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The Varroa destructor (hereafter referred to as Varroa) is a major pest of honeybees that is generally controlled using pyrethroid-based acaricides. However, resistance to these insecticides has become a growing problem, driven by the acquisition of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the mite’s voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene. Resistance mutations in the vgsc gene, such as the L925V mutation, can confer resistance to pyrethroids like flumethrin and tau-fluvalinate. Monitoring genotypic resistance through molecular mutation screening is crucial for tracking and mitigating resistance spread. In this study, the frequency of resistance mutations in the vgsc was examined using a Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) approach in Varroa populations sampled throughout the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Sea regions of Türkiye. Considering all the samples analyzed, the results demonstrated a mean resistance allele frequency of 83.29%, indicating a relatively high frequency of resistant alleles. We observed 94.58%, 85.71%, and 69.58% resistant allele frequencies in populations sampled from the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Sea regions, respectively, in our study. The results of our investigation demonstrated substantial regional variations in the frequencies of resistant alleles among Varroa populations throughout Türkiye, with notably elevated resistance levels observed in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions. Due to the significant resistance mutation frequency differences between both provinces and regions, long-term monitoring of resistance alleles and the planning of regional control strategies are required for effective control of this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the growing concern over copper resistance in Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), a significant pathogen threatening kiwifruit cultivation globally. Copper-based treatments, widely used for their broad-spectrum bactericidal properties, have become less effective over time due to the emergence of copper-resistant strains. This study found that 22 strains of Psa, collected from Greek kiwifruit orchards, exhibited significant copper resistance. All strains were capable of growing in copper concentrations of at least 200 µg/mL (0.8 mM), and two strains (9.1%) survived even at higher concentrations of 400 µg/mL (1.6 mM). Additionally, resistant bacterial colonies were observed in four strains (18.2%), suggesting the presence of resistant subpopulations within the broader bacterial community. In addition to studying copper resistance, the research evaluated the effectiveness of several products in controlling Psa through field experiments. The copper products IONIC CONCENTRATED COPPER, MAGNA BLUE, and COPROFIX ULTRA were tested due to their historical effectiveness in managing bacterial diseases in plants. However, these copper products were unable to fully control Psa in this study, likely due to the observed resistance. In addition, the plant defense activator products MICONIC and NUTRI BIOCLEAN, NUTRI BIOCLEAN, BAR, and BION were evaluated and showed promising results in reducing the intensity of symptoms associated with Psa, suggesting that these formulations may enhance the plant's natural defenses against the pathogen. While these products did not completely eliminate the disease, they significantly reduced symptom severity. The findings highlight the need for alternative strategies to combat Psa, particularly in areas where copper resistance has developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of commonly used post-emergence herbicides under flooded rice fields, for Conyza spp. control. The greenhouse experiment employed a factorial setup with factor A denoting the presence or absence of a water layer post-application, and factor B representing different herbicides, to C. sumatrensis. In field trials, were applied when the rice plantation was on V3 stage. Evaluations were control (%), roots and shoot dry weight of Conyza spp., as well as injury (%), number of grains per panicle, and grain yield (ha−1) of rice. The applications of imazapyr + imazapic, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, imazethapyr, penoxsulam, quinclorac, bentazon, triclopyr-butyl, saflufenacil and ethoxysulfuron followed by water layer entry led to Conyza spp. control surpassing 80% at 28 DAA. The herbicides florpyrauxifen-benzyl, quinclorac, triclopyr-butyl, and saflufenacil, without flooding after application, demonstrated Sumatran fleabane control equal to or greater than 80% at 28 DAA. Effective water layer management is crucial for Conyza spp. control in zero-grade rice cultivation areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum is the most destructive olive disease worldwide causing blossom blight and fruit root. The in vitro effect of 14 fungicides from six chemical groups on the mycelial growth inhibition of Colletotrichum acutatum s.s., Colletotrichum nymphaeae, and Colletotrichum fioriniae isolates were evaluated. Tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, and ziram significantly inhibit the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum spp. The effectiveness of these three fungicides was evaluated on detached flowers and copper oxychloride, cuprous oxide, and copper calcium sulfate on detached fruits. Arbequina, Frantoio, Coratina, and Picual cultivars inoculated with these Colletotrichum species were used. Over the flowers, fungicides caused a delay in the appearance of blossom blight between 24 and 48 h and a reduction in the disease incidence by more than 60%. Over the fruits, copper-based fungicides in general failed to reduce the anthracnose severity. This study presents the potential of some fungicides to be used for olive anthracnose control in an integrated management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuta absoluta is a major tomato pest. An insecticide that acts in several phases of the pest's life cycle can present greater control efficiency and amplitude of action, possessing greater capacity in reducing the insect population. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the lethal concentrations for caterpillars and adults of T. absoluta and to evaluate whether the insecticide chlorantraniliprole influences the behavior and oviposition of adults of T. absoluta as well as the mortality of caterpillars. We determined lethal concentrations (LCs) and side effects in laboratory oviposition tests, and on oviposition and mortality of adults in field trials were evaluated. Plants treated with LC50 of chlorantraniliprole showed a low number of eggs per plant. The toxicity was higher in larvae exposed to all concentrations of chlorantraniliprole. In the field, the number of T. absoluta adults and eggs in plants treated with chlorantraniliprole was lower than the control. Our results indicate that chlorantraniliprole has toxicity against T. absoluta adults, eggs, and larvae. Other effects on the oviposition behavior performance of this specie can help implement integrated pest management programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the presence and impact of pests and diseases on coffee production in two indigenous communities in the state of Puebla. Design/Methodology/Approach: Information was collected through interviews with 57 growers in Huehuetla and 52 in Cuetzalan. Results: The coffee area sown in the region is made up of very small minifundios (very small plots, not big enough to produce profits), which reflects the challenging living conditions of coffee farming families. A statistically significant difference in yield was recorded between municipalities (t=2.348; p=0.021). The coffee varieties grown in the region include: Typica, Caturra, Mundo Novo, Garnica, and Bourbon. Pests and diseases were found in the plots of the farmers. The most prevalent pests and diseases were the coffee berry borer and the coffee leaf rust, found in 57 and 42.9% of the farms. In the case of coffee leaf rust, statistically significant differences were recorded (χ²=3.906; p=0.048) between the two municipalities, with a higher prevalence in Cuetzalan (53.1%) than in Huehuetla (33.9%). Additional pests and diseases were identified, including American leaf spot (24.8%), pellicularia koleroga (7.9%), cercospora leaf spot (6.9%), coffee white stem borer (6.1%), root rot (6%), and coffee leaf miner (3%). Chemical treatments are used to control most of these pests and diseases. Study Limitations/Implications: The detection of pests and diseases depended on the perception of the grower. Findings/Conclusions: Coffee growers in these municipalities are among the poorest of the region. Furthermore, their crops are impacted by pests and diseases, which increase their already challenging living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, strawberry cultivation in Spain has been increasingly affected by new and re-emerging fungal diseases. The most significant emerging diseases in Spain include those caused by Neopestalotiopsis spp. Maharachch., K.D.Hyde & Crous and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae Winks & Y.N. Williams. These pathogens are difficult to control due to their pathogenic variability (presence of pathotypes and/or races), the lack of knowledge about the susceptibility of the different cultivars, the limited availability of effective fumigants, and the absence of sufficient information about their sources of inoculum. Both pathogens can cause root and crown rot, leading to plant collapse and significant losses for strawberry producers. Several factors have contributed to the rise of these diseases in Spain: (i) the gradual ban on key soil fumigants has left the crop vulnerable; (ii) there has been a notable diversification in the origin of mother plants used in cultivation, with plants now sourced from various countries, increasing the risk of long-distance pathogen spread; (iii) the introduction of numerous new strawberry varieties, which exposes more genotypes to pathogenic infections; and (iv) changes in planting times, leading to younger and more vulnerable plants being exposed to heat stress, as well as an increase in disease susceptibility. Neopestalotiopsis spp. and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae have also become major threats to strawberry crops worldwide, spreading through nursery plants and the movement of plant material. The latest research findings in Spain on both pathogens are highlighted in this manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an invasive spider mite native to the Americas. In 2013 it invaded the main citrus‐growing area in Spain producing significant damage and requiring chemical treatments. This work examines its population structure, spatial distribution and presents a sampling plan, which will assist in developing an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy. RESULTS: There were differences in the population structure on fruits and leaves, as well as between leaves from different flushes with fluctuations over time correlated with variations in sex ratio. No differences in aggregation at the different plant strata were found; however, immature stages showed a higher aggregation than adults, with females being the sex with the lowest aggregation. There was a high correlation between E. banksi motile forms and adult females with the total population, thus both were used as reference stages to develop sampling plans. We recommend binomial sampling of 100 leaves for female monitoring, sampling two leaves per tree on 25 trees per transect regularly spaced along two diagonal transects, the first oriented northeast to southwest and the second northwest to southeast. To be more accurate, it is possible to survey the presence/absence of motile forms. In this case, four leaves per tree in 50 trees per transect should be monitored. CONCLUSION: This study has resulted in the first sampling plan for E. banksi, one of the most damaging citrus mite species described so far. The binomial sampling plan involves monitoring reference developmental stages, as well as a reasonable sample size that makes it applicable in field sampling for decisions making based on a future intervention threshold. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the effects of landscape greening pest control modes (LGPCMs) on carbon storage and soil physicochemical properties is crucial for promoting the sustainable development of urban landscape greening. Climate change and green development have led to increased landscape pest occurrences. However, the impacts of different LGPCMs on carbon storage and soil properties remain unclear. We examined six typical LGPCMs employed in Beijing, China: chemical control (HXFZ), enclosure (WH), light trapping (DGYS), biological agent application (SWYJ), natural enemy release (SFTD), and trap hanging (XGYBQ). Field surveys and laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze their effects on carbon storage and soil physicochemical properties, and their interrelationships. The main results were as follows: (1) Different LGPCMs significantly affected carbon storage in the tree and soil layers (p < 0.05), but not in the shrub and herb layers (p > 0.05). Carbon storage composition across all modes followed the following order: tree layer (64.19%–93.52%) > soil layer > shrub layer > herb layer. HXFZ exhibited the highest tree layer carbon storage (95.82 t/hm2) but the lowest soil layer carbon storage (6.48 t/hm2), while DGYS performed best in the soil, herb, and shrub layers. (2) LGPCMs significantly influenced soil bulk density (SBD), clay (SC), silt particle (SSP), sand (SS), pH, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and heavy metal content (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg)). WH had the highest TN (1.37 g/kg), TP (0.84 g/kg), SC (10.71%) and SSP (42.14%); HXFZ had the highest Cd (8.98 mg/kg), but lowest OC and Pb. DGYS had the highest OC and Hg, and the lowest Cd, SC, and TP. Under different LGPCMs, the heavy metal content in soil ranked as follows: Pb > Cd > Hg. (3) There were significant differences in the relationship between carbon storage and soil physicochemical properties under different LGPCMs. A significant positive correlation was observed between the soil layer carbon storage, TN, and OC, while significant negative correlations were noted between SS and SC as well as SSP. Under SFTD, the tree layer carbon storage showed a negative correlation with Cd, while under DGYS, it correlated negatively with pH and Hg. In summary, While HXFZ increased the short-term tree layer carbon storage, it reduced carbon storage in the other layers and damaged soil structure. Conversely, WH and DGYS better supported carbon sequestration and soil protection, offering more sustainable control strategies. We recommend developing integrated pest management focusing on green control methods, optimizing tree species selection, and enhancing plant and soil conservation management. These research results can provide scientific guidance for collaborative implementation of pest control and carbon sequestration in sustainable landscaping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbicides are essential tools for the phytosanitary security of agricultural areas, but their excessive use can cause problems in agricultural production systems and have negative impacts on human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to present and discuss the main causes behind the increase in herbicide commercialization in Brazil between 2010 and 2020. Data from the Brazilian pesticide database, provided by the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), were used. In 2010 and 2020, Brazil sold 157,512 and 329,697 tons of herbicide active ingredients, respectively, representing a 128.1% increase in commercialization over 11 years. Some herbicides, such as clethodim, haloxyfop-methyl, triclopyr, glufosinate, 2,4-D, diclosulam, and flumioxazin, showed increases in sales volumes between 2010 and 2020 of 2672.8%, 896.9%, 953.5%, 290.2%, 233.8%, 561.3%, and 531.6%, respectively, percentages far exceeding the expansion of Brazil's agricultural area. The primary reason for this sharp increase in herbicide sales was the worsening cases of weeds resistant and tolerant to glyphosate, with species such as Conyza spp., Amaranthus spp., Digitaria insularis, and Eleusine indica standing out. This situation created the necessity of the use of additional herbicides to achieve effective chemical control of these weed species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leafminer, Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an extremely invasive pest and is threatening tomato production worldwide. Several strategies have been developed and implemented for managing P. absoluta. Effective pest control strategies based on integrated pest management (IPM) schemes include different cultural practices and techniques. This study seeks to (a) examine the perspectives, attitudes, and opinions of greenhouse tomato producers in Greece regarding different methods of P. absoluta management and (b) to determine whether the perceived damage caused by P. absoluta could be predicted by the implementation of various control management strategies. A questionnaire was employed to ascertain the views and beliefs of the participants. The questionnaire comprised five-point Likert scale questions. Principal component analysis (PCA) and binary logistic regression analysis were applied to examine the relationship between the reported perceived insect damage and the utilization of control techniques. The study findings indicate that greater adoption of alternative control methods and higher levels of adherence to preventive measures against P. absoluta are associated with a perception of reduced levels of damage. Conversely, individuals with a strong reliance on pesticides use are more likely to perceive a higher level of damage. Ultimately, as tomato growers are trying to deal with P. absoluta, more education and research on other alternatives could help the reduction of chemical use, promoting more environmentally friendly practices. The findings highlight integrated pest management over pesticides for sustainable tomato production. This can guide future research and extension efforts to develop tailored P. absoluta management approaches for Greek greenhouse growers and similar environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical control is the most common method used to control Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). This study compared the application of the five most widely used insecticides in the management of A. pistaciae which has resulted in significant yield losses, in Siirt (Kurtalan) and Şanlıurfa (Birecik) in 2023. Active ingredients spinetoram, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, sulfoxaflor, and spirotetramat were examined in the study. The study was designed with four replications, and its characters were formed by the insecticides registered concentration and the control. The plots measured 3 x 3 = 9 trees. Nymph and adult counts were conducted from the middle trees before, as well as 7, 14, and 21 days after application following the application of the spray. The Henderson-Tilton formula was used to analyze the counting data for nymph or adult counts in each plot of leaf samples. All registered active ingredients effected the A. pistaciae above %80 all count days. Among the active ingredients the biological efficacy of spirotetramat was the highest compared to other insecticides. These active ingredients can be used to control A. pistaciae, with consideration given to the pest's potential resistance to insecticides and the impact of the ingredients on natural enemies.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an increasingly important source of food, rural employment, and financial income, contributing to the social stabilization of rural areas, especially in developing countries. However, this crop is very sensitive to diseases, which drastically affect yield, in addition to increasing production costs for their control and the risk of environmental contamination. This study evaluated the control of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in potato cv. Ágata based on the Blitecast disease forecast system and tuber yield in two growing seasons. The experiments were conducted in the spring of 2022 and autumn of 2023 in the municipality of Passo Fundo. Different accumulated severity values (SV) were calculated by the Blitecast model, which constituted the treatments SV 18, SV 24 and SV 30, in addition to a weekly treatment and a control without application. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four replications, in which each plot had five rows of plants measuring 3 m in length. Late blight severity and the final tuber yield were evaluated. The use of the Blitecast forecast system to control potato late blight allows for a reduction in the number of fungicide applications without affecting the final tuber yield. The forecast system should be used as a tool for the integrated management of potato diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kanzawa spider mites Tetranychus kanzawai, are among the most widespread and serious pests that infest economically important crops such as cassava. It is important to screen the toxicity of the available agrochemicals with acaricidal effects because chemical control remains an integral part in the management of these pests. This study presents the results of laboratory-based experiments that examined how T. kanzawai responded to six acaricides, namely abamectin, emamectin benzoate, fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, spirotetramat, and chlorfenapyr through leaf disk assay. Diluted concentrations of each of the six acaricides were prepared at 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000mg of active ingredient per liter of solution. The study revealed that among the six registered acaricides in the Philippines, fenpyroximate has the most potent toxic effects on the mites' eggs, but it shows lower toxicity towards the adults. Conversely, hexythiazox exhibits high toxicity to adults but, based on a previous study, does not surpass the toxicity of the biorational alternatives abamectin and emamectin benzoate. The results of this study contribute to greater evidence that some acaricides are ineffective against T. kanzawai. The study revealed that hexythiazox and fenpyroximate can alternatively be used in managing T. kanzawai. Considering cassava's importance as a vital root crop, educating farmers on the responsible use of these acaricides is vital for the effective management of T. kanzawai , thereby ensuring cassava crop yield preservation and food security. These efforts can contribute to the development of targeted and sustainable pest management strategies for T. kanzawai in cassava cultivation.

Chemical control methods to prevent crop damage have long been directly implicated in the selection of lepidoptera insect populations resistant to insecticides. More recently, new products featuring different modes of action (MoA), developed to mitigate the negative effects of control management on both producers and the environment, are rapidly losing efficacy due to the emergence of resistant insects. Among these, certain resistances are associated with molecular changes in the genomes of pest insects that are valuable for developing molecular markers for diagnostic tools, particularly the point mutations. Molecular diagnosis represents an innovative solution for insecticide resistance management (IRM) practices, allowing for the effective monitoring of insecticide resistance. This approach facilitates decision making by enabling the timely alternation between different modes of action (MoAs). In this context, this review focuses on the major lepidopteran pests that affect globally significant crops, discussing the impacts of insecticide resistance. It gathers literature on diagnostic methods; provides a comparative overview of the advantages of different techniques in terms of efficiency, cost, precision, sensitivity, and applicability; and highlights several novel diagnostic tools. Additionally, this review explores the coffee leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella, as an applied model to illustrate potential approaches for more effective and sustainable control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dicamba is a post-herbicide, showing some activity in soil, and its dynamics can be influenced by several factors, including the presence of straw. Brazil has more than 50% of its production area in a no-till system; thus, a good amount of the herbicide is intercepted by the straw. This study aimed to evaluate dicamba dynamics in straw and weed control efficacy when sprayed as a PRE herbicide. For this, five different studies were conducted: we utilized different straw amounts (1) and different drought periods (2) for straw sprayed with dicamba and dicamba + glyphosate to evaluate its release from straw, different straw amounts (3), different drought periods (4), and wet and dry straw (5) to evaluate pre-emergence weed control (Bidens pilosa and Ipomoea grandifolia) and dicamba availability in medium-texture soil. Around 80% of dicamba was released from the straw after 100 mm of rainfall. One day after dicamba application, 65–70% of dicamba was released from the straw with 20 mm of rainfall, while for 7 and 14 DAA, 60% was released. Dicamba was efficient in controlling the pre-emergence of both species studied, and the amount of straw did not interfere in weed control; however, dicamba was less available in the soil after rainfall when sprayed in the straw than when sprayed directly in the soil. Up to 80% of dicamba can be released from the straw after 100 mm of rainfall and weed control was efficient for the species studied; however, the carryover effect in sensitive crops might become an issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated pest management (IPM) uses a range of control strategies to diminish pest populations. Hence, the simultaneous utilisation of synthetic insecticides and biological control agents is desirable, although hindered by the possible impact of insecticides on non-target organisms. Plutella xylostella (L.) is a common target of several pesticides in Brassica crops. However, it can also be parasitised by Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff). This study examined the susceptibility of T. howardi to dry residue of cyantraniliprole and spinetoram on inert surfaces and treated kale (Brassica oleracea var. manteiga) leaf discs at field rates (FRs = 10 g a.i. ha−1 and 25 g a.i. ha−1, respectively), 50% of the FR, and at various time intervals (ranging from 2 h to 8 days after application). Survival of T. howardi remained unaffected by cyantraniliprole and spinetoram, regardless of the pesticide rate or spraying interval. Furthermore, the presence of cyantraniliprole and spinetoram in dry residue, when kale leaves were consumed by second-instar P. xylostella larvae at LC25 and LC50 levels, did not have any detrimental impact on the survival of the parasitoids. Similarly, the exposure of T. howardi to contaminated P. xylostella larvae did not have any impact on its ability to parasitise or on the emergence of the parasitoid. Given the minimal effect of cyantraniliprole and spinetoram on T. howardi, these control strategies appear to be suitable for incorporation into an integrated approach for the management of P. xylostella in Brassica crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) and Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) are major Plusiinae pests of soybean in the Southern Cone region of South America. In recent decades, C. includens was the main defoliator of soybean in Brazil, but from 2021 onwards, R. nu emerged as an important soybean pest in various regions of the country. Here, we characterize the differential susceptibility and resistance to insecticides in these Plusiinae pests from two soybean regions of Brazil. RESULTS: Except for spinetoram and chlorfenapyr (comparable lethality against both species) and a Bt‐based biopesticide (more lethal for C. includens), the tested insecticides showed higher lethality against R. nu than against C. includens, but populations of the same species, even separated by long distances, presented similar resistance levels. For both species, the 90% lethal concentration (LC90) values of most insecticides were higher than the field‐recommended dose. Nevertheless, the field‐recommended doses of spinetoram, metaflumizone, emamectin benzoate, cyclaniliprole and chlorfenapyr showed comparable control efficacy against both species, whereas indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, teflubenzuron and chlorfluazuron were more lethal for R. nu, and methoxyfenozide and the Bt‐based insecticide were more lethal for C. includens. Thiodicarb, methomyl and lambda‐cyhalothrin showed low lethality against both species. CONCLUSIONS: Large interspecific differences in the susceptibility to insecticides was found in major Plusiinae pests of soybean in Brazil. Furthermore, variations in susceptibility to insecticides occurred consistently among species and populations, regardless of the collection site and thus despite unequal temporal and spatial exposure to insecticides. These results demonstrate that accurate species identification is essential for effective control of Plusiinae in soybean. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clover seed weevil, Tychius picirostris Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a major pest in Oregon white clover seed crops. Reliance on synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and limited availability of diverse modes of action (MoAs) has increased insecticide resistance selection in regional T. picirostris populations, emphasizing the need to evaluate novel chemistries and rotational strategies for effective insecticide resistance management (IRM). The efficacy of 8 foliar insecticide formulations for managing T. picirostris adult and larval life stages was determined in small and large-plot field trials across 2 crop years. In both years, bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC), the grower's standard, showed negligible adult and larval suppression. Insecticide formulations with isocycloseram and cyantraniliprole active ingredients reduced adult and larval populations when applied at BBCH 59–60 (prebloom) and BBCH 65–66 (full bloom) growth stages, respectively. While differences in T. picirostris abundance were observed among insecticide treatments, seed yield differences were not detected in large-plot trials. Larval abundance was correlated with reduced seed yield, and an economic threshold of ≥3 larvae per 30 inflorescences was determined as a conservative larval threshold to justify foliar applications of diamide insecticides. Additional commercial white clover seed fields were surveyed to compare larval scouting techniques, including a standard Berlese funnel and a grower's do-it-yourself funnel. Both larval extraction techniques were correlated and provided similar estimates of larval abundance. These findings demonstrate new MoAs, optimal insecticide application timing, and larval monitoring methods that can be incorporated into an effective T. picirostris IRM program in white clover seed crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel species of Mucor was identified as the causal agent of a brown rot of Prunus domestica (European plum), widely grown in the south of Xinjiang, China. This disease first appears as red spots after the onset of the fruits. With favorable environmental conditions, fruit with infected spots turn brown, sag, expand, wrinkle, and harden, resulting in fruit falling. Fungal species were isolated from infected fruits. A phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene regions strongly supported that these isolates made a distinct evolutionary lineage in Mucor (Mucoromycetes, Mucoraceae) that represents a new taxonomic species, herein named as Mucor xinjiangensis. Microscopic characters confirmed that these strains were morphologically distinct from known Mucor species. The pathogenicity of M. xinjiangensis was confirmed by attaching an agar disk containing mycelium on fruits and re-isolation of the pathogen from symptomatic tissues. Later, fourteen fungicides were selected to determine the inhibitory effect on the pathogen. Further, results showed that difenoconazole had the best effect on the pathogen and the strongest toxicity with the smallest half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value, followed by a compound fungicide composed of difenoconazole with azoxystrobin, mancozeb, prochloraz with iprodione, pyraclostrobin with tebuconazole, and trifloxystrobin with tebuconazole and ethhylicin. Present study provides the basis for the prevention and control of the novel plum disease and its pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug, is an invasive insect pest that in the last two decades became a major problem for several agricultural commodities, including kiwifruit. Its management relies on integrating different control methods, including board-spectrum insecticides. Nevertheless, chemical control measures may not achieve satisfactory results and there is still margin for improvement, considering for instance the optimization of the spray technique. This problem is even more relevant in kiwifruit due to its peculiar training system, which reduce fruit exposure to insecticide sprays. In this study, two spray techniques were tested to maximize the insecticides efficacy in controlling H. halys in both yellow- and green-flesh kiwifruit cultivars ('Jintao' and 'Hayward'). The effects of a conventional ray atomizer and a trumpet-modified atomizer, which localizes insecticide applications in the fruit area, were assessed on H. halys mortality (with artificial infestations) and fruit damage (due to H. halys naturally occurring in the orchards). The localized spray technique resulted in an overall significantly higher H. halys mortality in 'Hayward', but not in 'Jintao' cultivar. This is likely due to differences in the canopy size and structure of these cultivars. However, the fruit injury level was not different between the spray techniques. Further investigations in this direction are needed also to assess the efficiency of localized spray technique in reducing the insecticide rates, in accordance with European strategies that foreseen restrictions in the authorized active substances usage. Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) cultivation is expanding worldwide, with China, New Zealand, and Italy being the major producing countries. Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug, is raising serious concerns to kiwifruit cultivation both in China and Italy. This study aimed at improving the chemical control efficacy against this pest by comparing two insecticide spray techniques (a conventional ray atomizer and a trumpet-modified atomizer adapted for localized spray application) in kiwifruit. In fact, kiwifruit is often grown with a 'pergola' training system, which may reduce the effectiveness of insecticide penetration into the canopy. Experiments were performed in naturally infested orchards of both Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis 'Jintao' and A. chinensis var. deliciosa 'Hayward'. Furthermore, mesh cages containing H. halys adults were deployed within orchards to assess the insects' mortality at 1, 3, 7, and 10 days after an insecticide application with two spray techniques during two consecutive seasons. In the cultivar 'Jintao', the two systems performed similarly, while in the cultivar 'Hayward', an overall significantly higher insect mortality was recorded with the trumpet atomizer (94–100%) compared to the conventional atomizer (59–78%). Crop damage was also evaluated on both cultivars, simulating the grower insecticide applications with the two spray techniques. At harvest, no difference emerged between the spray techniques, which provided a significantly better protection compared to the untreated control (12–17% compared to 33–47% of injured fruits). Further investigations in this direction are needed also considering the restriction of insecticidal active substances ongoing in the European Union and the need to maximize the efficacy of the available tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peach leaf curl disease, caused by Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul., is one of the most serious peach diseases, causing quantitative and qualitative damage to crops across Iran each year. In current study, the efficacy of two new fungicides, Badge®WG280 and Barzidox® WP85%, was evaluated in controlling peach leaf curl disease. The experiment was conducted in Golestan, Semnan and North Khorasan using a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and four replications. Treatments included 0.75, 1, and 1.2 ml l-1 of Badge®WG280 (copper hydroxid+copper oxychloride), 2, 4, and 6 g.l-1 of Barzidox®WP85% (copperoxychloride), 2.5 ml l-1 of Nordox®WG75% (copperoxide(, 3 g l-1 of Captan, and controls (with and without water spraying). Treatments were applied at three physiological stages (the first in autumn after the leaves had fallen, the second at the end of March before the bud had swollen, and the third after the petals had dropped). Disease incidence and severity percentage were determined. Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare the mean disease severity and incidence percentages. The results showed that 6g l-1 of Barzidox® had the highest efficacy in reducing disease severity compared to the control in Golestan and Semnan provinces, with 81% and 80% respectively. Furthermore, the best performance of two indicator fungicides, Nordox® and Captan were 73% and 72% in Golestan province and 67% and 68%, in Semnan province, respectively. According to the results, it is concluded that 1.2ml.l-1 of Badge® and 4g.l-1 of Barzidox® have the best efficiency in controlling the peach leaf curl disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the research conducted in different countries, it became known that the use of resistant varieties is the basis of the measures taken to reduce the use of pesticides in the fight against diseases and pests. However, it should also be noted that most of the fruit varieties currently produced according to market requirements are sensitive to various pests and diseases or are included in the group of unsustainable varieties. This research work was conducted in Guba, Khachmaz and Gusar regions in order to determine the application of pesticides against diseases and pests of apple and pear producers and their consequences in 2018-2019. An empiric social survey consisting of 10 questions was conducted among 100 randomly selected farmers and the obtained results were evaluated as a percentage. According to the results of the survey conducted with farmers, it was determined that they use excessive pesticides against diseases and pests of apple and pear plants. It was found that most of the farmers sprayed more medication of sprays predicted by the early warning system to scab disease (Venturia inaequalis Wint. and Venturia pyrina Aderh.). Manufacturers have doubts about the bioeffectiveness of the drugs they use and the biggest reason for these doubts is that diseases and pests show resistance to pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of cyanobacterial bloom, among other things, is chronic and periodic pollution, which is mainly caused by phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as high temperatures and direct sunlight. To carry out this experiment, in order to obtain blooming cyanobacteria in the warm water pond fish, water samples were taken from 5 farms and after purification, mass culture of 4 species of cyanobacteria that had the highest density was prepared. Then kaolin with a concentration of 0.5 g/liter and separately with two sizes of 50 and 100 micrometers was added to the pure culture of any cyanobacteria species using a 1-meter column. The amount of reduction of cyanobacteria was checked by counting by Neubauer chamber at 0, 3, 9 and 24 hours after adding to it. The results showed the decrease in the number of cyanobacteria Chroococcus sp. For kaolin with two sizes of 100 and 50 micrometers, it was 24.4 and 39%, respectively. This rate was 25.8 and 15.5% for the cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa sp. Also, for cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp., 23.5 and 35.3% were calculated and finally for cyanobacterium Microcystis sp., 29.4 and 33.3% were calculated. The results of this research showed that the separate use of two sizes of kaolin, 100 and 50 micrometers, is effective for the immediate control of cyanobacterial bloom, and also, comparing the two sizes of kaolin, kaolinite with the size of 50 micrometers had better operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Phytophthora capsici is a destructive oomycete pathogen, causing huge economic losses for agricultural production. The genus Trichoderma represents one of the most extensively researched categories of biocontrol agents, encompassing a diverse array of effective strains. The commercial biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum strain T‐22 exhibits pronounced biocontrol effects against many plant pathogens, but its activity against P. capsici is not known. RESULTS: T. harzianum T‐22 significantly inhibited the growth of P. capsici mycelia and the culture filtrate of T‐22 induced lysis of P. capsici zoospores. Electron microscopic analyses indicated that T‐22 significantly modulated the ultrastructural composition of P. capsici, with a severe impact on the cell wall integrity. Dual RNA sequencing revealed multiple biological processes involved in the inhibition during the interaction between these two microorganisms. In particular, a marked upregulation of genes was identified in T. harzianum that are implicated in cell wall degradation or disruption. Concurrently, the presence of T. harzianum appeared to potentiate the susceptibility of P. capsici to cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors such as mandipropamid and dimethomorph. Further investigations showed that mandipropamid and dimethomorph could strongly inhibit the growth and development of P. capsici but had no impact on T. harzianum even at high concentrations, demonstrating the feasibility of combining T. harzianum and these cell wall synthesis inhibitors to combat P. capsici. CONCLUSION: These findings provided enhanced insights into the biocontrol mechanisms against P. capsici with T. harzianum and evidenced compatibility between specific biological and chemical control strategies. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In mid-2019, fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (FAW), a highly destructive and polyphagous pest was first discovered in Egypt. It is now a candidate to be a major economic threat to crop production. This study is the first report of this pest at Sharqia Governorate, northern-east Egypt. The available chemical control that is reviewed and reported which is mostly the first assessment in Egypt regarding the extreme shortage in any local data Research Method: Compare the morphological features and description of the detected insect stages with the ideal published data. Through leaf dip bioassay in second instar larvae; the lethal concentrations (LC values) of various conventional and newer insecticides were detected in FAW. Four different insecticides (indoxacarb, methomyl, chlorpyrifos, and metaflumizone were evaluated against both strains (laboratory and field) of FAW. Findings: Generally, the field strain showed resistance to the tested insecticides as compared to the laboratory one; however, indoxacarb (sodium channel blocker) was recorded as the most toxicant one, recording the lowest LC50 and LC90 values (48.79 and 208.47%) for field strain and (16.47 and 103.78%) for laboratory one, respectively. The field strain’s observed insecticide resistance was attributed to resistance mechanisms including a noteworthy rise in the activities of detoxification enzymes. indoxacarb showed the lowest resistance significant values in the field strain as compared to laboratory one. We can conclude that sodium channel blocker i.e. indoxicarb is a promising choice in IPM strategies of FAW in Egypt. Research Limitations: More field studies are required to examine the tested insecticides on different plant species to confirm their effectiveness under field circumstances and to make conclusive recommendations. Originality / Value: Findings can confirm the presence of the invasive FAW in this specific area, register it for the first time, and provide detailed descriptions, also the candidate insecticides proved to be promising control agents to combat FAW larvae under local efforts and domestic circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boxwood, valued at over $140.9 million annually in the United States, faces a significant threat from boxwood blight disease. This study evaluated 24 treatment combinations involving three fungicides (Daconil Weatherstik, Postiva, and F6123-1), a disinfectant/fungicide (KleenGrow), a host-plant defense inducer (Actigard), and an anti-transpirant (Vapor Gard) for managing boxwood blight. Preventive applications were performed 24 h before pathogen inoculation, while curative treatments were applied at 14-d intervals, starting 14 d after inoculation. The disease severity (0% to 100% plant affected), area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), plant growth, defoliation (0% to 100%), and stem water potential (MPa) were assessed. All the applications significantly reduced disease severity and AUDPC compared with the non-treated, inoculated control. Preventative applications of Actigard alternated (alt.) with Vapor Gard and Actigard alone consistently reduced the disease progression, while Actigard alt. with Vapor Gard reduced the disease severity. Curative application of the low rate of Postiva exhibited the highest disease suppression, comparable to applications of F6123-1 alt. with Vapor Gard and the high rate of Postiva alt. with Vapor Gard. The preventative and curative application of the high rate of Postiva alt. with Vapor Gard was the most effective in reducing disease severity and slowing disease progression. Preventive and curative application of Daconil Weatherstik, KleenGrow, and Daconil Weatherstik alt. with KleenGrow were also effective. None of the preventive treatments significantly reduced defoliation. However, curative applications of F6123-1 alt. with Vapor Gard and preventive and curative treatments of the high rate of Postiva alt. with Vapor Gard consistently reduced the defoliation. Preventive application of Actigard alt. with Vapor Gard, curative application of the low rate of Postiva alt. Vapor Gard, and preventive and curative treatments of the high rate of Postiva alt. Vapor Gard, as well as Vapor Gard alone, resulted in the highest stem water potential among treated plants. A weak positive correlation was observed between stem water potential and disease development. The identified combinations and application strategies provide options for effective boxwood blight management when combined with other management strategies.

Peniophora salaccae (Russulales, Basidiomycota), a newly identified pathogen of Salacca zalacca, is a major cause of snake fruit rot, resulting in significant agricultural losses. This study evaluates the efficacy of chemical fungicides and biological controls against P. salaccae SKRU002, focusing on disease suppression and fruit quality preservation. Commercial fungicides (propiconazole®, prochloraz®, metalaxyl®, azoxystrobin®, thiram®) and Streptomyces philanthi strains RM-1-138 and RL-1-178 were tested. In vitro, prochloraz® (1000 μL mL−1) fully inhibited P. salaccae growth, outperforming other fungicides. Both S. philanthi strains exhibited strong antifungal activity through volatile and non-volatile compounds. Additionally, autoclaved (at 121 °C for 15 min) and diluted (1/1000) bacterial culture filtrates (BCF) from both strains achieved over 55 % inhibition of P. salaccae. In liquid culture, RM-1-138 (86.80 %) and RL-1-178 (80.86 %) demonstrated greater inhibition than metalaxyl® (9.34 %) and azoxystrobin® (56.84 %), though prochloraz® and propiconazole® remained the most effective (100 %). In vivo, untreated fruits inoculated with P. salaccae showed 100 % disease incidence, significant weight loss (13.28 %), color changes (L∗, a∗, and b∗), and reductions in total soluble solids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity, while titratable acidity remained unchanged. Both biological and chemical treatments effectively controlled the pathogen and preserved fruit quality. These findings highlight the potential of S. philanthi strains and fungicides in managing P. salaccae, offering promising strategies for snake fruit cultivation.

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), es una plaga importante de los cítricos que transmite la bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.), responsable de la enfermedad enverdecimiento de los cítricos. El control químico de esta plaga es el método más utilizado por los citricultores de México. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la efectividad biológica de imidacloprid en el control de Diaphorina citri en el cultivo de naranja (Citrus sinensis L.) en el estado de San Luis Potosí, México. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar, con 20 unidades experimentales con una superficie total de 1960 m2, se realizaron dos aplicaciones a intervalos de siete días de las tres dosis de imidacloprid, 30, 40 y 50 mL por 100 L de agua y se comparó con un testigo comercial tiametoxam (3 g/árbol), más un testigo sin aplicar. Los datos fueron analizados con la prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey (α = 0,05), empleando el paquete de análisis estadístico SAS. Todas las dosis de imidacloprid fueron efectivas en el control de ninfas y adultos de Diaphorina citri, sin diferencias estadísticas con el testigo regional tiametoxam (3 g/árbol). Imidacloprid alcanzó eficacias de control de ninfas de 93,83% y del 88,8% en adultos, las mejores dosis fueron 40 y 50 mL / 100 L de agua.

Mexico is the 8th largest producer of tomatoes. Meloidogyne enterolobii is reported in Sinaloa, affecting tomato cultivars with genetic resistance to Meloidogyne spp. We aimed to evaluate field applications of fluopyram, fluensulfone, and fluazaindolizine treatments for managing M. enterolobii on tomatoes. Experiments were set on raised beds in a shade house. Nematicides were applied via drip irrigation. Under fluopyram treatment, M. enterolobii did not reduce the number of extra-large-size fruits. The number of large-size fruits with fluopyram and fluazaindolizine plus fluopyram treatments was also unaffected by M. enterolobii. Yield from the treatments fluopyram, fluazaindolizine plus fluopyram, and fluensulfone plus fluopyram was similar to the control treatment without M. enterolobii. Finally, fluazaindolizine plus fluopyram, fluopyram, and fluensulfone plus fluopyram treatments showed the highest reduction of root galling. We conclude that the fluopyram was more effective as an individual treatment. Pre-plant applications of fluensulfone and fluazaindolizine reduced the damage to the plant and the loss of yield; however, the complementary application of fluorinated nematicides improved the management of M. enterolobii in the tomato crop.

In the production of grafted vines, losses are caused by fungal pathogens during callus forming or after planting in the soil. To control or reduce natural soil-born fungal infections in nurseries, certain applications were conducted in the sapling cultivation stage to analyse the efficacy of cyprodinil + fludioxonil, fluopyram + tebuconazole active substances, and Trichoderma harzianum biological preparation: 1103 Paulsen rootstock and Vitis viniferea L. cv. In the study, Sultana cultivars were stored in fungicide suspensions for 60 min before and after grafting. After grafting, the saplings were divided into (i) cutting + sawdust (ii) cutting + sawdust + soil application groups and transferred to the callus room. After nine months in the nursery, the plants were uprooted, classified as diseased or healthy, and analysed for morphological and molecular diagnosis of fungal species, isolation incidence, and sapling quality and yield. Boeremia exigua var. exigua was isolated for the first time from cuttings during grapevine sapling production and was first registered in NCBI Genbank. After callus development, Fusarium solani was most frequently isolated pathogen in the roots (21.5%); cyprodinil + fludioxonil reduced the Ilyonectria sp. isolation rate in both shoots and roots. Botryosphaeria dothidae and I. liriodendri pathogens were not detected in disease and healthy cyprodinil + fludioxonil treated saplings. The highest sapling yield was observed in fludioxonil + cyprodinil, cutting + sawdust + soil (78.75%) and cutting + sawdust (70.63%) applications.

The almond tree, following the olive tree, holds the distinction of being the fruit species occupying the largest area in Morocco, spanning 128,000 ha and hosting 16 million trees. This sector holds immense socio-economic significance both nationally and globally. Despite its prominence, the almond tree faces severe phytosanitary challenges, prominently among them, the False tiger bug of the almond tree, Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey [Hemiptera: Tingidae]). This polyphagous, sedentary, and gregarious hemipteran, boasting five larval instars and typically generating four generations annually, exhibits a life cycle duration ranging from 2 to 3 months contingent on the season. This pest inflicts notable harm on almond tree leaves by extracting their chlorophyll content through its piercing mouthparts and depositing excrement, impeding respiratory function and adversely impacting fruit development, maturation, and overall production. Diverse control strategies have been implemented to tackle this issue, commencing with prophylaxis involving resistant varieties and sound agricultural practices. Subsequently, biological control methods leveraging natural enemies such as Piocoris luridus and species from families including Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, Lygaeidae, Miridae, and Nabidae have been employed. Plant-based biopesticides such as azadirachtin (Azadirachta indica), thyme oil (Thymus zygis), Jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas), and concentrated extracts of Artemisia absinthium, as well as mineral-based approaches involving treated kaolin sprays through particle film technology, contribute to the arsenal of control measures. In cases of severe infestations, synthetic active ingredients such as organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, abamectin, and deltamethrin, among others, have proven efficacy in managing this pest.

Chagas disease is considered one of the most important human parasitosis in the United States. This disease is mainly transmitted by insects of the subfamily Triatominae. The chemical vector control is the main tool for reducing the incidence of the disease. However, the presence of triatomines after pyrethroids spraying has been reported in some regions, as in the case of Triatoma infestans in Argentina and Bolivia. The presence of insects can be explained by the colonization from neighbouring areas, the reduction of insecticide dose to sublethal levels due to environmental factors, and/or by the evolution of insecticide resistance. In the last two scenarios, a proportion of the insects is not killed by insecticide and gives rise to residual populations. This article focuses on the toxicological processes associated with these scenarios in triatomines. Sublethal doses may have different effects on insect biology, that is, sublethal effects, which may contribute to the control. In addition, for insect disease vectors, sublethal doses could have negative effects on disease transmission. The study of sublethal effects in triatomines has focused primarily on the sequence of symptoms associated with nervous intoxication. However, the effects of sublethal doses on excretion, reproduction and morphology have also been studied. Rhodnius prolixus and T. infestans and pyrethroids insecticides were the triatomine species and insecticides, respectively, mainly studied. Insecticide resistance is an evolutionary phenomenon in which the insecticide acts as a selective force, concentrating on the insect population's pre‐existing traits that confer resistance. This leads to a reduction in the susceptibility to the insecticide, which was previously effective in controlling this species. The evolution of resistance in triatomines received little attention before the 2000s, but after the detection of the first focus of resistance associated with chemical control failures in T. infestans from Argentina in 2002, the study of resistance increased remarkably. A significant number of works have studied the geographical distribution, the resistance mechanisms, the biological modifications associated with resistance, the environmental influences and the genetic of T. infestans resistant to pyrethroid insecticides. Currently, studies of insecticide resistance are gradually being extended to other areas and other species. The aim of this article was to review the knowledge on both phenomena (sublethal effects and insecticide resistance) in triatomines. For a better understanding of this article, some concepts and processes related to insect‐insecticide interactions, individual and population toxicology and evolutionary biology are briefly reviewed. Finally, possible future lines of research in triatomine toxicology are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet viburnum (Viburnum odoratissimum Ker-Gawl.) is a widely used ornamental plant, which has dense branches and leaves, and fast spreading and evergreen habit. In October 2022, leaf spot symptoms were observed in a hedge of sweet viburnum in Yuanshi Garden, Ningbo, China. Fungi were isolated from symptomatic leaves, and were identified using morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (act), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), and were evaluated in pathogenicity tests. The causal agent of sweet viburnum leaf spot was identified to be Phyllosticta capitalensis. Effects of seven fungicides on P. capitalensis were assessed in vitro. Fungicide EC50s (mg L-1) against P. capitalensis were: 270.77 for 75% chlorothalonil (WP); 0.02 for 250 g L-1 azoxystrobin SC; 0.27 for 10% difenconazole WDG; 0.02 for 75% trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole WDG, 9.03 for 35% fluopyram + tebuconazole SC, 5.90 for 500 g L-1 fluazinam SC, and 89.11 for 10% prothioconazole SC. Among these, azoxystrobin SC and trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole WDG could be used for control of viburnum leaf spot. This is the first report of P. capitalensis causing leaf spot of sweet viburnum, and this study provides guidance for chemical management sweet viburnum leaf spot, and on other host plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following commercial use of plant essential oils in pest control, their slow-release formulations have been developed in order to increase their effectiveness and solve their instability problem. In the present study, at first, lethal effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oils as emulsions and nano-capsules on the tomato leaf-miner was determined by the leaf-dipping method. Mortality of different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 percent) recorded at 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment. Then, negative effects of these essential oils on life table parameters were evaluated at 10% concentration. The results of the toxic effects of these essential oils at the selected concentration showed a significant increase in the larval duration in both treatments compared to that of control. The longest larval duration was observed in nano-capsule formulation of rosemary (9.24 ± 0.15 day) and the lowest larval duration was observed in the control (7.78 ± 0.16 day). However, the nano-capsule formulations of essential oils had no effect on the adult longevity, but peppermint nano-capsule significantly decreased the ovipositional period compared to that of control and rosemary nano-capsule. Fertility and survival rates were also significantly decreased in females treated with rosemary nano-capsule. In general, rosemary essential oil has the ability to use in integrated pest management programs because of a reasonable reduction in the pest developmental parameters, higher inhibition effect on adult female oviposition, and lower damages to plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alligatorweed [Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.; Amaranthaceae] is a globally problematic, aquatic invasive weed with a long history as a target for control efforts. Although chemical and biological control methods have been widely studied to manage alligatorweed infestations, many research questions remain unanswered. This paper seeks to assess the efficacy of two understudied alligatorweed control methods: submersed herbicide applications and biological control with alligatorweed thrips (Amynothrips andersoni O'Neill 1968; Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). These assessments were carried out in mesocosm experiments, in two stages. The first stage tested five herbicides applied as submersed injections at two different rates, and the second tested the same five herbicides alone and in combination with alligatorweed thrips biological control. The submersed herbicides used in this study were penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, imazamox, fluridone, and topramezone. The control effect of these treatments was measured as percent biomass reduction 12 weeks after treatment. These data showed that, with the exception of bispyribac-sodium, submersed herbicide application was generally successful at reducing alligatorweed biomass. Also, thrips biological control was broadly effective at reducing alligatorweed biomass. However, these data did not identify a specific herbicide whose control was significantly benefitted by thrips biological control at the rates these herbicides were applied. While the results of this study show promise for combining submersed herbicides and alligatorweed thrips for integrated alligatorweed management, questions remain regarding this combined control strategy including whether or not these results translate to the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic is one of the most popular spices in the world and the second most widely cultivated Allium species next to the onion. Garlic production is reduced due to many biotic and abiotic factors, among which white rot disease caused by Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel causes severe yield losses. The study was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of chemical fungicides and garlic varieties on the epidemic development of white rot disease. The experiment was conducted at Chefanen Kebele using three garlic varieties and three chemicals during the 2019 and 2020 seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates. The application of Apron Star 42, a commercial fungicide containing Thiametoxam 20%, Metalaxyl-M 20% and Difenconazole 2%, significantly reduced the white rot disease on all varieties as compared to the untreated local variety. Bishoftu Nech and MM-98 varieties exhibited fast emergence as compared to the local variety, consequently increasing the yield and yield components of garlic. The application of Apron Star 42, significantly increased yield parameters compared to the untreated control. The significant effect and the negative correlations of days to maturity, growth parameters, yield, and yield components with disease parameters indicated that the white rot disease had a very crucial impact on garlic yield. Application of Apron Star 42 to improved garlic varieties is recommended to reduce the severity of white rot infections and to increase garlic production in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most strawberry growers in Brazil use imported transplants due to their higher quality in terms of plant health and productivity. However, there is a risk of entry of quiescently infecting pathogens such as Botrytis species and/or isolates resistant to different fungicides. In this work, we investigated the incidence of Botrytis in imported transplants, and identified the species. In addition, isolates were characterized for their pathogenicity in fruit and sensitivity to seven fungicides (procymidone, fludioxonil, iprodione, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, boscalid and fluazinam). The average incidence of Botrytis spp. in transplants imported from Chile, Argentina, and Spain was 43.5%. A total of 79 isolates were identified molecularly as B. cinerea and the pathogenicity in fruit was confirmed for a subsample of 14 isolates. To evaluate sensitivity to fungicides, the following discriminatory doses were used: procymidone (P) (10 µg/mL), fludioxonil (F) (0.5 µg/mL), iprodione (I) (10 µg/mL), cyprodinil (C) (10 µg/mL), pyrimethanil (PY) (10 µg/mL), boscalid (B) (50 µg/mL) and fluazinam (FL) (1 µg/mL). As a result, 24 resistant phenotypes were identified with the most frequent being the phenotype with resistance to three fungicides (C-PY-B). The isolates with low sensitivity to cyprodinil and pyrimethanil fungicides, which are not yet widely used in Brazil, represent a risk for strawberry production and should be considered in disease management and future fungicide monitoring programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most field corn in the United States receives a neonicotinoid seed treatment for the management of early-season, soil-dwelling insect pests. Grubs of Maladera formosae (Brenske) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) have been reported feeding on young field corn with both low and high rates of clothianidin seed treatments in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. Anecdotally, these infestations are restricted to sandy soils in the region. The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate whether grub populations in corn are restricted to sandy soils, (2) assess whether soil type influences M. formosae survival, and (3) determine whether soil type affects clothianidin uptake by the plant, possibly explaining the observed differences in M. formosae abundance by soil type. We observed nearly 10-times more grubs in sand (>80% sand content) than loam (<80% sand content) soil within a single corn field. Grub survival to adult was not influenced by soil type. We then compared the concentrations of clothianidin seed treatment in the roots and shoots of corn seedlings grown in either sand or loam soil over time. Similar amounts of the active ingredient were found in the roots and shoots of corn grown in both soil types. Within 2 week, the clothianidin concentrations in both soil types had significantly declined in roots and shoots and were no different from the no-insecticide control. These findings suggest that factors other than insecticide exposure contribute to the higher abundance of M. formosae larvae in sand relative to loam soils, even within the same field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological control agent Bacillus subtilis formulated as Theia is registered for control of fungal and bacterial diseases of fruit crops. Combinations of Theia and strategic concentrations of two demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides were investigated to explore potential synergisms. Bacteria were cultured in nutrient broth and combined with technical grades and two formulations of propiconazole (emulsifiable concentrate [EC] and wettable powder) and metconazole (EC and water-dispersible granule) at 0, IO, 50, 100, and 150 ug/ml of active ingredient. After cocultivation, the optical density (OD«x)) and colony forming units (CFU/ml) were evaluated. In contrast to EC formulations, the wettable powder or water-dispersible granule formulations at 10 or 50 pg/ml of both DMIs did not affect vegetative cell growth. The mixture of Theia and each formulated DMI at 50 ug/ml of active ingredient resulted in a significant reduction of Moniliniafructicola lesion development on apple, Colletotrichum siamense lesion development on cherry, and Botrytis cinerea lesion development on cherry. The combination of Theia with EC formulations showed weaker disease reduction due to antagonism. Only Theia plus non-EC formulated propiconazole and metconazole significantly reduced brown rot disease incidence of apple compared with the respective solo treatments and anthracnose disease incidence of cherry compared with the untreated control. Our results indicated that at least some DMI fungicides possess bactericidal effects depending on the formulation and concentration. The combination of Theia with a lower-than-label-rateconcentration (50 ug/ml) of the DMI fungicides propiconazole and metconazole showed potential for synergistic effects, especially when non-EC formulations were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]