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V diplomski nalogi smo s pomočjo programskega orodja BcChart v2.3 analizirali bioklimatske danosti izbranih lokacij v Sloveniji. Pri tem smo uporabili podnebne podatke iz obdobja 1961–2020. Prikazali smo vpliv meteoroloških parametrov na bioklimatski potencial lokacij s stališča človekove cone toplotnega udobja ter opisali teoretično ozadje programskega orodja BcChart, osnove podnebja in bioklimatike ter spremembe pasivnih načrtovalskih ukrepov v Sloveniji. V rezultatih je za posamezna desetletja prikazana sprememba cone toplotnega udobja, sprememba potrebe po senčenju in sprememba potrebe po osončenosti 11 lokacij na letni ravni glede na izhodiščno obdobje (1961–1970). Podrobneje je prikazana tudi sprememba cone toplotnega udobja in potrebe po senčenju na mesečni ravni pri tistih lokacijah, kjer je bila sprememba največja, najmanjša ali karakteristična. Tako so spremembe vidne tudi po mesecih, npr. v Bilju, kjer je bila sprememba največja pri coni toplotnega udobja ali v Novem mestu, kjer je bila sprememba največja v potrebi po senčenju. Vsi rezultati so prikazani kot sprememba dni v letu ali mesecu v odvisnosti od obdobja. The thesis analyses bioclimatic conditions of selected locations in Slovenia by means of the BcChart v2.3 software. The studied climate data were from the period between 1961 and 2020. The thesis shows the influence of meteorological parameters on bioclimatic potential of locations from the point of view of the human thermal comfort zone, as well as describes the theoretical background of the BcChart software, the basics of climate and bioclimatics and the changes in passive planning measures in Slovenia. Results include, for individual decades, the change in the thermal comfort zone, the change in the shading needed and the change in the sun needed for 11 locations on an annual basis in relation to the baseline period (1961–1970). The change in the thermal comfort zone and the need for shading on a monthly basis is shown in greater detail for locations where the change was the largest, smallest or standard. Thus, changes are visible even in months, e.g. in Bilje, where the greatest change was seen in the thermal comfort zone, or in Novo mesto, where the change in the shading needed was the largest. All results are shown as a change in days of the year or month in relation to the period.

V diplomski nalogi sem zasnoval interaktivni pripomoček in analiziral vpliv spreminjajočih se parametrov na odziv sistemov za zagotavljanje pasivnega solarnega ogrevanja. Glavni namen naloge je bralcu približati koncepte bioklimatskega načrtovanju in mu, kot uporabniku pripomočka – modela, izdelanega v interaktivnem multifizikalnem programu Energy2D, nazorno predstaviti delovanje izbranih bioklimatskih ukrepov. V prvem delu naloge je teoretični opis pasivne solarne arhitekture, bioklimatskega načrtovanja in posameznih bioklimatskih ukrepov strategije dovajanja toplote, ki sem jih v drugem delu analiziral s pomočjo 2D termodinamičnega modela. V nadaljevanju so predstavljene metode in rezultati moje analize. Na osnovi enakih geometrij stavb sem s pomočjo programskega orodja Energy 2D obravnaval sistem direktnega zajema s porazdeljeno maso, sistem Trombe-Michelove stene in steklenjaka. Na vsakem od modelov sem s spreminjanjem različnih parametrov ponazoril vpliv le-teh na delovanje in učinkovitost posameznega bioklimatskega ukrepa. Rezultate sem na koncu predstavil s pomočjo poteka temperature v odvisnosti od časa, komentiral in primerjal med seboj. In my graduation thesis, I elaborated an interactive tool and analysed the impact of varying parameters on the response of systems that ensure passive solar heating. The main purpose of the paper is to acquaint the reader with concepts of bioclimatic design and thoroughly show the reader the operation of selected bioclimatic design measures, using thermodynamic models created in the Energy2D, an interactive multiphysics simulation program. The first part of the thesis is a theoretical description of passive solar architecture, bioclimatic design, and bioclimatic design measures of the heat admission strategy that I analysed in the second part using a 2D thermodynamic model. The methods and results of the analysis are presented in the continuation of the thesis. Based on the same building geometries, I used the Energy 2D program to deal with the system of direct gain with distributed thermal mass, the Trombe-Michel wall system, and the sunspace system. I illustrated the impact of changing the parameters on the operation and efficiency of each bioclimatic measure on each of the models. In the end, I presented the results with the help of graphs of temperature versus time, commented on them and compared them.

V luči podnebnih sprememb, s katerimi se soočamo, so prizadevanja za poznavanje in obvladovanje njihovega vpliva na energijsko učinkovitost stavb vedno večja, medtem ko se moramo o vplivu globalnega segrevanja na grajeno okolje še veliko naučiti. Navkljub vse večjemu številu raziskav še vedno ni povsem jasno, kakšen je in bo vpliv globalnega segrevanja na bioklimatski potencial ter učinkovitost pasivnih načrtovalskih ukrepov pri enostanovanjskih stavbah. S pomočjo obširnega pregleda literature in simulacijskih študij smo v doktorski disertaciji odgovorili na nekaj neznank, ki se ob tem pojavljajo. Posebno pomemben del raziskave se nanaša na predstavljeno metodo izračuna bioklimatskega potenciala lokacije, pri čemer je bila veljavna metodologija nadgrajena z upoštevanjem podatka o sončnem sevanju. Izsledki raziskav so pomemben prispevek k znanosti, saj so pokazali na potrebo po idejnem preskoku v trenutni praksi bioklimatskega načrtovanja enostanovanjskih stavb. Podatki, pridobljeni s 15.897.600 parametričnimi simulacijami, ki so dostopni v doktorski disertaciji, pomenijo bistvene informacije za pravočasno prilagajanje podnebnim spremembam. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je glede na skupno rabo energije za ogrevanje in hlajenje energijska učinkovitost enostanovanjskih stavb v prihodnosti odvisna od lokacije, in sicer je v splošnem pričakovati, da bo na toplih lokacijah nižja, na hladnih višja, na zmerno toplih pa bo najprej višja, nato nižja. Na podlagi podatkov je bil predlagan nov pristop k bioklimatskemu načrtovanju stavb, pri čemer s pasivnimi ukrepi zagotovimo energijsko učinkovitost v trenutnem in prihodnjem podnebnem stanju, hkrati pa obravnavamo ranljivost stavbe za pregrevanje v prihodnosti. In light of the current climate change, efforts to recognise and mitigate its impact on the energy performance of buildings are increasing. However, there is still a lot to learn about the impact of global warming on the built environment. Despite numerous research studies, the impacts of global warming on the bioclimatic potential and the applicability of passive design measures in the case of single-family buildings are not completely clear. The exposed knowledge gaps were filled in the doctoral dissertation by performing an extensive literature review and numerous simulations. An essential part of the research refers to the presented method of calculating the location’s bioclimatic potential, where the existing methodology was upgraded by considering the data on solar radiation. Moreover, the research results represent an essential contribution, as they showed the need for a conceptual leap in the current bioclimatic design practice of single-family buildings. The data obtained by 15,897,600 parametric simulations represent essential information for timely adaptation to climate change. It was found that, given the combined energy need for heating and cooling, the energy efficiency of single-family buildings in the future depends on the location. It can be generally expected that energy efficiency will be lower in warm climates, higher in cold and firstly higher and then lower in temperate climates. Based on the data, a new approach to bioclimatic building design was proposed, where passive design measures are applied to ensure energy efficiency in the current and future climate while the future overheating vulnerability is addressed.

Climate change is expected to expose the locked-in overheating risk concerning bioclimatic buildings adapted to a specific past climate state. The study aims to find energy-efficient building designs which are most resilient to overheating and increased cooling energy demands that will result from ongoing climate change. Therefore, a comprehensive parametric study of various passive building design measures was implemented, simulating the energy use of each combination for a temperate climate of Ljubljana, Slovenia. The approach to overheating vulnerability assessment was devised and applied using the increase in cooling energy demand as a performance indicator. The results showed that a B1 heating energy efficiency class according to the Slovenian Energy Performance Certificate classification was the highest attainable using the selected passive design parameters, while the energy demand for heating is projected to decrease over time. In contrast, the energy use for cooling is in general projected to increase. Furthermore, it was found that, in building models with higher heating energy use, low overheating vulnerability is easier to achieve. However, in models with high heating energy efficiency, very high overheating vulnerability is not expected. Accordingly, buildings should be designed for current heating energy efficiency and low vulnerability to future overheating. The paper shows a novel approach to bioclimatic building design with global warming adaptation integrated into the design process. It delivers recommendations for the energy-efficient, robust bioclimatic design of residential buildings in the Central European context, which are intended to guide designers and policymakers towards a resilient and sustainable built environment.

V nalogi je predstavljen proces bioklimatskega načrtovanja enodružinskih montažnih lesenih stavb na treh različnih lokacijah z drugačnimi podnebnimi značilnostmi (Ljubljana, Trbiž in Trst). Cilj je bil prikazati kako stavbe z enakimi izhodiščnimi pogoji, zaradi različne lokacije, zahtevajo drugačne načrtovalske ukrepe. Pri določitvi ustreznosti posameznega ukrepa smo se osredotočili na porabo energije (za ogrevanje in/ali ohlajevanje). Kot orodje za načrtovanje smo uporabili ukrepe pasivno solarne arhitekture, ki temeljijo na selektivni kontroli energetskih dobitkov in izgub. Načrtovanje smo prikazali s tremi stopnjami modeliranja, pri tem smo za analize uporabili programsko orodje EnergyPlus. Na prvi stopnji smo analizirali osnovne pasivne ukrepe, kot so oblika stavbe, orientacija in delež zasteklitve. Analize so pokazale medsebojno primerljivost lokacij, saj smo na prvi stopnji energetske izgube želeli kar se da zmanjšati. Analize oblike in razporeditev transparentnih površin, analiza načina in deleža senčenja ter barva fasade, ki pomenijo drugo in tretjo stopnjo modeliranja so pokazale drugačne rezultate. Stavbe na različnih lokacijah namreč zahtevajo drugačne optimalne načrtovalske ukrepe. Opravili smo še analizo o vplivu dodatne termične mase v stavbi. Zanimala sta nas sprememba neto potrebne energije za delovanje stavbe in temperaturni odziv stavbe v prostem teku. V splošnem je imela dodatna termična masa pozitiven vpliv, vendar učinek ni bil povsod enak. Zaradi želje to tematiko približati splošni javnosti, smo na koncu oblikovali informativno brošuro, ki preprosto predstavi primerne načrtovalske ukrepe v povezavi z lokacijo. Z nalogo smo tako poudarili uporabnost bioklimatskega načrtovanja ter pomembnost povezave med načrtovanjem stavbe, lokacijo (podnebjem) in možnimi energetskimi prihranki. The thesis analyzes bioclimatic design approach in case of residential prefabricated lightweight timber houses on three different locations with different climatic characteristics (Ljubljana, Tarvisio and Trieste). Our goal was to show that climate data determines specific design principles. Adequacy of design principles was specified according to net site energy consumption (cooling and heating energy). Design approach was introduced and accomplished with the aid of passive solar architecture, which uses specific design principles for energy control. The design process was divided into three parts (first model, second model and a house prototype). Model analyses were performed with the help of EnergyPlus software. In the first model we analyzed all the basic design parameters such as building shape, orientation of buildings and windows and ratio of transparent surface area. The results showed similarity between the locations and optimal passive design applications in the context of preventing heat loss. However, in further analyses of window, sunshade and facade color we were able to prove the contrary (second and third modeling faze). Different locations require different design principles. Furthermore, we analyzed how integration of thermal mass in lightweight buildings changes energy consumption values and amplitude of temperature response in thermal zone when building is in free run mode. In general thermal mass has a positive influence on energy consumption in all the three locations, but the effect is not equal. For educational purposes we wanted to create a practical and useful product that presents appropriate design parameters in specific locations. To summarize, with thesis we have shown the applicability of bioclimatic design approach and the connection between building design, location (climate) and potential energy cost reduction.

V obdobju, ko investitorji spoznavajo, kako dragocena je energija, se veliko pozornosti namenja učinkoviti rabi energije v stavbah. Hkrati pa, da bi izpolnili veljavne evropske in nacionalne zahteve se velikokrat pozablja na zdravje, udobje in ergonomijo uporabnikov. V magistrskem delu je obravnavana nova upravna stavba podjetja Krka d.d. Novo mesto. Opravljena je analiza konstrukcijske gradbene fizike in istočasen preizkus načel ergonomskega oblikovanja. Analizirana področja so bila bioklimatsko načrtovanje, konstrukcijska gradbena fizika in ergonomsko načrtovanje (svetlobno udobje, ergonomija delovnih mest). Svetlobno udobje je analizirano s pomočjo računalniškega programa Velux Daylight Visualizer 2, akustično udobje delavnih prostorov stavbe so preverjena z računalniškim programom URSA FRAGMAT - Akustika. Z računalniškim programom THERM6 pa so preverjeni morebitni toplotni mostovi in nato s programom TOST preverjena energijska bilanca stavbe. Z analizami je ugotovljeno, da stanje v projektni dokumentaciji obravnavane stavbe upošteva zakonske zahteve z vidika toplotnega udobja, kot tudi z vidika učinkovite rabe energije. Svetlobno udobje pa kljub velikem deležu steklenih površin na stavbnem ovoju ne ustreza priporočilom. Z vidika ergonomskega oblikovanja se pojavlja tudi kar nekaj neizpolnjenih zahtev, katerim pa bi se lahko z minimalnimi spremembami projekta dalo izpolniti. Pregledale so se možne rešitve za izrabo alternativnih virov na obstoječi zasnovi stavbe na lokaciji v Novem mestu in bile skupaj z nekaterimi upravičenimi spremembami projektne dokumentacije predlagane investitorju. Predlagani ukrepi predstavljajo kombinacijo sprememb dokumentacije, ki se rezultirajo v bistvenem izboljšanju udobja in izrabi virov energije, kar privede do zmanjšanja energijske porabe. Nowadays investors are realizing how valuable energy really is, which consequently means that a lot of attention is given on the energy efficiency of buildings. In order to meet the European and national requirements of building energy consumption, the health, comfort of building users and ergonomic design is often neglected. In the master thesis the new administrative building of Krka d.d. Novo mesto is analysed. An analysis of the building physics and ergonomic design is carried out. The analysed topics were bioclimatic design, building physics and ergonomic design (lighting, ergonomics of the working area). Light comfort is analysed with Velux daylight Visualizer 2. The acoustic comfort in the working area of the building is analysed with URSA FRAGMAT - Akustika. With the program THERM6 possible thermal bridges in the building were checked. The energy consumption of the building was calculated with TOST. The results showed that the project documentation of the analysed building complies with the building regulations in terms of thermal comfort, as well as in terms of energy efficiency. Although the windows of the building present a high percentage of the buildings envelope the required lighting levels in the analysed interior spaces were not achieved. The building also does not comply with some ergonomic design requirements, but these mistakes could be easily corrected with a slight change in the project documentation/drawings. A review of the possible usage of alternative sources of energy in the building was carried out. Considering the existing design of the building at the site of Novo mesto a few alternative sources of energy were suggested to the client with a few accompanied changes to the original project documentation. The proposed changes represent a combination of changes to the documentation, which results in a significant improvement in user comfort and building energy consumption.