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El enfoque contemporáneo de la geografía económica evolutiva permite analizar la evolución de los destinos turísticos, mediante el análisis del papel de agentes en su transformación y, en particular, en la determinación de momentos en el tiempo, que se comportan como puntos de inflexión evolutivos, configurando la trayectoria de los destinos. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar eventos históricos recientes en contexto del conflicto armado colombiano que han restringido o permitido la construcción de espacios de oportunidad para la evolución del destino en contexto de conflicto armado: una aproximación a escala nacional. La aplicación de 10 entrevistas semiestructuradas y el análisis documental en fuentes secundarias mostraron un momento en particular del conflicto armado que ayudó en la conformación de la dinámica evolutiva de Colombia como destino turístico y que permiten explicar el papel de la agencia humana en su trayectoria. El estudio concluye que una interpretación a partir del enfoque de momentos es apropiada y de utilidad para explicar que la evolución de un destino puede ser dependiente de la agencia humana y de un factor externo a la propia actividad turística, además de encontrar que la dinámica evolutiva del turismo ha sido influenciada por el conflicto armado.

The areas in which employment develops in cities and its evolution over time diverge according to the territorial system in which it is circumscribed. This study analyzed the employment trajectories of cities in the southern macrozone of Chile, linking them to their population growth dynamics. It discusses in which sectors and at what rate this transformation is occurring in cities. It is concluded that, although there are booming cities in terms of population growth dynamics compared to others, transitions in sector specializations within the economy tend to co-evolve, even when considering subnational scales, where non-exportable service employment for some cities linked to primary activities does not differ from what is observed in other urban areas. This coevolution process is triggered towards low value-added service areas, detached from innovation and development activities, thereby questioning an urban development model that does not promote knowledge-based advanced services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Uru: Revista de Comunicación y Cultura is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The fungal infection causing white‐nose disease in hibernating bats in North America has resulted in dramatic population declines of affected species, since the introduction of the causative agent Pseudogymnoascus destructans. The fungus is native to the Palearctic, where it also infects several bat species, yet rarely causes severe pathology or the death of the host. Pseudogymnoascus destructans infects bats during hibernation by invading and digesting the skin tissue, resulting in the disruption of torpor patterns and consequent emaciation. Relations among pathogen, host, and environment are complex, and individuals, populations, and species respond to the fungal pathogen in different ways. For example, the Nearctic Myotis lucifugus responds to infection by mounting a robust immune response, leading to immunopathology often contributing to mortality. In contrast, the Palearctic M. myotis shows no significant immunological response to infection. This lack of a strong response, resulting from the long coevolution between the hosts and the pathogen in the pathogen's native range, likely contributes to survival in tolerant species. After more than 15 years since the initial introduction of the fungus to North America, some of the affected populations are showing signs of recovery, suggesting that the fungus, hosts, or both are undergoing processes that may eventually lead to coexistence. The suggested or implemented management methods of the disease in North America have encompassed, for example, the use of probiotics and fungicides, vaccinations, and modifying the environmental conditions of the hibernation sites to limit the growth of the pathogen, intensity of infection, or the hosts’ responses to it. Based on current knowledge from Eurasia, policy makers and conservation managers should refrain from disrupting the ongoing evolutionary processes and adopt a holistic approach to managing the epizootic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente artículo examina la relación emergente entre el ser humano y la inteligencia artificial (IA) en la fase de preproducción en la industria de los medios audiovisuales, adoptando una perspectiva interdisciplinaria fundamentada en la ecología de los medios y la teoría del actor red. Por un lado, se presenta el mutualismo, en el que humanos y especies artificiales colaboran para mejorar la eficiencia y calidad del proceso creativo, por medio del análisis de ScriptBook y Cinelytic, dos de las herramientas de IA más importantes e utilizadas en la industria cinematográfica. Por otro lado, se plantea la amenaza distópica en que la IA podría suplantar a los guionistas humanos en el ecosistema mediático audiovisual, como se ilustró en la huelga de los sindicatos de productores y guionistas de Hollywood en el año 2023. Estos escenarios plantean interrogantes sobre el futuro de la industria y la coevolución entre humanos e IA a través del concepto de mutación. Se enfatiza la necesidad de adaptarse a estas transformaciones, reconociendo el papel fundamental de los investigadores y la sociedad en monitorizar la relación entre ambas especies para comprender su potencial cocreativo y coevolutivo. Por último, se subraya la importancia de adaptarse ágilmente a un ecosistema mediático en constante cambio como una tarea esencial para aprovechar plenamente el potencial de la inteligencia híbrida y garantizar la supervivencia de la especie humana en este nuevo paradigma tecnológico.

Las áreas en que se desarrolla el empleo en las ciudades y su evolución en el tiempo son divergentes según el sistema territorial en que se esté circunscrito. Este trabajo analizó las trayectorias del empleo de las ciudades de la macrozona sur de Chile vinculándolas a sus dinámicas de crecimiento en población. Se discute en qué sectores y con qué velocidad se está transformando el empleo en las ciudades. Se concluye que, si bien existen urbes en auge en términos de dinámica de crecimiento de la población respecto a otras, las transiciones en las especializaciones en los sectores de la economía tienden a coevolucionar, incluso cuando se observan escalas subnacionales, donde el empleo de servicios no exportables para algunas urbes vinculadas a actividades primarias no difiere de otras áreas urbanas. Tal proceso de coevolución se desencadena hacia áreas de servicios con bajo valor agregado, desvinculado de actividades de innovación y desarrollo, cuestionando así un modelo de crecimiento urbano que no propicia la diversificación de servicios ni el avance en el conocimiento.

La crisis ambiental y ecológica actual acelerada y/o causada por actividades humanas, paradójicamente favorece la proliferación y diversificación de formas de vida. Esta crisis sistémica reafirma el estrecho vínculo que aún mantienen los seres humanos con el entorno natural y con el resto de formas de vida. Teniendo en cuenta la influencia de las arquitecturas de la naturaleza y de los seres vivos, las arquitecturas natural y artificial o humana, en la conformación de entornos para el establecimiento de la vida, este artículo plantea una reflexión sobre el desarrollo y la evolución de las formas de vida, ligados a los espacios y condiciones en las que existen y en adaptación a los nuevos entornos. Además, pretende reflexionar sobre el papel del ser humano, como especie clave, en la crisis ecológica y la coevolución de las distintas formas de vida que habitan el planeta Tierra. Nuestra propuesta plantea que las instituciones, la política y la gobernanza han de tener un cometido principal en la configuración de las respuestas a los desafíos que se nos plantean. Igualmente, la ciudadanía, que puede adquirir una gran relevancia en la modelación y conservación de los ecosistemas que habitamos, a través de la acción cotidiana, de la participación ciudadana y política, de la inteligencia colectiva apoyada por la ciencia y el conocimiento experto, del uso de las posibilidades y la potencia que permiten las redes sociales y del ejercicio de la democracia, un derecho y una herramienta para mejorar las condiciones de nuestra propia vida.

Objective: To elucidate the role of the coevolution of the human genome and Helicobacter pylori in gastric pathogenesis in a population from Nariño-Colombia. Materials and Methods: Helicobacter pylori was isolated from gastric biopsies obtained from 292 patients with Nariño gastric disease. The histological diagnosis was made by the Sydney classification. 252 H. pylori isolates were included for MLST analysis, which assigned them to ancestral populations (hpAfrica1, hpAfrica2, hpEurope, hpEAsia). Immunochip was used for human evolutionary analyses. STRUCTURE software to determine ancestry proportions by comparison with 712 global H. pylori MLST base sequences (http://pubmlst.org/helicobacter). Results: The H. pylori strains in Nariño derive from four ancestral populations: African (AA1), European (AE1 and AE2), and East Asian (AEA). The isolates contained substantial fractions of AA1 African ancestry on the coast, and AE2 European ancestry in the mountains. Because the mountain population had minimal African ancestry of the host, we wondered if AA1 increased the severity of gastric lesions in subjects of low African ancestry. Such a scenario could signify disrupted coadaptation: disruption of human-H. pylori coevolution. When we considered the 56 individuals with less than 17.6% African ancestry, we found that all individuals carrying H. pylori with >19.8% AA1 African ancestry, (n = 20) had severe lesions. Conclusion: Human and H. pylori coevolutionary relationships are important biomarkers of gastric disease, and disruption of these relationships results in more advanced gastric lesions in Nariño-Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: El riesgo de desarrollar cáncer gástrico varía entre continentes, países y regiones. A pesar de que existe una alta prevalencia de Helicobacter pylori su rol como patógeno o mutualista define el riesgo de cáncer gástrico en las regiones de Colombia. Objetivo: Discutir el rol de Helicobacter pylori en el riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Revisión de literatura mediante la búsqueda, en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO, PubMed. Resultados: La coevolución del humano y de Helicobacter pylori; la virulencia de genes cagA, vacA; el tipo de respuesta inmune inflamatoria a Helicobacter pylori (Th1) o antinflamatoria (Th2) y la susceptibilidad humana a cáncer gástrico (IL1β, IL10), junto a la dieta y factores ambientales explican el papel de Helicobacter pylori como patógeno o mutualista asociado al riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Conclusiones: Helicobacter pylori tiene un rol mutualista principalmente en poblaciones de bajo riesgo de cáncer gástrico (costas), no obstante, en poblaciones con alto riesgo de cáncer gástrico (andes), su papel como patógeno amerita la erradicación; única estrategia para mitigar la alta incidencia de este cáncer en Colombia.

Botflies (Diptera: Cuterebra sp.) are widely distributed and seasonally abundant parasites of small mammals in North America. To assess their effect on rodent survival, we studied the demography of botfly parasitism on small mammals in northeastern Kansas during 1995–1999. Additional comparisons on botflies parasitizing small mammals were made to a nearby old-field grid where mark–recapture studies continued from 1975 to 2003. White-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, were infected by botfly larvae (Cuterebra fontinella) each year during our study. The period of infection for P. leucopus was June–December, with the highest proportion of mice infected in July and August. A smaller, second peak of infection in October and November indicated that C. fontinella reproduced bimodally at this latitude with distinct summer and autumn population peaks. During the botfly seasons of the 5 years, 140 (23.3%) of 602 P. leucopus captured were infected. The percentages of individuals infected during 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1999 were not significantly different (22.4%, 17.3%, 17.1%, and 22.7%, respectively). However, in 1998, 32.4% individuals were infected with a higher incidence of multiple infections and a greater number of botfly larvae per host. Nearly half (47%) of the infected individuals caught in 1998 had infections in both summer and autumn, compared with 25% during the 1995–1997 seasons. In 1999, 63% of infected mice had at least a 2nd infection during the autumn. For all 5 years, 82%, 14%, and 4% of the infected mice had one, two, or three botflies, respectively. In 1998, 24% of the infected mice carried two or more botflies at one time, compared to 14% from 1995–1997 and 11% in 1999. Overall 94% of the infected mice were adults, with no differences between sexes. The variation seen in the prevalence of botfly parasitism of whitefooted mice correlates to yearly weather fluctuations. Other demographic aspects of the infected mice, such as sex ratio, age, and longevity of those infected, did not change year to year. Our data suggest that infection with Cuterebra has little negative or positive impact upon populations of white-footed mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeledonia is the property of Asociacion Ornitologica de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos, Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El sector agropecuario fue uno de los más comprometidos durante los confinamientos en la pandemia de COVID-19, garantizando la cadena de valor y los insumos necesarios. Pero, aun así, los problemas del sector siguen siendo evidentes, pobreza, inequidad, falta de empleo rural y no rural, bajas tasas de ganancia, falta de cadenas de distribución y desarrollo de mercados, entre otros. Una alternativa para lograr encadenamientos productivos exitosos es la de los negocios inclusivos. Para una mejor aplicación y entendimiento, este documento presenta la aplicación de una metáfora biológica de la coevolución y el mutualismo, señalando que los negocios inclusivos no solo deben darse en productores vulnerables, sino que deben reconocer sus habilidades, conocimientos y capacidades que pueden compartir y utilizar a favor del modelo de integración, para lograr desarrollos conjuntos con otras organizaciones de la cadena. La propuesta se centra en fortalecer los modelos inclusivos desde el reconocimiento de la diversidad y la diferencia, y el desarrollo de alternativas de gestión para toda la cadena en general.

Feather chewing lice are common and important ectoparasites of birds. Here we report for the first time the presence of the ectoparasite, Colpocephalum trichosum Harrison1916 (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae on the Andean condor Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758 from the North high Andes of Ecuador in Pichincha province. A total of 20 louse specimens were collected and analyzed from one free-living female juvenile host. Additionally, high resolution photographs of the louse are included, and a discussion on the potential implications of ectoparasites on the conservation of this threatened bird species is presented. Finally, we propose that further studies on Andean Condor ectoparasites should be focused on the potential causes and effects of these interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The bacteria that cause citrus huanglongbing (HLB), Candidatus Liberibacter spp., are obligate bacteria to the citrus phloem and to different systems of the vector insect, Diaphorina citri, therefore, the genomic approach has been useful to study its pathogenicity mechanisms. This approach has allowed the identification of a homologous copy of the gene coding for the enzyme ATP / ADP translocase, which has the ability to import ATP and nucleotides from the host, causing considerable energy parasitism. This enzyme has been related to the endoparasitic activity of animal and human pathogens more than to phytopathogens. The present work analyzed the evolutionary relationship between the amino acid sequence of ATP / ADP translocase between different species of Ca. Liberibacter and groups such as Ricketssia sp. and Chlamydia sp. Phylogenetic analyzes show that the variation in the sequence of the gene coding for the enzyme is delimited in clades corresponding to the species of Ca. Liberibacter, suggesting that the variation in the enzyme responds to a co-evolutionary process. Also, the phylogeny shows that the closest common ancestor to Ca. Liberibacter could be a non-pathogenic endosymbiont of the genus Ca. Midichloria. Amino acid sequence conservation analysis shows that there are several positions in the sequence that could be related to species variation. The present work offers the hypothesis that the evolutionary origin of the energy parasitism capacity of the causal agents of HLB is a nonpathogenic endosymbiont. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Some invasion biologists contend their science has reached a consensus on 4 facts: cost estimates of the effects of nonindigenous species provided in papers by Pimentel et al. are credible; invasive species generally, not just predators, pose significant extinction threats; characteristic biological differences distinguish novel from native species, ecosystems, communities, and processes; and ontological dualism, which distinguishes between natural and anthropogenic processes and influences, plays a useful role in biological inquiry. I contend there is no convincing empirical evidence for any of these propositions. Leading invasion biologists cite their agreement about these propositions as evidence for them and impugn the motives of critics who believe consensus should be based on evidence not the other way around. Article impact statement: Contested invasion biology issues are clarified so opposition groups can together achieve shared goals with evidence‐based solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article's purpose is to discuss the state of the art of the constitution of the entrepreneurial ecosystem for SSE and its application in Brazil. One of the major challenges for the creation, continuity and strengthening of Solidarity Economy Enterprises (SEE) is the effective establishment of an entrepreneurial ecosystem for Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE). The construction of the solidary entrepreneurial ecosystem is a complex task, full of challenges, especially when this construction is associated to structural weaknesses inherent to its modus operandi. Case studies of several countries allow us to define general guidelines for the application of public policies that show paths in this direction. Considering this, we organized the article as follows: After the Introduction, we discuss some aspects of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, in topic 1. Then, topic 2 presents the idea of the "triple helix" and coevolution among the elements of the ecosystem and enterprises. Next, topic 3 addresses the construction of the entrepreneurial ecosystem for SSE in some countries in Europe and Asia. Finally, in item 4, some considerations about the Brazilian case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La resiliencia como constructo social plantea un panorama conceptual confuso y diverso el cual incluye su visualización como cualidad individual, como rasgo colectivo, o como proceso dinámico, entre otros, con el común denominador de la adaptación que se genera ante la vivencia de una situación retadora. En la exploración histórica de los orígenes de este concepto, se evidencia cómo las ciencias sociales han tendido a atribuir la mayor parte de la responsabilidad del proceso adaptativo, al individuo en sí mismo más que a las relaciones que este establece con la multiplicidad de eventos y factores que experimenta a lo largo de su vida. El presente ensayo analiza esta situación y propone la consideración de la resiliencia como un proceso coevolutivo y dinámico de aprendizaje, no solo del individuo sino también del entorno con el cual se encuentra en estrecha coevolución. Se concluye resaltando la importancia de considerar la evidencia neurocientífica actual para analizar la resiliencia como parte de un proceso neurobiológico y coevolutivo que permite la diversidad, la supervivencia de la especie y la exploración y comprensión de la afectación mutua entre los organismo y sus entornos.

La epigenética es el estudio de los cambios de los genes y su expresión que no generan modificaciones en la secuencia de ADN. Esta implica una serie de mecanismos como la metilación de citosinas del ADN, lo cual se manifiesta en el fenotipo y genera heredabilidad, también llamada herencia “suave y fuerte”. Aquí es importante recordar que el fenotipo es una condición emergente del genotipo y de la epigenética. La epigenética mantiene una correcta impronta genómica en condiciones naturales y sin perturbaciones, por el contrario, anormalidades epigenéticas generan una expresión génica y fenotípica inapropiada. Las modificaciones fenotípicas se presentan en plantas, animales y seres humanos, lo que finalmente se expresa en los ecosistemas generando una condición emergente más allá de la condición humana: la salud. De acuerdo a lo anterior y desde la perspectiva del pensamiento complejo, la salud es la expresión de la vida per se, razón por la cual la epigenética forma parte de los factores que permiten la emergencia de la salud. En otras palabras, la salud surge como consecuencia de la interacción entre genética, cultura, sociedad, economía, pensamiento, vivencias y experiencias, y es el reflejo de lo que nos hace plenamente humanos.

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Copyright of Revista Salud Bosque is the property of Universidad El Bosque and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effectors have become the cornerstone of all investigations related to the interaction of parasites and their hosts, how they regulate the processes of infection at a molecular level, and how these molecules have evolved seem to be the most important issues that will have to be addressed in the following years. These new lines of research will be subject to the enormous progress that the next generation of sequencing technologies will have, and with them a paradigm shift in our vision of complex systems. However, there remain many questions to be elucidated about effectors, for example, how these proteins interact spatially and temporally in their hosts, possible co-operation between effectors, and the existence of protein complexes within host cells. This leads to the following questions: Do the effectors have the capacity for phenotypic expression beyond the genes that encode them? And above all, why are these proteins so widespread on a huge range of evolutionarily distant pathogens?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although sometimes they aren’t plenty conscious about it, many innovators show a tendency to empirical altruistic behavior. That happens respect to the proper task of innovation and the latter dissemination and diffusion of the corresponding knowledge. In an evolutive analysis this pattern of behavior is affected by the classical problem of the survival of altruistic character in a heterogeneous population. However, if innovation associated to altruism would be generally costly for the individual in relative adaptive terms, that behavioral combination would not exist. I explain altruistic innovators can survive because that assortation of characters can survive in two ways: (a) by adaptations which improve organic homeostasis; and (b) by coevolution of the two characteristics in a social environment that institutionalize a reward system, and recognize the merit of the greater quality of that kind of individuals.

Resumo:O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal analisar a coevolução das políticas públicas/instituições e das capacidades tecnológicas da Petrobras Biocombustível (PBio). Para tanto, o estudo considerou uma abordagem teórica associada à corrente neoshumpteriana, analisando sua evolução no período de 2004 até 2012. A análise demonstrou que: i) a PBio/Petrobras alcançou maiores níveis de capacidades tecnológicas em suas rotas industriais se comparadas às tecnologias agrícolas que induziu; e ii) as políticas/instituições do setor evoluíram, principalmente em relação à política industrial de financiamento e à política de estímulo à demanda. Entretanto, os níveis das políticas/instituições, embora elevados no setor, não estabeleceram níveis tecnológicos de fronteira internacional, indicando que esse salto se dará por meio de mais esforços internos.

El objeto del presente artículo es proveer un enfoque sobre la utilización metafórica de la concepción evolucionista desde la teoría darwinista a distintas áreas del conocimiento -ciencias sociales, antropología, sociología, psicología y economía-. Se realiza un análisis teórico de los vínculos que guardan dichas áreas con las organizaciones empresariales, arribando a una fundamentación teórica sucinta de las interrelaciones que tiene la evolución como concepto biológico con la realidad de la empresa. Esta última, como cualquier especie, debe adaptarse al entorno en la contienda por su existencia, además de coevolucionar para aumentar sus probabilidades de sobrevivencia. Por último, se idean ausencias o contradicciones que dilucidan prismas para futuras investigaciones.

Introduction: Interaction processes take place when two or more organisms with close ecological relationships exert selective and mutual synchronic pressures that can lead to specific reciprocal adaptations; in these, two processes are basically involved: co-adaptation and co-pending. In the particular case of the interactions between hummingbirds and plants, there are significant gaps in the understanding of these interactions. In view of this, it can be said that many of the co-adaptation events of the tropical angiosperm groups, specifically of some members of the genus Heliconia, suggest strong coevolutionary affinities with different species of birds, such as hummingbirds. Objective: was evaluated if there is a correlation between the length of the perianth of some species of Heliconia with respect to the length of the peak of some species of hummingbirds. Methodology: this study was carried out in the reserve Mirador Recreo, Colombia, in which we made an identification of species of hummingbirds and Heliconia. Morphometric measurements were taken of the perianth of the present species of Heliconia in situ and the length of the hummingbirds' beak by photographic material of the museum. The length of the flowers was evaluated with respect to the length of the peaks by a correlation of Person and a clustal. Results: It was found that there is a significance value of 0.022 for the Phaethornis guy with Heliconia griggsiana; as well as a group of hummingbirds with flowers of helicones with close measurements. Conclusion: The specificity is evident in the evolutionary selection of peaks related to the structural qualities of the flowers of the Heliconia species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The discussion on the creation and development of skills has preferably followed a focus that is internal to the company, with great influence of the resource-based vision. Meanwhile, studies influenced by the Industrial Economy indicate the external environment as the key aspect for the development of skills and the search for new Technologies. This article proposes to discuss how operational competencies are developed, based on the approach of coevolution, which combines internal and external aspects as driving forces for the development of skills in companies. The comparison of four levels of the coevolutive stages with the competitive stages in operations shows that at more advanced levels, there is a broad process of learning and interaction among the actors involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La adherencia es un proceso clave para la infección por Helicobacter pylori, regulada por la expresión coordinada de adhesinas. Dentro de este grupo encontramos las proteínas AlpA/B y HorB que, recientemente, han llamado la atención de la comunidad científica, por su papel en el fitness de la bacteria. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la historia evolutiva de AlpA/B y HorB, desde un enfoque filogeográfico. Para este fin, se descargaron secuencias específicas para AlpA, AlpB y HorB desde Uniprot y fueron analizadas en Muscle, Mega 5.1, PhyML 3.0.1, DNAsp 5.0 y PAML 4.5. En este estudio, se identificó que los genes alpA, alpB y horB siguen un modelo evolutivo de nacimiento y de muerte de genes, bajo selección purificadora. Además, se detectaron patrones de diferenciación genética significativos para alpA, entre las poblaciones de América-Europa (FsT 0,51395) y de Europa-Asia (FsT 0,46030) y para alpB, entre las poblaciones de América-Europa (FsT 0,43711), datos soportados por la prueba McDonald y Kreitman. Seguidamente, mediante la herramienta PAML 4.5, se detectó que un 9,51% de la proteína AlpA, un 8,5% de la proteína AlpB y un 5% de la proteína HorBestán bajo selección positiva, determinando la presencia de linajes selectivos de H. pylori para zonas geográficas específicas, que favorecen la adherencia al hospedero. Finalmente, se concluye que los genes codificantes para las adhesinas AlpAB y HorB tienen procesos de adaptación locales correlacionados con los orígenes filogeográficos de las cepas analizadas.

En este trabajo caracterizamos la dinámica de las sociedades capitalistas contemporáneas como el resultado de un proceso de coevolución entre cinco subsistemas estructuralmente distintos: el ámbito de lo personal, el mercado, el Estado, la sociedad civil y la naturaleza. Representamos varios de estos subsistemas como sistemas evolutivos en sí mismos, y planteamos la existencia de mecanismos específicos de coevolución entre ellos. Esto nos permite caracterizar los procesos de cambio en las sociedades capitalistas como propiedades emergentes de un sistema complejo en coevolución. Nuestro análisis revela que la coevolución desacompasada entre dos o más subsistemas puede generar problemas de coordinación global. Concretamente, la crisis económica actual podría interpretarse como un fenómeno resultante de la coevolución no armoniosa entre algunos de los subsistemas mencionados.

La evolución de la interacciónparásito-hospedero es un proceso dinámicoque implica cambios en la composicióngenética de las especies involucradas. Loscambios pueden observarse en los genes delos individuos mediante el modelo gen porgen, o en la estructura genética de lapoblación mediante el modelo del mosaicogeográfico.