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Black phosphorus (BP) has been recognized as an ideal anode material for fast‐charging lithium (Li)‐ion capacitors (LICs) due to its high theoretical capacity (2596 mAh g−1), appropriate lithiation potential (0.7 V vs Li+/Li) and fast ion diffusion capability. However, large volume change and soluble polyphosphides (LixPs)‐based intermediates during charging‐discharging process seriously deteriorate cycling performance. To address the aforementioned issues, an elaborated design is reported on the binder for BP electrode. The ‐NH2 polar functional group in grafted chitosan (GCS) binder presents strong chemical anchoring effect for both BP and soluble LixPs, achieving superior adhesion force and LixPs constraining capability for enhanced structure integrity of BP electrode. In addition, GCS exhibits strong Li‐ion binding energy that promotes the Li‐ion adsorption at electrode level, leading to a boosted cycle life for BP. As a result, the graphene (G) incorporated BP electrode using GCS binder shows specific capacity of 997.6 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 1 A g−1. This study unravels the crucial role of functional groups for binder in high‐performance BP electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black phosphorus (BP) is a layered orthorhombic crystal with uniquely arranged atoms forming a crumpled honeycomb lattice. This special atomic arrangement gives BP unique optical anisotropy, which is expected to be widely used in polarized optics. However, conventional image analysis used to study its anisotropy is complex and inefficient. This paper proposed a machine-learning-based approach to conveniently identify black phosphorus's optical anisotropy features. Red–green–blue (RGB) values were extracted from regions of interest (ROI) with a consistent thickness by the detection algorithm, and then the data were processed to obtain a sample eigenvalue data set. Variations in the RGB values of the optical image directly reflect changes in the ability of black phosphorus to reflect polarized light. RGB was converted to grayscale, and it was found that they both change periodically with the rotation angle. Subsequently, redundant data were eliminated by meticulously assessing feature importance, reducing generalization errors. The performance of the models was evaluated in terms of accuracy, recall, F1_Score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), all of which were found to be consistently above 0.9. Machine learning algorithmic models can accurately classify BP images with different rotation angles to identify the optical anisotropy features of BP. Machine learning algorithms can automatically learn from the data and improve the algorithms, bolstering problem-solving efficiency and precision. This minimizes human and material resource waste from experimental errors, fostering interdisciplinary synergy between materials science and artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assembling two-dimensional (2D) crystals via weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions in a vertical stack reveals various exciting physical phenomena and becomes essential for high-performance electronic devices through band alignment modulation. These vdW heterostructures enable the creation of primary electronic components, such as diodes and transistors, facilitating multifunctional device integration on a single chip and offering significant potential for analog and digital electronics. This study demonstrates the potential of metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) diodes within 2D vdW heterostructures, focusing on a combination of black phosphorus (BP), thin hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and graphene (Gr). The BP/hBN/Gr MIS diode is fabricated using a dry transfer method to vertically stack the layered materials. Comparative analysis with similar metal–semiconductor diodes reveals superior current rectification in the MIS diode, attributed to carrier tunneling at the interfaces. We evaluate the performance metrics, including the rectification ratio, ideality factor, and tunneling behavior, over a temperature range of 77–300 K. The device exhibits a rectification ratio of 3.5 × 102 and an ideality factor of 1.6. Our findings highlight the potential of MIS diodes in ultrathin nanoelectronics, offering insights for future advancements in electronic and optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the emerging two-dimensional (2D) graphene-analogous nanomaterials, black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNs) have been considered as one of the promising electrode candidates in electrochemical ion storage applications. However, the presence of the lone-pair electrons in phosphorus atoms endows them much sensitivity to external conditions, leading to an undesired structural degradation. Herein, a covalently oxygen-bridged yttrium bonding is proposed within the 2D/2D black phosphorus/yttrium oxide (BPN/YON) heterostructures by using 2D yttrium oxide nanosheets as the modifier, in which the Y–O–P bridge is formed between oxygen in yttrium layers and phosphorus in phosphorene layers. It is verified that this rational design is favorable for stabilizing phosphorene while promoting interfacial adsorption toward sodium ions for sodium-ion batteries. This work opens an avenue for the potential utilization of the emerging phosphorene in energy storage applications and also offers us some innovative concepts on the synchronous consideration for both structural stabilization and performance enhancement via surface or edge passivation on 2D nanosheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black phosphorus (BP), a two-dimensional material, has gathered significant attention over the last decade, primarily due to its unique physiochemical properties and potential role in various biomedical applications. This review provides an in-depth overview of the synthesis, nanomaterial properties, interactions, and biomedical uses of BP, with a particular focus on wound management. The structure, synthesis methods, and stability of BP are discussed, highlighting the high degree of nanomaterial biocompatibility and cytotoxicity. The antimicrobial properties of BP, including mechanisms of action and preclinical studies to date, are examined, emphasizing the effectiveness of BP against various clinical pathogens relevant to wound management. Additionally, the versatility of BP in biomedical implementations is highlighted through utilization in drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy, with a focus on scalability and reproducibility with outlined future perspectives. Despite identified challenges for translation in clinical uses, BP nanomaterial has significant potential as a versatile platform in biomedical applications, especially in wound management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tunable material black phosphorus (BP) terahertz (THz) half‐ring Fano resonator is proposed, exhibiting enhanced sensitivity, tunable frequency parameters, and the flexible sensing range. A half‐ring is positioned above the main channel, while a groove is excavated beneath it to produce the Fano resonance. The discrete mode of the half‐ring is coupled with the continuous mode of the groove, leading to a significantly enhanced sensitivity. This sensor can pick up subtle changes in the surrounding environment. Additionally, the incorporation of BP into the half‐ring positioned above the channel enables the flexible adjustment of the Fano resonator's resonant frequency. This adjustment is achieved through the manipulation of the electron doping concentration of the BP material. At the third‐order resonance around 5.81 THz, the frequency shift margin can reach 160 GHz. Adjusting the structural parameters of the Fano resonator, such as the radius of its outer ring, the distance of this ring to the main channel, and the groove's height, significantly affects its transmission spectrum. The Fano resonator demonstrates its considerable potential for applications in the field of integrated electronics. It not only provides an innovative design perspective, but also lays the foundation for the study of THz systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) capable of achieving full charge in minutes, or even in seconds, while maintaining high energy densities, are highly desirable for practical applications. However, significant challenges exist in developing electrodes that can sustain both high capacity and rapid charging rates. Conventional phosphorus‐carbon composites, limited by the intrinsic common carbon materials structure, often fail to prevent the edges reconstruction of black phosphorus (BP), thereby limiting its potential advantages as a high‐capacity, high‐rate anode. This study addresses these challenges by grafting BP onto a super‐porous carbon (SPC) framework to serve as an anode for potassium storage. The large number of open pores in SPC ensures the uniform distribution of BP nanoparticles in this carbon matrix, realizing the complete potassiation reactions and uniform volumetric strain dispersion. The abundant defects significantly promote the phosphorus‐carbon reconstruction between edge carbon atoms and edge phosphorus atoms, effectively inhibiting the P‐P edge reconstruction of BP to ensure open edges for rapid K+ diffusion. As a result, the composite exhibits excellent performance in potassium storage, demonstrating superior capacity, charging rates, and cycling durability. This research provides a new insight into enhancing BP‐base anodes, offering favorable guidance for the development of high‐performance materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic effects of organic functional groups play a fundamental role in determining the rate and/or direction of organic chemical reactions. The implementation of this concept in selective organic catalysis is achieved by tuning the electronic effects of organic functional groups to alter the corresponding reactivity. However, this approach has hardly been applied to modulate the band structure of inorganic materials. Here, we show that modulating the electronic band structure of two‐dimensional black phosphorus (BP) is possible via the electronic effects of organic functional groups covalently modified on its surface. Organic functional group can either donate or withdraw charge density from BP surface, which will alter the bonding/anti‐binding orbitals occupancy and thus shift the band‐edge positions of functionalized BP downward/upward. Therefore, the valence‐band maxima and the conduction‐band minima of functionalized BP can be continuously tuned by changing the binding group with different Hammett parameters. Finally, unexpectedly high hydrogen evolution reaction rates under visible light are achieved using functionalized BP heterojunctions as photocatalysts. This work underscores the significant role of electronic effects in chemically controlling BP's band structure, offering greater flexibility and affordability beyond physical method limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Black phosphorus is a two‐dimensional layer material with promising applications due to its many excellent physicochemical properties, including high carrier mobility, ambipolar field effect and unusual in‐plane anisotropy. Currently, BP has been widely used in biomedical engineering, photocatalysis, semiconductor devices, and energy storage electrode materials. However, the unique structure of BP makes it highly chemically active, leading to its easy oxidation and degradation in air, which limits its practical applications. Recently, researchers have proposed a number of initiatives that can address the environmental instability of BP, and the application of these physical and chemical passivation techniques can effectively enhance the environmental stability of BP, including four modification methods: covalent functionalization, non‐covalent functionalization, surface coordination, physical encapsulation and edge passivation. This review highlights the mechanisms of the above modification techniques in addressing the severe instability of BP in different application scenarios, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method. This review can provide guidance for more researchers in studying the marvellous properties of BP and accelerate the practical application of BP in different fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐photon detectors (SPDs) are crucial in applications ranging from space, biological imaging to quantum communication and information processing. The SPDs that operate at room temperature are of particular interest to broader application space as the energy overhead introduced by cryogenic cooling can be avoided. Although silicon‐based single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are well‐matured and operate at room temperature, the bandgap limitation restricts their operation at telecommunication wavelength (1550 nm) and beyond. InGaAs‐based SPADs, on the other hand, are sensitive to 1550 nm photons but suffer from relatively lower efficiency, high dark count rate, afterpulsing probability, and pose hazards to the environment from the fabrication process. In this work, the properties of nanomaterials that can be leveraged to address these challenges are demonstrated and a room‐temperature single‐photon detector capable of operating at 1550 nm is realized. This is achieved by coupling a low bandgap (≈ 350 meV) absorber (black phosphorus) to a sensitive van der Waals probe that is capable of detecting discrete electron fluctuation. The device is optimized for operation at 1550 nm and demonstrates an overall quantum efficiency of 21.4% (estimated as 42.8% for polarized light), and a minimum dark count of ≈ 720 Hz at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalytic activity of 2D/2D/0D heterostructures based on few-layer black phosphorus (FLBP) g-C3N4/FLBP/Co2P in the reaction of photocatalytic hydrogen formation from an aqueous solution of triethanolamine under under visible light irradiation (400 nm) was studied for the first time. An original method for the preparation of the g‑C3N4/FLBP/Co2P composite photocatalyst is proposed, which consists of the solvothermal synthesis of cobalt phosphide Co2P nanoparticles, their immobilization on the surface of FLBP, and subsequent mixing of the FLBP/Co2P heterostructure with g‑C3N4. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by physicochemical analytical methods (X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). The hydrogen evolution rate in the presence of the g‑C3N4/FLBP/Co2P heterostructure was 0.09 mmol h–1, which is 25 times higher than the same characteristic for the unmodified g‑C3N4 sample. The obtained numerical values of the photocatalytic activity are at the level of the literature values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging two‐dimensional material, black phosphorus (BP) has excellent tribological properties, but the poor dispersion of BP in oil inhibits its application in friction to some extent. Surface modification is one of the effective methods to solve the dispersibility of BP, and the use of nano‐Fe3O4 dotted on the surface of BP improves the dispersion stability of BP in soybean from 3 days to about 15 days. Compared with pure soybean oil, friction coefficient and wear rate of the addition of 0.12 wt% BP/Fe3O4 are reduced 65% and 78%, respectively. To elucidate the excellent tribological mechanisms of BP/Fe3O4 as additives in soybean oil, the compositional and structural characterisation of the abrasion mark surface was studied accordingly. On the one hand, soybean oil reacts with BP/Fe3O4 to form a composite tribo‐film during the scraping process. This tribo‐film composed of amorphous carbon, iron oxide and phosphorus oxide nitrides prevents direct contact between the sliding interfaces. On the other hand, BP and Fe3O4 nanoparticles form a mechanical rollerball structure, which can further reduce interfacial friction and wear through synergistic lubrication. The results provide new insights into the design of additives in biomass lubricating oils and propose new application prospects for BP in the field of lubricating additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D black phosphorus (b‐P) possesses several remarkable properties, including ambipolar transport, high carrier mobility, in‐plane anisotropy, polarization sensitivity, a narrow direct bandgap that can be tuned with the number of layers, and highly compatible with silicon‐based technologies. These characteristics make it a promising material for photodetection in the near‐infrared to mid‐infrared range. However, to date, most of the reviews on b‐P are centered around electronic and optoelectronic devices, with few specifically addressing infrared detection. Herein, the recent research progress on b‐P infrared detectors is summarized in this review. This article introduces the principle of optoelectronic detection, the main properties of 2D b‐P, the development history of b‐P fabrication methods, presents and discusses the performance and characteristics of various infrared photodetectors based on different structures of 2D b‐P that have been researched in recent years. Finally, the challenges that may be faced by black phosphorus‐based infrared photoelectric detectors are briefly introduced, and the potential application directions are discussed from the perspective of large‐scale production and practical application. This article provides an in‐depth analysis and evaluation of the future development prospects of 2D b‐P materials as a potential excellent candidate of infrared photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black phosphorus (BP) has emerged as a promising two-dimensional nanomaterial due to its unique physicochemical properties, including tunable electronic bandgap, high surface area, and excellent photothermal and photodynamic characteristics. These attributes have positioned BP as an innovative platform for antibacterial applications, addressing critical issues such as antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. This review provides an in-depth analysis of BP-based antibacterial nanoplatforms, focusing on their design strategies, mechanisms of action and recent advances in antibacterial therapy. Various functionalization approaches, hybrid nanocomposite development and stimuli-responsive nanostructures are discussed in detail, highlighting their impact on enhancing BP's antibacterial efficacy. Key applications, including photothermal and photodynamic therapies, BP-based hydrogels and nanocomposites, are examined to demonstrate the versatility and effectiveness of these systems. Despite the promising advancements, BP-based platforms face challenges related to stability, biocompatibility, and large-scale synthesis. Addressing these issues, the review concludes with future perspectives and research directions aimed at overcoming current limitations and paving the way for clinical and environmental applications of BP in antibacterial strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black phosphorus （BP） nanosheets have a special folded structure， which gives them an adjustable band gap， transmission anisotropy， and photoluminescence. These unique properties make BP nanosheets widely used in the construction of metal ion sensors and show great application potential in environmental monitoring and other research fields. In this paper， the preparation methods of BP nanosheets and their applications of different sensors in detecting heavy metal ions were introduced. Firstly， different preparation methods for BP nanosheets were introduced based on the “top-down” and “bottom-up” methods， and their advantages and disadvantages were summarized. Then， the research progress of BP nanosheets based field effect transistor （FET） sensors， electrochemical sensors， and photochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metal ions were described in detail. Among these sensors， the FET sensor shows an excellent detection limit， the electrochemical sensor has advantages of short response time and simple operation. The photochemical sensor shows a wider detection range than that of others. Furthermore， it is concluded that the types of heavy metal ions that BP nanosheets based sensors can detect are relatively limited， and the stability and selectivity need to be further improved. Finally， in view of the challenges faced by BP nanosheets for constructing different types of heavy metal ion sensors， we should develop low-cost and high-quality BP nanosheets preparation methods， and structure optimization and functional modification of BP nanosheets. In the aspect of expanding the application of BP nanosheets for the detection of heavy metal ions， it is expected to make a breakthrough in the practical applications by combining with novel technology.

Jianmeng Zhu,1 Hongqin Wang,1 Kaiqiang Li,2 Xiuze Yuan,3 Wenzhong Hong1 1Clinical Laboratory of Chun’an First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Chun’an Branch, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China; 2Laboratory Medicine Center, Allergy Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China; 3Pharmacy Department of Chun’an First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Chun’an Branch, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Kaiqiang Li, Laboratory Medicine Center, Allergy Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 571 8589 3270, Email likaiqiang@hmc.edu.cnBackground: Conventional treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lack efficacy and targeting abilities. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative for targeted and minimally invasive tumor treatments. However, many biomaterials used in PDT pose biosafety concerns and insufficient enzyme activity often leads to limited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulting in poor PDT efficacy. Single-atom nanoenzymes have attracted much research attention as a novel type of high-performance nanoenzymes.Methods: In this study, we prepared black phosphorus nanosheets (BP) with good biocompatibility as a platform and loaded single-atom gold nanoenzymes onto BP nanosheets to treat HCC. To enhance the stability and targeting ability of the nanohybrid, it was PEGylated and modified with folate (FA) targeting molecules.Results: The designed BP/single-atom nanoenzyme platform can target tumor tissues and generate substantial amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), demonstrating biocompatibility and improved catalytic activity.Conclusion: The nanoplatform effectively targets HCC and enhances PDT efficacy by increasing ROS production, offering a promising approach for HCC treatment.Keywords: tumor treatment, photodynamic therapy, hepatocellular carcinoma, black phosphorus, single-atom gold

Biodegradable two-dimensional nanomaterials could be a significant breakthrough in the field of oncology nanotheranostic agents, which are rapidly emerging as promising candidates for tumor theranostic applications. Herein, a novel biodegradable ferrous sulfide nanosheet (FeS NS) is developed. Compared to the traditional photothermal material, black phosphorus nanosheet (BP NS), FeS demonstrates superior degradability and enhanced photothermal performance, and making it ideal for efficient photothermal therapy (PTT) of tumors. In the acidic tumor microenvironment, FeS degrades and releases H2S, which inhibits mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. This process leads to a reduction in heat shock protein expression, lowering the resistance of tumor cells to photothermal stimulation, and improving the efficacy of PTT. The released Fe2+ exhibits efficient peroxidase activity, triggering ferroptosis in tumor cells. Furthermore, due to its superparamagnetic nature, FeS NSs could accumulate at the tumor site and provide a strong magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal for imaging-guided tumor therapy. Overall, as a promising alternative to BP, the FeS NSs are a potentially innovative nanotheranostic agent of tumors, offering a synergistic approach to ferroptosis−PTT with MRI guidance.

The bioinspired black phosphorus was constructed to deliver the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) and termed as MBS. MBS showed excellent surface properties and acted as a multifunctional platform based on the cell membrane coating structure, which showed great potential in the delivery of a broad spectrum of HDACi and exhibited synergistic therapy by photothermal effect and chemotherapy. [Display omitted] Lung cancer remains one of the most fatal cancers worldwide, with a high incidence of metastasis and a low 5-year survival rate. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) have shown significant potential in lung cancer treatment, but their clinical use is often hindered by poor water solubility, rapid clearance, and systemic toxicity. In this study, we developed a novel therapeutic strategy by camouflaging black phosphorus (BP) with M1 macrophage membranes (MB) and loaded HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) onto the camouflaged black phosphorus (MB) for targeted lung cancer therapy. The M1 membrane coating enhanced the specificity of the SAHA-loaded black phosphorus toward lung cancer cells. Black phosphorus not only served as a carrier for HDACis but also facilitated photothermal therapy (PTT) through its photothermal conversion capabilities, establishing a highly efficient therapeutic platform. MBS demonstrated strong antitumor activity with minimal systemic toxicity. This multifunctional platform, inspired by biological systems, shows great promise for delivering a wide range of HDACis and offers synergistic therapeutic potential through the combination of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Black phosphorus (BP) has been highly regarded as a favourable candidate for fast-charging anode applications owing to its high theoretical capacity and advantageous charge–discharge platform. However, BP faces challenges related to compromised electrochemical performance resulting from an unstable solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) and substantial volumetric expansion. This study proposes the engineering of an inorganic-dense SEI on the surface of BP-C through the strategic incorporation of lithium fluoride (LiF). The presence of LiF in the system preferentially promotes LiPF 6 adsorption from the electrolyte, facilitating the in-situ formation of a lithium-enriched inorganic SEI film on the BP-C particulate surfaces. This strategic formation effectively mitigates subsequent electrolytic decomposition, accommodates volumetric expansion, and substantially improves the rate capability and cycling stability of the system. Consequently, the BP-LiF-C electrode demonstrates high initial coulombic efficiency of 86.8 % and maintains a steady capacity of 926.1 mAh g−1 over 700 cycles at 2000 mA g−1. Moreover, when paired with a LiFePO 4 cathode, the full cell exhibits long cycling stability, retaining 98.6 % of its capacity after 500 cycles at 2000 mA g−1, and performs at high rate. Therefore, utilising LiF to modulate the interfacial architecture of BP-based electrode composites provide notable guidance to enhance energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring novel high-performance low-dimensional thermoelectric nanomaterials has become a major national development strategy. NEDF was used to study the difference in thermoelectric properties of black phosphorus/black arsenic heterojunction under stress of 2%、4%、6% and 8%. The results show that phonon transport is effectively suppressed under tensile strain of 6%, but the effect on the electronic transport of the device is not obvious. Thermoelectric values of heterojunction nanodevices reaches the maximum value of 2.31 under the control of 6% tensile strain near Fermi level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have previously identified a latent interaction mechanism between non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLCC) and their associated macrophages (TAM) mediated by mutual paracrine activation of the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB signaling. Activation of this mechanism results in TAM stimulation and PD-L1 upregulation in the NSCLCC. In the present work, we found that free DOX at a low concentration that does not cause DNA damage could activate the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB/PD-L1 pathway byinducing oxidative stress. It was thus proposed that a combination of low-dose DOX and a PD-L1 blocker delivered in the NSCLC tumor would achieve synergistic TAM stimulation and thereby synergetic anti-tumor potency. To prove this idea, DOX and BMS-202 (a PD-L1 blocker) were loaded to black phosphorus (BP) nanoparticles after dosage titration to yield the BMS-202/DOX@BP composites that rapidly disintegrated and released drug cargo upon mild photothermal heating at 40 °C. In vitro experiments then demonstrated that low-dose DOX and BMS-202 delivered via BMS-202/DOX@BP under mild photothermia displayed enhanced tumor cell toxicity with a potent synergism only in the presence of TAM. This enhanced synergism was due to an anti-tumor M1-like TAM phenotype that was synergistically induced by low dose DOX plus BMS-202 only in the presence of the tumor cells, indicating the damaged tumor cells to be the cardinal contributor to the M1-like TAM stimulation. In vivo, BMS-202/DOX@BP under mild photothermia exhibited targeted delivery to NSCLC graft tumors in mice and synergistic anti-tumor efficacy of delivered DOX and BMS-202. In conclusion, low-dose DOX in combination with a PD-L1 blocker is an effective strategy to turn TAM against their host tumor cells exploiting the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB/PD-L1 pathway. The synergetic actions involved highlight the value of TAM and the significance of modulating tumor cell-TAM cross-talk in tumor therapy. Photothermia-responsive BP provides an efficient platform to translate this strategy into targeted, efficacious tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Effective treatments for the alveolar bone defect remain a major concern in dental therapy. The objectives of this study were to develop a fibrin and konjac glucomannan (KGM) composite hydrogel as scaffolds for the osteogenesis of nasal mucosa-derived ectodermal mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs) for the regeneration of alveolar bone defect, and to investigate the osteogenesis-accelerating effects of black phosphorus nanoparticles (BPNs) embedded in the hydrogels. Methods Primary EMSCs were isolated from rat nasal mucosa and used for the alveolar bone recovery. Fibrin and KGM were prepared in different ratios for osteomimetic hydrogel scaffolds, and the optimal ratio was determined by mechanical properties and biocompatibility analysis. Then, the optimal hydrogels were integrated with BPNs to obtain BPNs/fibrin-KGM hydrogels, and the effects on osteogenic EMSCs in vitro were evaluated. To explore the osteogenesis-enhancing effects of hydrogels in vivo, the BPNs/fibrin-KGM scaffolds combined with EMSCs were implanted to a rat model of alveolar bone defect. Micro-computed tomography (CT), histological examination, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot were conducted to evaluate the bone morphology and expression of osteogenesis-related genes of the bone regeneration. Results The addition of KGM improved the mechanical properties and biodegradation characteristics of the fibrin hydrogels. In vitro, the BPNs-containing compound hydrogel was proved to be biocompatible and capable of enhancing the osteogenesis of EMSCs by upregulating the mineralization and the activity of alkaline phosphatase. In vivo, the micro-CT analysis and histological evaluation demonstrated that rats implanted EMSCs-BPNs/fibrin-KGM hydrogels exhibited the best bone reconstruction. And compared to the model group, the expression of osteogenesis genes including osteopontin (Opn, p

Highlights Derived from silica photonic crystals, inverse opal microspheres have a regularly connected porous structure and inherit structural color properties. Combined with the stable scaffold and the photothermal phase-transition of the secondary filling material, the inverse opal composite microspheres are endowed with self-healing properties and the ability for controllable drug release. Inverse opal microspheres were significantly treated for diabetic wound, via promoting tissue regeneration, collagen deposition and angiogenesis. Meanwhile, the release of drugs could be monitored by the structural color characteristic.

Advanced innovation of flexible electrode with adequate redox activity and stably mechanical endurance that promotes charges kinetic migration and faradaic storage is pivotal for textile‐based supercapacitors (T‐SCs). Herein, this study reports a high‐performance T‐SCs electrode based on nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxides@black phosphorus (NiCo‐LDHs@BP) on a conductive silk (c‐silk) textile (NiCo‐LDHs@BP/c‐silk). Under negative voltage‐induced electrochemical exfoliation, the Ni2+ and Co2+ are embedded into bulk BP framework to form exfoliated BP nanosheets, and the NiCo‐LDHs are in situ grown within the BP networks, generating 3D NiCo‐LDHs@BP hetero‐nanostructure. Significantly, the NiCo‐LDHs@BP exhibits a large space‐charge area, enhanced adsorption energy for OH− and accelerated charges transfer/storage as confirmed using density functional theory calculations. Additionally, the T‐SCs electrode is fabricated by loading the blended NiCo‐LDHs@BP, sericin, and carbon nanotubes on fibroin textile via a silk reconstruction strategy, producing large area production, superior mechanical flexibility, and impressive electrochemical performance. The resultant NiCo‐LDHs@BP/c‐silk electrode exhibits large specific capacitance of 1291.3 F g−1 and considerable rate capacity in 1 M KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the flexible solid‐state asymmetric T‐SCs deliver high specific areal energy density of 279.6 µWh cm−2 and robust folding capability (85.6% capacitance retention after 5000 folding cycles), which successfully power wearable watch and heart rate meter devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorene and fullerene are representative two‐dimensional (2D) and zero‐dimensional (0D) nanomaterials respectively, constructing their heterodimensional hybrid not only complements their physiochemical properties but also extends their applications via synergistic interactions. This is however challenging because of their diversities in dimension and chemical reactivity, and theoretical studies predicted that it is improbable to directly bond C60 onto the surface of phosphorene due to their strong repulsion. Here, we develop a facile electrosynthesis method to synthesize the first phosphorene‐fullerene hybrid featuring fullerene surface bonding via P−C bonds. Few‐layer black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) obtained from electrochemical exfoliation react with C602− dianion prepared by electroreduction of C60, fulfilling formation of the "improbable" phosphorene‐fullerene hybrid (BPNS‐s‐C60). Theoretical results reveal that the energy barrier for formation of [BPNS‐s‐C60]2− intermediate is significantly decreased by 1.88 eV, followed by an oxidization reaction to generate neutral BPNS‐s‐C60 hybrid. Surface bonding of C60 molecules not only improves significantly the ambient stability of BPNSs, but also boosts dramatically the visible light and near‐infrared (NIR) photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rates, reaching 1466 and 1039 μmol h−1 g−1 respectively, which are both the highest values among all reported BP‐based metal‐free photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface covalent modification of black phosphorus (BP) with organic polymers represents a promising strategy to enhance its stability and tailor its electronic properties. Despite this potential, developing memristive materials through suitable polymer structures, grafting pathways, and polymerization techniques remains challenging. In this study, polyaniline (PANI)‐covalently grafted black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNS) are successfully prepared with redox functionalities via the in situ polymerization of aniline on the surface of 4‐aminobenzene‐modified BPNS. The PANI coating protects the BP from direct exposure to oxygen and water, and it endows the material with analog memristive properties, characterized by a continuously adjustable resistance within a limited voltage scan range. When subjected to a broader voltage scan, the Al/PANI‐g‐BPNS/ITO device demonstrates a typical bistable digital memristive behavior. The integration of both digital and analog memristive functionalities in a single device paves the way for the development of high‐density, multifunctional electronic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black phosphorus is a highly interesting two-dimensional material with a tunable band gap, ultra-high carrier mobility, and excellent optoelectronic properties. Its van der Waals spacing creates conditions for the entry of foreign substances, and various properties of BP can be effectively regulated by intercalation. In this paper, organic ammonium salts (CTAB, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and TBAB, Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide) were chosen as the intercalated guests and BP bulk crystals were used as the intercalation hosts, and the effects of intercalation on the Raman as well as photoluminescence (PL) properties of BP were mainly investigated. The results show that the intercalation of organic ions leads to an overall redshift of the Raman modes corresponding to the three phonon vibrational modes of Ag1, B2g and Ag2. In particular, the PL emission spectrum of the intercalated BP bulk exhibits a continuous spectrum bridging the peaks of the bilayer (1.35 eV), monolayer (1.7 eV) and the defect states. The prepared intercalation products also possess good stability under atmospheric conditions. Our study provides an idea for modulating the electronic and optical properties of bulk 2D materials, which has potential applications in the field of optoelectronics of crystalline materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiofrequency-responsive nanoparticles (RFNPs) have drawn increasingly attentions as RF energy absorbing antenna to enhance antitumor efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA). However, it remains a huge challenge for inorganic RFNPs to precisely synergize RFA with other antitumor modes in a clinically acceptable way on bio-safety and bio-compatibility. In this work, RF-responsive black phosphorus (BP) nanogel (BP-Pt@PNA) was successfully fabricated by crosslinking coordination of cisplatin with BP and temperature sensitive polymer PNA. BP-Pt@PNA exhibited strong RF-heating effect and RF-induced pulsatile release of cisplatin. Under RF irradiation, BP-Pt@PNA exhibited cytotoxic enhancement on 4T1 cells. By the synergistic effect of BP and cisplatin, BP-Pt@PNA achieved RF-stimulated systemic immune effect, thus induced enhance suppression on tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, BP-Pt@PNA realized long-term drug retention in tumor and favorable embolization to tumor-feeding arteries. With high drug loading capacity and favorable bio-safety and bio-degradability, BP-Pt@PNA is expected as an ideal RFNP for precisely synergizing RFA with other antitumor modes in clinical application. Temperature sensitive polymer was used to wrap BP up by bridging coordination of cisplatin and fabricated BP-Pt@PNA. The synergistic multi-mode antitumor effect of BP-Pt@PNA was controlled and mediated by RF-field. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting the angle‐resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy (ARPRS) response of anisotropic layered materials (ALMs) is the ultimate goal in the field of ARPRS research. So far, multiple physical mechanisms are studied on the representative black phosphorus (BP) to understand the intricate ARPRS response. However, the lack of a complete physical picture of the response modulation has hindered progress in response prediction. Herein, using BP as an example, a unified strategy for predicting the thickness‐dependent ARPRS response of ALMs is proposed. Crucially, with only one ARPRS measurement of a bulk ALM of interest, the response of nanoflakes of any thickness can be predicted. This is achieved based on the core concept of intrinsic Raman anisotropy (RA). Integrated experiments, analysis, and calculations reveal that the response of bulk BP is reshaped by the rarely noticed anisotropic absorption effect, which leads to an unique thickness‐independent constant modulation. Therefore, the interference‐free bulk counterpart of ALMs can serve as an ideal platform for accurately accessing intrinsic RA. This work provides a new paradigm for ARPRS research and paves the way for profound study of intrinsic RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a room-temperature NO2 sensor based on a polyaniline (PANI)/black phosphorus (BP) composite material was proposed to solve the power consumption problem of traditional metal-oxide sensors operating at high temperatures. PANI was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization, whereas BP was synthesized by low-pressure mineralization. The PANI/BP composite materials were prepared via ultrasonic exfoliation and mixing. Various characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirmed the successful preparation of the PANI/BP composites and their excellent structural properties. The sensor demonstrated outstanding gas sensitivity in the NO2 concentration range of 2–60 ppm. In particular, the sensor showed a response exceeding 2200% at 60 ppm NO2 concentration when using a 1:1 mass ratio of PANI to BP in the composite material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolayer black phosphorus (BP) holds great promise for naturally hyperbolic polaritons and correlated states in rectangular moiré superlattices. However, preparing and identifying high-quality monolayer BP are challenging due to its instability and high transparency, which limits extensive studies. In this study, we developed a method for rapidly and nondestructively identifying monolayer BP and its crystal orientation simultaneously using modified photoluminescence (PL) microscopy. The optical contrast of monolayer BP has been significantly increased by at least twenty times compared to previous reports, making it visible even on a transparent substrate. The polarization dependence of optical contrast also allows for the in situ determination of crystal orientation. Our study facilitates the identification of monolayer BP, expediting more extensive research on and potential industrial applications of this material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures are mainly fabricated by a classic dry transfer procedure, but the interface quality is often subject to the vdW gap, residual strains, and defect species. The realization of interface fusion and repair holds significant implications for the modulation of multiple photoelectric conversion processes. In this work, we propose a thermally mismatched strategy to trigger broad-band and high-speed photodetection performance based on a type-I heterostructure composed of black phosphorus (BP) and FePS3 (FPS) nanoflakes. The BP acts as photothermal source to promote interface fusion when large optical power is adopted. The regulation of optical power enables the device from pyroelectric (PE) and/or alternating current photovoltaic (AC–PV) mode to a mixed photovoltaic (PV)/photothermoelectric (PTE)/PE mode. The fused heterostructure device presents an extended detection range (405~980 nm) for the FPS. The maximum responsivity and detectivity are 329.86 mA/W and 6.95 × 1010 Jones, respectively, and the corresponding external quantum efficiency (EQE) approaches ~100%. Thanks to these thermally-related photoelectric conversion mechanism, the response and decay time constants of device are as fast as 290 μs and 265 μs, respectively, superior to current all FPS-based photodetectors. The robust environmental durability also renders itself as a high-speed and broad-band imaging sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interface and dielectric environment of graphene transistors are of great importance to commercial circuit integrations. The tangling bond in oxide‐based dielectric severely lagged the carrier mobility while the 2D dielectric layer (for instance, hexagonal boron nitride) unavoidably hastened complicated condensed physics even at room temperature. Herein, multilayer black phosphorus (BP) a versatile and widely‐tunable dielectric candidate for manifesting graphene fermions is demonstrated. Because of hetero‐interfacial charge redistributions, a vertical electric double‐layer between the bottom BP layer and top graphene spontaneously forms with the central BP layer as a soft barrier. Under dual‐gate modulation, abnormal step‐like evolution of Dirac fermions and charge‐transfer quantum Hall effect arises while the intrinsic Dirac behavior of graphene is preserved, ascribing to the gate‐tunable charge redistributions of dielectric BP layer. Moreover, the electric double‐layer transistors apply equally well to bilayer graphene with similar Dirac behavior but an enhanced interfacial charge interference. The findings not only create a new avenue to manipulate the fermions by assembling graphene with narrow‐gapped 2D layered materials but also promote electric double‐layer transistors as a new build block to design multifunctional devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homojunctions are key elements in many mainstream electronic devices. However, conventional dopant‐based "pn" homojunctions are not easily achievable in new material families, such as the 2D materials. Several recent 2D material studies have shown that lateral pn homojunctions can instead be electrostatically induced using back gates localized to either the source or drain contacts. Here, a hBN‐encapsulated black phosphorus dual‐gate device containing a lateral pn homojunction, whose orientation can be switched via application of back gate voltages, is demonstrated. Importantly, this study extends the state‐of‐the‐art for this architecture by characterizing the photoresponse under infrared (λ = 2.2 µm) illumination. It is shown that when biased to form a homojunction, the device exhibits the photovoltaic effect, resulting in a specific detectivity of 8.5 × 108 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at 77 K under short‐circuit conditions, and an open circuit photovoltage up to 175 mV at 77 K. Further, it is shown that the device can be operated in photoconductive mode, allowing a high responsivity of 0.55 A W−1. This device is thus highly reconfigurable as it can be switched between photovoltaic and photoconductive modes of operation to prioritize low noise and fast response or high responsivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade has seen dramatic progress in research on FETs with 2D channels. Starting from the single devices fabricated using exfoliated flakes in the early 2010s, by the early 2020s, 2D FETs being trialed for mass production and vertical stacking of 2D channels made by leading semiconductor companies. However, the industry is focused solely on transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) channels coupled with conventional 3D oxide insulators such as Al2O3 and HfO2. This has resulted in numerous challenges, such as poor-quality interfaces and reliability limitations due to oxide traps. At the same time, the alternative routes for 2D FETs offered by laboratory (LAB) research have not been appreciated until now, even though the use of the native oxides of 2D channels has recently resulted in the first 2D FinFETs. Considering the research progress achieved in the last decade, from this perspective, we will discuss the main challenges for industry integration of 2D FETs and also suggest possible future steps which could propel these emerging technologies towards market applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel biosensor utilizing silver (Ag)–dielectric–black phosphorus (BP) as the foundation to analyze the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system for alcohol detection for the first time. Silver (Ag) is employed as a metallic layer in the Kretschmann configuration of the proposed sensor to induce the generation of surface plasmons. The present study employs dielectric materials, namely lithium titanate (LiTiO3), potassium tantalite (KTaO3), bismuth silicon oxide (BSO), and zinc selenide (ZnSe), to safeguard the Ag material from oxidation. Additionally, 2D material of BP is used to augment the detecting capacity of the sensor. This study focuses on the detection of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and propanol alcohol. To analyze the sensor's performance, the transfer matrix method is used with the help of angular interrogation technique. The proposed sensor performance is significantly enhanced by achieving a maximum sensitivity of 277.63°⁄RIU, a detection accuracy of 4.37, and a quality factor of 97.06 RIU - 1 for the optimized sensor design. Hence, the sensor has significant utility in the field of biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effective treatments for the alveolar bone defect remain a major concern in dental therapy. The objectives of this study were to develop a fibrin and konjac glucomannan (KGM) composite hydrogel as scaffolds for the osteogenesis of nasal mucosa-derived ectodermal mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs) for the regeneration of alveolar bone defect, and to investigate the osteogenesis-accelerating effects of black phosphorus nanoparticles (BPNs) embedded in the hydrogels. Methods: Primary EMSCs were isolated from rat nasal mucosa and used for the alveolar bone recovery. Fibrin and KGM were prepared in different ratios for osteomimetic hydrogel scaffolds, and the optimal ratio was determined by mechanical properties and biocompatibility analysis. Then, the optimal hydrogels were integrated with BPNs to obtain BPNs/fibrin-KGM hydrogels, and the effects on osteogenic EMSCs in vitro were evaluated. To explore the osteogenesis-enhancing effects of hydrogels in vivo, the BPNs/fibrin-KGM scaffolds combined with EMSCs were implanted to a rat model of alveolar bone defect. Micro-computed tomography (CT), histological examination, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot were conducted to evaluate the bone morphology and expression of osteogenesis-related genes of the bone regeneration. Results: The addition of KGM improved the mechanical properties and biodegradation characteristics of the fibrin hydrogels. In vitro, the BPNs-containing compound hydrogel was proved to be biocompatible and capable of enhancing the osteogenesis of EMSCs by upregulating the mineralization and the activity of alkaline phosphatase. In vivo, the micro-CT analysis and histological evaluation demonstrated that rats implanted EMSCs-BPNs/fibrin-KGM hydrogels exhibited the best bone reconstruction. And compared to the model group, the expression of osteogenesis genes including osteopontin (Opn, p < 0.0001), osteocalcin (Ocn, p < 0.0001), type collagen (Col , p < 0.0001), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (Bmp2, p < 0.0001), Smad1 (p = 0.0006), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2, p < 0.0001) were all significantly upregulated. Conclusions: EMSCs/BPNs-containing fibrin-KGM hydrogels accelerated the recovery of the alveolar bone defect in rats by effectively up-regulating the expression of osteogenesis-related genes, promoting the formation and mineralisation of bone matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of efficient host materials to address the sluggish redox kinetics of sulfur species has been a longstanding challenge in advancing the practical application of lithium‐sulfur batteries. In this study, amorphous carbon layer loaded with ultrafine CoP nanoparticles prepared by a one‐step in situ carbonization/phosphating method to enhance the inhibition of 2D black phosphorus (BP) on LiPSs shuttle. The carbon coating layer facilitates accelerated electron/ion transport, enabling the active involvement of BP in the conversion of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Concurrently, the ultra‐fine CoP nanoparticles enhance the chemical anchoring ability and introduce additional catalytic sites. As a result, S@BP@C‐CoP electrodes demonstrate exemplary cycling stability (with a minimal capacity decay of 0.054 % over 500 cycles at 1 C) and superior rate performance (607.1 mAh g−1 at 5 C). Moreover, at a sulfur loading of 5.5 mg cm−2, the electrode maintains an impressive reversible areal capacity of 5.45 mAh cm−2 after 50 cycles at 0.1 C. This research establishes a promising approach, leveraging black phosphorus‐based materials, for developing high‐efficiency Li‐S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Derived from silica photonic crystals, inverse opal microspheres have a regularly connected porous structure and inherit structural color properties. Combined with the stable scaffold and the photothermal phase-transition of the secondary filling material, the inverse opal composite microspheres are endowed with self-healing properties and the ability for controllable drug release. Inverse opal microspheres were significantly treated for diabetic wound, via promoting tissue regeneration, collagen deposition and angiogenesis. Meanwhile, the release of drugs could be monitored by the structural color characteristic. Chronic diabetic wounds confront a significant medical challenge because of increasing prevalence and difficult-healing circumstances. It is vital to develop multifunctional hydrogel dressings, with well-designed morphology and structure to enhance flexibility and effectiveness in wound management. To achieve these, we propose a self-healing hydrogel dressing based on structural color microspheres for wound management. The microsphere comprised a photothermal-responsive inverse opal framework, which was constructed by hyaluronic acid methacryloyl, silk fibroin methacryloyl and black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs), and was further re-filled with a dynamic hydrogel. The dynamic hydrogel filler was formed by Knoevenagel condensation reaction between cyanoacetate and benzaldehyde-functionalized dextran (DEX-CA and DEX-BA). Notably, the composite microspheres can be applied arbitrarily, and they can adhere together upon near-infrared irradiation by leveraging the BPQDs-mediated photothermal effect and the thermoreversible stiffness change of dynamic hydrogel. Additionally, eumenitin and vascular endothelial growth factor were co-loaded in the microspheres and their release behavior can be regulated by the same mechanism. Moreover, effective monitoring of the drug release process can be achieved through visual color variations. The microsphere system has demonstrated desired capabilities of controllable drug release and efficient wound management. These characteristics suggest broad prospects for the proposed composite microspheres in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilm-associated infections pose a significant challenge in healthcare, constituting 80% of bacterial infections and often leading to persistent, chronic conditions. Conventional antibiotics struggle with efficacy against these infections due to the high tolerance and resistance induced by bacterial biofilm barriers. Two-dimensional nanomaterials, such as those from the graphene family, boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), MXene, and black phosphorus, hold immense potential for combating biofilms. These nanomaterial-based antimicrobial strategies are novel tools that show promise in overcoming resistant bacteria and stubborn biofilms, with the ability to circumvent existing drug resistance mechanisms. This review comprehensively summarizes recent developments in two-dimensional nanomaterials, as both therapeutics and nanocarriers for precision antibiotic delivery, with a specific focus on nanoplatforms coupled with photothermal/photodynamic therapy in the elimination of bacteria and penetrating and/or ablating biofilm. This review offers important insight into recent advances and current limitations of current antibacterial nanotherapeutic approaches, together with a discussion on future developments in the field, for the overall benefit of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) anisotropic materials have garnered significant attention in the realm of anisotropic optoelectronic devices due to their remarkable electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. While extensive research has delved into the optical and electrical characteristics of these materials, there remains a need for further exploration to identify novel materials and structures capable of fulfilling device requirements under various conditions. Here, we employ heterojunction interface engineering with black phosphorus (BP) to disrupt the C3 rotational symmetry of monolayer WS2. The resulting WS2/BP heterostructure exhibits pronounced anisotropy in exciton emissions, with a measured anisotropic ratio of 1.84 for neutral excitons. Through a comprehensive analysis of magnetic-field-dependent and temperature-evolution photoluminescence spectra, we discern varying trends in the polarization ratio, notably observing a substantial anisotropy ratio of 1.94 at a temperature of 1.6 K and a magnetic field of 9 T. This dynamic behavior is attributed to the susceptibility of the WS2/BP heterostructure interface strain to fluctuations in magnetic fields and temperatures. These findings provide valuable insights into the design of anisotropic optoelectronic devices capable of adaptation to a range of magnetic fields and temperatures, thereby advancing the frontier of material-driven device engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BP has shown good potential for promoting bone regeneration. However, the understanding of the mechanisms of BP-enhanced bone regeneration is still limited. This review first summarizes the recent advances in applications of BP in bone regeneration. We further highlight the possibility that BP enhances bone regeneration by regulating the behavior of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoblasts, vascular endothelial cells (VECs), and macrophages, mainly through the regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling, energy metabolism, oxidation resistance and surface adsorption properties, etc. In addition, moderating the physicochemical properties of BP (i.e., shape, size, and surface charge) can alter the effects of BP on bone regeneration. This review reveals the underlying mechanisms of BP-enhanced bone regeneration and provides strategies for further material design of BP-based materials for bone regeneration.