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Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A growing literature seeks to identify the factors that influence bank liquidity creation. While some studies focus on macroeconomic factors, others focus on bank-specific factors. In this paper, we examine the relative importance of different types of factors in driving bank liquidity creation. Using a panel of US banks, we find that fluctuations in bank liquidity creation are mainly driven by macroeconomic factors. Our results hold for banks in different size groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to analyze the impact of board size, number of non-executive Directors on Board, and Size of the Audit Committee on Return on Assets (ROA) and Tobin’s Q on banks listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2019 and 2022. The research method used is descriptive statistical analysis and regression test on a sample of 11 banking companies in Indonesia. The data used included relevant variables such as board size, non-executive director composition, audit committee size, ROA, and Tobin’s Q. The results of the analysis show that board size has a significant influence on ROA. However, board size had no significant influence on Tobin’s Q. Furthermore, the number of non-executive directors on board also proved to have a significant influence on ROA. However, the number of non-executive directors on board did not have a significant influence on Tobin’s Q. In addition, the size of the udit Committee also proved to have a significant influence on ROA and Tobin’s Q. The larger size of the Audit Committee provides more effective supervision, better risk management, and transparency in financial reporting, which has a positive impact on the company’s financial performance and market assessment. These findings have important implications that other factors, such as business strategies, risk management policies, or broader external factors, may also influence the company’s performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid aging of Taiwan’s population has brought attention to issues related to dementia. This study explores the situations that bank tellers may encounter with customers suspected of having dementia and the subsequent decisions made by the tellers. Methods: Bank tellers from two financial institutions who had interacted with customers suspected of having dementia were surveyed using an open-ended questionnaire. The experiences of the tellers were categorized into various case scenarios involving potential financial abuse. Next, bank tellers across 32 branches of a third financial institution were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses were employed to evaluate the bank tellers’ risk assessment scores, decision-making processes, and other related risk factors. Results: A total of 163 valid responses to the structured questionnaire were obtained and included in the analysis. The results indicated that the financial abuse risk score is positively correlated with the probability a bank teller choosing to decline services. Conclusions: This is the first study in Taiwan to investigate dementia-friendly banking. This study found a high correlation between bank tellers’ assessment of the financial risk of customers suspected of having dementia and their decision-making. We recommend that banks provide educational training on dementia-related issues to increase bank tellers’ awareness of the risk of financial abuse among customers suspected with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital era has brought significant changes to the banking industry. Technological advances make various financial transactions easier, but also increase the risk of banking crimes such as identity theft, account hacking and online fraud. These banking crimes require an effective law enforcement system to protect customers and the integrity of the financial system. The aim of this research is to compare banking crime law enforcement systems in the digital era in developed and developing countries. This research uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) research method. The data that has been collected is then analyzed in three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The research results show that the banking crime law enforcement system in the digital era in developed and developing countries has differences and similarities. Developed countries generally have stronger legal systems, more adequate resources, and more sophisticated technology to combat banking crime. However, developing countries also have several advantages, such as a more flexible legal culture and the ability to adapt to change more quickly. So, to strengthen the law enforcement system for banking crimes in the digital era, developing countries need to increase international cooperation, strengthen law enforcement capacity, and increase public awareness about banking crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the developments in technology, the phenomenon of digitalization, which is reflected in every segment of society, has also spread to organizations, which are a subsystem of society. With this change, organizations have tried to develop strategies that can adapt to change in order to take part in competition in the sector in which they operate. In this study, the digital services offered by banks to SMEs are analyzed from the perspective of institutional isomorphism. Banks are among the types of organizations where digitalization is most observed today. In this context, the digital services offered by banks for the digitalization of SMEs were investigated using content analysis method. The digital services offered by banks for SMEs were analyzed over a five-year period according to their annual and integrated reports. According to the results obtained from the analysis, isomorphism was found in the services offered by banks for the digitalization of SMEs. The isomorphism in these services is also reflected in the digital transformation practices offered to SMEs. In addition, as a result of the research findings, a general increase was observed in the digital services offered by banks to SMEs on a yearly basis. However, the increase in the services offered during the pandemic period attracted attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alphonse Desjardins, a devout Quebecois Catholic, established North America's first cooperative bank in 1900. The first English-language attempt to grapple with Desjardins' faith, this article is an important addition to the many new studies of North American Christians and economics in Desjardins' period, nearly all of which focus on Protestants. More particularly, it contributes to this historical conversation through conceptual models drawn from anthropologies of religion related to sacrifice, credibility, and monetary circulation. Ultimately, this case study prompts us to ask anew: how do people of faith shape, and redefine, capitalist structures? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Verimlilik Dergisi is the property of Verimlilik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study aims to develop a theoretical model that uses the decision-making theory in a financial intermediation setting to provide insights into the differences between the outcomes of the decision-making process for a bank and for a peer-to-peer (p2p) lending platform to explain the role of p2p lending versus bank lending in the credit market. Design/methodology/approach: This study develops a novel approach to explaining the differences between p2p lending and bank lending by using the decision-making theory. In particular, it analyzes the likelihood of a risky borrower being able to obtain a loan from a p2p lending platform versus the likelihood of being able to obtain a loan from a bank. The results contribute a theoretical understanding of factors that can determine the role of p2p lending platforms versus that of banks in the credit market, with implications for recovery from an economic crisis. Findings: p2p lending platforms have the potential for contributing to economic recovery when they are subject to less regulations and are able to offer a faster and less costly lending process than do banks and when they are used by a large number of lenders. However, the potential role of p2p lending platforms in recovery might be reduced when banks have access to anticyclical measures that reduce banks' capital requirements or provide them with low-cost funds. Originality/value: This study provides a novel approach to explaining the differences between p2p lending and bank lending by using the decision-making theory. The results contribute a theoretical understanding of factors that can determine the role of p2p lending platforms versus that of banks in the credit market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relationship between informational justice and employee engagement. The objectives of the study are to examine the influence of informational justice on affective engagement, behavioral engagement, cognitive engagement, and physical engagement. To guarantee a representative and varied sample of the Nigerian banking industry, a survey design was used, and participants were chosen using the stratified sampling technique. We collected necessary data from primary sources and deemed 209 copies of the 231 distributed questionnaires valid and suitable for the study. Preliminary findings suggest a strong positive relationship between employee engagement levels and perceptions of informational justice. Workers with higher levels of participation in all four categories--behavioral, cognitive, physical, and affective--tend to perceive a high degree of informational justice, where communication is clear, prompt, and comprehensive. This suggests that employees are more likely to be emotionally committed, display positive work behaviors, be intellectually focused, and be physically present in their tasks when they feel well-informed and sense fairness in the sharing of information. The findings contribute to the literature in several ways, including improving the understanding of informational justice in Nigeria's banking sector. Furthermore, the findings offer practical insights for the bank seeking to enhance employee engagement through improvements in communication processes and transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly mobile-centric world, how banks effectively engage consumers through mobile advertising is a pressing issue. This study aims to accomplish two objectives: The first is to assess how consumers respond to mobile advertising from banks, specifically via SMS, based on Ducoffe's advertising value model, and the second is to examine the moderating effect of mobile users' information privacy concerns (MUIPC) between consumer attitudes and acceptance of mobile advertising. Using a survey with 413 usable responses from individuals who have received SMS advertisements from banks, which were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), the study found that entertainment and informativeness significantly enhance advertising value, whereas irritation does not. Furthermore, advertising value positively shapes consumer attitudes toward, and acceptance of, SMS advertising from banks. Notably, MUIPC moderates the relationship between attitudes and acceptance behavior. Taken together, this study advances our understanding of consumer behavior in mobile advertising in the banking sector and underscores the need for balancing advertising value with privacy concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Finance & Financial Law / Finanse i Prawo Finansowe is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study aims at examining studies employing the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) in calculating banks’ productivity. It also seeks to determine the factors affecting the total factor productivity change of banks through meta-regression analysis. Methodology: On December, 2023, relevant works were systematically reviewed using Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Google Scholar. The literature review employed a comprehensive search involving all files with the keywords such as ‘‘productivity” and “bank’’. The research process adhered to the PRISMA guidelines.Findings: Key features of the 35 studies incorporated in the analysis are presented. The samples of 65.71% of the studies are Asian countries. The bank productivity of 45.71% was calculated through the DEA-MPI method. The studies under consideration were sourced from diverse populations. These studies share key similarities in terms of subject and methodology. Random Effects Model was used to test heterogeneity across studies. The common effect size is 19.361 (z= 4.23, 95% CI: [10.384, 28.338]). Inter-study heterogeneity was determined through Cochran Q test and I^2 index (I^2= % 100, df=32.000, Q=141163533.762, p

The importance of the bank in applying the precautionary principle contributes to ensuring a sound banking system and protecting the country’s economy. In lending, the precautionary principle was manifested in a standard agreement between the bank as the creditor and the customer as the debtor. Credit agreements can lead to disputes, where the debtor sues the bank for violating the principle of consumer protection because it applies standard clauses in the credit agreement. The research method used is legal research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach). The results state that the application of the precautionary principle in making standard agreements manifests itself in the prohibition of financial service business actors including exoneration clauses to the detriment of financial service consumers as stipulated in Article 18 paragraph (1) of the Consumer Protection Act and OJK Regulation No. 6/POJK.07/Tahun 2022 concerning Consumer and Community Protection in the Financial Services Sector.

This study delves into the pivotal role of directors of microfinance banks in developing countries in implementing governance practices to ensure sustainability. As microfinance institutions strive to balance social impact with financial viability, effective governance emerges as a crucial factor for sustainable operations. The research investigates the strategies and frameworks adopted by directors of microfinance institutions to establish robust governance structures that promote long-term sustainability. Through comprehensive case studies and interviews with key stakeholders, the study identifies best practices and common challenges faced by microfinance bank directors in governance implementation. Key areas of focus include risk management, transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. The findings highlight the critical importance of strong governance in mitigating risks, enhancing institutional credibility, and ensuring the alignment of financial and social objectives. Moreover, the research underscores the necessity for tailored governance models that consider the unique socio-economic contexts of developing countries. It reveals that adaptive governance strategies, which incorporate local cultural and regulatory nuances, significantly contribute to the sustainability and resilience of microfinance institutions. By bridging theoretical governance principles with practical implementation, this study provides actionable insights for directors seeking to enhance the sustainability of microfinance institutions. The implications of this research are far-reaching, offering valuable lessons for policymakers, practitioners, and academic scholars. It emphasizes the need for continuous capacity building and the development of governance frameworks that can evolve with the dynamic landscapes of developing economies. Ultimately, the study contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable development by elucidating how effective governance can empower microfinance institutions to drive socio-economic progress in developing countries.

Understanding the impact of economic factors on bank lending is crucial in Kazakhstan’s modern economy, characterized by volatile inflation and fluctuations in real wages. This paper aims to investigate the link between bank lending and economic factors such as inflation, real wages, and consumer expenditure in a regional context. Data from the Bureau of National Statistics and the National Bank, covering the period from 2012 to 2022, were used to uncover how economic factors influence bank lending. For the analysis, various economic indicators were integrated through normalization and averaging. Analysis reveals significant regional disparities in real wages and consumer expenditures, which impact the demand for bank credit. The results of the correlation matrix showed that both real wages (P-value < 0.001) and inflation (P-value < 0.001) significantly impact bank lending, with an R² value of 0.998, indicating that the model explains 99.8% of the variation in bank lending. The regression analysis highlights that regions with higher real wages, such as Astana, Almaty, and Atyrau, provide the most favorable conditions for banking sector growth, demonstrated by a strong relationship between wages and bank lending. In contrast, regions with lower wage levels, such as Turkestan and Zhambyl, show a significantly weaker connection (around 0.65), reflecting their lower attractiveness for banking investment and emphasizing the need for policies to address social inequality. The Durbin-Watson test confirmed no autocorrelation in residuals (DW = 1.89), although heteroscedasticity was detected, suggesting the need for further model adjustments. The study emphasizes the importance of developing economic policies that can balance regional development and improve financial stability. AcknowledgmentsThis research has been funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant “Development of mechanisms for reducing social inequality and improving the welfare of the population of Kazakhstan” AP19174744).

Cel artykułu. Globalizacja w świecie finansów prowadzi do międzynarodowego przepływu zasobów finansowych, ale jest także źródłem przestępstw gospodarczych i nadużyć. Stało się to powodem i koniecznością wprowadzenia regulacji dotyczących prania pieniędzy, finansowania terroryzmu oraz unikania opodatkowania. Wdrożenie tych procedur wymusiło przyjęcie przez instytucje finansowe polityki "Poznaj swojego klienta" (KYC). Polityka ta opiera się na zrozumieniu klienta, jego struktury, zasad działalności, źródeł pochodzenia majątku oraz aktywów. Banki są zobowiązane do zapewnienia, że ich klienci nie uczestniczą w transakcjach uznanych za zabronione i niezgodne z obowiązującymi politykami. Z jednej strony banki są zobowiązane do raportowania tych informacji; nieprzestrzeganie może skutkować karą finansową lub wykluczeniem z międzynarodowej współpracy. Z drugiej strony banki muszą pozyskać wymagane dane od klienta. Klienci nie zawsze są świadomi obowiązujących regulacji. Dodatkowo, konieczność raportowania wymaganych danych często jest postrzegana jako uciążliwa z perspektywy konsumenta i wpływa na jego korzystanie z produktów bankowych. Dlatego kluczowe jest rozważenie, w jaki sposób klienci powinni być informowani o zasadach raportowania oraz jak ten proces można uczynić mniej uciążliwym z perspektywy konsumenta, jednocześnie pozostając skutecznym w pozyskiwaniu kompleksowych informacji. Metodologia. Aby znaleźć odpowiedzi na pytania badawcze, zastosowano badanie ilościowe z wykorzystaniem ankiety, która w drugim etapie została rozszerzona o badanie jakościowe – Indywidualne Wywiady Głębokie (IDI). Celem przeprowadzonych badań było przede wszystkim zbadanie czy procedura KYC jest zrozumiała dla przedsiębiorców jako klientów bankowych. Badanie miało na celu ustalenie, czy regulacje w ramach polityki KYC są postrzegane jako bariera we współpracy z bankami oraz w korzystaniu z usług bankowych przez właścicieli organizacji czy menedżerów. Skupiono się na bankach działających w Polsce. Aby zweryfikować główny cel, zdefiniowano również szczegółowe cele: elementy polityki KYC, które szczególnie utrudniają prowadzenie transakcji; elementy wytycznych w analizowanej polityce, które stanowią barierę dla korzystania z usług bankowych; czynniki utrudniające nawiązanie relacji z bankiem; oczekiwania klientów wobec podmiotów sektora bankowego dotyczące stosowania polityki KYC. Na etapie formułowania rekomendacji i sugestii zastosowano metodę generalizująco-syntezującą (dedukcja, redukcja, indukcja). Metoda indukcyjna pomogła przeanalizować znaczenie procedury KYC z perspektywy instytucji bankowych, rozpoczynając od konkretnych zjawisk do ogólnych. Z kolei, wykorzystując metodę dedukcyjną, podjęto próbę analizy problemu, rozpoczynając od skutków wdrażania polityki KYC na prowadzenie rozliczeń i korzystanie z usług bankowych przez podmioty gospodarcze będące klientami banku. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań oraz krytycznej analizy literatury możliwe było zastosowanie redukcji, weryfikując tym samym wcześniej sformułowane hipotezy. Wyniki badań. Badanie potwierdziło, że klienci banków nie zawsze rozumieją proces weryfikacji związany z przeciwdziałaniem praniu pieniędzy i finansowaniu terroryzmu. Podkreślono również, że wymóg szczegółowego raportowania komplikuje rozliczenia finansowe dla organizacji oraz ich korzystanie z produktów bankowych. Poprzez weryfikację zależności między zmiennymi, badanie wykazało istotny związek między złożonością organizacji a częstotliwością weryfikacji klienta przez banki. Udowodniono również, że podmioty działające na rynku przez ponad dziesięć lat częściej napotykają trudności w raportowaniu informacji do instytucji bankowych w porównaniu do tych działających krócej.

This article addresses the consequences for Polish commercial banks of modifying capital requirements by adding an environmental factor. Applying a simulation method, CRISK and MCRISK estimation, and a linear ordering method, the following conclusions were drawn: (i) while it is reasonable to consider the way(s) in which climate risk may impact credit, market and operational risks in scenario analyses, the lack of reliable historical data makes any calibration of GSF and BPF very difficult; (ii) simulating the implementation of adjustments to the calculation of capital adequacy ratios by GSF and BPF should not significantly lower the Tier 1 ratio for the largest banks; (iii) large retail banks are characterised by relatively high rankings reflecting a combination of financial characteristics (financial performance) and environmental (taxonomy) disclosures; and (iv) climate risk does not currently (2023) pose an immediate threat to the Polish banking sector, although the risk of climate transformation is a factor of significant importance.

Groundwater is considered an important source of water supply in Iraq, but the poor quality of water makes it unsuitable for drinking purposes. To enhance the groundwater quality, River Bank Filtration (RBF) method was investigated. It is a natural process in which wells along a riverbank are pumped, causing some of the river water to flow toward these wells. With this technique, water coming from the river is filtrated by soil deposits and then mixed with groundwater, improving its quality. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the RBF technique to improve the poor quality of groundwater and get potable water. A study area was selected in Al Hindiyah District within Kerbala City, Iraq. Four wells (W1, W2, W3, and W4) with different distances from the Euphrates River bank (450 m, 720 m, 800 m, and 1950 m), respectively, were selected to examine the groundwater quality. The results were then compared to those for the Euphrates River. In addition, two boreholes (B.H.1 and B.H.2) of about 15 m depth were drilled near the riverbank to assess the soil properties of the studied area. The results showed that the groundwater quality at a depth more than 12 m enhanced as the well’s distance from the river bank decreased and got closer to the river. It was found that the water quality at pumping wells (W1, W2, and W3) is slightly polluted, which makes this area more suitable for groundwater abstraction to provide the best water quality. The poorest water quality was for W4 at 1950 m from the riverbank, which indicates that at this distance the river bank filtration process is eliminated.

The article explores the history of the development of the legal status of virtual asset service providers (VASPs) in the European Union until the publication of the first draft of the EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) by the European Commission in September 2020. It examines the early stage of virtual asset regulation in the EU based on the chosen periodization. Special attention is given to the initial research on issues related to virtual assets and European legislative initiatives. Particular focus is placed on the analysis of documents issued by the European Banking Authority, which addressed consumer warnings about the risks associated with virtual currencies, as well as the authority's efforts to mitigate systemic risks in the European financial system and the evaluation of those risks in connection with the development of the virtual currenc y market at that time. The article also examines documents from the European Central Bank concerning participants of the so-called "virtual currency schemes". These schemes include entities such as inventors, issuers, miners, processing service providers, users, wallet providers, exchange s, trading platforms, and other actors. The progression from fragmented research by individual European regulatory bodies to the first pan-European legislative initiative, which aimed to include specific service providers related to the circulation of virtual currencies, particularly custodial wallet providers and services for exchanging virtual currencies into fiat money and vice versa, among the obliged entities for the purposes of prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing. Within this context, the provisions of EU Directives 2015/849 (4AMLD) and 2018/843 (5AMLD) are analyzed, which represent a significant legislative step aimed at strengthening the EU's framework for combating money laundering and terrorist financi ng. The reports of the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) and the European Banking Authority, which preceded the publication of the first draft of the MiCA Regulation, are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the effects of banking diversification and focus strategies on the profitability and risk of Chinese banks in the post-crisis years (2008–2019). For this purpose, semiparametric estimates are used. The main results indicate that Chinese banks do not gain much benefit in terms of profitability and risk from following income or asset diversification strategies, although the former are more beneficial than the latter. These results have important implications for the design of specific diversification strategies for different types of banks. Results suggest that state-owned banks could benefit from a greater degree of diversification to obtain more profits and simultaneously decrease their risk levels, while national shareholding commercial banks and city commercial banks should evaluate these strategies with more caution as the benefits from them are less obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is directed at gauging the equity price risk of the Indian commercial banks for the period 2003–2020. Parametric value-at-risk (VaR) is employed to estimate the downside risk. Further, the univariate exponential generalized auto regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) model is also used to find out the existence of stylised aspects of volatility. The outcomes point towards the existence of volatility clustering, persistence and asymmetry, but differ from bank to bank. Furthermore, the parametric VaR model that assumes normal distribution and student's t -distribution is not found to be an accurate model for all the banks. Tail risk is also found to be significant, and thus, justifies the Basel Committee's decision to shift towards an expected shortfall. However, these conventional VaR models should be supplemented by internal models, taking into consideration, bank-specific characteristics. JEL: G01, G15, I15, G17, G28 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The banking sector was among the first to join digital transformation of economy and became a driver of digital technologies used within the frames of B2C and B2B. Bank executives consider banking-process digitalization as a key factor of competitiveness and success on market. Digitalization process in the banking sphere goes on intensively, which requires modernization and adaptation to constantly changing conditions. Therefore, the acute objective is to trace key trends in digital transformation of the banking sector. Major goals of the research are to analyze digitalization rate of the banking sphere and to make up a list of serious problems arising in the process of digital transformation of banks. The authors used such methods of research as comparative analysis, statistical analysis, benchmarking, classification and rating. As a result of the research the article mentioned a list of acute problems of digital transformation of existing Russian banks and possible lines in their solution or minimization of adverse impacts. The authors came to the conclusion that the process of banking activity digitalization is accompanied by both positive and negative factors, the latter forms problematic fields requiring fast settlement.

A vital role in the effective management of banking institutions is played by internal audit as an essential element of the risk management system, which ensures timely detection and resolution of problems, increases transparency and trust in the banking system, and ensures its stability and sustainability. The article aims to reveal the main criteria for risk assessment in the areas of internal audit, which is carried out in the bank based on a risk-based approach, to identify the main problems and substantiate the theoretical aspects of integrating a risk-oriented approach into practice. The role of internal audit in risk management of banking activity was revealed. Arguments were presented regarding implementing a risk-based approach to internal audit planning in the bank. The article analyzes the audit planning procedures and systematizes risk assessment criteria in audit areas. To determine the priority of audit areas, evaluating each area according to the specified criteria and distributing them according to the degree of risk is necessary. This will allow effective planning of audits, directing resources to the most risky areas. The study results indicate that audit planning in Ukrainian banks should be based on a comprehensive assessment of risks, which will allow for the taking into account internal and external factors. As a result, banks can quickly respond to changes in the external and internal environment and effectively allocate resources. To implement this task, it is necessary to develop a detailed audit plan based on a comprehensive risk assessment, and it is necessary to include all key business processes and bank organizational units. Constant monitoring of risks will allow for quick changes to the audit plan in response to new threats or opportunities. The theoretical and practical principles of audit planning based on a risk-based approach, presented in the article, are the basis for building a banking risk assessment model.

An important role for developing economies is played by the volume and facilities of business and population lending. Although the financial sector of Georgia has been characterized by stability in recent years and the volume of the sector is increasing, this growth was not the same for all participants in the sector and certainly effective for business and the population, because the commercial banks and insurance sectors are characterized by increasing trends from the financial sector and microfinance organizations and the securities market are characterized by a relatively decreasing trend. It is recognized that the development of the financial sector and high competition ensure greater access to finance and alternative resource investments. High interest rates are a challenge for the state, but it is logical that the existence of competition in the financial sector alone cannot ensure its reduction. Participants of the financial sector need liquid assets to manage and effectively dispose of their own and raised funds, therefore, in this process, the supervisory body of the financial sector - the National Bank conducts a number of measures, which derives from and depends on the current economic situation in the country. It is with this logic that a new decision was made, which created microbanks and which should take the place of an intermediary link between commercial banks and microfinance organizations. The world does not have a long history of microbanking experience, but we are certainly familiar with the classification of commercial banks by specialization, and the United States of America is a clear example of this. Commercial banks in Georgia operate on the principle of universality, and they include financing of loans of any field and volume in their portfolio. Microbanks, based on their name, indicate a relatively reduced/truncated version of commercial banks, which should be focused on financing relatively small volumes of loans, unlike commercial banks, but we understand that microbanks will have to enter into competition with both microfinance organizations and commercial banks, therefore, how much its creation will justify the goals of creation will be assessed by observing the practice, which requires time. The task of the research is to evaluate and analyze the creation of an intermediary link between microbanks as new participants in the financial sector, commercial banks and microfinance organizations. Commercial banks operate on the principle of universality, and their portfolio includes financing loans of any field and volume. Microbanks indicate a relatively reduced/truncated version of commercial banks, which should be focused on financing loans of a relatively small volume, unlike commercial banks. The subject of the study is the necessity and reasons for creating a new representative of the financial sector of Georgia, and the object of the study is the financial and statistical indicators of banking and non-banking institutions in the financial market of Georgia. The following methods of scientific research were used to solve the set goal: analytical - for collection, summary; Analogies and comparisons - determining the impact of a new "player" on the financial sector; Generalization - for formulating conclusions based on research results.

The use of digital technology in finance has led to the creation of more efficient and convenient financial services at lower costs, providing customers with a more attractive experience than traditional financial services. This trend has become dominant in recent decades, but it is a relatively new field in Vietnam. Vietnam has great potential for financial technology (hereafter referred to as fintech) development: the young population is increasingly using digital technologies in their daily lives, and the country has a relatively developed telecommunications and e-commerce infrastructure. However, fintech in Vietnam also faces many challenges, such as information technology risks, increased competition in the financial institution market, and difficulties in non-banking organizations management and supervision. Coordination among government agencies, fintech businesses and citizens is needed to address these challenges. The government needs to improve legal policy, raise public awareness, and create favorable conditions for fintech development. Fintech companies need to improve their products and services quality to meet people’s needs. The population needs to be aware of financial technologies to be able to effectively use fintech products and services.

Copyright of Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial (JMPIS) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I investigate the impact of securitization on the risk-taking by bank holding companies (BHCs). For 2001 to 2017, I find a negative relationship between securitization and the risk appetite of BHCs. I find a negative relationship between securitization and the risk appetite of BHCs that is consistent with the recourse hypothesis of securitization. I also discover that the equilibrium in this relationship changes from the pre-crisis to the crisis period (crisis effect). This crisis effect hampers BHCs' ability to engage in securitization that leads them to accumulate more risky assets on their books due to the deteriorated quality of their loan portfolios. This equilibrium then reverses after the crisis (post-crisis effect) due to policy makers' response to the excessive risk-taking that manifested during the crisis. Moreover, I find that the securitization of residential mortgages not only boosts the recourse hypothesis but also triggers the crisis effect. My findings provide novel empirical insights into the different nexuses between the securitization and risk appetite of BHCs around the financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Legal & Comparative Jurisprudence Studies (LCJS) / Mağallaẗ al-Duwaliyyaẗ Li-&-Dirāsāt al-Qānūniyyaẗ Wa-al-Fiqhiyyaẗ al-Muqāranaẗ is the property of Refaad for Studies, Research & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Loan risk evaluation is critical for the safety and expansion of financial institutions, but it poses substantial hurdles owing to the intricacy of the data involved. This paper provides an innovative computational approach, the Particle Swarm Optimization-Excited Binary Grey Wolf Optimization-CatBoost (PSO-EBGWO-CatBoost) method, which is intended to improve loan risk forecast accuracy. The proposed framework uses PSO for optimum feature selection, while EBGWO fine-tunes CatBoost's hyperparameters, resulting in better predictive efficiency. Before using the PSO-EBGWO-CatBoost model, the input dataset is preprocessed to remove outliers and missing values. The model's efficiency was verified using a loan dataset, and the findings showed outstanding results in loan risk estimate, with an accuracy of 81.23%, precision of 82.10%, and recall of 80.26%. These findings show that the suggested method greatly outperforms existing strategies, making it an effective instrument for loan risk handling in financial organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasting stock market prices and trends can be a major challenge for investors and traders because of its volatility and various factors that affects it. Because of that, it is crucial for investors to be able to forecast the stock market alongside its trends as accurately as possible to minimize risk and increase profit, given the complexities and uncertainties inherent in the market. This research aims in digging the potential of LSTM models to forecast the open and close price of the 6 Indonesia bank stock market which consist of 3 national bank (BNI, BRI, and Mandiri) and 3 private bank (CIMB, BCA, and OCBC) in which it also helps in enhancing investment strategies in the banking sector, making it a very helpful tools for investors to gain more profit and minimize loss while also test and evaluate its error rate and accuracy while also evaluate the LSTM performance based on its accuracy and error rates. The historical stock data from April 30, 2019, to April 30, 2024, that's used in this study as the main dataset was acquired from Yahoo Finance. The provided model average accuracy and error rate when forecasting the open and close prices can be seen with an exceptional accuracy and very low error rates which can be proven with the predicted open's MSE: 0.000303, RMSE: 0.018430, MAE: 0.013380, and R²: 0.967834, as well as predicted close's MSE: 0.000511, RMSE: 0.022322, MAE: 0.017260, and R²: 0.942172, making it considered as a robust, reliable, and accurate model for investors and traders to forecast the close and open price of the stock market in the future. The LSTM model performance highlights its capabilities to capture important multivariate patterns of the tested bank's stock market data, which offer more advantages over traditional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable financing initiatives in the banking industry involve green projects and responsible businesses promotions. These initiatives aim to support sustainable development, reduce climate-related risks, and enhance long-term financial stability. This empirical study examines the impact of sustainable financing initiatives on the performance of the banking industry in India where banks are aligning with global sustainability standards and national goals. This study explores how these sustainable financing efforts influence various aspects of banks' performance, including profitability, risk management, market positioning, and customer loyalty. The findings reveal that banks actively engaged in sustainable financing benefit from enhanced market valuations, improved risk resilience, and stronger customer relationships. People from the Banking Industry was surveyed to examine the role and impact of Sustainable Financing Initiatives of banking Industry on Bank's Performance and found that Capital Towards Sustainable Projects, Corporate ESG Practices, Market Valuation and Investments, Reputational Capital and Customer Loyalty and Bank's Performance are the factors that shows role and impact of Sustainable Financing Initiatives of banking Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes bankers' perceptions and pulls information on the variables influencing particular NPA resolution tactics. Data was gathered from managers in several Indian banks, particularly those in the credit department, using a selfstructured questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been empirically validated. By employing EFA (exploratory factor analysis), Seven aspects of "management of NPAs" have been found and a comprehensive assessment of the viewpoint, conceptual, and empirical literature. Four criteria have been identified by the empirical research of these dimensions as being important for management. The current study provides useful recommendations for banking authorities on enhancing the asset quality of Indian banks and provides fresh perspectives on efficient credit management in banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economics & Environment / Ekonomia i Środowisko is the property of Fundacja Ekonomistow Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Economic growth entails economic stability, and economic stability is also in the midst of stabilizing the rates and financial health that comes. Reaching this point requires monitoring the correct functioning of market factors. Therefore, the supervision of banking and monetary operations as an important part of the financial markets of the countries is a major concern of all governments. However, the conditions and limits of this monitoring are the subject of long discussions. In this paper, an analytical descriptive method has been used to examine the status of banking supervision and its adaptation to Basel's principles as a reliable international instrument. It is found that banking supervision in Iran for capital adequacy, validation, transparency of banks performance and authority of the supervisory authority are weak and It does not have the protective shield to deal with financial crises and potential misuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the analysis of those transformational processes that the legal basis of the bank loan agreement has undergone in the conditions of digitalization. European and Ukrainian approaches to understanding the concept of «digitalization» are analyzed. It is clarified how the wide implementation of IT technologies affected the field of banking services. The situation in the market of banking services in general, as well as in the field of credit relations before a full-scale invasion, was revealed. It is noted in the forecasts of the development of digital services until 2030. The key IT technologies that significantly influenced the field of banking services and determined the electronic form of contracts that are concluded are highlighted. It was noted that, on the one hand, the development of banking services under the influence of digitalization positively contributes to the development of the digital economy, and on the other hand, more risks have arisen regarding the guarantee of cyber protection of financial transactions and personal data. Recommendations are offered to strengthen the reliability and efficiency of the banking system in terms of compliance with cyber security rules. It is justified that the development of credit relations in Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization has led to the spread of electronic forms of credit contracts. Attention is drawn to the judicial practice that arose already in the process of protecting the rights of debtors under concluded electronic credit agreements. The following key groups of arguments for substantiating the debtors' claims were identified: contracts were not concluded in writing; contracts were not signed, there are no electronic signatures on individual copies; the borrowers did not express their will before concluding the contract; etc. Based on the analysis of court practice and current legislation, the conclusion is substantiated that any transaction, including a bank loan, in the case of its conclusion in electronic form, is equated to a written form. An electronic contract cannot be invalidated solely because it is in electronic form. It is justified that the bank loan agreement, despite its rather imperative legislative regulation in order to protect the rights of debtors, has undergone changes in the form of conclusion, in particular, the electronic form prevails in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the regulation of the cryptocurrency market in Hungary, the regulatory consolidation of property rights to cryptocurrency values. A comparative analysis of the regulation of this issue under the legislation of the EU and directly of Hungary was also carried out. Because it is the regulatory framework and court precedents on the territory of the EU that form the basis for the formation of the domestic framework for the regulation of Hungary’s crypto market. It is also important to clearly define Bitcoin and Blockchain as a special kind of thing in Hungarian civil law. The authors paid special attention to the innovation in the tax sphere of Hungary. Virtual currencies, especially cryptocurrencies, and the technology behind them and their constant development pose a serious challenge to the legislator. The task is further complicated by the fact that cryptocurrencies have a number of unique characteristics that distinguish them from one another. The study focuses on issues related to taxation, mainly based on the norms of the current legislation of Hungary. A study of the appearance, concept and social acceptance of money, a presentation and a detailed analysis of each financial function lead to an analysis into the world of cryptocurrencies. The article also argues that each of the payment documents in the form of cryptocurrency can act as digital currencies or cannot perform monetary functions. When writing the article, special attention was paid to digital money of the central bank, which can revolutionize it, as a digital form of legal tender. Nowadays, most countries (for example, England) are experimenting with central bank digital money for its implementation. In theory, central bank digital money can replace traditional money and payment services (eg bank accounts, bank deposits). The advantage of the system is that it would reduce the cost of bank funding and it is also new for monetary policy. Central bank regulation of digital money will be one of the most important issues in the coming years. Due to the extreme volatility of the field under consideration, the authors consider it important to note that this article can only provide a brief and concise overview of the regulatory and tax regulation of the cryptocurrency market under Hungarian law. And this analysis has a positive foundation for further research and comparison with the domestic legal base of cryptocurrency market regulation under the legislation of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the purpose of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states and Great Britain, its instruments and legal acts, in which they are fixed. The legislation of the member countries of the European Union (Germany, France, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary) and Great Britain, modern approaches in the science of constitutional and administrative law regarding the definition of the goal of the monetary policy of the central banks of the member countries of the EU, and the range of its instruments are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the purpose and functions of national banks are interrelated, but not identical. The concept of the goal of the monetary policy of the Central Banks of the EU member states, the activities and instruments of the monetary policy, the functions of the central bank of the EU member states are delineated. It is argued that reducing the purpose of the activities of the central banks of EU member states and Great Britain exclusively to the implementation of legal regulation of currency circulation in the state and that the main purpose of the central banks of such EU member states as the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary is purely to ensure the stability of the currency - is not justified. It is argued that the main joint functions of the central banks of Germany, France, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Great Britain are to ensure the stability of the monetary unit, to promote the maintenance of sustainable rates of economic growth, to achieve and maintain price stability in the state, and to support economic policy. It is established that the goal of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states is to ensure price stability, and it is additionally substantiated that the inflationary inclination of the financial policy is the most effective. It was established that the accounting policy, the interest rate policy, and the regulation of mandatory reserve norms, the volume of the money supply, operations on the open market and operations with credit resources, the amount of interest rates, interest rates of the mandatory reserve of banks are not the purpose of monetary and credit policies, instruments of monetary policy of the central banks of EU member states and Great Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We aimed to assess salivary and seroprevalence of Toxoplasma immunoglobulins in risky populations and evaluate drug docking targeting TgERP. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Alexandria University hospitals' outpatient clinics. 192 participants were enrolled from September 2022 to November 2023. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM were determined in serum and saliva by ELISA. An in-Silico study examined TgERP's protein–protein interactions (PPIs) with pro-inflammatory cytokine receptors, anti-inflammatory cytokine, cell cycle progression regulatory proteins, a proliferation marker, and nuclear envelope integrity-related protein Lamin B1. Our findings revealed that anti-T. gondii IgG were detected in serum (66.1%) and saliva (54.7%), with 2.1% of both samples were positive for IgM. Salivary IgG had 75.59% sensitivity, 86.15% specificity, 91.40% PPV, 64.40% NPP, 79.17% accuracy and fair agreement with serum IgG. On the other hand, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy in detecting salivary IgM were 75.0%, 99.47%, 75.0%, 99.47%, and 98.96%. AUC 0.859 indicates good discriminatory power. Examined synthetic drugs and natural products can target specific amino acids residues of TgERP that lie at the same binding interface with LB1 and Ki67, subsequently, hindering their interaction. Hence, salivary samples can be a promising diagnostic approach. The studied drugs can counteract the pro-inflammatory action of TgERP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Business Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to identify and analyze the impact of emotional intelligence on turnover retention at a bank in East Java, Indonesia by considering the mediating role of organizational support, as well as the moderating effect of career adaptability. Data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to frontline employees at one of the banks in East Java. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistical analysis for convenience of data characteristics and inferential data analysis using Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) to test contextual relationships between variables. Data collection methods include questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to obtain primary data, while secondary data is obtained from documents, the internet, and literature. The research results show that emotional intelligence does not directly influence turnover intention but has an influence through the mediator Organizational support and is moderated by career adaptation. In conclusion, work environment factors unique to banking significantly impact an employee's decision to stay or leave a job. Organizational support is proven to be an essential mediator, while the level of career adaptability also plays a vital role in employee turnover intensity. Moreover, if an employee has high emotional intelligence and career adaptability is low, they will still have the intensity to leave their job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Antalya Bilim University Law Review is the property of Antalya International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Human Sciences Journal / Revue des Sciences Humaines is the property of Universite des Freres Mentouri Constantine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mutual banking institutions engage in a diverse array of banking activities aim to achieve economic and social development. These institutions are predicated on a cooperative principle, which fundamentally differentiates them from their commercial banking counterparts. Such a cooperative ethos closely aligns mutual banks with Islamic financial institutions. Nonetheless, their failure to incorporate Sharia as the foundational basis for their transactions, coupled with the absence of Sharia supervisory board compliance, categorically excludes them from the Islamic financial sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]