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In this study, PMMA/Bentonite and PMMA/HNT nanocomposites were synthesized by in-situ and solution blending methods by using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) obtained from methyl methacrylate by emulsion polymerization method and bentonite and halloysite (HNT) at different ratios (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%). Biodegradable PMMA/PLA, PMMA/PLA/Bentonite, and PMMA/PLA/HNT were obtained by mixing the synthesized PMMA and PMMA/clay nanocomposites with a polylactic acid (PLA) with PMMA:PLA weight ratio of 50:50. Characterization studies of synthesized nanocomposites; Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analyzes, and Shore-D hardness test was performed. In addition, to observe the effects of clay additives and production methods on biodegradability, the synthesized samples were buried in two different soils, humus soil and cactus soil, and monitored for six months. When the obtained nanocomposites were compared with the pure polymer, it was determined that the hardness values of the nanocomposites were much higher than the pure polymer, and their thermal stability increased with HNT and bentonite additives. When nanocomposites synthesized by the in-situ production method and solution blending production method are compared, it was determined that nanocomposites produced by the solution blending method degrade faster in the soil and show better distribution in the structure. In addition, it was observed that cactus soil created a better degradation environment than humus soil, and bentonite accelerated degradation more than HNT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science & Engineering / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science & Literature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Engineering properties of soils are of great importance in the design and application phase of structures. Incomplete or incorrectly determined parameters can cause many undesirable negative consequences. The correct determination of the compression index, one of the most important engineering parameters, must be determined in the most accurate way to prevent damage to the structure on it, its continuity and the need for a new improvement. Compression parameters can be determined through consolidation experiments, and empirical relationships revealed in the literature can also be used. In this study, the compression index (Cc) was determined from the consolidation tests of zeolite-bentonite and seaweed-added mixtures at room temperature and under 40°C. Since it was aimed that the mixtures could preserve their engineering properties against thermal changes, the tests were carried out under two different temperature conditions. Using different empirical relationships suggested for clayey soils, calculations were made for the same mixtures and compared with the experimental method results. The degree of accuracy of the formulations was evaluated by determining the percentage differences of the results from those determined by empirical relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Engineering Research & Development (IJERAD) is the property of International Journal of Engineering Research & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Muhendislik Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science & Engineering / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, natural zeolite and bentonite were used as adsorbent material in CO2 sequestration without any treatment. The structural properties of the supplied zeolite and bentonite were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). Morphological properties were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and N2-adsorption-desorption measurements using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) instruments. BET surface areas and CO2 capture performance of zeolite and bentonite were investigated under both static and flow conditions. The zeolite exhibited a high mesopore volume, a high BET surface area of 125.23 m²/g and a high CO2 capture capacity (38.7 mg/g) at 25 °C and 1 bar. In addition, Bentonite material showed a lower BET surface area of 53.79 m2/g and lower CO2 capture capacity (20.53 mg/g) than zeolite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rudarsko-Geolosko-Naftni Zbornik is the property of Faculty of Mining, Geology & Petroleum Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The adsorption process of natural and modified Co+2-, Ni+2-bentonite samples taken from Dash-Salahli field with ionogenic oligomer modifiers was carried out and studied by x-ray and infrared spectral analysis methods. Important components that ensure the stability of bentonite suspensions are polymers, ions and surfactants. The main goal of the work is to obtain an organic mineral sorbent using an ionogenic oligomer modifier to stabilize polymer-dispersed systems. The most suitable surfactants are substances with a hydrophilic and hydrophobic statistical distribution in the molecule. The prepared sorbent has both cationic and anionic properties and can adsorb various harmful organic substances. As a result of the research, certain changes were observed in the structure of the sorbents. Depending on the ionic radii of substituted metal ions in natural bentonite, weak, medium. strong intensities are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various purification methods have been developed to improve local salt quality, with the NaCl content above 94%. Bentonite is one of the materials used as binder impurities in purification. The purpose of the study was to synthesize a modified bentonite using an alkaline solution, which includes sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) with various concentrations (1 M, 1.5 M, 2 M, and 2.5 M) and determined levels of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ metals using AAS. The bentonite and activating agent 1 M (1:10) were stirred for three hours. Then, the bentonite was dried for two hours in an oven at 110 °C. The activated bentonite was dried for four hours at 170 °C. The activated bentonite was characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The basal spacing d001 on the diffractogram bentonite was significantly unaffected by alkaline activation. FTIR analysis represents the stretching vibration of -OH shifts towards a lower wavenumber. Alkaline activation reduced impurities from bentonite and increased the pore surface's porosity. NaCl levels in people's salt increased after being activated using alkaline. The increase in Na+ levels was followed by a decrease in Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents. KOH-activated bentonite had a higher NaCl level than NaOHactivated bentonite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In chemical reactions, the use of environmentally friendly catalysts obtained by transporting transition metals on solid or polymer carrier materials has become quite common recently. Studies in which zinc complexes are used as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts are frequently encountered in the literature. In addition to many advantages of homogeneous catalysts, disadvantages include difficulty separating from the reaction medium, recycling, and limited chemical-thermal stability. Solving problems can be solved by using solid catalyst sup-port materials and transferring the active ingredients to these materials. Therefore, catalysts prepared by transporting transition metal complexes onto solid supports have become interesting for researchers. Natural or processed clays can be used as catalysts or catalyst carriers and have many uses due to their cheapness and abundance. In this study, natural Enez/Edirne bentonite was acid-activated (HB) and converted to organo-clay (HB/CTAB) with hexadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Then, heterogeneous catalysts were prepared by direct transport of the synthesized [Zn(acac)2H2O] or [Zn(p-H2NC6H4COO)2]1.5H2O complexes onto modified clays separately. The catalysts have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, surface scanning electron microscope, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface analysis methods.

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dicle University Journal of Engineering / Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dicle Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage; 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl-2-aminobenzoate (OPA) compound, which was an aniline derivative, was synthesized by starting the appropriate components. Then, poly(OPA) was obtained via chemical polymerization of the OPA in the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as the initiator and DMF as the solvent. Poly(OPA)/Bentonite (BNT) nanocomposite was synthesized by effectively dispersing the inorganic nanolayers of BNT in poly(OPA) matrix by means of intercalation method. In the second stage; the characterization of the synthesized OPA, poly(OPA) and poly(OPA)/BNT nanocomposite was investigated. The OPA was characterized by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS). The structures of the poly(OPA) and nanocomposite(OPA) were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the conductivity of poly(OPA)/BNT nanocomposite was investigated and change in electrical conductivity was examined.

A Debreceni Egyetem, AKIT Nyíregyházi Kutatóintézetében 2003 tavaszán beállítottunk egy szennyvíziszap komposztos kisparcellás kísérletet. A kísérletben alkalmazott korlátozásmentesen felhasználható szennyvíziszap komposzt összetétele: 40% szennyvíziszap, 25% szalma, 30% riolit és 5% bentonit. A kísérleti területen négy kezelést vizsgálunk, a kontroll mellett 9, 18 és 27 t/ha dózisban juttatjuk ki és szántjuk be a talajba a szennyvíziszap komposztot. A parcellákat újrakezeltük 2006, 2009, 2012 és 2015-ben. a tesztnövények zöldborsó (Pisum sativum L.), tritikálé (x Triticosecale x Wittmack) és kukorica (Zea mays L.), melyek kiterített vetésforgóban követik egymást. A talajmintavétel során a növények betakarítása után, parcellánként 5 leszúrásból átlagmintát képezünk a 0-30 és 30-60 cm-es talajrétegekből. Az eredmények alapján a szennyvíziszap komposzt pozitív hatással van a talaj kémiai tulajdonságaira, növelve a kémhatás értékét és a szervesanyag mennyiségét.

Background: The quantity of byproducts produced by the catfish flour industry, including bones/thorns, oil, and skin, varies depending on how active it is. If these byproducts neglected, they will turn into organic trash and harm the ecosystem. Therefore, one of these wastes, fish oil, will be used as part of the ITB 2022 community service project with PT Rumah Inovasi Natura. Even though catfish oil has active ingredients that are excellent for the growth and development of intelligence, it does not have a pleasant aroma like other fish oils do. This community service projeczzt goal is to use bentonite to clean catfish oil, making the final product clearer and unscented. Additionally, the oil is transformed into a sweet candy so that kids prefer it. Methods: The June 2022 service projects included counseling and training for the Tulungagung district's community, which included members of the PKK group, IKM (small and medium-sized businesses), SMKN 1 students, and PAUD students. They were given fish oil jelly candies and information on the value of fish oil for intellect, especially for PAUD pupils. Results: The diverse groups of participants in this program responded very favorably to the outcomes of the community service projects. In conclusion, this service activity creates food items using complement catfish oil, which has a variety of beneficial bioactives that can benefit children's brain development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Clay minerals possess several properties such as ion exchange capability, alkaline pH, adsorptive, swelling, and plastic behaviour, most of which are governed by their interactions with water. They have the capacity to interact with soluble molecules, which is particularly interesting for art conservation treatments. For all these reasons clays deserve to be considered for green and sustainable paper conservation interventions. In this work two phyllosilicates with different properties, namely montmorillonite and sepiolite, were investigated for the removal of tidelines on artificially aged paper samples. Water exchange, cleaning efficiency, and pH were evaluated comparing the clays to gellan gum, a benchmark cleaning hydrogel. A pouch made with regenerated cellulose was used to avoid direct contact of the minerals with the paper. The water sorption capacity of the clays combined with the specific permeability of the cellulosic membrane allowed for a homogeneous and easy to control cleaning. The formation of new tidelines, an inherent risk to any local conservation treatment of paper, was avoided. As an example, sepiolite was used for the local cleaning of a paper-based artwork's multiple tidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bentonites must meet some standards (such as swelling, viscosity, filtration loss values) in order to be used in industry. There are bentonite deposits that provide these properties and are used without any processing. However, many bentonite deposits do not have the desired properties. In this study, activation studies were carried out with soda and MgO in order to improve the industrial properties of Kalecik bentonite sample. In the findings, it was observed that the cation exchange capacity (KDK), swelling, viscosity, liquid limit values of the bentonite samples activated with soda were partially improved (KDK 89.67 meq/100 g, swelling 16 ml, viscosity 8.5 cP, liquid limit 201%). It was observed that the filtration loss value (26.8 ml) did not change at the beginning, however, it increased with increasing additive ratios. Similar findings (KDK 70.65 meq/100 g, swelling 15 ml, viscosity 8 cP, liquid limit 211) were obtained in experiments with MgO additive. In experiments using MgO additive, it was observed that the filtration loss values increased more than the raw sample. The lowest filtration loss was found to be 29.2 ml. Changes in physical properties were associated with the increase of Na+ and MgO+2 ions in bentonite unit layers as a result of activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled release, on the contrary traditional treatment, means the gradual release of a substance from a system in order to maintain its concentration in a medium over a period of time. In drug release systems, the controlled release of the drug to the diseased area has importance in terms of treatment and toxicity. Especially drugs with high toxic properties such as 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) have an important place in controlled drug release technology. In order to complete the treatment successfully, it is important to develop controlled drug release systems to eliminate the possible side effects of anticancer drugs such as 5-FU and to increase the therapeutic effect. The aim of this study is to develop a unique biodegradable and biocompatible bionanocomposite film for the controlled release of 5-FU. For this purpose, bentonite loaded chitosan hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bionanocomposite films were synthesized using solution casting and solvent evaporation techniques. The chemical bond structure of the bionanocomposite films and the effect of bentonite addition on the amine and hydroxyl groups in the structure were determined by Fourier transform infrared. Morphological properties and compatibility of polymers and bentonite were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy. The degree of sorption of the bionanocomposite films was evaluated by swelling tests. As the bentonite content in the nanocomposite film increased from 5% to 25%, the sorption degree of film increased from 2.99% to 65.05%. In addition, the effects of bentonite addition of the synthesized bionanocomposite films and pH of medium on the 5-FU loading and encapsulation efficiency were investigated. Controlled release studies were carried out by using 5-FU loaded nanocomposite films. The obtained results showed that the usage of bentonite in nanocomposite drug carrier films were improved the release properties. After four days, a release value was obtained as 40.12% at pH=7.4 in the 5 wt. % bentonite loaded films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is the study of the effect of the addition of anionic polymers on the rheological characteristics of a water-based drilling mud (WBM). The modified Cross model is successfully applied to fit the flow curves of WBM at different quantity of poly-salt. The incorporation of poly-salt in a concentration range between 0 and 1 wt% induces an increase in the yield stress τ0 in the zero shear rate viscosity η0 and in the infinite shear rate viscosity η∞ of the WBM. It is also shown the addition of poly-salt between 0 and 1 wt% to WBM that may cause an increase of their degree of thixotropy. Finally the thixotropic behavior studied at different concentration of poly-salt added in WBM at 20°C is analyzed by using a structural kinetic model (SKM) in order to investigate time dependent effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liquefaction phenomenon may originate in fine sandy - silty type of soils subjected to dynamic effects, low plasticity clays and even in soils with gravels based on the magnitude of applied acceleration. The mechanical or chemical soil improvement techniques have been used to prevent this problem. The mixing or grouting operations of sodium polyacrylate, which has a high-water absorption capacity, is one of the chemical soil improvement techniques. The frost behavior of this material, which turns into a gel form when react with the water in the environment, is not known in the permafrost areas. Within this purpose, sandy specimens including 5.00%, 10.00%, 15.00%, and 20.00% sodium polyacrylate gel as well as reference ones, were frozen at -20C° and unconfined compression tests were applied. Moreover, the tests were repeated for additional specimens containing 5.00% bentonite clay by weight. Although the unconfined compressive strength of all samples improved according to the increase in the amount of water with the gel content, about 14.00% lower values were obtained in specimens containing bentonite. On the other hand, the unit strain values of frozen samples without bentonite increased, while reduction observed in samples with bentonite. The viscous structure, that is in gel form inside the soil, dissipates volume increase during the freezing process and prevents the frost heave problem. However, the loss of bearing capacity should be considered in case of insufficient saturation in liquefaction sensitive sandy soils improved with sodium polyacrylate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of experiments performed to determine how the quantity of the binder (bentonite) and the parameters of the laboratory roll press affect the quality of the briquettes obtained from limestone powder. These experiments aim to examine the conditions in which limestone briquettes are formed and to determine their use for agricultural purposes. During the experiments various mass fractions of bentonite was added to limestone (from 1 to 10 %), while the force of roll press drums ranged from 2 to 25 kN. The briquettes have been tested by applying scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal and thermogravimetric (DTA/TG) analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Bentonite distribution was found to be uniform within the compact briquette structure. Formation of new compounds was not evidenced. The experiments also demonstrated that during briquetting, limestone properties remain unchanged, the changes are only physical, water solubility is not reduced, mechanical properties (impact resistance, compressive strength and abrasion resistance) are satisfactory by the transport and storage terms if the binder mass fraction is over 5% and the briquetting force exceeds 10kN and finally there is no loss due to wind dispersal during application. The only downside of the “green” briquettes obtained is the time required for their complete disintegration if totally immersed in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Napjaink tudományos, ipari kihívásai között jelentős szerepet kap a különböző típusú nanoanyagok stabilitásának kérdésköre, melynek kapcsán ezen anyagok és azok elegyeinek diszperz részecskék felületi, elektromos felületi tulajdonságaira és aggregálódásának mértékére gyakorolt hatásának vizsgálata kulcsfontosságú. A bentonitot és különböző nanoanyagokkal képzett kompozitját gyakran alkalmazzák például a környezetvédelemben szennyvíztisztításra, mivel a nagy fajlagos felületük miatt kiváló szorpciós tulajdonságokkal bírnak. A bentonit fúróiszap adalékanyagként történő alkalmazására vonatkozóan számos publikáció fellelhető a szakirodalomban. Használatával csökkenthető a fluidumveszteség a fúrás során, növeli a fluidum filtrációját, javítja a reológiai tulajdonságokat és a formációkárosodás is csökkenthető. A kutatások során célszerű lehet különböző típusú nanorészecskék és azok elegyeinek zeta-potenciáljának vizsgálata és elemzése különböző pH értékeknél és sótartalomnál. Kísérleteink során laboratóriumi eljárás során szintetizált nanomagnetit (NM), kationcserélt mádi bentonit (Be), valamint ezen nanorészecskék elegyeinek elektromos felületi tulajdonságait vizsgálatuk. Vizsgáltunk különböző összetételű elegyeket (9:1, 7:3, 1:1, 3:7, 1:9) különböző töménységű (0.1 M – 0.0001 M) kálium-klorid oldatban. A meghatározott zeta-potenciál értékek segítségével kiválóan jellemezhető a felületen történő részecskemegkötődés, azaz a felületi töltések változása. A fenti rendszerek viselkedését a teljes pH tartományban figyelemmel követtük, amely során a kolloidikai stabilitás szempontjából értékes adatokat nyertünk. A stabilitás kapcsán gyakorlati szempontból többféle kívánalom felmerülhet, vannak olyan alkalmazási területek, ahol a kolloidikai szempontból stabil rendszer előnyös, bizonyos esetekben pedig a stabil rendszer megszüntetése a cél. Az általunk végzett vizsgálatok a stabilitás és annak jellemzése szempontjából kiemelt jelentőséggel bírnak

When tunnelling with a TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) in rock and soil, mostly the machine is described and often reduced to a slogan. Such descriptions say little about geotechnical processes at the tunnel face that are key to the success of tunnel driving and must be considered when selecting a tunnelling system. In soil tunnels the tunnel face must be safely supported and extracting material must be possible. For a slurry shield the slurry must not escape and pressure must act on the face. In the literature mostly bentonite content is considered. With an Earth‐Pressure balance machine the soil has to have characteristics that it can be remoulded and transformed in a mass of adequate consistency with mechanical means, adding water and additives such that this mass can support the face and be extracted. Long‐term experience shows that the fine content and polymers are also important factors. Flow channels (pores) in open gravel may be clogged, and the face supported by seepage forces. Also, the drag forces in the slurry circuit are increased and the operation of the slurry circuit became more stable. Rates of advance exceeding 10 m/day were achieved with a 11.6 m slurry shield. The limited depth of penetration of the slurry could be determined in‐situ. For fine‐grained soils the characteristics of the fines are crucial and are described by the Atterberg limits. Soil mechanics strength properties may be vastly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Engineering & Management Sciences (2498-700X) / Műszaki és Menedzsment Tudományi Közlemények is the property of University of Debrecen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research was intended to formulate liquid bentonite soap using combination of corn oil and virgin coconut oil used for cleansing najs mughalladzah (extreme najs). five formula of soap designated with I-V applying bentonite and combination of VCO and CO with different concentrations. The assessment of sop quality was based on organoleptic evaluation, foam stability, density, pH-value, and total of active component. Evaluation results were analyzed using simplex lattice design (SLD) to obtain optimum formula. Verification of optimum formula was analyzed using one sample t-test with level of significance of 0.05. The results showed that optimum concentration of bentonite was 6.5% with percentages of corn oil 85.43% and virgin coconut oil of 14.57%. Based on one sample t-test, there is no significant difference (pH > 0.05) from pH-value response and foam stability between the predicted optimum formula as analyzed using SLD and actual formula. Bentonite liquid soap which is formulated using combination of corn oil and virgin coconut oil according to National Standardization Body SNI 2588:2017 so that the soap formula could be applied for cleansing najs mughalladzah.

Bu çalışmada, inşaat endüstrisinde başta hazır beton imalatlarında, mineral katkı maddelerinde ve yalıtım malzemeleri imalatında yaygın olarak kullanım alanları bulunan amorf silikanın, killi zeminlerin mühendislik özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla yüksek plastisiteli Eşen kili ve yüksek plastisiteli Sodyum Bentonit kiline %2 ve %10 oranlarında amorf silika ilave edilerek, kıvam limitleri, standart kompaksiyon, serbest basınç ve sabit hacimli şişme deneyleri yapılmıştır. Amorf silikanın iki farklı zemindeki etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Amorf silikanın yüksek plastisiteli zeminlerde serbest basınç mukavemetini arttırmak için stabilizasyon malzemesi olarak kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir.

The process of biodiesel purification is an important step in getting biodiesel products that meet specifications as a substitute for fossil-based fuels. Dry washing method has been developed to achieve an effective purification strategy in order to produce high-quality biodiesel. Bentonite can be used as dry washing agent because it has a good adsorbing properties as well as a large pore and surface area therefore can attract polar substances such as glycerol and methanol. The purpose of this research is to know the capability of activated bentonite as dry washing agent for purification of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. The activation process of bentonite was carried out using sulfuric acid with concentration 1.5 M. Characterization of the bentonite was conducted using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for minerals content and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method for surface area. Bentonite was used as dry washing agent for biodiesel purification by varying washing time (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes) and adsorbent amount (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%). The experimental results showed that purification of biodiesel by dry washing using activated bentonite resulted in a better yield and quality than wet washing and dry washing using non-activated bentonite, except the acid number. The best operation condition resulted from this research is at 10 minutes washing time and 1% adsorbent with yield of 94.1%; acid number of 0.4208 mg KOH/gram; density of 0.8838 gram/cm3, viscosity of 3.0617 mm2/s and water content of 1.17%.

This research was intended to formulate solid bentonite soap using combination of palm oil and virgin coconut oil used for cleansing najs mughalladzah (extreme najs). Five formula of soap designated with AE applying bentonite and combination of VCO and PO with different concentrations. The assessment of soap quality was based on soap hardness, foam stability, water content, total fatty acid, free fatty acid and free alkali. Evaluation results were analyzed using simplex lattice design (SLD) to obtain optimum formula. Verification of optimum formula was analyzed using one sample t-test with level of significance of 0.05. The results showed that optimum concentration of bentonite was 4.06% with percentages of VCO 89.6% and PO of 10.4%. Based on one sample t-test, there is no significant difference (pH > 0.05) from foam stability and total fatty acid between the predicted optimum formula as analyzed using SLD and verified result.

Kil-karbon kompozitler,-bentonit kili ve karbon kaynağı olarak şeker kullanılarak farklı ısıl işlem sıcaklıklarında (600, 750, 900 oC) sentezlenmiştir. Elde edilen katıların N2 gazı adsorpsiyonu ile spesifik yüzey alanları ve gözenek hacimleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu katıların fenolün sulu çözeltiden adsorpsiyonunda kullanılabilirliği incelenmiştir. Kil-karbon kompozitlerin spesifik yüzey alanı ve gözenek hacimlerinin ısıl işlem sıcaklığına bağlı olarak sıcaklık artıkça azaldığı belirlenmiştir. 900oC ısıl işlem sıcaklığında elde edilen kompozitin fenol adsorpsiyonunda daha etkin olduğu gözlenmiştir. Adsorpsiyon verileri Langmuir ve Freundlich denklemleri ile analiz edilmiştir.

In this study, Poly(ε-CL-co-MMA) was synthesized and its composites have been prepared. Methyl methacrylate monomer was polymerized by the ATRP method in the presence of twoarmed macroinitiator Poly(ε-CL-NCl2). The composites of the copolymer were prepared with bentonite, which is a montmorillonite rate of 3%, 6% and 15% and their dispersion in the polymer was examined. Composites are prepared by dispersing method. The structure of the copolymer was characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, DSC, TGA and SEM anaylsis methods. Different electrical properties of polymer / MMT composites were investigated with impedance analyzer device. Therefore, the effect of montmorillonite on the copolymers was examined depend on the frequency and temperature as electrical. It was observed that electrical properties of polymers prepared with clay were higher than pure polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the results of laboratory tests into the effects of moisture and the content of two types of bentonite on dielectric properties of moulding sand. The use of electromagnetic waves in foundry industry is becoming more and more popular, which provides to some extent alternatives to conventional drying methods. Experimental studies published so far have shown the validity of using microwaves for drying classic moulding sands with bentonite. However, these studies lack data on the effect of moisture or bentonite content in moulding sand on the real component ε' or imaginary component ε'' of the relative complex electrical permittivity. The presented results may become in the future the basis for the evaluation of the composition of moulding sands, taking into account the phenomena occurring under the influence of electromagnetic field, which directly translates into the quality of the castings made and may constitute an attempt to develop a mathematical model of electric properties of moulding sands.

Liner merupakan komponen terpenting dalam fasilitas tempat pengolahan akhir (TPA) sampah untuk mencegah lindi mencemari tanah. Bahan yang sering digunakan sebagai liner adalah tanah lempung yang memiliki permeabilitas rendah. Salah satu tanah lempung alami yang dapat digunakan sebagai liner TPA adalah bentonit. Bentonit memiliki permeabilitas yang sangat rendah, namun stabilitas gesernya tidak begitu kuat sehingga berpotensi mengalami keruntuhan apabila digunakan di daerah lereng.Di sisi lain, limbah bangunan yang berupa pecahan batu bata, campuran pasir dan semen, serta beton memiliki kuat geser yang tinggi dan berpotensi sebagai campuran bentonit. Pada penelitian ini, limbah bangunan sebanyak 5%, 10%, dan 15% ditambahkan pada bentonit untuk meningkatkan kekuatan geser bentonit sehingga didapatkan campuran bahan semi kedap dengan stabilitas yang lebih tinggi dan permeabilitas rendah. Hasil uji stabilitas geser yang dilakukan pada tegangan normal 50 kPa , 100 kPa, dan 200 kPa menunjukkan bahwa semakin meningkatnya konsentrasi campuran bahan bangunan, maka semakin meningkat pula nilai tegangan geser yang dihasilkan

Invasion of fluids into porous media during drilling can lead to irreparable damage and reduced well productivity. Hence, minimizing the filtration loss of the drilling fluid into the formation is very important. The stability of colloidal suspensions plays a crucial role in controlling the interfacial forces and consequently on minimizing the filtration. The zeta potential is an indicator of the stability of colloids with respect to their electrostatic interactions. In this study, the rheological properties of bentonite suspensions are investigated with and without additives. The starch and CMC were used as additives to enhance the rheological properties of bentonite. The effects of these additives on the drilling fluid filtration were examined. Zeta-potential, viscosity, gel strength and yield point were measured to characterize the extent to which control of the filtration loss of the drilling fluids can be achieved. The zeta-potential and the amount of filtration loss of water-bentonite suspensions were correlated. Finally, the results showed that the addition of either starch or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) enhances the filtration properties of water-bentonite suspensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sardinella (lemuru) is a genus of fish that is widespread in the East Java Sea region, especially in Muncar, Banyuwangi in East Java Province, Indonesia. Marine fishes are rich in essential fatty acids, including omega-3. This study aims to improve the quality of lemuru fish oil through the use of adsorbent materials such as bentonite and activated carbon. The sample was analyzed to determine its free fatty acid (FFA) content and peroxide value (PV) using the titrimetric method. The clarity of the oil was determined using the spectrophotometric method (λ 440 nm). The omega 3 content from the fish oil sample was then enriched through enzymatic reactions using lipase. Enzymatic reactions were carried out for 5, 10, 15, 20, 35, and 47 hours with a lipase concentration of 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 units respectively. The omega-3 content of the fish oil products was analyzed using the GC-FID method. The results show that the addition of 3% activated carbon and bentonite in the fish oil reduced the FFA and PV results. Moreover, the absorbance value at λ 440 nm was also reduced from 0.883 to 0.559. The highest content of omega-3 was obtained through hydrolysis with lipase at a concentration of 1000 units for 35 hours with alpha-methyl linolenate (ALA), methyl all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentanoate (EPA) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester (DHA) at 0.78, 1.06, and 0.29% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inzynieria Mineralna is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Przerobki Kopalin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the present study, natural bentonite and acid-thermal co-modified bentonite were utilized for Acid Blue 25 (AB25) removal. The adsorption experiments were executed at the temperature values of 298K, 308K and 318K. According to the results, Freundlich isotherm becomes more convenient model compared with Langmuir and Temkin model. Freundlich model coefficients rise when the temperature increases. Kinetic coefficients were calculated by pseudo first order (PFO) and pseudo second order (PSO) models. Coefficients of R2 evaluated were higher than 0.99 with experimental and obtained qe values close to each other explained that this process fits PSO kinetic model. The concentration of AB25 elevates from 30 to 80 mg/L adsorption capacity onto natural, acid-thermal co-modified bentonite increases from 8.36 to 27.00 mg/g and 9.30 to 29.09 mg/g for 298 K, respectively. Absolute values of free energy of AB25 onto natural and acid-thermal co-modified bentonite changes from 4.065 kJ/mol to 8.586 kJ/mol, respectively. Enthalpy values of AB25 onto natural and acid-thermal comodified bentonite changes from 5.483 kJ/mol to 11.249 kJ/mol and entropy values of AB25 on natural and acid-thermal co-modified bentonite changes from 4.759 J/mol K to 8.940 J/mol K, respectively. It was also found that modified bentonite has higher adsorption capacity than natural bentonite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the four‐track improvement of the Zurich‐Berne line near Aarau, the 3.1 km long Eppenberg Tunnel was bored using a multi‐mode TBM. This involved driving more than 700 m in highly permeable soils, mostly above the groundwater table. The hydroshield drive was confronted with considerable problems. The static yield point of the bentonite slurry repeatedly fell below the critical limit of 10 N/m2, despite its frequent replacement. As a result, large quantities of slurry penetrated into the ground and large quantities had to be replaced. In addition, significant additional grout quantities were repeatedly observed for the filling of the annular gap. A systematic and analytical approach in cooperation with all parties involved made it possible to determine the behaviour of the system. Problems started with highly permeable open‐framework gravel layers, which permitted the slurry to penetrate far into the ground. This resulted in overbreak in the crown and local underpressure of the slurry with respect to the grout around the shield. Consequently, the annular gap grout flowed past the shield tail seal and destroyed the thixotropic properties of the slurry by adding free Ca cations. The slurry became unusable and had to be replaced. An extensive set of measures finally made it possible to solve the problems and safely bring the excavation to breakthrough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work deals with the influence of the technological parameters of injection molding on the basic physicomechanical characteristics of nanocomposites of dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers based on random polypropylene and nitrile butadiene rubber of various grades. The equipment used was a single-screw molding unit with 4 temperature zones of the material cylinder. Rotational and translational movement of the screw allowed for uniform dispersion of the mixed components of the mixture. To improve the compatibility of the polymer components, a graft copolymer of polypropylene with maleic anhydride at the value of 1-3 wt. % was used as compatibilizer. The influence of the temperature regime of the material cylinder of the injection machine and the molding pressure on the ultimate tensile stress, elongation at break, elastic modulus on bending and volume shrinkage is studied. It is shown that an increase in the indicated technological parameters of molding leads to an increase in strength indicators and a noticeable decrease in the volume shrinkage of dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites. The influence of mold temperature and holding time under pressure on the ultimate tensile stress and elongation at break of nanocomposites has been considered and optimal conditions for their cooling in the mold established. Besides, the effect of nanocomposites of dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers with various types of nitrile butadiene rubber on the ultimate tensile stress and elongation at break of nanocomposites analyzed. It revealed that, unlike random polypropylene, dynamically vulcanized nanocomposites are characterized by isotropic properties which make it possible to obtain high-quality structural materials of complex configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Roads & Bridges / Drogi i Mosty is the property of Road & Bridge Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this research concerns the adsorption characteristic of the cationic azo dye namely Basic Blue 41(BB41) from aqueous solution was investigated on raw Kütahya Ca- Bentonite. In batch configuration, the effects of experimental parameters, such as contact time (0-300 min.), pH (3-8), Ca-Bentonite dose (0.01-0.1 g) and initial dye concentration (40-100 mg L-1) on the removal efficiency were studied. Optimum conditions from experimentally data, to be concentration of 40 mg L-1, pH: 4.0, contact time: 90 min. and amount of adsorbent to be 0.02 g were obtained. Two parameter (Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich) adsorption isotherm models were applied on obtained experimental result and the model constant were calculated. The best equilibrium model was chosen based on the linear square regression correlation coefficient, R2. The experimental data for the adsorption equilibrium of BB41 has been interpreted with the linearized Langmuir model (R²~1) compared to Freundlich one (R²=0.9333). Maximum adsorption capacity of bentonite was obtained 119.4 mg g-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of experiments was conducted to obtain a nanocomposite based on organo-bentonite and a synthetic polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone by a hydrothermal method. Octadecilaminacetateprocessed bentonite was used as organoclay. Obtained samples were investigated by X-ray, IR spectroscopic methods of analysis. It found that samples can also be used as adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodamin B merupakan salah satu zat warna yang umumnya banyak digunakan pada proses industri tekstil di Indonesia dan menghasilkan limbah cair yang mencemari lingkungan. Bentonit alam adalah material berpori yang kelimpahannya cukup banyak di alam dan dapat menangani masalah limbah cair melalui proses adsorpsi. Namun kapasitas bentonite dalam mengadsorpsi terbatas sehingga diperlukan modifikasi agar kemampuan adsorpsinya meningkat. Proses aktivasi menggunakan asam klorida dan pilarisasi menggunakan pemilar Al dan Cr digunakan sebagai cara untuk memodifikasi bentonit, sehingga diharapkan menghasilkan luas permukaan yang lebih besar. Hasil GSA pada montmorillonit teraktivasi menunjukkan basal spacing sebesar 15,68 Å dan luas permukaan sebesar 75,312 m2/g. Pemilaran menghasilkan montmorillonit terpilar Al25Cr75 dengan basal spacing paling tinggi dan luas permukaan secara berturut-turut sebesar 16,55 Å dan 41,804 m2/g. Adsorpsi rhodamin B menggunakan montmorillonit terpilar Al25Cr75 menghasilkan efektivitas adsorpsi sebesar 99,85% dari konsentrasi rhodamin B sebesar 50 ppm dengan kondisi optimum massa adsorben sebesar 0,1 gram dan waktu adsorpsi selama 75 menit, yang dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 523 nm.

ABSTRAK. Penelitian efek penambahan bentonit dalam proses pelleting terhadap total bakteri dan total fungi dari produk pellet limbah penetasan sebagai bahan pakan alternatif, telah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Teknologi Pakan, Fakultas Peternakan dan Pertanian, Universitas Diponegoro. Penambahan bentonit pada proses pelleting diharapkan mengurangi total bakteri dan total fungi pada pellet olahan limbah penetasan, sehingga aman digunakan sebagai bahan pakan alternatif. Pada penelitian ini limbah penetasan yang berupa cangkang telur, telur infertile, telur gagal menetas, serta DOC afkir dan mati dihancurkan, dicampur dengan bentonit dan dibuat pellet, untuk kemudian dianalisis kandungan total bakteri dan total fungi pada produk pellet. Perlakuan bentonit dilakukan dengan aras 0, 2, 4 dan 6% (B/B). Penelitian dilakukan dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Data dianalisis dengan analisis ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji wilayah ganda Duncan untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar perlakuan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemberian bentonit dari berbagai level berpengaruh sangat nyata (P0,01). Pemberian bentonit pada tingkat tertinggi (6%) mampu menekan total bakteri dan total fungi pada kisaran 105 cfu/g. Disimpulkan bahwa bentonit mampu menekan kandungan total bakteri dan total fungi pada produk pellet limbah penetasan. (Numbers of total bacteria and total fungi of hatchery waste pellets that made by adding bentonite) ABSTRACT. A Research about the effect of bentonite addition in the pelletizing process on total bacteria and total fungi of pellet product of hatchery waste as an alternative feedstuff, was done at Feed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University. The addition of bentonite was expected to reduce the number of bacteria and fungi in the pellet product of hatchery waste, therefore, it could be used safely as an alternative feedstuff. In this experiment, the hatchery waste in the forms of eggshell, infertile eggs, un-hatched eggs, dead and culled DOC were blended, mixed with bentonite and pelleted,and then the number of total bacteria and total fungi of pellet was analyzed. The treatment was carried out with the level of bentonite i.e. 0, 2, 4 and 6% (w/w). Completely randomized design (CRD)was applied by 4 treatments and 5 replications of each. Data analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and followed by Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) to determine differences among the treatments. The results showed that administration of bentonite at various levels significantly affect the number of bacteria and fungi in the hatchery waste pellets (P 0.01). Administration of bentonite at the level of 6% shows the highest value on suppressing the content of total bacteria as well as fungi up to the range of total content 105cfu/g. In conclusion, the bentonite was able to suppress the total amount of bacteria and total fungi in the hatchery waste pellets.