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Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Evaluation of the effect of adhesive mode and CHX application on microtensile bond strength of the universal adhesive to caries-affected dentin. Material and methods: Twenty human permanent molars with simple occlusal caries were collected. Teeth were randomly divided into two main equal groups according to adhesive mode (Etch and rinse {ER} or Self etch {SE}). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to CHX pretreatment with four subgroups obtained; A1: ER, A2: ER+CHX, B1: SE and B2: SE+CHX. Occlusal enamel was trimmed to obtain flat dentin surface composed of CAD surrounded by sound dentin. Universal adhesive was applied according to adhesive mode and CHX application followed by composite resin build-up. Specimens were stored in 5% citric acid for 3 months then subjected to 5000 cycles of thermocycling. Then, all specimens were sectioned into slabs and then bars with cross-section 0.9 ± 0.01 mm². Bars with CAD were selected for µTBS test until failure. Failure modes analysis was determined using stereomicroscope. Results: Both adhesive modes with and without CHX application tested on CAD presented similar µTBS (P > 0.05). Subgroup A1 recorded the highest µTBS followed by Subgroup B1 which is statically nonsignificant (P = 0.112). No statistically significant difference was found when comparing the effect of CHX on bond strength for both Subgroups A2 and B2 when compared with control groups (A1 and B1). Predominance of adhesive/mixed failure was noticed for all subgroups. Conclusion: ER approach could not improve bonding performance of universal adhesives to CAD. CHX did not interfere with bond strength to CAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, diverse mouthrinses have been applied for medicinal purposes in the oral cavity. In view of the growing resistance of oral microorganisms against conventional antimicrobial agents e.g. chlorhexidine, the implementation of alternative treatments inspired by nature has lately gained increasing interest. The aim of the present study was to compare in vitro biofilm models with in situ biofilms in order to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of different natural mouthrinses. For the in vitro study a six-species supragingival biofilm model containing A. oris, V. dispar, C. albicans, F. nucleatum, S. mutans and S. oralis was used. Biofilms were grown anaerobically on hydroxyapatite discs and treated with natural mouthrinses Ratanhia, Trybol and Tebodont. 0.9% NaCl and 10% ethanol served as negative controls, while 0.2% CHX served as positive control. After 64h hours, biofilms were harvested and quantified by cultural analysis CFU. For the in situ study, individual test splints were manufactured for the participants. After 2h and 72h the biofilm-covered samples were removed and treated with the mouthrinses and controls mentioned above. The biofilms were quantified by CFU and stained for vitality under the confocal laser scanning microscope. In the in vitro study, 0.2% CHX yielded the highest antimicrobial effect. Among all mouthrinses, Tebodont (4.708 ± 1.294 log10 CFU, median 5.279, p<0.0001) compared with 0.9% NaCl showed the highest antimicrobial potential. After 72h there was no significant reduction in CFU after 0.2% CHX treatment. Only Trybol showed a statistically significant reduction of aerobic growth of microorganisms in situ (5.331 ± 0.7350 log10 CFU, median 5.579, p<0.0209). After treatment with the positive control 0.2% CHX, a significant percentage of non-vital bacteria (42.006 ± 12.173 log10 CFU, median 42.150) was detected. To sum up, a less pronounced effect of all mouthrinses was shown for the in situ biofilms compared to the in vitro biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study compared the antiplaque effects of two herbal mouthwashes containing Salvadora persica and Azadirachta indica, respectively, with two synthetic mouthwashes containing either chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium.Materials and Methods: In this triple-blind, randomised controlled trial, 100 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment underwent scaling and polishing at baseline to obtain a plaque score of zero. In the first phase, they were given oral hygiene instructions and were provided with a standard toothpaste to be used twice daily for a period of three weeks. In the second phase, following scaling and polishing, they were randomly allocated to 4 groups according to 4 different types of mouthwash (A: chlorhexidine; B = cetylpyridinium; C = extracts of Salvadora persica miswak; D: extract of Azadirachta indica miswak) along with previously taught toothbrushing protocol for three more weeks. Plaque accumulation was scored three times according to the Modified Bonded Bracket Plaque Index: at the start, after the toothbrush-toothpaste trial, and at the end of mouthwash trial. The paired t-test was used to compare the pre-plaque and post-plaque indices in all groups. Analysis of mean differences of post-plaque indices between and within groups was performed using the post-hoc Tukey test. Qualitative variables were compared by Crosstab.Results: Eighty participants completed the study - 63 females and 17 males. There was a statistically significant decrease in mean plaque scores after using mouthwashes in all four groups at follow-up when compared to the baseline plaque score (p = 0.001). The greatest reduction of plaque score was found in group C (extract of Salvadora persica) when compared with group A, chlorhexidine (p = 0.016).Conclusion: Compared to other mouthwashes, Salvadora persica miswak-based mouthwash showed a maximum reduction in the plaque scores among orthodontic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, diverse mouthrinses have been applied for medicinal purposes in the oral cavity. In view of the growing resistance of oral microorganisms against conventional antimicrobial agents e.g. chlorhexidine, the implementation of alternative treatments inspired by nature has lately gained increasing interest. The aim of the present study was to compare in vitro biofilm models with in situ biofilms in order to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of different natural mouthrinses. For the in vitro study a six-species supragingival biofilm model containing A. oris, V. dispar, C. albicans, F. nucleatum, S. mutans and S. oralis was used. Biofilms were grown anaerobically on hydroxyapatite discs and treated with natural mouthrinses Ratanhia, Trybol and Tebodont. 0.9% NaCl and 10% ethanol served as negative controls, while 0.2% CHX served as positive control. After 64h hours, biofilms were harvested and quantified by cultural analysis CFU. For the in situ study, individual test splints were manufactured for the participants. After 2h and 72h the biofilm-covered samples were removed and treated with the mouthrinses and controls mentioned above. The biofilms were quantified by CFU and stained for vitality under the confocal laser scanning microscope. In the in vitro study, 0.2% CHX yielded the highest antimicrobial effect. Among all mouthrinses, Tebodont (4.708 ± 1.294 log10 CFU, median 5.279, p

The purpose the research was to create a nano hybrid from Chlorhexidine antiseptic and evaluation of its inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii from different wounds. A nanohybrid antiseptic was prepared using Chlorhexidine (Chx) and Magnesium oxide (MgO). A novel nano antimicrobial has been identified. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the appearance of new groups in the Chx-MgO spectrum, which indicates the formation of a new compound. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrum revealed the appearance of new diffraction planes in the nano hybrid antibiotic spectrum in compare with spectrum of MgO. The three-dimensional image of the above compound in atomic force microscope confirmed the formation of new antiseptic with nano dimensions. The nanohybrid antiseptic's antibacterial activity was tested against 11 S. aureus isolates and seven A. baumannii isolates. The outcomes revealed that the highest level of inhibition was achieved against 4 isolates having an inhibitory zone on average of 33.5 mm with Chx-MgO and 2 isolates with average inhibition zone of 35.5 mm at 1024 µg/ml concentration against S. aureus. As well as 27.5 mm using Chx-MgO as average inhibition zone at 1024 µg/ml concentration and 2 isolates with average inhibition zone of 23.5 mm with Chx-free in the same concentration against A. baumannii. In conclusion, the antiseptic effectiveness of a nanohybrid Chlorhexidine antiseptic against isolated S. aureus and A.baumannii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 crisis, with its rapid spread and devastating effects on world economics, also had a crippling effect on health care systems that were already overburdened especially in a developing country like India which is in the midst of a second COVID-19 wave. Dentists particularly are among the most-at risk group of healthcare professionals. Their use of equipment like a dental drill, dental scaler etc., release aerosols that could be contaminated by the microbial flora from the infected patient's oral cavity, thus, putting the dentist at risk. In such a setting, it would be prudent to use prophylactic measures. The six-decadeold Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash with low toxicity and good broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses could prove useful just before a dental procedure. The few completed studies of Chlorhexidine use in SARS-CoV-2 patients to reduce viral load show promising results. Hence, Chlorhexidine could be beneficial as a prophylactic measure for both asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 patients due to its ability to target and reduce the viral load so that they do not contribute in further spreading of the virus. Moreover, CHX could be used on a regular basis to improve oral hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The risk to dentists, dental assistants, and patients of infectious diseases through aerosols has long been recognized. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of commercially available preprocedural mouthrinses containing 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate, chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) mouthwash, and water in reducing the levels of viable bacteria in aerosols. Materials and Methods: This single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-group parallel-designed study was conducted over a period of 4 months. One hundred twenty patients with chronic periodontitis were divided randomly into three groups (A, B, and C) of 40 patients each to receive the ClO 2 mouthwash, water, and 0.2% CHX gluconate respectively as preprocedural rinse. The aerosol produced by the ultrasonic unit was collected at five standardized locations with respect to the reference point, i.e., the mouth of the patient. The blood agar plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 h, and the total number of colony-forming units (CFUs) was counted and statistically analyzed. Results: The results showed that CFUs in groups A and C were significantly reduced compared to group B, and P < 0.001 [analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. CFUs in group C underwent the highest reduction, but statistically there was no significant difference between the mean values of postprocedural CFUs in groups C and A (i.e., P > 0.05). The numbers of CFUs were the highest at the patient′s chest area and lowest at the patient′s front i.e., the 6 o′clock position. Conclusion: This study proves that a regular preprocedural mouthrinse could significantly eliminate the majority of aerosols generated by the use of an ultrasonic unit, and that ClO 2 mouthrinse was found to be statistically equally effective in reducing the aerosol contamination to 0.2% CHX gluconate.

Context: Irrigation of root canals with chlorhexidine (CHX) and ethanol is common practice to prevent root canal infection during postplacement. However, pretreatment with these solvents may interfere with the bond strength of posts. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate if root dentin pretreatment using CHX and/or ethanol influences the push-out bond strength of fiber-reinforced composite resin (FRCR) posts. Materials and Methods: Fifty space posts prepared in endodontically treated extracted human canine roots were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10) according to the dentin pretreatment: Distilled water (W); 1% CHX diacetate solution (1C); CHX diacetate + 99% ethanol (1CE); 99% ethanol (E); and 2% CHX digluconate solution (2C). After pretreatment, the adhesive system (Peak Universal Bond; Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA) was applied in the root dentin and the FRCR was cemented with resin cement. Then, horizontal slices of 2 mm were obtained from each root third and the push-out bond strength was assessed. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's tests (P = 0.05). Results: At all thirds, 1CE and E groups presented similar push-out bond strength values (P > 0.05), which were higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). W, 1C, and 2C groups were similar (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The root dentin pretreatment with ethanol, alone or mixed with CHX diacetate increased the bond strength of FRCR luted with resin cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The risk to dentists, dental assistants, and patients of infectious diseases through aerosols has long been recognized. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of commercially available preprocedural mouthrinses containing 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) mouthwash, and water in reducing the levels of viable bacteria in aerosols. Materials and Methods: This single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-group parallel-designed study was conducted over a period of 4 months. One hundred twenty patients with chronic periodontitis were divided randomly into three groups (A, B, and C) of 40 patients each to receive the ClO2 mouthwash, water, and 0.2% CHX gluconate respectively as preprocedural rinse. The aerosol produced by the ultrasonic unit was collected at five standardized locations with respect to the reference point, i.e., the mouth of the patient. The blood agar plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 h, and the total number of colony-forming units (CFUs) was counted and statistically analyzed. Results: The results showed that CFUs in groups A and C were significantly reduced compared to group B, and P < 0.001 [analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. CFUs in group C underwent the highest reduction, but statistically there was no significant difference between the mean values of postprocedural CFUs in groups C and A (i.e., P > 0.05). The numbers of CFUs were the highest at the patient's chest area and lowest at the patient's front i.e., the 6 o'clock position. Conclusion: This study proves that a regular preprocedural mouthrinse could significantly eliminate the majority of aerosols generated by the use of an ultrasonic unit, and that ClO2 mouthrinse was found to be statistically equally effective in reducing the aerosol contamination to 0.2% CHX gluconate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several studies have shown the antibacterial effectiveness of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In this way, CHX comes directly in contact with saliva. This in vitro study aimed at investigating the possible neutralizing effect of saliva on CHX. Methods: Saliva samples (12 ml) were collected from twenty healthy volunteers. The aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts in saliva were determined on Colombia blood agar (CBA) and yeast cysteine agar (HCB), respectively. Saliva from each subject was divided among 4 experimental groups (3 ml/group). Samples were centrifuged at 4000 g for 10 min. The centrifuged salivary bacteria were incubated with the following solutions: 0.2% CHX in saliva, CHX in saliva with 7% ethanol, CHX in 0.9% NaCl, CHX in 0.9% NaCl with 7% ethanol. After exposure for 1 min or 3 min to these CHX solutions, the CHX was neutralized and the bacteria were cultivated, after which the number of colony forming units (aerobic and anaerobic) was determined. Results: CHX reduced the CFU in all groups significantly (p = 0.0001). Therefore, CHX had a similar effect on both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Significantly more bacteria survived the effect of CHX when kept in salivary solution. This effect from saliva could be compensated by the addition of ethanol. In the absence of saliva there was no significant difference observed in the effectiveness of CHX with respect to ethanol. Prolonging the exposure time to 3 min enhanced the effectiveness of CHX. Conclusions: The effect of saliva on the antimicrobial activity of CHX was weak albeit statistically significant. However, addition of 7% ethanol compensates this effect. The impact of saliva on the reduction of the antimicrobial efficacy of mouthrinses such as CHX needs to be taken into consideration with regard to improving their antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]