosti ljudi z demenco v domačem okolju. V teoretičnem uvodu sem predstavila značilnosti in opredelitev demence. V nadaljevanju sem se dotaknila sporazumevanja z ljudmi z demenco in nadaljevala s temo oskrba ljudi z demenco v domačem okolju. Prav tako sem predstavila potrebe ljudi z demenco in potrebe sorodnikov ljudi z demenco. V zadnji točki teoretičnega uvoda sem predstavila pomen avtonomije ljudi z demenco v kontekstu socialnega dela. Glavni cilj raziskave je bil raziskati predvsem, kako poteka vsakdan ljudi z demenco in vsakdan sorodnikov ljudi z demenco, ki prevzemajo skrb za ljudi z demenco v domačem okolju. Prav tako sem želela ugotoviti, katera opravila opravljajo ljudje z demenco samostojno in pri katerih potrebujejo pomoč sorodnikov ter na kakšen način jim pri tem pomagajo njihovi sorodniki. Želela sem izvedeti, kako poteka sprejemanje odločitev o opravilih, tako lažjih kot kompleksnejših in s tem ugotoviti, kakšno avtonomnost odločanja imajo ljudje z demenco v vsakodnevnem življenju. Poleg tega sem želela izvedeti, med kakšnimi dejavnostmi lahko izbirajo ljudje z demenco in kako jim pri izbiri dejavnosti pomagajo njihovi sorodniki. Želela sem ugotoviti, kako lahko ljudje z demenco izražajo svoje želje in mnenje ter ali sorodniki ljudi z demenco upoštevajo njihove želje in mnenje. Raziskava, s katero sem prišla do odgovorov na našteta raziskovana vprašanja, je bila kvalitativna in empirična. V njej so sodelovali trije ljudje z demenco in štirje sorodniki ljudi z demenco. Torej sem s pomočjo smernic za intervju spraševala oz. intervjuvala sedem sogovornikov, ki so bili pripravljeni sodelovati v raziskavi. Po opravljenih intervjujih sem dobljene podatke tudi kvalitativno obdelala in analizirala. Prišla sem do ugotovitev, da se sorodniki ljudi z demenco v svojem vsakdanu srečujejo s številnimi obremenitvami, povezanimi z oskrbo ljudi z demenco, zato bi bilo treba več pozornosti nameniti njihovi razbremenitvi, denimo z izobraževanji o pomembnosti razbremenitve in informiranju o razpoložljivih oblikah pomoči v okolju sorodnikov ljudi z demenco. Prav tako sem ugotovila, da so ljudje z demenco pri lažjih opravilih samostojnejši in da potrebujejo več pomoči sorodnikov pri kompleksnejši opravilih. Izvedela sem, da sorodniki pogosto odločajo namesto ljudi z demenco, zato bi bilo treba pozornost prav tako nameniti ozaveščanju o pomembnosti samostojnosti ljudi z demenco pri opravljanju vsakodnevnih opravil. Opozoriti je treba na pripomočke in aplikacije, ki lahko ljudem z demenco pomagajo pri samostojnem opravljanju opravil v domačem okolju. Prav tako sem ugotovila, da imajo ljudje z demenco manjšo možnost odločanja o vsakodnevnih opravilih, predvsem kompleksnejših. Znova bi bilo dobro opozoriti na pomembnost samostojnega odločanja oz. odločanja s podporo ljudi z demenco o vseh vidikih njihovega življena. Treba bi bilo organizirati delavnice, ki bi sorodnike ljudi z demenco podprle pri vključevanju ljudi z demenco v odločanje o svojem življenju. Na pomembnost ohranjanja samostojnosti ljudi z demenco in samostojnega odločanja ter odločanja s podporo bi bilo dobro opozoriti tudi s posebnimi brošurami. Poleg tega sem ugotovila, da imajo ljudje z demenco na voljo fizične, družabne, izobraževalne in druge aktivnosti. Sorodniki jih spodbujajo k izražanju, kaj želijo početi, prav tako jim aktivnosti predlagajo, kar pogosto vodi do odločanja v njihovem imenu. Ugotovila sem, da ljudje z demenco izražajo skromne želje. K izražanju želj in mnenja jih spodbujajo tudi sorodniki. Pogosto se znajdejo v podrejenem položaju, predvsem zato, ker sorodniki sklepajo, kaj je zanje dobro, saj sami le s težavo besedno izrazijo svoje želje in mnenje. Več pozornosti bi bilo treba nameniti ozaveščanju o sporazumevanju z ljudmi z demenco in večji poudarek dati nebesednemu sporazumevanju v vseh fazah bolezni. Ljudje z demenco so izpostavili, da sorodniki upoštevajo njihove želje in mnenje. Izziv socialnega dela vidim predvsem pri podpori sorodnikom, saj lahko le z ustrezno podporo in možnostmi za razbremenitev kvalitetno skrbijo za ljudi z demenco v domačem okolju. In my graduation thesis I researched the topic of autonomy and encouraging independence of people with dementia in their home environment. In theoretical introduction I presented characteristics and definition of dementia. Next I covered communication with people with dementia and continued with the topic of care of people with dementia in home environment. I also presented needs of people with dementia and needs of their relatives. In the last part of theoretical introduction, I presented the importance of autonomy of people with dementia in the context of social work. Main goal of my thesis was to research how does the everyday, of people of dementia and their relatives who look after them in their home environment, look like. I also wanted to understand, which tasks are performed by people with dementia independently and with which they need help from their relatives and how do relatives help them in performing those tasks. I wanted to understand the decision-making behind easier and more complex tasks. With that I wanted to find out the extent of autonomy in everyday life of people with dementia. I also wanted to find out between which everyday activities can people with dementia chose and what is the role of their relatives in decision-making. I wanted to understand how people with dementia can express their wishes and opinion and if their relatives consider their wishes when deciding. Research I performed to obtain answers to above mentioned research questions was qualitative and empirical. In my research I included three people with dementia and four relatives of people with dementia. Therefore, I used guidelines I prepared to interview seven interviewees, who were prepared to take part in my research. After the conclusion of interviews, I qualitatively processed and analysed gathered data. I concluded that relatives of people with dementia face many everyday burdens connected to care of people with dementia, consequently more attention should be put towards their relief, for example with presentation of importance of relief and with getting relatives informed about available forms of help in their area. I also concluded that people with dementia can perform easier tasks independently and need more help from relatives when performing more complex tasks. Another conclusion I made is that, relatives of people with dementia often decide instead of people with dementia, therefore we should put more attention towards the awareness of importance of autonomy of people with dementia when performing everyday tasks. Tools and applications that can help people with dementia with their autonomy in home environment should be pointed out. I also concluded that people with dementia have less options of decision-making in connection to everyday tasks, especially more complex ones. Again, the importance of autonomy in decision-making or at least participation of people with dementia in everyday decision-making should be pointed out. More attention should be put towards education of relatives of people of dementia with the purpose of inclusion of people with dementia in everyday decision-making. This could be achieved with different educational seminars. Importance of autonomy of people with dementia and their inclusion in decision-making could also be pointed out with brochures. In addition to that I found out that people with dementia can choose among different physical, social, educational and other activities. Relatives encourage them to express their wishes. Relatives also suggest activities themselves, which often lead to deciding in their place. I concluded that people with dementia express modest wishes. They are encouraged to express their wishes and opinions by the relatives. People with dementia often find themselves in inferior position, because relatives make decisions based on what they think is good for people with dementia, due to problems that people with dementia have when expressing wishes and opinions. More attention should be put towards awareness of communication with people with dementia and importance of nonverbal communication in all phases of disease. People with dementia emphasised that their relatives abide with their wishes and opinions. In my opinion the main challenge for social work is in the support of relatives of people with dementia, because the only way to achieve quality care of people with dementia in their home environment is with adequate support and possibilities for relief of relatives.