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Gracilepyris rufipes (Say, 1824) Diagnosis: Body length 6.0 mm (Fig. 2a). Body mostly black; mandible, antenna, tegula and legs testaceous (Fig. 2a, 2b). Head, mesosoma and metasoma covered with sparse whitish gray setae. Body shiny, head and thorax sparsely punctured and slightly alutaceous (Fig. 2c, 2d). Clypeus more narrowly rounded, extending well beyond antennal tubercles. Notauli and parapsidal signum distinct. Notauli slightly divergent towards pronotum and parapsidal furrows almost parallel. Mesoscuto-scutellar foveae oval and separated from each other more than their half own. Metapectal-propodeal complex with metapostnotum often somewhat depressed and separated from sides by one line of elevation, but never by metapostnotal-propodeal suture. Sculpturing of metapostnotum more irregular, reticulations somewhat with longitudinal stripes. Lateral marginal and transverse posterior carinae of the metapectal-propodeal complex present. Metapostnotal median carina complete and quite prominent reaches posterior carina. Posterolateral corner of metapectal-propodeal complex concave. Lateral surface of metapectalpropodeal complex coarsely alutaceous. Propodeal declivity with median carina. Metasomal terga shiny with inconspicuous punctures. Material examined: Turkey, Tokat, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University field, 600 m, 07.IV.2022, 1♀. Distribution: Canada, Mexico, USA, Now, it is recorded for the first time from Turkey., Published as part of Can, İlyas, 2022, The Turkish Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea) fauna, with the new records of Epyrinae and Scleroderminae, pp. 447-456 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on page 448, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6952661, {"references":["Say, T. (1824) s. n. In: Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's River under the command of Stephen H. Long. Vol. 2. Carey, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp. 268 - 378."]}

Bethylus convexus Wang, He & Chen sp. nov. Fig. 1 Description. Holotype (Fig. 1a). Female. Body length 3.01 mm. Forewing length 1.50 mm. Color. Body dark castaneous, metasoma castaneous. Mandible castaneous.Antenna yellow to yellowish-brown, scape castaneous basally. Legs castaneous, tibiae apically and tarsi yellow. Forewing hyaline tinged with yellow; veins and pterostigma light castaneous. Pubescence. Body with sparse setae, denser in ventral surface of propleuron and mesopectus. Antenna with dense appressed setae. Forewing with dense setae. Head (Fig. 1 b-e). Head longer than wide, LH 1.24 × WH. Mandible with four apical teeth; upper most one with margin truncated. Median clypeal lobe distinctly protuberant with apex rounded; median clypeal carina developed, slightly extending posterad into frons. Antennomeres II-VI in ratio of 1.02:0.88:0.95:1.04:1.0 in length and respectively 1.87, 1.89, 1.53, 1.57, 1.67 × width; antennal scrobal carina absent. Frons coriaceous with punctures separate 1.0–2.0 × their diameter. WF 1.27 × LE; LE 0.95 × DEV. Frontal angle of ocellar triangle acute; POL 1.30 × AOL; OOL 1.83 × WOT; DPV as long as DAO. Vertex crest slightly outcurved; sides of head posterior to eyes parallel. Occipital carina absent. Malar space narrow, malar line between mandible and eye absent. Gena coriaceous, ventral area of gena coriaceous with shallow sparse punctures separate at least 3.0 × their diameter. Mesosoma (Fig. 1 f-g). Pronotum coriaceous, dorsal pronotal area slightly shorter than wide with shallow sparse punctures; posterior margin straight medially. Mesoscutum coriaceous with few punctures; parapsidal signum weak, almost complete; mesoscutum 0.90 × mesoscutellum. Mesoscutellum coriaceous with few punctures as well as pair of pits. Metapostnotum rugulose basally, apical half coriaceous, median polished ridge present; dorsal area of propodeum coriaceous, depressing near lateral marginal carina; lateral marginal carina of metapectal-propodeal disc complete. Propodeal declivity coriaceous. Anterior metapleural area coriaceous, metapleural line with two pits; lateral area of metapectal-propodeal complex coriaceous. Propleuron coriaceous. Mesopectus coriaceous; subalar impression present; mesopleural pit and fovea present but weak. Forewing (Fig. 1h). Rs+M 2 v extremely short, even invisible; 2r-rs&Rs 2 v almost straight with apex rounded curved. Metasoma. Metasomal terga shiny, weakly coriaceous basally; longitudinal sulcus of first metasomal tergum distinctly exceeding first metasomal spiracle. Metasomal sterna shiny with transverse coriaceous band; first metasomal sternum coriaceous, median longitudinal carina absent. Male. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♀ (ZJUH), Hebei Province, Zhangjiakou, Xiaowutai Mountain, 20–23.viii.2002, Jingxian Liu, No. 200609398. Distribution. China (Hebei). Etymology. The specific name “ convexus ” refers to the distinctly protuberant eyes of this species. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other species of this genus by having head distinctly longer than wide, median clypeal lobe distinctly protuberant with apex rounded, eyes distinctly protuberant (Fig. 1b), and metapostnotum with median polished ridge (Fig. 1f)., Published as part of Wang, Chung-Hong, He, Jun-Hua & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2021, Taxonomy of Bethylus (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from China with description of nine new species, pp. 361-382 in Zootaxa 4974 (2) on page 363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4775728

Bethylus glabricarinatus Wang, He & Chen sp. nov. Fig. 4 Description. Holotype (Fig. 4a). Female. Body length 4.85 mm. Forewing length 2.91 mm. Color. Body black, metasoma dark castaneous. Mandible orange. Antenna yellow to yellowish-brown. Legs dark castaneous, tibiae and tarsi yellow. Forewing hyaline tinged with yellow; veins light castaneous to castaneous; pterostigma castaneous. Pubescence. Body with sparse setae, denser in propleuron, mesopectus ventrally and legs. Antenna with dense appressed setae. Forewing with short dense setae. Head (Fig. 4 b-e). Head longer than wide, LH 1.07 × WH. Mandible with four teeth; upper most with apex straight. Median clypeal lobe with apex rounded; median clypeal carina slightly extending posterad into frons. Malar space narrow. Antennomeres II-VI in ratio of 0.95:0.83:0.93:0.89:1.0 in length and respectively 2.11, 1.82, 1.89, 1.85, 2.18 × width; antennal scrobal carina absent. Frons and vertex coriaceous with dense punctures separate less than 3.0 × their diameter. WF 1.75 × LE; LE 0.84 × DEV. Anterior ocellus far away from eyes; frontal angle of ocellar triangle acute; POL 0.94 × AOL; OOL 2.54 × WOT; DPV 3.20 × DAO. Vertex crest straight; sides of head posterior to eyes converging posteriorly. Gena coriaceous; ventral area convex with punctures less than frons. Mesosoma (Fig. 4 f-g). Pronotum coriaceous; dorsal pronotal area shorter than wide with shallow punctures. Mesoscutum coriaceous with punctures separate less than 3.0 × their own diameter, 0.90 × mesoscutellum; parapsidal signum complete. Mesoscutellum coriaceous with punctures; mesoscutellar pits elongate. Metapostnotum rugulose, median ridge weakly coriaceous; dorsal area of propodeum coriaceous; lateral marginal carina of metapectal-propodeal disc very weak; propodeal declivity coriaceous; anterior metapleural area coriaceous, metapleural line with two pits; lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex coriaceous. Propleuron coriaceous. Mesopectus coriaceous with punctures; mesopleural pit and fovea present. Forewing (Fig. 4h). Rs+M 2 v vein short, almost as long as width of Rs 2 v; 2r-rs&Rs 2 v almost straight with apex abruptly curved. Metasoma. Metasomal terga shiny with shallow tiny punctures; longitudinal sulcus of first metasomal tergum present, almost 0.5 × length of first metasomal tergum. Metasomal sterna shiny with shallow tiny punctures. Male. Unknown. Variation. Body length: 3.90–4.85 mm. Length of forewing: 2.61–2.98 mm. LH 1.05–1.09 × WH; WF 1.61– 1.83 × LE; LE 3.53–4.15 × DEV; POL 0.94–1.05 × AOL; OOL 2.28–2.54 × WOT; DPV 2.82–3.20 × DAO. Type material. Holotype ♀ (ZJUH), China, Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 106°20′14″E, 35°30′15″N, 3– 14.vii.2009, Huayan Chen, No. 202016010. Paratypes: ♀ (ZJUH), Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 106°20′14″E, 35°30′15″N, 3–14.vii.2009, Huayan Chen, No. 202016018; ♀ (ZJUH), Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 106°20′14″E, 35°30′15″N, 3–14.vii.2009, Huayan Chen, No. 202016019. Distribution. China (Ningxia). Etymology. The specific name “ glabricarinatus ” compounded with two Latin words: “ glabr ” (smooth) and “ carina ” (keel) refers to the area alongside median clypeal carina shiny and slightly elevated. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other species of this genus by having LH less than 1.10× WH, median clypeal carina weak, and DPV at least 2.82 × DAO., Published as part of Wang, Chung-Hong, He, Jun-Hua & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2021, Taxonomy of Bethylus (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from China with description of nine new species, pp. 361-382 in Zootaxa 4974 (2) on pages 368-370, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4775728

Bethylus hunanensis Wang, He & Chen sp. nov. Fig. 5 Description. Holotype (Fig.5a). Male. Body length 2.92 mm. Forewing length 1.67 mm. Color. Head castaneous; mandible castaneous, teeth light castaneous; antenna light castaneous. Mesosoma castaneous; legs light castaneous, tarsi pale castaneous. Metasoma light castaneous. Forewing hyaline; veins and pterostigma light castaneous. Pubescence. Head with sparse setae. Antenna with dense short white setae. Mesosoma ventrally and metasoma with sparse setae. Forewing with dense short setae, radial cell and costal cell of forewing with sparse setae. Head (Fig. 5 b-e). Head longer than wide, LH 1.15 × WH. Mandible with four apical teeth. Median clypeal lobe weak with apex truncate; median clypeal carina slightly extending posterad into frons. Antennomeres II–VI in ratio of 1.13:0.97:0.87:1.01:1.0 in length and 1.90, 2.03, 1.55, 1.89, 1.82 × width respectively; antennal scrobal carina absent. Frons coriaceous with shallow punctures separate at least 1.50 × their diameter. WF 1.43 × LE. LE 1.02 × DEV. Frontal angle of ocellar triangle acute; POL 1.59 × AOL; OOL 1.98 × WOT; DPV 0.80 × DAO. Vertex coriaceous with shallow sparse punctures; vertex crest slightly outcurved. Sides of head posterior to eyes slightly converging posteriorly. Occipital carina absent. Malar space narrow, malar line between mandible and eye absent. Gena coriaceous with punctures separate at least 1.50 × their diameter. Mesosoma (Fig. 5 f-g). Pronotum coriaceous, posterior margin almost straight. Mesoscutum coriaceous with few punctures; parapsidal signum complete. Mesoscutellum coriaceous with few punctures. Metapectal-propodeal disc imbricate, median ridge shiny; lateral marginal carina of metapectal-propodeal disc present, basal one third absent; propodeal declivity coriaceous; anterior metapleural area coriaceous, metapleural line with three pits; lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex coriaceous. Propleuron coriaceous. Mesopectus coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesopleural fovea absent; mesopleural pit present. Forewing (Fig. 5h). Rs+M 2 v 0.20 × M 2 v; Rs 2 v 1.94 × M 2 v; 2r-rs&Rs 2 v arched in obtuse angle apically. Metasoma. Metasomal terga shiny with shallow tiny punctures; longitudinal sulcus of first metasomal tergum short and not exceeding first metasomal spiracle. Metasomal sterna shiny; basal half of first metasomal sternum irregularly rugulose with weak median longitudinal carina, apical half coriaceous; hypopygium bilobate with median notch broad (Fig. 5i). Genitalia (Fig. 5j, k): ventral arm of paramere with long setae, apex of dorsal arm acute; margin of cuspis distinctly outcurved in ventral view; digitus sickle-shaped and papillate dorsally; aedeagus bottle-shaped. Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♂ (ZJUH), China, Hunan Province, Shimen Country, Huping Mountain, 110°40′35.9544″E, 30°0′34″N, 2000m, 29.vi.1987, Guangchun Lei, No. 20044537. Distribution. China (Hunan). Etymology. This species is named based on the type specimen locality. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other species of this genus by having LH 1.15× WH, median notch of hypopygium broad (Fig. 5i), and apex of cuspis outcurved (Fig. 5k).

Bethylus ningxicus Wang, He & Chen sp. nov. Fig. 7 Description. Holotype (Fig. 7a). Male. Body length 4.36 mm. Forewing length 1.94 mm. Color. Body dark castaneous to black, metasoma castaneous. Mandible yellow. Antenna yellow. Legs castaneous, tarsi and protibia yellow. Forewing hyaline tinged with yellow; veins and pterostigma light yellowish-brown. Pubescence. Body with sparse setae, denser in propleuron and mesopectus ventrally and legs. Antenna with dense appressed setae. Forewing with short dense setae. Head (Fig. 7 b-e). Head slightly longer than wide, LH 1.04 × WH. Mandible with four teeth; upper most one with apex straight. Median clypeal lobe with apex straight; median clypeal carina slightly extending posterad into frons. Malar space narrow. Antennomeres II–VI in ratio of 1.26:1.0:1.04:1.15:1.0 in length and respectively 2.40, 1.90, 1.93, 2.0, 1.82 × width; antennal scrobal carina absent. Frons and vertex coriaceous with shallow sparse punctures. WF 1.36 × LE; LE 1.18 × DEV. Anterior ocellus far away from eye; POL1.69 × AOL; OOL 2.01 × WOT; DPV 0.97 × DAO. Vertex crest outcurved; sides of head posterior to eyes converging posteriorly. Gena coriaceous; ventral area coriaceous with punctures less than frons. Mesosoma (Fig. 7f). Pronotum coriaceous, dorsal pronotal area shorter than wide with shallow punctures. Mesoscutum coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesoscutum 0.86 × mesoscutellum; parapsidal signum complete. Mesoscutellum coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesoscutellar pits nearly oval. Metapostnotum depressing and rugulose, median ridge weakly coriaceous; dorsal area of propodeum rugulose, depressing near lateral marginal carina; lateral marginal carina complete, basal half weak; propodeal declivity coriaceous; anterior metapleural area coriaceous, metapleural line with three pits; lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex coriaceous. Propleuron coriaceous. Prosternum coriaceous with distinct median longitudinal sulcus. Mesopectus coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesopleural pit and fovea weak. Forewing (Fig. 7g). Rs+M 2 v vein extremely short; 2r-rs&Rs 2 v almost straight with apex abruptly curved. Metasoma. Metasomal terga shiny, weakly coriaceous basally; median longitudinal sulcus of first metasomal tergum short not exceeding first metasomal spiracle. Metasomal sterna weakly coriaceous; first metasomal sternum coriaceous with median longitudinal carina; hypopygium bilobate with median notch deep and narrow (Fig. 7h). Genitalia (Fig. 7i–j): ventral arm of paramere with long setae, apex of dorsal arm obtuse; margin of cuspis distinctly rounded in ventral view; digitus sickle-shaped, papillate dorsally; aedeagus bottle-shaped. Female. Unknown. Variation. Body length: 2.38–3.20 mm. Length of forewing: 1.72–2.13 mm. LH 1.04–1.10 × WH; WF 1.36– 1.53 × LE; LE 1.01–1.18 × DEV; POL 1.05–1.69 × AOL; OOL 2.01–2.25 × WOT; DPV 0.97–1.71 × DAO. Type material. Holotype ♂ (ZJUH), China, Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 106°20′14″E, 35°30′15″N, 3– 14.vii.2009, Huayan Chen, No. 202016006. Paratypes: ♂ (ZJUH), China, Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 106°20′14″E, 35°30′15″N, 3–14.vii.2009, Huayan Chen, No. 202016011; ♂ (ZJUH), China, Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 106°20′14″E, 35°30′15″N, 3–14.vii.2009, Huayan Chen, No. 202016012; ♂ (ZJUH), China, Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 106°20′14″E, 35°30′15″N, 3–14.vii.2009, Huayan Chen, No. 202016013. Distribution. China (Ningxia). Etymology. This species is named based on the type specimen locality. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other species of this genus by having median clypeal lobe weak (Fig. 7b), median notch of hypopygium deep and narrow (Fig. 7h), and apical margin of cuspis rounded., Published as part of Wang, Chung-Hong, He, Jun-Hua & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2021, Taxonomy of Bethylus (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from China with description of nine new species, pp. 361-382 in Zootaxa 4974 (2) on pages 373-375, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4775728

Bethylus Latreille, 1802 Bethylus Latreille, 1802: 315. Type species: Omalus fuscicornis Jurine, 1807. Anoxus Thomson, 1862: 452. Type species: Anoxus boops Thomson, 1862. Synonymy by Polaszek & Krombein 1994. Anoxys Dalla Torre, 1898. Unjustified emendation to Anoxus by Dalla Torre (1898, 5: 550) Perisemus Förster, 1856: 95-96. Type species: Bethylus triareolatus Förster, 1856. Synonymy by Kieffer 1905 (in Kieffer & Marshall 1904 –1906). Episemus Thompson, 1862: 452. Type species: Epysemus variabilis Thompson, 1862 [1861]. Synonymy by Richards 1939. Digoniozus Kieffer, 1905. Type species: Perisemus oregonensis Ashmead, 1893. Synonymy by Evans 1962. Diagnosis. Clypeus short, usually not strongly angulated medially; antenna with 10 flagellomeres; notauli absent; parapsidal signum usually present; lateral marginal carina of metapectal-propodeal disc present; metapostnotal median carina and metapostnotal lateral carina absent; prestigma of forewing absent; Rs+M 2 v usually short as stub; second radial 1 cell of forewing (2R1 2 c) open apically; posterior margin of hypopygium bilobate; paramere of male genitalia distinctly divided into two parts, ventral and dorsal arms. Biology. Most of the host records known of Bethylus species are lepidopterous larvae, e.g., Agonoxenidae, Tortricidae, Zygaenidae, Cosmopterigidae, Coleophoridae, and Gelechiidae (Evans 1964; Richards 1939). Richards (1939) reported that Bethylus amoenus Fouts, 1928 attacks the larvae of both Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Distribution. Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental Regions. Key to the Chinese Bethylus species 1. Median clypeal lobe with apex rounded................................................................... 2 - Median clypeal lobe with apex truncate................................................................... 7 2. Frontal angle of ocellar triangle obtuse (Fig. 3b)............................................ B. gansensis sp. nov. - Frontal angle of ocellar triangle acute (Fig. 1b)............................................................. 3 3. LH at least 1.24 × width; POL at least 3.80 × DAO.......................................................... 4 - LH less than 1.20 × width; POL less than 3.20 × DAO....................................................... 5 4. Eye distinctly protuberant (Fig. 1b); median clypeal lobe long; median clypeal carina rounded in lateral view (Fig. 1e)........................................................................................ B. convexus sp. nov. - Eye not distinctly protuberant (Fig. 10b); median clypeal lobe short; median clypeal carina almost arched in right angle in lateral view (Fig. 10e)................................................... B. sinensis Xu, He & Terayama, 2002 5. Distance of posterior ocellus to vertex crest more than 2.80 × DAO; median clypeal lobe slightly protuberant (Fig. 4b)................................................................................... B. glabricarinatus sp. nov. - Distance of posterior ocellus to vertex crest less than 1.50 × DAO; median clypeal lobe distinctly protuberant (Fig. 6b).... 6 6. Head thickened in lateral view (Fig. 2e); median clypeal carina distinctly protuberant in lateral view (Fig. 2e)............................................................................................ B. crassicapitis sp. nov. - Head not thickened in lateral view (Fig. 6e); median clypeal carina incurved in lateral view (Fig. 6e)... B. incurvus sp. nov. 7. DPV more than 2.40 × DAO....................................................... B. quadraticapitis sp. nov. - DPV less than 1.50 × DAO............................................................................. 8 8. Apex of cuspis narrow (Fig. 5k)....................................................... B. hunanensis sp. nov. - Apex of cuspis rounded (Fig. 8k)........................................................................ 9 9. Median depression of hypopygium broad (Fig. 8i); apical margin of cuspis strongly echinate.......... B. prolatus sp. nov. - Median depression of hypopygium narrow and deep (Fig. 7h); apical margin of cuspis not echinate (Fig. 7j)................................................................................................. B. ningxicus sp. nov., Published as part of Wang, Chung-Hong, He, Jun-Hua & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2021, Taxonomy of Bethylus (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from China with description of nine new species, pp. 361-382 in Zootaxa 4974 (2) on pages 362-363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4775728, {"references":["Latreille, P. A. (1802) Histoire naturelle, genera et particuliere des Crustaces et des insects. Vol. 3. Dufort, Paris, 348 pp.","Jurine, L. (1807) Nouvelle methode de classer les hymenopteres et les dipteres. J. J. Paschaud, Geneva, 319 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60886","Thomson, C. G. (1862 [1861]) Sveriges Proctotruper (Fortsattning). Svenska Vetenskapsakademien. Stockholm. Ofversigt at K. Akademiens. Forhandlingar, 18, 451 - 453.","Polaszek, A. & Krombein, K. V. (1994) The genera of Bethylinae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 3, 91 - 105.","Dalla Torre, C. G. D. (1898) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Chalcididae et Proctotrupidae. Vol. 5. Suptibus Gulleimi Engelmann, Lipsiae, 598 pp.","Forster, A. (1856) Hymenopterologische Studien II: Chalcidiae und Proctotrupii. Vol. 2. Ernst ter Meer, Aachen, 152 pp.","Kieffer, J. J. & Marshall, T. A. (1904 - 1906) Proctotrypides. In: Andre, E. (Ed.), Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe & d'Algerie. Tome IX. Librairie Scientifique A. Herman, Paris, pp. 1 - 55, 21 pls.","Richards, O. W. (1939). The British Bethylidae (S. L.) (Hymenoptera). Ecological Entomology, 89 (8), 185 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1939. tb 00740. x","Ashmead, W. H. (1893) A monograph of the North American Proctotrypidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 45, 1 - 472. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.45.1","Evans, H. E. (1962) The genus Bethylus in North America (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Breviora, 150, 1 - 12.","Evans, H. E. (1964) A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 132 (1), 1 - 222.","Fouts, R. M. (1928) Notes on the Bethylinae with descriptions of one new Cuban and twelve new North American species (Hym.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 30, 121 - 132.","Xu, Z., He, J. & Terayama, M. (2002) The genus Bethylus Latreille, 1802 from China with description of a new species. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 45, 112 - 114."]}

Bethylus prolatus Wang, He & Chen sp. nov. Fig. 8 Description. Holotype (Fig. 8a). Male. Body length 3.54 mm. Forewing length 2.09 mm. Color. Body dark castaneous to black, metasoma castaneous. Mandible yellow. Antenna yellow. Legs yellow, coxae and femora castaneous. Forewing hyaline tinged with light castaneous; veins and pterostigma light castaneous. Pubescence. Body with sparse setae, denser in head, propleuron, mesopectus ventrally and legs. Antenna with dense appressed setae. Forewing with short dense setae. Head (Fig. 8b–e). Head slightly longer than wide, LH 1.07 × WH. Mandible with four teeth; upper most one with apex straight. Median clypeal lobe developed with apex straight; median clypeal carina slightly extending posterad into frons. Antennomeres II–VI in ratio of 1.32:1.18:1.08:1.04:1.0 in length and respectively 2.37, 2.37, 2.11, 1.92, 1.80 × width; antennal scrobal carina absent. Frons and vertex coriaceous with shallow sparse punctures separate 1.0–4.0 × their own diameter. WF 1.51 × LE; LE 1.05 × DEV. Anterior ocellus far away from eyes; frontal angle of ocellar triangle acute; POL1.07 × AOL; OOL 2.17 × WOT; DPV 0.93 × DAO. Vertex crest straight; sides of head posterior to eyes converging posteriorly. Malar space narrow, malar line between mandible and eye absent. Gena coriaceous; ventral area coriaceous with punctures less than frons. Mesosoma (Fig. 8 f-g). Pronotum coriaceous; dorsal pronotal area shorter than wide with shallow punctures. Mesoscutum coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesoscutum 0.86 × mesoscutellum; parapsidal signum complete. Mesoscutellum coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesoscutellar pits oblong. Metapostnotum rugulose, median ridge weakly coriaceous; dorsal area of propodeum rugulose, obliquely rugose near lateral marginal carina; lateral marginal carina of metapectal-propodeal disc complete; propodeal declivity coriaceous; anterior metapleural area coriaceous, metapleural line with three pits; lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex coriaceous. Propleuron coriaceous. Prosternum coriaceous. Mesopectus coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesopleural pit and fovea weak. Forewing (Fig. 8h). Rs+M 2 v extremely short; 2r-rs&Rs 2 v slightly rounded with apex curved. Metasoma. Metasomal terga shiny, weakly coriaceous basally; median longitudinal carina of first metasomal tergum exceeding first metasomal spiracle, about one third as long as first metasomal tergum. Metasomal sterna coriaceous; first metasomal sternum rugulose, basal half elevated medially, median longitudinal carina absent; hypopygium bilobate with median notch deep and narrow (Fig. 8i). Genitalia (Fig. 8 j-k): ventral arm of paramere with long setae, apex of dorsal arm obtuse; margin of cuspis distinctly rounded in ventral view; digitus sickle-shaped and papillate dorsally; aedeagus bottle-shaped. Female. Unknown. Variation. Body length: 3.45–4.36 mm. Length of forewing: 1.94–2.33 mm. LH 1.04–1.07 × WH; WF 1.51– 1.64 × LE; LE 1.02–1.09 × DEV; POL 1.02–1.07 × AOL; OOL 2.10–2.23 × WOT; DPV 0.93–1.14 × DAO. Type material. Holotype ♂ (ZJUH), China, Hebei Province, Zhangjiakou, Xiaowutai Mountain, 20– 23.viii.2005, Jingxian Liu, No. 200609401. Paratypes: ♂ (ZJUH), Ningxia, Jingyuan, Hongxia Forest Farm, 106°20′14″E, 35°30′15″N, 1–7.vii.2008, Minjie Yao, No. 200808904; ♂ (ZJUH), Ningxia, Jingyuan, Hongxia Forest Farm, 106°20′14″E, 35°30′15″N, 1–7.vii.2008, Minjie Yao, No. 200808906. Distribution. China (Hebei, Ningxia). Etymology. The specific name “ prolatus “refers to the extended clypeus of this species. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other species of this genus by having its head almost square (Fig. 8b), apex of median clypeal lobe truncate (Fig. 8b), notch of hypopygium broad (Fig. 8i), and cuspis echinate (Fig. 8k)., Published as part of Wang, Chung-Hong, He, Jun-Hua & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2021, Taxonomy of Bethylus (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from China with description of nine new species, pp. 361-382 in Zootaxa 4974 (2) on pages 375-377, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4775728

Bethylus quadraticapitis Wang, He & Chen sp. nov. Fig. 9 Description. Holotype (Fig. 9a). Male. Body length 3.51 mm. Forewing length 2.42 mm. Color. Body black, metasoma castaneous. Mandible yellow. Antenna yellow. Legs castaneous, trochanters, tarsi and protibia yellow. Forewing hyaline tinged with yellow; veins light castaneous; pterostigma castaneous. Pubescence. Body with sparse setae, denser in propleuron, mesopectus ventrally and legs. Antenna with dense appressed setae. Forewing with short dense setae. Head (Fig. 9b–e). Head slightly longer than wide, LH 1.04 × WH. Mandible with four teeth; upper most one with apex straight. Median clypeal lobe with apex straight; median clypeal carina slightly extending posterad into frons. Antennomeres II–VI in ratio of 1.13: 0.91: 1.07: 1.06:1.0 in length and respectively 2.45, 1.92, 2.13, 2.07, 2.26 × width; antennal scrobal carina absent. Frons and vertex coriaceous with shallow sparse punctures. WF 1.68 × LE; LE 0.92 × DEV. Anterior ocellus far away from eyes; frontal angle of ocellar triangle acute; POL 1.12 × AOL; OOL 2.16 × WOT; DPV 2.47 × DAO. Vertex crest straight; sides of head posterior to eyes almost parallel. Malar space narrow, malar line between mandible and eye absent. Gena coriaceous, ventral area coriaceous and elevated with punctures less than frons. Mesosoma (Fig. 9 f-g). Pronotum coriaceous; dorsal pronotal area shorter than wide with shallow punctures. Mesoscutum coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesoscutum 0.96 × mesoscutellum; parapsidal signum complete. Mesoscutellum coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesoscutellar pits almost oval. Metapostnotum rugulose, median ridge weakly coriaceous; dorsal area of propodeum rugulose, obliquely rugose near lateral marginal carina; lateral marginal carina of metapectal-propodeal disc weak basally; propodeal declivity coriaceous; anterior metapleural area coriaceous, metapleural line with two pits; lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex coriaceous. Propleuron coriaceous. Mesopectus coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesopleural pit and fovea weak. Forewing (Fig. 9h). Rs+M 2 v short, longer than the width of Rs 2 v; 2r-rs&Rs 2 v with apex rounded curved. Metasoma. Metasomal terga shiny, weakly coriaceous basally; median longitudinal carina of first metasomal tergum not exceeding first metasomal spiracle. Metasomal sterna weakly coriaceous; basal half of first metasomal sternum rugulose, apical half coriaceous, median longitudinal carina present at basal half; hypopygium bilobate with median notch deep and narrow (Fig. 9i). Genitalia (Fig. 9j–k): ventral arm of paramere with long setae, apex of dorsal arm obtuse; margin of cuspis distinctly rounded in ventral view with long setae; digitus sickle-shaped and papillate dorsally; aedeagus bottle-shaped Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♂ (ZJUH), China, Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 106°20′14″E, 35°30′15″N, 3– 14.vii.2009, Huayan Chen, No. 202016014. Distribution. China (Ningxia). Etymology. The specific name “ quadraticapitis ” compounded with two Latin words: “ quadrat ” (square) and “ capitis ” (head) refers to the sides of the head posterior to the eye parallel and the head is almost square. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other species of this genus by having DPV 2.47 × DAO, notch of hypopygium deep and narrow (Fig. 9i), and cuspis rounded with long setae (Fig. 9k)., Published as part of Wang, Chung-Hong, He, Jun-Hua & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2021, Taxonomy of Bethylus (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from China with description of nine new species, pp. 361-382 in Zootaxa 4974 (2) on page 377, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4775728

Bethylus incurvus Wang, He & Chen sp. nov. Fig. 6 Description. Holotype (Fig. 6a). Female. Body length 3.52 mm. Forewing length 2.24 mm. Color. Body dark castaneous, metasoma castaneous. Mandible castaneous with teeth yellowish-brown. Antenna yellow to yellowish-brown. Legs castaneous, trochanters, tibiae and tarsi yellow. Forewing hyaline tinged with yellowish; veins and pterostigma light castaneous. Pubescence. Body with sparse setae, denser in frons, ventral surface of propleuron and mesopectus. Antenna with short appressed setae. Forewing with dense short setae. Legs with dense setae. Head (Fig. 6 b-e). Head longer than wide, LH 1.16 × WH. Mandible with four apical teeth; upper most one with apex rounded. Median clypeal lobe developed with apex rounded; median clypeal carina slightly extending posterad into frons. Antennomeres II–VI in ratio of 0.94:0.85:1.02:1.18:1.0 in length and respectively 1.85, 1.67, 1.63, 2.18, 1.96 × width; antennal scrobal carina absent. Frons and vertex coriaceous with punctures separate 1.0–2.0× their own diameter. WF 1.40 × LE; LE 1.0 × DEV. Anterior ocellus far away from eyes; frontal angle of ocellar triangle acute; POL 1.05 × AOL; OOL 2.33 × WOT; DPV 1.50 × DAO. Vertex crest almost straight; sides of head posterior to eyes converging posteriorly. Malar space narrow, malar line between mandible and eye absent. Gena coriaceous, ventral area coriaceous with shallow punctures. Mesosoma (Fig. 6 f-g). Pronotum coriaceous; dorsal pronotal area shorter than wide, coriaceous with shallow punctures. Mesoscutum coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesoscutum 0.80× mesoscutellum; parapsidal signum complete. Mesoscutellum coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesoscutellar pits elongated. Metapostnotum rugulose, median ridge weakly coriaceous; dorsal area of propodeum coriaceous; lateral marginal carina of metapectalpropodeal disc complete but weak basally; propodeal declivity coriaceous; anterior metapleural area coriaceous, metapleural line with three pits; lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex coriaceous. Propleuron coriaceous. Prosternum coriaceous with a distinct longitudinal sulcus. Mesopectus coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesopleural pit and fovea weak; ventral surface coriaceous with subpleural signum; mesodiscrimen absent. Forewing (Fig. 6h). Rs+M 2 v extremely short; 2r-rs&Rs 2 v slightly rounded with apex abruptly curved. Metasoma. Metasomal terga weakly coriaceous, shiny apically; median longitudinal sulcus of first metasomal tergum distinctly exceeding first metasomal spiracles. Metasomal sterna weakly coriaceous with tiny punctures; first metasomal sternum rugulose, median longitudinal carina present. Male. Unknown. Variation. Body length 3.26–3.73 mm. Length of forewing: 1.94–2.28 mm. LH 1.11–1.19 × WH; WF 1.13– 1.48 × LE; LE 0.95–1.02 × DEV; POL 1.05–1.27 × AOL; OOL 2.23–2.81 × WOT; DPV 1.12–1.53 × DAO. Type material. Holotype ♀ (ZJUH), China, Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 106°20′12″E, 35°39′31″N, 3– 14.vii.2009, Huayan Chen, No. 202016002. Paratypes: ♀ (ZJUH), Ningxia, Jingyuan, Erlong River, 3.vii.2008, Jiemin Yao, No. 200808482; ♀ (ZJUH), Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 106°20′12″E, 35°39′31″N, 3–14.vii.2009, Huayan Chen, No. 202016003; ♀ (ZJUH), Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 106°20′12″E, 35°39′31″N, 3–14.vii.2009, Huayan Chen, No. 202016005. Distribution. China (Ningxia). Etymology. The specific name “ incurvus ” refers to median clypeal carina incurved in lateral view. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other species of this genus by having LH at least 1.15 × WH, apex of median clypeal lobe distinctly protuberant with apex rounded (Fig. 6b), and median clypeal carina incurved in lateral view (Fig. 6e)., Published as part of Wang, Chung-Hong, He, Jun-Hua & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2021, Taxonomy of Bethylus (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from China with description of nine new species, pp. 361-382 in Zootaxa 4974 (2) on pages 370-373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4775728

Bethylus sinensis Xu, He & Terayama, 2002 Fig. 10 Bethylus sinensis Xu, He & Terayama, 2002: 112–113. Description. Holotype (Fig. 10a). Female. Body length 2.92 mm. Forewing length 0.18 mm. Color. Body dark castaneous to black. Mandible dark castaneous, teeth castaneous. Antenna yellow-brown, castaneous distad; tegula castaneous. Legs dark castaneous, tibiae and tarsi yellow. Pubescence. Body with setae in different density, denser in legs. Antenna with appressed short setae. Head (Fig. 10 b-e). Head distinctly longer than wide, LH 1.26 × WH. Mandible with four apical teeth; upper most with apex rounded. Median clypeal lobe weak with apex rounded; median clypeal carina slightly extending posterad into frons. Antennomeres II–VI in ratio of 1.20: 0.90:0.95:1.12:1.0 in length and respectively 1.90, 1.55, 1.38, 1.54, 1.53 × width; antennal scrobal carina absent. Frons and vertex coriaceous with shallow sparse punctures. WF 1.19 × LE. LE 0.97 × DEV. Anterior ocellus far away from eyes; frontal angle of ocellar triangle acute; POL 1.49 × AOL; OOL 1.83 × WOT; DPV 0.93 × DAO. Vertex crest straight. Sides of head posterior to eyes almost parallel. Occipital carina absent. Malar space narrow. Gena coriaceous; ventral area coriaceous and flat. Mesosoma (Fig. 10 f-g). Pronotum coriaceous; dorsal pronotal area distinctly longer than wide with shallow punctures; posterior margin straight (Fig. 10f). Mesoscutum coriaceous with few shallow punctures; mesoscutum 0.77 × mesoscutellum; parapsidal signum absent. Mesoscutellum coriaceous with pair of oval pits (Fig. 10f). Dorsal surface of metapectal-propodeal disc coriaceous, medially elevated; lateral marginal carina of metapectal-propodeal disc complete, weak basally; propodeal declivity coriaceous; anterior metapleural area coriaceous, metapleural line with two pits; lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex coriaceous. Propleuron coriaceous. Mesopectus coriaceous with shallow punctures; mesopleural pit present; mesopleural fovea absent. Forewing. Extremely small, oval, extending to one fifth of metapectal-propodeal complex. Metasoma. Metasomal terga weakly coriaceous, apical margin shiny; median longitudinal sulcus of first metasomal tergum fovea-like nearly invisible. Metasomal sterna weakly coriaceous; first metasomal sternum coriaceous, median longitudinal carina present on basal half. Male. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♀ (ZJUH), China, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Dongling, vi-vii.1994, Juxian Lou, No. 947820. Specimen examined. Holotype ♀ (ZJUH), China, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Dongling, vi-vii. 1994, Juxian Lou, No. 947820; ♀ (ZJUH), China, Hebei Province, Zhangjiakou, Xiaowutai Mountain, 20–23.viii.2005, Jingxian Liu, No. 200609404. Distribution. China (Hebei, Liaoning).

Bethylus sp. Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula: Yemen (Azevedo & Guimarães 2006). Remarks: These records refer to specimens of as-yet unidentified species of this genus not otherwise recorded from the Arabian Peninsula., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Azevedo, Celso O. & Brothers, Denis J., 2020, Biodiversity of the aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of the Arabian Peninsula: Chrysidoidea, Bethylidae, pp. 91-100 in Zootaxa 4754 (1) on page 92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4754.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3719057, {"references":["Azevedo, C. O. & Guimaraes, B. H. (2006) Insecta, Hymenoptera, Bethylidae: range extension and filling gaps in Yemen. Check List, 2 (3), 26 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 2.3.26"]}