Search

As the predominant standard for partitioning operating systems, ARINC 653 has been applied in many critical domains. However, its reliance on informal textual languages presents challenges for ensuring both the correctness of the standard itself and the conformity of a specification or an OS to this standard. This paper addresses the gap through formal work on the ARINC 653 standard. We provide a comprehensive formal specification of multi‐core ARINC 653 Part 1–5 using Isabelle/HOL that encompasses all the 68 services and covers all components outlined in the standard, then conduct a formal proof of conformity of the specification according to ARINC 653 Part 3A. Our work marks the first comprehensive multi‐core ARINC 653 specification with a formal conformity proof. Notably, we identify and address three defects in the standard document during the formal specification and proof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitatively assessing all per- and poly fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in an environmental sample, particularly soils impacted by aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs), has proven to be a challenge. To make such an assessment, a comprehensive sample processing procedure and analytical tool must be used. However, doubts remain whether current analytical tools such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with targeted quantitation and semi-quantitative analysis of suspects (Semi-Q HRMS) or total organic fluorine (TOF) are capable of accurately quantifying all non-polymeric PFASs in a sample. Further, current comprehensive soil PFAS HRMS methods are incompatible with TOF, preventing direct comparisons of the approaches. To enable direct comparisons, a soil sample processing procedure that is comprehensive as well as compatible with multiple analytical tools is needed. In this study, we assessed the performance of a previously developed soil PFAS method, EPA Method 1633, and a hybrid solid phase extraction (SPE)–based method for characterizing AFFF-impacted soil composites while maintaining compatibility with multiple analytical tools (i.e., Semi-Q HRMS and TOF). Comparative results for AFFF-impacted soil composites indicate analysis via EPA Method 1633 (as compared to the novel hybrid method) results in maybe up to 75% of the PFAS mass being missed by only analyzing for compounds listed in EPA Method 1633. Simply expanding the EPA Method 1633 analyte list was insufficient to account for the missing mass: up to 69% of the PFAS mass was still missed because of EPA Method 1633's extraction and cleanup bias. Additionally, the novel method developed offers a more comprehensive analysis with minimal reductions to sensitivity when compared to those reported in EPA Method 1633, with limits of quantification ranging from 0.12 to 2.4 ng/g as compared to 0.16–4.0 ng/g, respectively. For these reasons, an alternative hybrid SPE-based method is proposed for comprehensive evaluation of PFASs in AFFF-impacted soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of older adults with diabetes mellitus is growing but heterogeneous. Because geriatric syndromes, comorbidity or multimorbidity, the complexity of glucose dynamics, and socioeconomic conditions are associated with the risk of severe hypoglycemia and mortality, these factors should be considered in individualized diabetes treatment. Because cognitive impairment and frailty have similar etiologies and risk factors, a common strategy can be implemented to address them through optimal glycemic control, management of vascular risk factors, diet, exercise, social participation, and support. To prevent frailty or sarcopenia, optimal energy intake, adequate protein and vitamin intake, and resistance or multi‐component exercise are recommended. For hypoglycemic drug therapy, it is important to reduce hypoglycemia, to use sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonists, taking into account the benefits for cardiovascular disease and the risk of adverse effects, and to simplify treatment to address poor adherence. Glycemic control goals for older adults with diabetes should be set according to three categories, based on cognitive function and activities of daily living, using the Dementia Assessment Sheet for Community‐based Integrated Care System 8‐items. This categorization can be used to determine treatment strategies for diabetes when combined with the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA). Based on the CGA, frailty prevention, treatment simplification, and social participation or services should be implemented for patients in Category II and above. Measures against hypoglycemia and for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease should also be promoted. Treatment based on categorization and CGA by multidisciplinary professionals would be an individualized treatment for older adults with diabetes. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 1257–1268. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Comprehensive Care Case (CCC) report represented a detailed diagnosis and treatment plan to manage a complex dental patient who came to the outdoor dental clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport in Alamein (AAST). A 32-year-old female patient, had been presented with continuous dental pain, improper dental functions, and an aesthetic problem. The staff team, comprising specialists in different dental departments, supervised this case with the undergraduate student. Together, they have tailored a treatment plan that integrated cumulative phases. Outcomes were assessed through both radiographical and clinical metrics as well as patient-reported outcomes, demonstrating significant improvements in pain relief, dental functions, and aesthetics. This case illustrated the effectiveness of collaborative care models in addressing the complex clinical challenges with an optimum treatment plan that meets the patient’s needs and satisfaction. It also highlighted the importance of departmental cooperation, social communication, and the role of the university in community service. The researchers’ findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting comprehensive care strategies for complex patients, suggesting implications for clinical practice and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The main objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the stress management intervention package in improving stress-related burnout. Materials and Methods: An experimental study was done on 300 nurses selected by a nonprobability convenience sampling technique and a quasi-experimental one-group pre- and posttest research design was utilized. Modified expanded nurses stress scale and self-structured three-point Likert scale on the challenges that nurses may face following stressful life events utilized to collect information. The nurses signed up for six interactive sessions on various stress-coping methods by utilizing a variety of teaching strategies such as lecture cum discussion, video slides, group work, and direct interaction with the experts to explore stress-related issues. Results: Continuous stress affects both the body and the mind, causing psychosomatic symptoms. Data found that 2% to 10% of nurses frequently suffered with physical symptoms such as exhaustion, backache, acidity, headache, shoulder stiffness, and insomnia. Following the intervention, the number of nurses who had these symptoms frequently and sometimes decreased. Previously, 10% of nurses experienced emotional symptoms frequently; however, after intervention, this figure was reduced to < 2%. The greatest proportion of nurses (18%) reported frequently worrying, while 1.3% expressed frequent worrying after intervention. Maximum (5%) of nurses had a tendency to eat too little or too much; this has been reduced to 0.3% after the intervention. The intervention package on stress management significantly improved nurses’ comprehensive well-being (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: An intervention package for stress management was helpful in lowering physical, emotional, psychological, and behavioral stress-related symptoms among nurses.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells have emerged as the primary technology for producing green electricity. This innovation harnesses direct sunlight to generate power and its flexibility of installation has drawn significant investment in PV panels. Despite numerous benefits, these cells are hindered by a decline in efficiency caused by elevated cell temperature. As such, researchers have undertaken extensive investigations into possible solutions aimed at enhancing the performance of photovoltaic cells using diverse techniques. This review paper provides a thorough analysis of cooling techniques for photovoltaic panels. It encompasses both passive and active cooling methods, including water and air cooling, phase-change materials, and various diverse approaches. Within each category, it delves into detailed sub-categories, such as evaporative cooling, water immersion, floating systems, water pipes, cooling channels, water sprayers, jet impingement, geothermal cooling, and natural convection enhanced by PV designs. It also covers forced convection using cooling ducts, heat sinks, and air collectors, alongside the integration of Phase Change Materials (PCMs), nanofluids, radiative cooling, thermoelectric methods, heat pipes, heat pumps, and other innovative techniques. Each of these approaches is illustrated with specific schematics and thoroughly discussed and compared. Furthermore, this paper introduces an original classification system for these cooling methods applied to photovoltaic panels, offering valuable guidance for future research and insights into improving efficiency.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells have emerged as the primary technology for producing green electricity. This innovation harnesses direct sunlight to generate power and its flexibility of installation has drawn significant investment in PV panels. Despite numerous benefits, these cells are hindered by a decline in efficiency caused by elevated cell temperature. As such, researchers have undertaken extensive investigations into possible solutions aimed at enhancing the performance of photovoltaic cells using diverse techniques. This review paper provides a thorough analysis of cooling techniques for photovoltaic panels. It encompasses both passive and active cooling methods, including water and air cooling, phase-change materials, and various diverse approaches. Within each category, it delves into detailed sub-categories, such as evaporative cooling, water immersion, floating systems, water pipes, cooling channels, water sprayers, jet impingement, geothermal cooling, and natural convection enhanced by PV designs. It also covers forced convection using cooling ducts, heat sinks, and air collectors, alongside the integration of Phase Change Materials (PCMs), nanofluids, radiative cooling, thermoelectric methods, heat pipes, heat pumps, and other innovative techniques. Each of these approaches is illustrated with specific schematics and thoroughly discussed and compared. Furthermore, this paper introduces an original classification system for these cooling methods applied to photovoltaic panels, offering valuable guidance for future research and insights into improving efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classroom EEG recordings classification has the capacity to significantly enhance comprehension and learning by revealing complex neural patterns linked to various cognitive processes. Electroencephalography (EEG) in academic settings allows researchers to study brain activity while students are in class, revealing learning preferences. The purpose of this study was to develop a machine learning framework to automatically classify different learning-style EEG patterns in real classroom environments. Method: In this study, a set of EEG features was investigated, including statistical features, fractal dimension, higher-order spectra, entropy, and a combination of all sets. Three different machine learning classifiers, random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and multilayer perceptron (MLP), were used to evaluate the performance. The proposed framework was evaluated on the real classroom EEG dataset, involving EEG recordings featuring different teaching blocks: reading, discussion, lecture, and video. Results: The findings revealed that statistical features are the most sensitive feature metric in distinguishing learning patterns from EEG. The statistical features and RF classifier method tested in this study achieved an overall best average accuracy of 78.45% when estimated by fivefold cross-validation. Conclusions: Our results suggest that EEG time domain statistics have a substantial role and are more reliable for internal state classification. This study might be used to highlight the importance of using EEG signals in the education context, opening the path for educational automation research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Ulcerative colitis [UC], a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, may manifest with symptoms of increased stool frequency [SF], rectal bleeding [RB], bowel urgency [BU], abdominal pain [AP], and fatigue. Mirikizumab, an anti-IL-23p19 antibody, demonstrated efficacy and safety in patients with moderately to severely active UC in the LUCENT Phase 3 trials. We evaluated mirikizumab's efficacy in achieving symptom control and time to symptom improvement during induction, maintenance of sustained symptom control, 'comprehensive symptom control', defined according to a combination of individual patient-reported outcomes, and prognostic baseline indicators of early symptomatic remission at Week 4. Methods The results of LUCENT-1/-2 have previously been reported. Treatment differences for symptomatic endpoints were compared over 52 weeks versus placebo [PBO] and comprehensive symptomatic endpoints at 12 and 52 weeks of continuous treatment. Subgroup analyses were conducted for prior biologic or tofacitinib treatment failure. Prognostic analyses were run using regression analysis. Results By Week [W] 2, mirikizumab-treated patients achieved greater reductions in SF, RB, BU, and fatigue versus PBO. At W4, there was a higher rate of AP improvement. At W12, a greater proportion of mirikizumab-treated patients achieved symptomatic remission, RB remission, SF remission, and BU remission/clinically meaningful improvement. Mirikizumab-treated patients sustained symptom control versus placebo patients in maintenance until W52. This treatment effect was shown in patients regardless of prior biologic or tofacitinib failure. Additionally, mirikizumab achieved comprehensive symptom control versus PBO at W12 and W52. Conclusions Mirikizumab demonstrated efficacy in achieving and sustaining symptom control and comprehensive symptom control over 52 weeks [NCT03518086; NCT03524092]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The main objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the stress management intervention package in improving stress-related burnout. Materials and Methods: An experimental study was done on 300 nurses selected by a nonprobability convenience sampling technique and a quasi-experimental one-group pre- and posttest research design was utilized. Modified expanded nurses stress scale and self-structured three-point Likert scale on the challenges that nurses may face following stressful life events utilized to collect information. The nurses signed up for six interactive sessions on various stress-coping methods by utilizing a variety of teaching strategies such as lecture cum discussion, video slides, group work, and direct interaction with the experts to explore stress-related issues. Results: Continuous stress affects both the body and the mind, causing psychosomatic symptoms. Data found that 2% to 10% of nurses frequently suffered with physical symptoms such as exhaustion, backache, acidity, headache, shoulder stiffness, and insomnia. Following the intervention, the number of nurses who had these symptoms frequently and sometimes decreased. Previously, 10% of nurses experienced emotional symptoms frequently; however, after intervention, this figure was reduced to < 2%. The greatest proportion of nurses (18%) reported frequently worrying, while 1.3% expressed frequent worrying after intervention. Maximum (5%) of nurses had a tendency to eat too little or too much; this has been reduced to 0.3% after the intervention. The intervention package on stress management significantly improved nurses' comprehensive well-being (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: An intervention package for stress management was helpful in lowering physical, emotional, psychological, and behavioral stress-related symptoms among nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In food analysis, conventional one‐dimensional liquid chromatography methods sometimes lack sufficient separation power due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the analyzed matrices. Therefore, the use of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography (2D‐LC) turns out to be a powerful tool to consider, especially when coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). This review presents the most remarkable 2D‐LC–MS food applications reported in the last 10 years, including a critical discussion of the multiple approaches, modulation strategies as well as the importance of the optimization of the different analytical aspects that will condition the 2D‐LC–MS performance. The presence of contaminants in food (food safety), the food quality, and authenticity or the relationship between the beneficial effects of food and human health are some of the fields in which most of the 2D‐LC–MS applications are mainly focused. Both heart‐cutting and comprehensive applications are described and discussed in this review, highlighting the potential of 2D‐LC–MS for the analysis of such complex samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The importance of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is increasing in aging societies worldwide. However, there are few comprehensive studies on CGA, resulting in a limited understanding of its implementation rate, temporal changes and factors associated with its implementation. We aimed to investigate the implementation status of CGA and its regional variance in Japan. Methods: Using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we investigated CGA trends, and identified the patient, hospital and regional factors associated with its implementation. We identified patients aged ≥65 years who were admitted for the first time between 2016 and 2020 with a diagnosis of stroke, heart failure, pneumonia, bone fracture or colorectal cancer. We examined the CGA implementation rate according to patient and hospital characteristics. We also investigated temporal changes and tendencies to carry out CGA in different prefectures. Results: A total of 1 974 817 patients were analyzed, of whom 570 696 (28.9%) underwent CGA. The implementation trend increased steadily from 25.3% in fiscal year 2016 to 33.4% in fiscal year 2019. The implementation rate also increased with patient age (30.3% in patients aged ≥95 years). Regional variations in its implementation status were observed, with a higher tendency to be implemented in areas near major metropolitan regions. A trend toward carrying out CGA for colorectal cancer, but not for other diseases, has been observed in eastern Japan. Conclusion: Although CGA is increasingly carried out, considerable regional differences remain in its implementation status. Initiatives to reduce variations are necessary. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 904–911. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: This review explores the collaboration between primary care physicians (PCPs) and surgical specialists in breast cancer management. It outlines their evolving roles focusing on early detection, treatment decisions, and patient-centered care. It also addresses challenges, emphasizes interdisciplinary communication, and discusses opportunities for improved breast cancer care. Recent Findings: Recent research highlights the expanded role of PCPs in comprehensive breast cancer care, from diagnosis, treatment, survivorship, and prevention. Surgeons play a crucial role in decision-making and personalized treatment planning. Collaborative approaches, including multidisciplinary teams, show improved diagnoses and outcomes. Advances in breast cancer research, such as targeted treatments and immunotherapy, offer promising avenues for enhanced care. Summary: This article advocates for a transformative landscape in breast cancer care, with PCPs and surgeons leading collaborative efforts. Future research lies in the exploration of targeted treatments and the commitment to a holistic, patient-centered approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The elderly colorectal cancer population has a high prevalence and complex condition, and postoperative rehabilitation faces various challenges. It is of great significance to construct a scientific, practical and comprehensive postoperative health management program for colorectal cancer in the elderly to improve patients' health. Objective To construct a comprehensive health management program for elderly postoperative colorectal cancer patients, and provide reference for postoperative rehabilitation of elderly colorectal cancer patients. Methods Based on literature review and qualitative interviews, the management program for elderly postoperative colorectal cancer patients was initially formulated. The Delphi method was used to conduct 2 rounds of correspondence with 16 experts from tertiary hospitals in Nanjing and Shanghai. The motivation degree of the experts was evaluated based on questionnaire recovery rate and text revision rate. Furthermore, the authority coefficient was used to evaluate the degree of expert authority, while the coefficient of variation and Kendall's W coefficient were used to evaluate the coordination of expert opinions. Based on opinions and discussion of experts, the ultimate formation of the health management program for elderly postoperative colorectal cancer patients was constructed after adjusting the content of entries. Results The recovery rates of the two rounds of expert correspondence were 94.12% and 100.00%, respectively. The text revision rates were 56.25%, and the authority coefficient was 0.91. The mean importance scores of items in the two rounds of the consultation ranged from 3.81 to 5.00 and 4.13 to 5.00, with the coefficients of variation from 0 to 0.24 and 0 to 0.20. The Kendall's W coefficients of expert opinions were 0.211 and 0.222, respectively (P

The transportation network is the most important component of an urban infrastructure. The efficiency of a region’s transportation system can be understood by the effectiveness of its transport network arrangement. The current study employs Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to assess the structure of a transport network in various clusters of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Area (HMA). The study focuses on a thorough assessment of the transport (or) road network structure in terms of various criteria such as connectivity, accessibility, maturity, and development. The study also categorizes each Transport Network Structural Evaluation Criteria (TNSEC) level as “very low, low, medium, high, or very high”. The goal of this research is to create a Road Network Structural Performance Index (RNSPI), which is usually used to measure the efficiency of a study area’s transportation network structure. The study’s findings serve as a foundation for city transportation planners to put efforts in the planning to enhance network facilities in the study region. The study also investigates the utility of Arc GIS software in assessing the structure of an urban transport network.

Scholars widely recognize parental involvement in education as a significant factor in children's academic success, particularly in the domain of reading. This systematic review aimed to examine the role of parental involvement in the implementation of reading programs and its effect on the reading achievement of elementary school learners. Through a comprehensive search of academic databases, relevant studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 2010 and 2023 were identified and analyzed. The review included various forms of parental involvement, such as participation in reading-related activities at home, communication between parents and teachers, and parental engagement in school-based reading initiatives. Findings indicated a positive association between parental involvement in reading programs and children's reading achievement. Specifically, active parental engagement, such as reading with children at home, providing a print-rich environment, and communicating regularly with teachers about their child's progress, was consistently linked with higher levels of reading proficiency among elementary school learners. Moreover, the review highlighted the importance of collaborative efforts between schools and families in designing and implementing reading programs. Programs that actively involved parents in decision-making processes, provided resources and support for parental involvement, and fostered positive relationships between parents and educators were more likely to yield significant improvements in students' reading outcomes. However, challenges related to parental involvement, such as socioeconomic disparities, language barriers, and varying levels of parental education, were also identified. Addressing these challenges required tailored strategies that recognized and accommodated the diverse needs and circumstances of families. In conclusion, this review underscored the crucial role of parental involvement in enhancing the effectiveness of reading programs and promoting reading achievement among elementary school learners. It provided insights for educators, policymakers, and practitioners to develop evidence-based strategies that fostered meaningful partnerships between schools and families to support children's literacy development. The researcher further recommended further research to explore the specific mechanisms through which parental involvement influences reading outcomes and to identify best practices for promoting sustained engagement among diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of haloperidol in pain management has been a topic of interest for several decades. Haloperidol is a widely used antipsychotic medication with unique pharmacologic properties that make it a potential candidate for pain management. However, the efficacy and safety of haloperidol for pain management remain controversial. This narrative review provides a summary of the current literature on the use of haloperidol for pain management, including its pharmacology, clinical effectiveness, adverse effects, and dosing regimens. We performed a comprehensive search of the literature for this review. The most robust clinical data from the past decade suggest that haloperidol has good efficacy in the treatment of pain related to gastroparesis and migraines and has shown promise for opioid use reduction in patients with chronic pain or receiving palliative care. The overall side effect profile is excellent, with zero reported events of QT-related cardiac arrest and minimal reports of sedation and transient extrapyramidal effects such as akathisia. Dosing regimens used were heterogeneous, with most ranging from 1 to 5 mg per dose via intravenous, intramuscular, or oral route. Studies with designs that isolated the effects of haloperidol from combinations of other drugs were extremely limited. Further high-quality prospective studies are needed to determine the ideal role of haloperidol in the routine clinical management of painful conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently in the United States, many states provide abstinence only education to students, if sexual education is mandatory at all. This is largely because of the 2017 policy that redirected funding through grants from comprehensive sexual education to abstinence only education. This Note proposes that the current administration redirect the money back to comprehensive sexual education policies that were productive during the early 2010s. The federal government should also provide a level‐based curriculum to states to ease the implementation of comprehensive sexual education in schools. Key Points for the Family Court Community: In 2010, the United States federal government created the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program which, for the first time, provided federal funding to states and programs that used comprehensive sexual education.In its first 5 years (2010–2015), the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program provided comprehensive sexual education to over 500,000 children and teens, from the ages of 10–19 years old.In 2018, the federal government used the funding provided for the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program to promote and fund abstinence only education.Despite federal court orders mandating that funding still be provided to grantees of the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program from 2015, the Department of Health and Human Services refused to honor the funding promised.Comprehensive sexual education has been proven over the years to be the better method of preventing teen pregnancy, decreasing domestic violence, promoting healthy relationships, and overall preparing teens for adult relationships and life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient transportation systems are essential for guaranteeing smooth movement and decreasing congestion in metropolitan areas in today's increasingly urbanizing globe. Urban transportation networks rely heavily on metro systems, which carry millions of passengers every day. Nonetheless, controlling traffic near metro stations is still a difficult task that frequently results in clogged roads, delays, and jeopardized passenger safety. In this regard, utilizing cutting-edge technology like the Internet of Things (IoT) presents viable ways to improve traffic monitoring and management at metro stations. This research also investigates the use of predictive analytics methods and machine learning algorithms to examine the massive volumes of data produced by Internet of Things sensors. Additionally, the incorporation of IoT-capable communication systems facilitates the smooth distribution of information to travellers, offering them the most recent warnings, notifications, and recommended routes to improve their trip experience. This study article clarifies the possible advantages and difficulties related to the use of IoT for enhanced metro station traffic monitoring and management using a mix of theoretical analysis, case studies, and real-world demonstrations. Through promoting data-driven decision-making, increasing operational effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the most widely available and utilised imaging modality for the screening, diagnosis, and serial monitoring of all abnormalities related to cardiac structure or function. The primary objectives of this document are to provide (1) a guiding framework for treating clinicians of the acceptable indications for the initial and serial TTE assessments of the commonly encountered cardiovascular conditions in adults, and (2) the minimum required standard for TTE examinations and reporting for imaging service providers. The main areas covered within this Position Statement pertain to the TTE assessment of the left and right ventricles, valvular heart diseases, pericardial diseases, aortic diseases, infective endocarditis, cardiac masses, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases associated with cancer treatments or cardio-oncology. Facilitating the optimal use and performance of high quality TTEs will prevent the over or under-utilisation of this resource and unnecessary downstream testing due to suboptimal or incomplete studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to investigate and analyze the practices of scientific management within the County Departments of Sports and Youth (CDSY) in Romania. Conducted through a comprehensive research endeavor spanning from January to June 2022, the study utilized a standardized questionnaire as its primary instrument for data collection, distributed among CDSY directors. A notable finding from the study indicates that a significant proportion of respondents (44.9%) perceive notable disparities in the normative-functional elements governing the National Sports System in Romania compared to international standards. Moreover, the majority (51%) consistently adhere to regulatory acts, while a substantial portion (69.4%) underscore the importance of strict adherence to internal regulations in strategy formulation. Furthermore, an overwhelming majority (88.9%) acknowledge the substantial influence of available resources on strategy development, with collaboration with authorities primarily occurring through direct communication channels. Respondents prioritize multiple objectives (44.9%), affirm the necessity of various competencies (53.1%), and identify a lack of human and financial resources (59.2%) as the most significant obstacle. Notable achievements highlighted in the study include the improvement of the county's sports performance (53.1%). Respondents also believe that setting clear and realistic objectives (38.8%) is pivotal to enhancing CDSY management, while considerations in formulating strategies emphasize trends in the sports domain (42.9%) and the specific needs of the local sports community (42.9%). Overall, this research contributes to the understanding and promotion of more efficient practices in managing sports and youth departments within Romania's counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical background of the under-study Urdu novel “Sasa” is a tragedy set in the 21st century. The incident of 11th September 2001, stands as a poignant historical event, reshaping the global political landscape in mere hours. This paper analyses the novel Sasa delving into the far-reaching consequences of the twin tower demolition in New York, particularly resonating across the Muslim world. The repercussions of this calamitous and violent incident extend beyond geographical borders, leaving an indelible mark on nations such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iraq. However, a significant facet of this impact is observed through the lens of Pakistani Muslims residing in the United States and Western countries, who directly grappled with the aftermath of the tragedy. Central to the novel's narrative are characters who embody the multifaceted questions surrounding the motivations behind the tragedy. These questions are intricately woven into the characters' actions and dialogues, unravelling a complex interplay of political, social, and economic issues. As the characters navigate their identities both domestically and abroad, themes of identity, conflict, and harmony emerge as pivotal touchpoints. Within the narrative, Muslim characters hopelessly long for a path of peace amidst the prevailing tide of war, intolerance and animosity propagated by Western and European media. Central to the novel's narrative is a character named Saleem who embodies the multifaceted questions. In quest of his long hunted answer to the question of Love he travels to America, but he had to face hatred instead. This research employs a qualitative analysis approach, utilizing textual analysis and thematic exploration to unearth the layers of meaning embedded within the characters' experiences and interactions. By contextualizing the characters within a global framework, this study seeks to shed light on the intricate web of human emotions, motivations, and responses triggered by Sasa. Ultimately, the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the broader sociopolitical repercussions of traumatic events and underline the importance of nuanced narratives that counter prevailing biases and prejudices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there are numerous performance metrics that have been developed for the evaluation of distracted driving prevention programs, there is little information on how to select them depending on the requirements and/or objectives of the study. This paper describes a systematic literature review that was conducted on the metrics for evaluating distracted driving countermeasures in order to bridge this research gap. A summary of the evaluation metrics used for the existing distracted driving countermeasures was provided. Guidance for choosing an evaluation measure was provided by analyzing the metrics from the perspectives of functionality, spatial-temporal dimension, and equity. Three examples of distracted driving countermeasure evaluation processes were thoroughly reviewed in order to offer insight into metric selection and measurement. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by discussing the implications for policy on how to enhance the thoroughness and accuracy of the evaluation of distracted driving countermeasures. Analysis from multiple angles, the development of data collection tools and direct behavior indicators, taking into account temporal dimensions, and equity considerations, are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Comprehensive sex and sexuality education (CSE) is an evidence‐based intervention associated with improved sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Currently, there are no standardized requirements for sex and sexuality education in the United States, despite expert recommendations. Contributions to Theory: In the United States, a Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child theoretical model proposed by the Centers for Disease Control, and current examples of school sex education policy is used to make recommendations for the standardization of comprehensive sexual health education in K‐12 schools. This article describes the necessary components to adopt CSE equitably, and provides an example of the process implemented to improve CSE in 1 school district in Pittsburgh, PA. Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity: Understanding the key components of legislation that align with recommended standards, and the process of advocating for school policy change, allows local advocacy groups and education policymakers to create and pass feasible legislation that will ensure appropriate instruction. There is additional room for improvement in states and local districts that have current CSE legislation, to adopt approaches grounded in frameworks that critically evaluate social determinants of health and amend legislation to further improve health equity. Conclusions: Several states and local districts have passed CSE regulations, and are implementing and evaluating their efficacy, providing support and examples for other regions interested in adopting similar policies and processes. Pittsburgh Public Schools can be used as an example adapting current legislation and adopting more comprehensive language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals and effects of higher education on the economy and society have experienced numerous changes throughout history. Considering the context is crucial as institutional and policy processes in higher education evolve, differ among countries, and vary between political systems. This essay compares the utilitarian and inherent conceptual frameworks to examine the purpose of higher education and its institutional components. The analysis of various educational traditions is conducted in a critical manner, and these traditions are utilised as examples to provide insights for current policymaking. This article employs accurate conceptual associations as it recognises the inseparability of higher education from other educational levels. The significance of this lies in the organic integration of social science literature, which provides recommendations for the future based on well-established practices that were previously disregarded due to an excessive dependence on market-driven approaches. This offers novel perspectives on the significance of conceptual "bridging" and reconciliation in advancing policy-guiding theories. The discussion on the purpose of higher education analyses the current trends of growing social inequality in the Western Hemisphere, their connection to the prevalent higher education model, and the essential policy decisions needed to ensure continued growth in participation. This article contends that the prevailing emphasis on labour market-oriented policies in higher education has resulted in an escalating level of rivalry. As a result, higher education has transformed into a conventional marketplace where degrees and achievements are seen as currency that can be exchanged for value in the job market. The original purpose of education was to help people grow, but it has since changed to help with economic development. Owing to the exorbitant expenses associated with tertiary education, despite the purported transparency of regulations, only a privileged minority can actually afford it. Policymakers should contemplate adopting a hybrid paradigm that recognises both the inherent value and the practical benefits of higher education. This shift would help foster inclusive educational systems and contribute to the development of a fair and well-informed society. India is currently experiencing substantial transformations in its social, cultural, and economic sphere. While there is a decrease in job opportunities, business graduates are also lacking the necessary knowledge and skills required by the industry. To bridge the gap between academic coursework and the demands of the business world, commerce education should be comprehensive and extensive focused, and specifically designed to prioritise qualities such as mindset, corporate knowledge, personal presentation, and the cultivation of leadership abilities. In order to make the business curriculum more suitable for society, it is critically important to reform and realign it. The government should strive to develop novel methodologies to improve the nation's educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aceh Province is a potential area for the exploitation of Panulirus, with six species of Panulirus inhabiting coastal areas and coral ecosystems in Aceh Province including P. homarus, P. longipes, P. ornatus, P. penicillatus, P. polyphagus, and P. versicolor. This study aims to characterise six species of Panulirus originating from Aceh as management and conservation efforts in the future. This research was conducted from 2022-2023 at Simeulue Island (P. homarus, P. longipes, P. penicillatus, and P. versicolor) and Aceh Jaya Regency (P. ornatus and P. polyphagus), Aceh Province, Indonesia. The collected samples were then transported to the Aquaculture Integrated Laboratory, Almuslim University, Indonesia for further analysis. The collected lobsters were of mature size (body weight and total length reaching 500 g and 18-25 cm) with a total of 10 individuals per species. A total of 58 morphometric characters were measured, of which total length (TL) was used as the coefficient of data transformation, so only 57 characters were subjected to statistical tests. Statistical analysis of the measured morphometric characters was performed using univariate ANOVA (analysis of variance) and multivariate DFA (discriminant function analysis) methods using SPSS Ver. 22. Univariate and multivariate morphometric analysis allowed the classification of six Panulirus species based on their specific characters. A total of 51 out of 57 morphometric characters were significantly different (P < 0.05), while only the six characters were not significantly different. P. ornatus is the species with the highest species distance compared to the other five Panulirus species based on DFA analysis (scatter plot). Morphometric analysis to differentiate the six Panulirus species provides more comprehensive information on key morphological identification characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although electronic consults (e-consults) are utilized in healthcare systems by medical professionals, use of e-consults by pharmacy remains novel outside of niche disease states. Additional research is required to fill literature gaps to assist in optimizing the pharmacist’s role in e-consult programs. Objective This study aimed to assess the impact of pharmacist expertise on e-consult outcomes. Methods This study was a retrospective review of all pharmacy e-consults completed by pharmacists at a large academic health system between March 1st, 2020, and August 31st, 2022. This was deemed quality improvement and did not require Institutional Review Board approval. E-consults were identified using a report. Key data collection points included e-consult disease state, ordering provider, pharmacists' specialty, and recommendation result. The primary outcome was the difference in acceptance rates of expert versus non-expert pharmacist recommendations. Secondary outcomes included the overall implementation rate, implementation rate over time, acceptance rate between provider types, time to implementation, and pharmacist response time. Acceptance rates were compared between expert/non-expert dichotomy via Pearson chi-square test. Results A total of 375 e-consults met inclusion criteria and spanned 19 unique disease states. The three most common included diabetes mellitus (27.0%), pain management (13.1%), and mental health (11.0%). Nearly 60% of e-consults were in a disease with an expert. The provider acceptance rate was higher when e-consults were completed by an expert versus non-expert (62.6% versus 39.6% respectively, p = 0.002). The overall implementation rate was 51.8%. Physicians (MD/DOs) accepted the pharmacist’s recommendations 55.6% of the time, advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) 64.7%, physician assistants (PAs) 100.0%, and other professionals 25.0% (p = 0.033). Mean time to recommendation implementation was 16.5 days (SD = 29.4 days). Mean time to pharmacist response was 1.1 days (SD = 1.4 days). Conclusions Comprehensive e-consult programs are more successful when integrating expert pharmacists.

In 2021, at the request of PJSC “Dnepropetrovsk Coke Plant”, city Kamianske, we conducted research at the facility where coke-chemical waste is stored on one of the coal waste collectors. The study area was 9.37 ha. The research subject was anthropogenic formations, which were formed due to the storage of coal-floated sediments on the company’s premises. The research aimed to determine the characteristics and analysis of the quantity and quality of coal accumulations, determine the retention of the insulating layer and its composition, and create maps of the quality and capacity of accumulated anthropogenic sediments. The ordering company decided to use both – the latest ground penetration technology and the traditional methods of drilling and laboratory, thanks to which an unusually large number of parameters were obtained and processed during the research process. Similar research was conducted on other industrial facilities, but to a much lesser extent; since we have implemented a combined, comprehensive methodology for the assessment of anthropogenic deposits, because of which the effectiveness of geological research and economic assessment increased, the time of conducting research shortened to 40-45 calendar days, and the cost of such tests decreased five times. At this stage, some things could be improved in the methodology, such as imperfection of the mathematical model and methodology of statistical data processing. These errors will be eliminated during further modelling work under the prepared implementation plan for the tested methodology.

This paper strives to enhance the inclusivity of urban public spaces, which play a crucial role in providing essential services for all citizens, including community building, physical and mental well-being, social interaction, civic engagement, citizen participation, and economic vitality. Despite the importance of these spaces, as recognized by the UN’s 2030 sustainability goals, the 2023 UN sustainable development report and scholars have drawn attention to their low availability, particularly for low-income individuals, women, children, and people with disabilities. To improve the inclusivity of public spaces, this paper offers the following contributions. (i) The establishment of a comprehensive framework for assessing public space inclusivity. This framework incorporates eight indicators: spatial distribution, typology, facilities and services, green and humid areas, governance and management, safety, user categories, and user satisfaction. (ii) The utilization of the framework to assess the inclusivity of public spaces in Nablus, a major Palestinian city. This assessment confirms the observations made by the UN and scholars regarding the low inclusivity of public spaces; in particular, a lack of public space, poor spatial distribution, and user dissatisfaction with safety conditions and services. (iii) The introduction of the concept of smart public space, which involves citizens in the governance of this space and leverages smart technology for monitoring, providing real-time information and services to citizens, improving facility efficiency, and creating an eco-friendly environment that preserves resources and biodiversity. By addressing these aspects, this paper enhances inclusivity. It promotes the development of an urban public space that caters to the diverse needs of the community, fostering a sense of belonging and well-being for all.

This article provides an overarching view on establishing a sport science department that fosters comprehensive integration of student-athlete health and performance support in collegiate athletics. Collegiate athletic departments have adopted the high- performance model to help manage the complex health and performance needs of their student-athletes. Considered best practice by many, the high-performance model has limits in collegiate athletics, whereas comprehensive integration is the next generation of best practice. It combines every available resource to establish unprecedented health and performance support. This is accomplished, in part, by collaborating with academic, health care, and industry stakeholders who can fill persistent gaps in the broad services, knowledge, and expertise required to meet the ever-evolving health and performance challenges faced by athletic departments. A well-designed sport science department can facilitate this process by establishing mutually beneficial partnerships to fulfill various service, research, education, or innovation initiatives. This article details the role of the sport scientist in establishing comprehensive integration. It guides athletic departments who wish to begin a sport science program, as well as those who wish to expand their current sport science structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to present the framework of action of the Preliminary Draft of the Organic Law on Comprehensive Protection against Trafficking and Exploitation of Human Beings to shed light on some interpretative problems of the proposed new criminal protection system and to analyze the regulatory framework that guarantees the rights of victims. This framework completes the regulation of minimums enshrined in Law 4/2015, of April 27, 2015, on the Statute of the Victim, in those issues that require regulatory deployments such as prevention, identification, and holistic assistance to this specific victim group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streets are fundamental in the urban realm and always have specific problems. Many street concepts are believed to be able to solve the issues only partially. Therefore, they should work together to solve them comprehensively. Based on this case, to ensure their comprehensiveness, this research aims to offer Quran as an undebatable inspiration in finding new ideas for urban street concepts and filling the holes to solve those complicated problems. By using the content analysis method, this research analyzes eight street concepts: Those are livable, sustainable, walkable, biophilic, complete, democratic, user-friendly, and Quranic street, which is based on Quran to identify the indicators for each of them. The result showed that new inspirations of urban street concepts were found. They could be considered as new indicators of urban street concepts, which can provide a more comprehensive solution to the complicated street problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to propose a new method for neutralizing contradictions in neural networks. Neural networks exhibit numerous contradictions in the form of contrasts, differences, and errors, making it extremely challenging to find a compromise between them. In this context, neutralization is introduced not to resolve these contradictions, but to weaken them by transforming them into more manageable and concrete forms. In this paper, contradictions are neutralized or weakened through four neutralization methods: comprehensive, nullified, compressive, and collective. Comprehensive neutralization involves increasing the neutrality of all components in a neural network. Nullified neutralization is employed to weaken contradictions among different computational and optimization procedures. Compressive neutralization aims to simplify multi-layered neural networks while preserving the original internal information as much as possible. Collective neutralization is achieved by considering as many final networks as possible under different conditions, inputs, learning steps, and so on. The proposed method was applied to two data sets, one of which consisted of irregular forms resulting from natural language processing. The experimental results demonstrate that comprehensive neutralization could enhance the neutrality of all components and represent features across a broader range of components, thereby improving generalization. Nullified neutralization enabled a compromise between neutrality maximization and error minimization. Through compressive and collective neutralization of a large number of compressed weights, it became possible to interpret compressed and collective weights. In particular, inputs that were considered relatively unimportant by conventional methods emerged as highly significant. Finally, these results were compared with those obtained in the field of the human-centered approach to provide a clearer understanding of the significance of contradiction resolution, applied to neural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dariyāft is the property of National University of Modern Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dariyāft is the property of National University of Modern Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent research on the intersection of software engineering and mobile technology. The review method involves a systematic literature search and analysis of relevant research articles. The study identifies key trends and challenges in the field, including the need for better testing and debugging tools, and the emergence of new technologies such as mobile cloud computing. Innovative solutions are proposed to address these challenges. The research focuses on topics such as mobile application development, mobile databases, and mobile security. The paper provides a concise summary of the major findings and proposed solutions. The study concludes that the field of software engineering and mobile technology is rapidly evolving, and further research is needed to effectively address the challenges and keep pace with the dynamic nature of the field

Abstract The comprehensive holistic care for paediatric patients is essential but artificial intelligence is playing a vital role where accuracy with limited duration a constructive health care services can be delivered to the children where indirectly nurses are getting technically skilled and more developed then the previous nursing services.

Aceh Province is a potential area for the exploitation of Panulirus, with six species of Panulirus inhabiting coastal areas and coral ecosystems in Aceh Province including P. homarus (Linnaeus, 1758), P. longipes (A. Milne Edwards, 1868), P. ornatus (Fabricius, 1798), P. penicillatus (Olivier, 1791), P. polyphagus (Herbst, 1793), and P. versicolor (Latreille, 1804). This study aims to characterise six species of Panulirus originating from Aceh as management and conservation efforts in the future. This research was conducted from 2022‒2023 at Simeulue Island (P. homarus, P. longipes, P. penicillatus, and P. versicolor) and Aceh Jaya Regency (P. ornatus and P. polyphagus), Aceh Province, Indonesia. The collected samples were then transported to the Aquaculture Integrated Laboratory, Almuslim University, Indonesia for further analysis. The collected lobsters were of mature size (body weight and total length reaching 500 g and 18‒25 cm) with a total of 10 individuals per species. A total of 58 morphometric characters were measured, of which total length (TL) was used as the coefficient of data transformation, so only 57 characters were subjected to statistical tests. Statistical analysis of the measured morphometric characters was performed using univariate ANOVA (analysis of variance) and multivariate DFA (discriminant function analysis) methods using SPSS Ver. 22. Univariate and multivariate morphometric analysis allowed the classification of six Panulirus species based on their specific characters. A total of 51 out of 57 morphometric characters were significantly different (P < 0.05), while only the six characters were not significantly different. Panulirus ornatus is the species with the highest species distance compared to the other five Panulirus species based on DFA analysis (scatter plot). Morphometric analysis to differentiate the six Panulirus species provides more comprehensive information on key morphological identification characters.

The University of Kansas Cancer Center (KUCC) is a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center, the only one in the state of Kansas. KUCC operates as a matrix organization that includes multiple campuses and partners, such as the University of Kansas Medical Center, the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, and Children's Mercy Kansas City. The cancer center focuses on advancing discoveries from the laboratory to the patients' bedside and has a strong emphasis on clinical trials. KUCC has three research programs that cover different aspects of cancer, and it pays special attention to the unique needs of people in its catchment area. The center has made significant contributions to the field of cancer research and has a comprehensive clinical trial portfolio. It has conducted studies on various types of cancer, including bladder cancer, triple negative breast cancer, and gastric cancer. KUCC is also involved in cellular therapy research, particularly CAR-T cell therapy. The center is committed to reducing disparities in access to cancer care and clinical trial enrollment for underserved populations. The KUCC clinic trial office provides comprehensive support services for clinical trials, and the center has seen an increase in clinical trial accrual in recent years. Overall, KUCC's success in clinical research demonstrates the importance of investigational clinical trials in the fight against cancer. [Extracted from the article]

Forced marriage in the United States is a hidden issue for a growing number of children and young people. Being trapped in a marriage severely impacts a person's well‐being, with long‐term psychological and physical ramifications. Forced marriage increases the likelihood of domestic violence and sexual abuse, depriving victims of autonomy. To lessen the number of forced marriages, this Note proposes emulating a United Kingdom statute. The statute provides a comprehensive approach with tailored programs and services to serve the needs of victims of forced marriages. Adopting this statute will create uniform law, making forced marriages illegal federally. Key points for the family court community: An online survey of 7791 individuals estimated an 11% sample prevalence rate of forced marriage in America.There is currently no federal statute outlawing forced marriage.Only nine states and two U.S. jurisdictions have criminal statutes that specifically address the issue of forced marriage.In some states, minors are allowed to marry with parental or judicial consent, or when expecting a child.People use forced marriage as an outlet to alleviate poverty, conceal sexual identity and sexual orientation, provide for a citizenship claim or another person's residence, cover for unplanned pregnancy, or cease criminal or statutory rape investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-induced pruritus triggers a desire to scratch, thereby diminishing one's quality of life. Certain instances of this phenomenon follow complex mechanisms of action that diverge from histamine-mediated pathways, known contributors to pruritus. However, investigations into the relationship between drugs and pruritus are limited. In this study, data mining techniques were employed to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of drugs linked to pruritus, using the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data. Reports linked to pruritus demonstrated noteworthy differences in gender, age, and weight when compared with non-pruritus cases. Among the leading candidates for drugs prompting pruritus were ophthalmic drugs, systemic antibacterials, contrast media, dermatological antifungals, and dermatological preparations. A principal component analysis showed that the second principal component served as an indicator for distinguishing between onsets at mucous membranes or the skin's surface. Additionally, the third principal component functioned as an indicator for categorizing administration methods as either invasive or noninvasive. Furthermore, a hierarchical cluster analysis conducted on these obtained principal components revealed the potential for classifying drugs based on the site of pruritus onset and the method of drug administration. These findings contribute to the development of targeted prevention and treatment strategies for avoiding pruritus in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive analysis delves into the multifaceted landscape of safety performance within construction projects, aiming to elucidate critical factors that significantly influence outcomes. The study places a pivotal focus on organizational culture as a linchpin, recognizing its profound impact on shaping attitudes and behaviors toward safety. Furthermore, the analysis scrutinizes the intricate relationship between regulatory compliance and safety, assessing how adherence to industry standards and guidelines directly correlates with project safety outcomes. In addition to regulatory considerations, the research probes the efficacy of training programs in enhancing safety practices: The study adopts a holistic approach, interconnecting these factors to offer a comprehensive understanding of their collective influence on safety performance. By synthesizing these elements, the analysis aspires to provide actionable insights for stakeholders in the construction industry. Five major themes were extracted through thematic analysis convergent by several codes. Ultimately, the research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on improving safety standards and practices within construction projects, addressing the dynamic interplay of factors that underpin a secure and resilient project environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's objective was to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the "Comprehensive Diabetes Self-Management Scale," which was created by Mikhael et al. This scale provides a comprehensive screening tool for health promotion-oriented behaviors. With the involvement of 475 diabetic people, the study was undertaken between January and August 2022. The study's sample was formed by taking more than 33 times the amount of items on the original scale (14 items). "Diabetes Self-Care Scale" was used as a parallel form to calculate reliability coefficients. The scale's confirmatory factor analysis showed a very good fit [x2 (53, N=475) p=0.014; x2/degree of freedom=1.477; chi-square:78.276; root mean square error of approximation =0.032; comparative fit index =0.970; goodness-of-fit index =0.975] with the results obtained in the first level factorial structure of 13 items and five sub-dimensions. There was a 57.16% overall variance, it was found. The Comprehensive Diabetes Self-Management Scale was shown to be a valid and reliable measuring instrument for people with diabetes. This scale will provide the opportunity to evaluate many important concepts and behaviors related to diabetes with a single tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]