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There exists a problem of unbalanced nutrition in the modern world. Consumption of vegetables and fruits is mainly seasonal and they are not consumed by everyone in the daily diet in sufficient quantities to meet the daily requirement for nutrients. Snack products, including various bars, are becoming increasingly popular among the population of our country. Often there is an insufficient amount of vitamins and other micronutrients with such products that are so necessary to ensure the health of the human body. Insufficiency of these nutrients causes various diseases, the condition of the skin, hair, nails, and even mood worsens.The goal of the research was to determine the amount of vitamins in a bar made from sunflower seeds with the addition of plant materials – crushed dried tomato fruits.The objects of the study were a candy bar with the addition of rusk crumbs, containing 15% of dried tomatoes by weight of the finished product and a control sample – kozinak.Tests were carried out on a Dionex Ultimate 3000 chromatograph using reverse phase chromatography on a Luna C18 column. This device is used to measure the content of a wide range of components in samples of substances and materials, solutions, food products and other objects of analysis.It has been found that with the addition of a herbal additive and cracker crumbs to the recipe, the quanitative composition of vitamins A and E in the finished product increased compared to the control sample.The results of the research can be used in the development of new food recipes.

Drainage-based gas control methods will cause mine gas to be discharged into the atmosphere, causing environmental pollution and aggravating the greenhouse effect. Methane in mine gas can be oxidatively decomposed by using microbial technology, to reduce mine gas emissions and the threat of gas to mine safety. However, coal mines' methane and oxygen concentrations change in real time. To explore the effects of different methane and oxygen concentrations on the methane-oxidizing bacteria mixed community, a methane-oxidizing bacteria mixed community was enriched and cultured from mine soil samples in this study, and its community structure, cell morphology, and methane degradation ability were analyzed. The results showed that the methane-oxidizing bacteria Methylomicrobium accounted for 55.6% of the total, Cloacibacterium accounted for 19.39%, and Methylophilus accounted for 10.3%. The methane degradation rate of the mixed community can reach 29.98 μmol mL−1 d−1. Using the Michaelis–Menten kinetic equation analysis, it was found that the methane degradation effect was the highest when the methane concentration was 1%–20%, and the maximum methane oxidation rate could reach 57.078 μmol mL−1 d−1. When the oxygen concentration ranged from 1% to 50%, the methane degradation ability of methanotrophs gradually increased with the increase of oxygen concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes are accountable for the tedious threat to human civilization globally. To combat the culicid-borne diseases, botanicals have gained considerable momentum over synthetic pesticides for their eco-friendly nature. The objective of the present study is to find out novel toxic phytocompounds from the seeds of Cuscuta chinensis for strategic control of mosquito population as an alternative approach. To develop bio-rational larvicides, extracts were made from the seeds of C. chinensis with six organic solvents such as petroleum ether, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform: methanol (1:1), acetone, and absolute alcohol using a Soxhlet extractor. All the plant extracts were screened separately against larval immatures of Culex quinquefasciatus as indicated by World Health Organization (WHO). The chloroform: methanol extract showed the highest toxicity with 50% lethal concentration (LC50) value ranging from 68.01 ppm to 112.71 ppm. FT-IR spectrum indicated the presence of amides and ketones as major functional groups in the bioactive fraction of chloroform: methanol extract of C. chinensis. GC–MS analysis showed prominent peaks for Erythro 3-bromo 2-pentanol (46.45%) with other six phytocompounds. There was no significant toxicity of C. chinensis against some non-target organisms. The isolated compounds from this plant are potent larvicide and can be considered for further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Invasive alien species (IAS) are broadly distributed all over the world by disturbing or reducing the growth and development of native vegetation. Lantana camara is basically a noxious weed and have a potential to invade a region's indigenous vegetation. Even after knowing all its harmful effects, there has been a little research on various mechanisms followed by this plant to harm the plant species. Results: Random sampling was performed to take plant samples without any bias, to study various mechanisms carried out in plant species. Chemical fingerprinting of samples were then performed in various abiotic stress conditions (cold and hot) to study changes in L. camara under these stressful conditions in order to find the reason behind the invasiveness of this plant species. Stress indicator like malondialdehyde (MDA)/lipid peroxidation was also performed and increased lipid peroxidation during both extremities showed that plant is experiencing oxidative stress. ROS imaging was performed on the leaves of L. camara, which also showed rise in ROS staining during extreme conditions. Elevated peaks (major and minor) and detection of secondary metabolites like glycine betaine in chemical fingerprinting observed under stressful conditions showed that plant may produce some increased level of metabolites in stress conditions that might play a role in minimizing the oxidative stress that plant is facing. Conclusions: On the behalf of obtained results, it can be assumed that Lantana camara has the capability to survive in or tolerate extreme environmental abiotic stress conditions by producing or agglomerating various stress-reducing metabolites.

The problems of ensuring the stability of the temperature of a chromatographic experiment carried out using a serial gas chromatograph LGKh-3000 are considered. The limitation of the permissible heating rate of the chromatograph thermostats does not allow a quick transition to the new conditions of the chromatographic experiment in accordance with the requirements of the technical conditions. The processes of heating – cooling of the thermostat are analyzed. It is shown that the ratio of the duration of the interval equal to the sum of the durations of the heating and cooling intervals to the duration of the heating interval is inversely proportional to the temperature of the chromatographic experiment. As a result, an empirical algorithm for heating the thermostat to a given temperature is proposed, which made it possible to reduce the time it takes to reach a given temperature in the entire range of operating temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a detailed analysis of the devices used in measurements of hydrocarbon content on gas carriers during cargo tank gassing-up operations. The characteristics of the Riken Keiki GX-8000 portable gas detector used commonly on ships are described, the types of detection used in the device in relation to the detected gases are discussed, which made it possible to question the validity of using the detector for analysing the concentrations of large quantities of hydrocarbons on gas carriers. Also discussed is a device enabling such analyses to be carried out much more accurately – the Agilent 490 Micro GC chromatograph, which will substantially improve the process of cargo tank gassing-up.

The paper presents the results of the spread of the tetrahydrothiophene (THT) - used as odourant - in the gas network. Such analyses allow quick detection of leaks in networks, systems and devices of gas supply directly to consumers. The main goal of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of portable chromatograph and comparing it with a stationary odourant concentration analyser. Based on these studies, an attempt to determine the odouration zone for the selected city have been also taken. For this purpose, three series of measurements were made - in each series 13 points were analysed. Obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of the measurement a concentration of odourant in the gas network using a portable gas chromatograph - difference in relation to the stationary chromatograph ranged from 1.91 to 2.55 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlands are a new frontier to produce fine wines in the Southern region of Brazil (27º 12' 24" S, 51º 06' 96" W, 1211 m altitude) and has presented specific oenological characteristics with a good adaptation of some varieties, among them, Canaiolo nero. To characterize the wines of this region, during the 2012 and 2014 harvests the volatile compounds were determined through the MHS-SPME-GC-MS technique. The grapes were harvested, and samples analyzed in triplicate. The positive identification of the volatile compounds was performed by comparing the experimentally obtained mass spectrum and retention index with the reference spectra and retention indices available in the literature. Four consecutive extractions were used for quantitative evaluation to avoid a matrix effect. Odor activity value was calculated from the perception threshold for each evaluated compound. The mean soluble solids content was 21.55o Brix, and total acid content was 81.0 meq L-1; the mean weight of the clusters was 176 g, and the productivity was 2.2 tons per hectare (espalier – 1.5 m × 3.0 m). Thirty-one volatile compounds were identified and quantified in the analyzed samples. The major components were the aromatic alcohol 2-phenylethanol (38.364 µg L-1), and the esters diethyl succinate (6.357 µg L-1) and ethyl acetate (2.005 µg L-1); and the compound of class C6, 1-hexanol (3.2 µg L-1). Odor activity values showed the compounds that contribute the most to the aroma of the analyzed wines, highlighting ethyl isovalerate (OAV 394.38), ethyl hexanoate (OAV 9.22), ethyl cinnamate (OAV 8.62) ethyl isobutanoate (OAV 5.59), β-damascenone (OAV 2.44), hexanoic acid (OAV 4.03), octanoic acid (OAV 3.64) and isoamyl acetate (OAV 3.01). These results showed the aroma characteristics of Santa Catarina wines of the Canaiolo nero variety, especially fruity aromas of apple, green apple, strawberry, plum and banana; and floral aroma of violet and roses.

Highlands are a new frontier to produce fine wines in the Southern region of Brazil (27º 12' 24" S, 51º 06' 96" W, 1211 m altitude) and has presented specific oenological characteristics with a good adaptation of some varieties, among them, Canaiolo nero. To characterize the wines of this region, during the 2012 and 2014 harvests the volatile compounds were determined through the MHS-SPME-GC-MS technique. The grapes were harvested, and samples analyzed in triplicate. The positive identification of the volatile compounds was performed by comparing the experimentally obtained mass spectrum and retention index with the reference spectra and retention indices available in the literature. Four consecutive extractions were used for quantitative evaluation to avoid a matrix effect. Odor activity value was calculated from the perception threshold for each evaluated compound. The mean soluble solids content was 21.55o Brix, and total acid content was 81.0 meq L-1; the mean weight of the clusters was 176 g, and the productivity was 2.2 tons per hectare (espalier – 1.5 m × 3.0 m). Thirty-one volatile compounds were identified and quantified in the analyzed samples. The major components were the aromatic alcohol 2-phenylethanol (38.364 μg L-1), and the esters diethyl succinate (6.357 μg L-1) and ethyl acetate (2.005 μg L-1); and the compound of class C6, 1-hexanol (3.2 μg L-1). Odor activity values showed the compounds that contribute the most to the aroma of the analyzed wines, highlighting ethyl isovalerate (OAV 394.38), ethyl hexanoate (OAV 9.22), ethyl cinnamate (OAV 8.62) ethyl isobutanoate (OAV 5.59), β-damascenone (OAV 2.44), hexanoic acid (OAV 4.03), octanoic acid (OAV 3.64) and isoamyl acetate (OAV 3.01). These results showed the aroma characteristics of Santa Catarina wines of the Canaiolo nero variety, especially fruity aromas of apple, green apple, strawberry, plum and banana; and floral aroma of violet and roses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochemistry experiment is an important professional basic course in the field of life science. The experimental technology contained in the biochemistry experiment played a vital role in training students' basic skills, cultivating practical ability and innovation ability. Around the protein chemistry and enzymatic properties in the biochemistry, the experiments of chicken ovalin preparation, porcine trypsin preparation, porcine trypsin purification, and the determination of purified trypsin activity and chicken ovalin inhibitory activity were re-integrated. Therefore a comprehensive experiment including protein separation and purification, determination of protein content and enzyme activity was designed. The spectroscopy and chromatography were also used in the comprehensive experiment. Finally comprehensive designing content in the experiment was studied. The design can provide the reference for the research and development of comprehensive and designing experiments in the biochemistry experiment teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trivrita (Operculina turpethum Linn.) is commonly used in Ayurvedic therapeutics since centuries to treat pathological conditions like fever, edema, ascites, anorexia, constipation. Trivritta Avaleha is routinely prescribed one among compound poly herbal formulation containing Trivritta as an ingredient for Virechana (Purgation). In current work, Trivrita Avaleha was evaluated for their organoleptic, physic-chemical and HPTLC analysis. Results obtained in physic-chemical parameters of Trivritta Avaleha are within limit mentioned by Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. HPTLC profile of Trivritta Avaleha showed differentiation in number of spots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of experimental investigations of the liberation of air in gravity flow of aviation fuel through a pipeline with diaphragms. Experiments were carried out in the pressure range 0.2-1.0 bar and temperature range -20 to +20°C. The TC-1 kerosene was preliminarily saturated with air at atmospheric pressure. The liberation of air after the diaphragms with three ratios of the flow area to the cross-sectional area of the pipeline has been investigated. The results of investigations of the two-phase flow in several experimental pipelines containing one or two diaphragms and other local hydraulic resistances have been generalized. The obtained approximation equations permit calculating the hydraulic resistance of the diaphragm in the two-phase flow and the mass gas content of air after the diaphragm in pipelines of complex geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An anionic triphenyl methane dye, methyl blue ((disodium;4-[4-[[4-(4-sulfonatoanilino)phenyl]-[4-(4-sulfonatophenyl)azaniumylidenecyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl]anilino]benzene sulfonate) was degraded photocatalytically with undoped micro-TiO2- and Ag+-doped micro TiO2in a slurry-type batch reactor under UV irradiation and the efficiency was compared with that obtained using nano-TiO2- and Ag+-doped nano-TiO2. The influence of different parameters, i.e., photocatalyst loading, dye concentration, initial pH, temperature, depth of solution, interfering ions and electron acceptors on the dye degradation was investigated. The decolorization and mineralization efficiency was better for Ag+-doped micro-TiO2than undoped micro-TiO2.Nano-TiO2was more efficient than micro-TiO2, while Ag+-doped nano-TiO2was the most efficient of all. Cost analysis showed degradation using micro-TiO2- and Ag+-doped micro-TiO2are much cheaper than that using nano-TiO2and Ag+-doped nano-TiO2.Therefore Ag+-doped micro-TiO2was used for the detailed study. The degradation products formed were identified using GC-MS analysis after photocatalytic degradation for 180 min with Ag+-doped micro TiO2. Ion chromatography analysis was carried out for anions to identify the end products of degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chromatographic system consisting of a microinjector with the volume of sampling loop 10 µL, a microchromatographic column with nanodisperse silica particles on a planar aluminum plate, and a catalytic combustion detector adapted for work on planar surface has been presented. A possibility of using the developed microchromatograph for the analysis of a mixture of low-boiling alkanes with preserving performance characteristics of stationary gas chromatographs has been shown. The proposed chromatographic system ensured a substantial decrease in the time of analysis and the significant reduction of the dimensions of the system, energy consumption, and cost of the manufacture and service of the chromatographic equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A procedure for calculating of the head loss in two-phase flow on an inclined portion of a pipeline has been described and substantiated. The developed procedure is applicable to two-phase flows characterized by a very low mass gas content (x ~ 10) butan appreciable flow-rate volume gas content (α ~ 0.1-0.5). A computational scheme for the coordinate of change of regimes has been proposed on the basis of the available experimental material. A relation for calculation of the change in the pressure on the pipeline′s inclined part has been presented that accounts for the friction loss and for the change in the kinetic energy of the flow in the process of change of regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of experimental investigations of the influence of the separation of the air dissolved in a fuel on the regime of flow of this fuel in a pipeline at an underpressure are presented. It is shown that, when the pressure in the pipeline decreases, beginning with any its value, the flow rate of the fuel in the pipeline decreases sharply as a result of the separation of air from it and the formation of the two-phase fuel–air flow. It has been established that the pressure at which active separation of the air dissolved in the fuel begins depends on the temperature of the fuel and the velocity of its flow in the pipeline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the quantity of air liberated in the flow of aviation fuel in the pipe at a low pressure. Experiments were carried out in the pressure range from 0.2 to 1.0 bar, and the temperature was varied from -20 to +20°C. We propose a method for determining the mass concentration of air dissolved in the fuel measured with the help of a chromatograph. An attempt to use an optical method for measuring the gas content of the flow has shown that it is useful in combination with a chromatographic method needed to calibrate the optical scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions are interpreted connected with conversion of carbon disulfide and carbonyl sulfide in Orenburg Gas Processing Plant installations for preparing sulfur and determination of these components in process gas. Practical data, obtained during monitoring the installation in 2011, are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In a conventional hot-mix asphalt recycling process, the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), generally, is mixed with the virgin binder and aggregates and, sometimes, recycling agent. During this process, all materials are mixed for a short time period, the aged binder in the RAP is expected to be melting off from the old aggregate and rejuvenated by virgin binder. To evaluate whether or not the RAP binder is well rejuvenated, gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) test was performed for the binders located on virgin and RAP aggregate particles separately in a recycled mixture. Large molecular size (LMS) of each binder was evaluated and absolute viscosity of the binder was estimated based on the LMS data. It was found that there was a significant difference between LMS levels of the binders coating RAP and virgin aggregates in the same recycled mixture. This discrepancy is a shortcoming of the conventional recycling method, which should be corrected by some technique for producing better quality recycled materials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The binary diffusion of 1,2-diethylbenzene, 1,4-diethylbenzene, 5-tert-butyl-m-xylene and phenylacetylene at infinite dilution in supercritical carbon dioxide were measured between 15.0 and 35.0MPa and in the temperature range of 313.16 to 333.16K by the Taylor–Aris chromatographic method. The effect of temperature, pressure, viscosity and density was discussed. In the case of temperature dependence, additional measurements were done for 5-tert-butyl-m-xylene from 308.16 to 398.16K at 35.0MPa. The measured diffusivities of the four solutes were compared with the calculated ones by several predictive formulas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The permeability of hydrogen through a lead-bismuth melt of eutectic composition is investigated, as well as the solubility of hydrogen in this melt in the ranges of temperature from 425 to 810°C and of hydrogen pressure from 1 to 3 kg/cm². The experimental setup and procedure are described. The calculated value of the coefficient of hydrogen diffusion in the melt is used to estimate the solubility of hydrogen in the melt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trend toward finer pitch and higher performance devices has driven the semiconductor industry to incorporate copper and low-k dielectric materials. Compared to the commonly used aluminum metallization scheme on the traditional silicon dioxide and/or silicon nitride passivation, a Cu/low-k combination offers higher on-chip communication speed and a lower overall device cost. However, the process of packaging Cu/low-k devices has been proven to be difficult, relying either on additional lithography and deposition steps or on costly new process tools. Thus, this paper presents a novel methodology to bond fine pitch Au wire directly onto the Cu/low-k pad structure using the industry standard tool set A Cu/low-k test vehicle is designed with the required slotted low-k fillings for dual damascene chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process need. In addition, a thin organic passivation film is developed for coating the exposed Cu/low-k pad temporarily from copper oxidation and to provide a wirebondable surface to form the proper interconnects. A design of experiment is performed to optimize wirebonding parameters [power, time, and ultrasonic gauge (USG) bleed], along with key physical contributors from wafer sawing and die attaching steps that impact the interconnect shear strength and quality. In addition, electrical and optical characterization and surface failure analysis are performed to confirm the feasibility of the technology. Finally, reliability results of the pad structure design and recommendations for further process optimization are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]