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Background: Methamphetamine (MA) (Mkpurummiri) is seen as the most common, accessible and new drug of use/abuse in south east Nigeria. Despite the overwhelming evidence of the dire consequences of this drug to the users, there is lack of empirical research to determine its prevalence in this area where use is assumed to be common. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MA use, characteristics of the users and the control measures. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey research design was conducted from May through November 2023 among adolescents/adults at the age bracket of 15-64 years in the five states of south east, Nigeria. Three hundred and seventy-one (371) respondents were recruited using purposive/convenience sampling methods. A semi structured questionnaire was the instrument used. Data were analyzed using percentage, bivariate and multivariate logistics regression statistics. The Prevalence of MA was determined using percentages whereas the factors that are associated with MA use were expressed using multivariate logistics regression statistics AORs and 95%CIs. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of Methamphetamine (Mkpurummiri) was (21.8%). The most common reason for MA use was depression (86.5%), the most common route of administration was inhalation (64.9%). The most common characteristic of MA (Mkpurummiri) user was aggressive/violent behaviour (94.1%).The control measures were self-control (92.2%), parental monitoring (85.7%), drug education (83.1%) and legal control (80.8%). The multivariate logistics regression statistics AOR shows that off-campus were 3 times (AOR = 0.298; CI = 0.12–0.73 P = 0.008), family house 4 times (AOR = 0.241; CI = 0.09–0.65; P = 0.005 ≤ 0.05 ) less likely than on-campus to predict MA use. Recently married were 3.25 times (aOR = 3.25; CI = 1.47–7.18), divorced 3.45 times (aOR = 3.45; CI = 1.23–9.58), polygamy 2.3 times (aOR = 2.3; CI = 1.08–4.90; P = 0.031 ≤ 0.05 ), tradition 4.44 times (aOR = 4.44; CI = 1.77–11.15; P = 0.001 ≤ 0.05) , more likely than others to use MA. Conclusions: MA use prevalence was relatively high, and marital status, living arrangements, family type and religion were the predictors. These findings underscore the need for concerted effort among the relevant government agencies, community stakeholders, families, religious bodies and school authorities to designing MA use policy/laws with special focus on adopting the punitive measure used in checking cocaine users. This may help to arrest and prosecute the manufacturers, distributors and users of MA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. An increasing number of countries are investigating options to stop the spread of the emerging zoonotic infection Salmonella Dublin (S. Dublin), which mainly spreads among bovines and with cattle manure. Detailed surveillance and cattle movement data from an 11-yr period in Denmark provided an opportunity to gain new knowledge for mitigation options through a combined social network and simulation modeling approach. The analysis revealed similar network trends for noninfected and infected cattle farms despite stringent cattle movement restrictions imposed on infected farms in the national control program. The strongest predictive factor for farms becoming infected was their cattle movement activities in the previous month, with twice the effect of local transmission. The simulation model indicated an endemic S. Dublin occurrence, with peaks in outbreak probabilities and sizes around observed cattle movement activities. Therefore, pre- and postmovement measures within a 1-mo time window may help reduce S. Dublin spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants play a pivotal role in traditional medicine and modern pharmacology due to their various bioactive compounds. However, heat stress caused by climate change will seriously affect the survival and quality of medicinal plants. In this review, we update our understanding of the research progress on medicinal plants' response mechanisms and control measures under heat stress over the last decade. This includes physiological changes, molecular mechanisms, and technical means to improve the heat tolerance of medicinal plants under heat stress. It provides a reference for cultivating heat-resistant varieties of medicinal plants and the rational utilization of control measures to improve the heat resistance of medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inverted arch heaving is detrimental to the structural safety of tunnels and can cause operational accidents. It is necessary to perform the research on maintenance strategies of inverted arch heaving to ensure the structural safety of tunnels. This paper took the Sanlian Tunnel in Southwest China as the engineering background, and the goals of this research were to explore the cause and maintenance of the inverted arch heaving in tuff stratum. The research methodology in this paper includes numerical simulation and field observations. Proposing maintenance measures for inverted arch heaving in tuff formation and grasping the long-term stress characteristics of the inverted arch structure are the contributions of this study. The inverted arch distress includes heaving (85 mm), cracks, and flexural deformation of reinforcements. FLAC3D numerical simulation shows that the continuous deformation because of the tuff rheological effect has an adverse impact on the inverted arch structure, resulting in cracking and heaving. Deepened inverted arch structure by 65 cm combined with 8 m-long prestressed anchor rods were adopted to control the distress. The effectiveness of the maintenance approach was assessed through field observations lasting for three years. Influenced by the long-term rheology of the tuff, the stresses in the inverted arch increased rapidly at first, then slowly, and gradually stabilized two years after the construction was completed. The maximum stress of prestressed anchor rods, steel arch frames, initial support concrete, and secondary lining concrete were 84.53 MPa, 22.40 MPa, 13.35 MPa, 7.20MP, respectively, which were less than the allowable stress (namely 210 MPa, 160 MPa, 23.8 MPa, 32.5 MPa, respectively). Furthermore, the minimum safety factor (namely 6.75) of the reinforced inverted arch met the requirements (>2.4) specified by the Code for Design of Railway Tunnel. The reported findings validate the overall safety of the inverted arch structure following the implementation of control measures, demonstrating the efficacy of these measures in effectively addressing the identified issues. The proposed maintenance strategies and revealed long-term stress characteristics of inverted arch structure in this work can be referenced for construction of tunnels in tuff formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ensuring driving safety on agglomerate fog sections of mountain highways has been a persistent challenge for the Chinese transportation industry. To enhance driving safety in agglomerate fog environments by identifying key issues related to driving safety in such conditions. A summary of the influencing factors and research progress related to driving safety in agglomerate foggy environments was provided, both domestically and internationally. Firstly, the visual characteristics of drivers was examined and the causes of optical illusions caused by agglomerate fog was discussed. The “elephant trunk” curve was further analyzed that occured prior to the appearance of agglomerate fog. The relationship between human-vehicle roadway and traffic safety in an agglomerate fog environment was then clarified. Lastly, a summary of the current control measures implemented to ensure driving safety on group fog roadways was provided. The results show that the abrupt and significant reduction in visibility caused by agglomerate fog can lead to severe visual disruptions for drivers, resulting in illusions of distance and speed. In order to improve driving safety in agglomerate foggy environments, drivers are alerted through monitoring and warning systems. Additionally, a variety of inducement facilities are being developed to enhance visual entrainment. Future research is needed to study the visual demands of driving under the influence of complex factors from the perspective of reducing the impact of visual illusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety is one of the goals of a smart city. To study storage tank explosion damage in a city's chemical industrial parks, determine the position of control measures according to the situation, and realize the analysis of the measured utility, we proposed the area damage probability importance distribution. In this way, the prediction and prevention of risk in chemical industrial parks can be achieved intelligently. The concept of area damage probability importance distribution was given, and the utility analysis method of the control measures for storage tank explosion accidents was put forward. It is concluded that the area damage probability importance distribution represents the change degree of damage probability: that is, the damage degree of storage tank explosion in a chemical industrial park. The control measures for a storage tank explosion can be set up in varying positions, as the explosion damage is mainly caused by shock waves; the blast walls are selected as the measure set, and the calculation method for the area damage probability is modified. By comparing the calculated area damage probability distribution before and after, evaluation of the control measures' effectiveness can be achieved. Finally, the flow chart of the algorithm is given. The example analysis shows that the calculation process and analysis results meet the design requirements of the algorithm. The effectiveness of the method, the distribution characteristics, and the significance and function of the importance distribution of damage probability are discussed. This provides an effective method for smart cities to predict and prevent the impact of an explosion at chemical industrial parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demonstrating the temporal changes in PM2.5 pollution risk in regions facing serious PM2.5 pollution problems can provide scientific evidence for the air pollution control of the region. However, research on the variation of PM2.5 pollution risk on a fine temporal scale is very limited. Therefore, we developed a method for quantitative characterizing PM2.5 pollution risk based on the supply and demand of PM2.5 removal services, analyzed the time series characteristics of PM2.5 pollution risk, and explored the reasons for the temporal changes using the urban areas of Beijing as the case study area. The results show that the PM2.5 pollution risk in the urban areas of Beijing was close between 2008 and 2012, decreased by approximately 16.3% in 2016 compared to 2012, and further decreased by approximately 13.2% in 2021 compared to 2016. The temporal variation pattern of the PM2.5 pollution risk in 2016 and 2021 showed significant differences, including an increase in the number of risk-free days, a decrease in the number of heavily polluted days, and an increase in the stability of the risk day sequence. The significant reduction in risk level was mainly attributed to Beijing's air pollution control measures, supplemented by the impact of COVID-19 control measures in 2021. The results of PM2.5 pollution risk decomposition indicate that compared to the previous 2 years, the stability and predictability of the risk variation in 2016 increased, but the overall characteristics of high risk from November to February and low risk from April to September did not change. The high risk from November to February was mainly due to the demand for coal heating during this period, a decrease in PM2.5 removal service supply caused by plant leaf fall, and the common occurrence of temperature inversions in winter, which hinders the diffusion of air pollutants. This study provides a method for the analysis of PM2.5 pollution risk on fine temporal scales and may provide a reference for the PM2.5 pollution control in the urban areas of Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limnoperna fortunei (L. fortunei) (Dunker, 1857), the golden mussel, is an invasive species possessing exceptional environmental adaptability and a destructive impact on water systems and artificial structures. To better conservation of freshwater ecosystems by controlling this mussel, it is essential to study its distribution, potential for invasion, environmental tolerance and biological traits.This paper outlines the distribution of L. fortunei in Asia and South America, as well as its potential for future invasion in freshwater habitats, along with the research methods employed.We find that the mussel had a temperature tolerance range of 8–35 °C and a pH range was 5–10, with some individuals surviving in extreme conditions for extended periods.We find that temperature was a decisive factor for success at reproductive stages, larval development and adult growth.The biological traits of L. fortunei are discussed, focusing on feeding habits, attachment characteristics and locomotion, with an emphasis on byssus structure, foot proteins and adhesion mechanisms. The study elucidates the impact of flow velocity, light exposure and substrate material on their attachment, with the optimal attachment being identified at a flow velocity of 0.3–0.9 m/s. Additionally, the mussel exhibits strong light avoidance performances and a preference for rough surfaces.Extensively‐researched control strategies are classified and summarized, primarily categorized into physical, chemical and biological control, with an outline of their respective strengths and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of gullies and other forms of erosion have become the greatest environmental hazard and disaster rampant in southeastern Nigeria. Gully erosion is most often triggered or accelerated by a combination of inappropriate land use and extreme rainfall events. Geophysical methods such as electrical resistivity techniques has been the most used method in investigating gully erosion prone zones in southeastern Nigeria. Through productive review of existing research this study presents a comprehensive review of the causes and environmental impacts of gully erosion as well as control measures aimed at reducing and mitigating the threats posed by gully erosion within the region. From the study the major causes of gully erosion within the study area include both natural and anthropogenic sources. The study concludes that the most problem of gully erosion in southeastern Nigeria is damage to footpaths, roads and properties, while the least is loss of biodiversity. While control measures have been highlighted to mitigate the causes of gully erosion challenges in the area. These include diversion banks to divert runoff to a stable outlet to ease the flow run-off and stabilization walls should be constructed to prevent the encroaching endemic gully erosion from cutting the road, cultivation of vegetative cover and intensive community based campaigns were advised to minimize and control gully erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterococcus species are significant intestinal commensals of animals, including poultry. However, they have emerged as important opportunistic infective agents in both veterinary and human medicine as well as major nosocomial pathogens, owing to their increasing antimicrobial resistance. This research aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Enterococcus spp. isolated from poultry farms in the north of Serbia. A total of 40 samples of overshoes or feces were collected from 40 poultry farms and analyzed for the presence of Enterococcus spp. using PCR or MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for their identification. The number of isolates was 40 and included 11 isolates from laying hens, 2 isolates from turkeys, 3 from broiler breeders, and 24 from broilers. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used to test for antibiotic susceptibility in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and EUCAST guidelines. The results showed that Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from 37.5% farms, and E. faecium from 42.5%. E. hirae was identified in 15% of poultry establishments, and E. durans and E. thialandicus on 2.5%. Notably, resistance to erythromycin, streptomycin, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines among the frequently used antibiotics was found. Furthermore, 35% of the isolates had multidrug resistance (MDR). In order to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance in chicken farming and protect the health of the public and animals alike, our findings highlight the critical need for improved surveillance and control measures. To effectively establish a containment strategy for Enterococcus spp. isolated from poultry farms, more research into the processes behind their antibiotic resistance is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encroachment and rapid spread of Anopheles stephensi across Africa presents a significant challenge to malaria control and elimination efforts. Understanding the ecology and behavior of An. stephensi will critically inform control measures and provide prerequisite knowledge for exploring new larval and adult control tools to contain its spread.

Abstract Background Methamphetamine (MA) (Mkpurummiri) is seen as the most common, accessible and new drug of use/abuse in south east Nigeria. Despite the overwhelming evidence of the dire consequences of this drug to the users, there is lack of empirical research to determine its prevalence in this area where use is assumed to be common. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MA use, characteristics of the users and the control measures. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey research design was conducted from May through November 2023 among adolescents/adults at the age bracket of 15-64 years in the five states of south east, Nigeria. Three hundred and seventy-one (371) respondents were recruited using purposive/convenience sampling methods. A semi structured questionnaire was the instrument used. Data were analyzed using percentage, bivariate and multivariate logistics regression statistics. The Prevalence of MA was determined using percentages whereas the factors that are associated with MA use were expressed using multivariate logistics regression statistics AORs and 95%CIs. The level of significance was set at P

ABSTRACT: An increasing number of countries are investigating options to stop the spread of the emerging zoonotic infection Salmonella Dublin (S. Dublin), which mainly spreads among bovines and with cattle manure. Detailed surveillance and cattle movement data from an 11-yr period in Denmark provided an opportunity to gain new knowledge for mitigation options through a combined social network and simulation modeling approach. The analysis revealed similar network trends for noninfected and infected cattle farms despite stringent cattle movement restrictions imposed on infected farms in the national control program. The strongest predictive factor for farms becoming infected was their cattle movement activities in the previous month, with twice the effect of local transmission. The simulation model indicated an endemic S. Dublin occurrence, with peaks in outbreak probabilities and sizes around observed cattle movement activities. Therefore, pre- and postmovement measures within a 1-mo time window may help reduce S. Dublin spread.

Abstract Background Understanding how the COVID-19 pandemic evolved under control measures is crucial to tackle the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread. Laos, a country bordering China but with late occurrence and low burden of COVID-19 compared to its neighbouring countries, was used for a case study. Methods A transmission model with disease reporting was proposed to investigate the impact of control measures on the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread in Laos from April 2021 to May 2022. It was assumed that the transmission rate changed with people’s behaviours, control measures and emerging variants; susceptibility decreased with vaccination and infection. Bayesian inference was used for model calibration to data of confirmed cases, deaths, and recoveries, and the deviance information criterion was used to select the best model variant. Results Our model including Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), behaviour change, vaccination, and changing variants well explained the three waves in Laos. The Alpha variant was estimated to have a basic reproduction number of 1.55 (95% CrI: 1.47–1.64) and was replaced by the Delta variant from September 2021 which was 1.88 (95% CrI: 1.77–2.01) times more transmissible; the Delta variant was replaced by Omicron variant from March 2022 which was 3.33 (95% CrI: 2.84–3.74) times more transmissible. The Delta variant was the most severe with a case fatality rate of 1.05% (95% CrI: 0.96–1.15%) while the Alpha variant and Omicron variant were much milder. The ascertainment rate was low and variable: first decreasing from 13.2 to 1.8% by 23 May 2021, and then increasing to 23.4% by 15 March 2022. Counterfactual simulations indicated that vaccination played strong roles in reducing infections even under the emergence of immune escape variants while behaviour change delayed but might not flatten the peak of outbreaks. Conclusions The three waves of Laos’ epidemics were due to the invasion of more transmissible and immune escape variants that affected the herd immunity built via vaccination and infection. Even with immunity waning and the escape of new variants, vaccination was still the major contributor to control COVID-19 and combining behaviour changes and vaccination would best suppress future outbreaks of COVID-19.

Objective Over-excavation in tunnel construction, mainly caused by inappropriate blasting,will affect the smooth progress and safety of tunnel excavation, increase construction cost and reduce economic benefits. In order to radically solve this problem, blasting design and blasting construction technology should be studied and optimized. Method Based on the shallow buried unsymmetrical pressured layered railway tunnel project for Chongqing Railway Hub East Ring Line(Chongqing East Ring Railway),the causes of vault, arch haunch and arch foot over-excavation are analyzed with theoretical method and modern computer technology. The drilling positions are designed with dynamic optimization, and control measures and solutions for over-excavation are put forward. Result & Conclusion Over-excavation at the tunnel vault is mainly caused by the secondary disturbance of the surrounding rock in smashed area by mechanical excavation after blasting, and over-excavation at the arch waist and arch foot is mainly caused by the improper amount of blasting explosive and improper drilling. In addition, the existence of rock cracks will also lead to significant decrease of the surrounding rock strength. Therefore, proper blasting and under-excavation should be done at the vault to reduce the disturbance of the surrounding rock, and then manual + mechanical excavation and trimming should be combined to reduce the amount of over-excavation. Secondly, according to the attributes of surrounding rock, and based on GA-SVR model and genetic algorithm, the blasthole spacing is properly optimized. On-site monitoring results show that in the initial stage without optimized blasthole spacing, the over-excavation in cracked stratum is about 40cm, which is reduced to about 9cm after the blasthole spacing optimization. The results indicate that optimizing the blasthole spacing can effectively control tunnel over-excavation. The above results can provide reference for similar projects.

Sewage treatment filler can improve the effect of sewage treatment, but its clogging problem will reduce the treatment capacity and deteriorate the operating conditions, which needs to be solved urgently. In order to improve the anti-clogging ability of sewage treatment filler, this paper reviewed the relevant research on the clogging of sewage treatment filler. The formation mechanism of clogging for sewage treatment filler was summarized from the aspects of filler characteristics, application scenarios, material classification, clogging characteristics, development mechanisms and influencing factors. Seven common control measures for clogging of sewage treatment filler were discussed from three aspects:pre-event,in-event and post-event. According to current studies, the research suggestions on clogging formation mechanism, clogging control measures and filler design optimization were proposed to provide support for the subsequent research and technology development of sewage treatment fillers, and improve the application of sewage treatment fillers.

Introduction Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have emerged as a new paradigm in nicotine delivery systems. Although they are marketed as safer alternatives to tobacco, public perceptions of their safety and utility vary widely. This study aims to understand the percentage of use, factors associated, perceptions, and attitudes about e-cigarettes among Ecuadorian adults. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the Ecuadorian population aged 18–65 years through a convenience sample, using a structured online questionnaire designed to collect responses from voluntary participants over three months, from February to April 2023. The questionnaire assessed the respondents’ attitudes and perceptions towards e-cigarettes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and adjusted logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with e-cigarette use. Results Out of a total of 3047 Ecuadorian adults, the percentage of e-cigarette ever use was 27.9% (n=850), with 19.4% being current users and 8.5% former users. A negative stance towards e-cigarettes was predominant, with 66.3% considering e-cigarette use a public health problem in Ecuador. A significant association was observed between e-cigarette use and perceived harmfulness (p

Relevanse. The article presents information about actively spreading potential pests of agricultural crops in the Central region of the Russian Federation – slugs and snails – invertebrates belonging to the genus of gastropods. The harmfulness of these pests is manifested in a decrease in the size of the crop, a decrease in its quality, loss of marketability and fruit keeping. The most seriously affected in this regard are the planting of cabbage, lettuce, peas, turnips, potatoes and cucumbers. Snails and slugs can serve as a source of infectious diseases, various fungal spores, bacteria and parasitic helminths are often carried with the mucus produced by their bodies, which often pose a threat to the health of people and pets.Methods. Visual surveys were carried out to determine the number of pests in the field and in the adjacent territory in the conditions of the Moscow region (Lyubertsy city district). The studies were conducted in accordance with officially approved methods. Data on the species composition of pests are analyzed. The possibility of active harmful activity and potential threat of gastropods in a changing climate and their adaptation in the conditions of the Central region of the Russian Federation is considered.Results. According to the results of the conducted research, it was found that in vegetable gardens and private farms, grape snail and arable slug are most often found, in potato plantings – field (arable slug). Recommendations on slug and snail control in the private sector and farms are given.

Fusarium wilt seriously endangers banana production, it causes yield loss and even no yield. It is spread by soil and transportation of seedlings, and chlamydospores of its pathogen survive in soil for 30 years. It is very difficult for the disease to be controlled, and it is always the focus of the government, academic field and banana industry. The experts, scholars, and related practitioners of domestic and abroad have done extensive and deep related research for solving this hard issue. This paper reviewed the previous research progress from the occurrence and harm of banana Fusarium wilt, the relationship between plant rhizosphere microecology and soil-borne diseases, banana rhizosphere microecology and their effects and contributions in Fusarium wilt control. The paper proposed the research trends of the interaction mechanism between Fusarium wilt and banana rhizosphere microecology, strain screening scope and isolating incubation methods, development and application of biocontrol agents with high efficiency and strong stability, aiming to provide references for subsequent in-depth study of banana rhizosphere microecology, the excavation and innovation utilization of excellent biological control resources and the efficient control of banana Fusarium wilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, brucellosis has always been a significant public health issue, especially in the pastoral regions of northern provinces where animal husbandry is well-developed. However, the impact of control measures, breeding characteristics and temperature fluctuations on the transmission dynamics of brucellosis outbreaks remains unclear. We construct a periodic mechanism-driven dynamic model with latent delay coupled with the regional breeding and temperature characteristics of Xinjiang Region. Theoretically, the global dynamics of periodic solutions are demonstrated by the theory of monotone dynamical system. In the application, the monthly human brucellosis cases and average temperature data of Xinjiang from 2015 to 2020 are fitted, and the basic reproduction number of brucellosis transmission is evaluated as 0.6691. Nonetheless, it is yet unable to attain the national control standards in the short term. The findings suggest that: 1. Interactions of periodic fluctuations in Brucella survival time and sheep shearing are key factors leading to the periodic outbreaks of brucellosis. 2. Improving the frequency of environmental disinfection could quickly eliminate the brucellosis epidemic. Specifically, when the disinfection frequency was once a month, the national control standard could be reached 5 years ahead of schedule. 3. In extreme cases, when the immunization rate κ = 0 or the detection rate γ = 0 , the basic reproduction number might still be less than 1. From an epidemiological perspective, non-immunization control measures may be implemented with the reduction of brucellosis cases. The aforementioned statement may also bear resemblance to the preventive and control measures implemented in our country. • Thoroughly analyzing the global dynamics of periodic brucellosis model. • Fitting the newly infected cases of human brucellosis in Xinjiang from 2015-2020. • Investigating the impact of different control measures on brucellosis transmission. • Temperature fluctuation and sheep shearing are key factors leading to the periodic outbreaks of brucellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives This paper describes an evaluation and analysis of an updated version of ECEL v3.0—an integrated risk management measure (RMM) library developed as part of a CEFIC LRI initiative. The occupational module contains extensive data on the quantitative effectiveness of RMMs to control inhalation and dermal exposure in the workplace. The objective was to investigate the effectiveness and variability in effectiveness of RMM and to explore the difference between optimal and non-optimal RMM applications in the workplace. Methods A new database structure and interface were developed and the content of the database was updated with a systematic literature review and integration with other databases (totalling 3373 records from 548 studies). To analyse the data, Bayesian linear mixed models were constructed with the study as a random effect and various study characteristics and RMM categories as fixed effects individually in separate models. A multivariate mixed model was used on a stratified dataset to test (amongst others) the conditions of RMM use. Results Analyses of the data indicated effectiveness values for each RMM category (for example ~87% for technical emission controls compared with ~60% for technical dispersion controls). Substantial variability in effectiveness was observed within and between different types of RMM. Seven study characteristics (covariables) were included in the analyses, which indicated a pronounced difference in as-built (optimal/experimental) and as-used (workplace) conditions of RMM use (93.3% and 74.6%, respectively). Conclusions This library provides a reliable evidence base to derive base estimates of RMM effectiveness—beneficial for both registrant and downstream users. It stresses the importance of optimal use of RMMs in the workplace (technical design/functioning, use, and maintenance). Various challenges are foreseen to further update ECEL to improve guidance, for deriving improved estimates and ensure user-friendliness of the library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Termites, beetles, and fungi are the main deteriorating agents on forest products and services within Ethiopia's industry and construction sectors. This study aimed to assess the natural durability of Pinus patula ssp tecunumanii lumber and the efficacy of used motor oil (UMO) in protecting against subterranean termites and fungal damage. Sixty-four lumber samples (stakes) measuring 2x5x50cm were treated with UMO using hot-and-cold dipping (HCD) and brushing methods, besides untreated controls. These samples were then installed at Bako and Adami Tulu Graveyard Research Stations for observation over four and a half years. At the final evaluation period, the mean damage caused by subterranean termites at Bako station on P. tecunumanii stakes treated with UMO using HCD, brushing, and untreated controls was 47%, 90%, and 96%, respectively, while fungal damage rates were 23%, 69%, and 42%, respectively. At Adami Tulu station, termite damage rates on treated stakes were 30% (HCD), 61% (brushing), and 63% (untreated), with fungal damage rates of 0%, 38%, and 53%, respectively. The UMO treatment using HCD method doubled the service life of P. tecunumanii lumber stakes compared to untreated controls. Therefore, applying used motor oil using the HCD method is recommended to enhance the durability of P. tecunumanii lumber for ground and moisture contact applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exposure to respirable crystalline silica found in granite dust presents significant health hazards to quarry workers and nearby communities, including silicosis and various respiratory ailments. This study evaluates the efficacy of various pollution control measures implemented in granite quarries. It aimed to provide a comprehensive critical assessment of the effectiveness of various dust control measures, considering their mechanisms, impact on air quality, and implications for worker health and community welfare. The strategy involved compiling and systematically analysing existing research articles, literature, and industry reports. The investigation identified three primary categories of measures: engineering controls, water-based suppression methods, and technological solutions. The study highlighted the significance of environmental impact and sustainability factors in selecting measures. These factors include water and energy consumption, production of secondary pollutants, long-term ecological effects, regulatory compliance, and cost-effectiveness. Operators and policymakers should utilize integrated, context-specific, inventive, and interdisciplinary strategies to efficiently control particle emissions from granite quarrying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban Mass Transit is the property of Urban Mass Transit Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have emerged as a new paradigm in nicotine delivery systems. Although they are marketed as safer alternatives to tobacco, public perceptions of their safety and utility vary widely. This study aims to understand the percentage of use, factors associated, perceptions, and attitudes about e-cigarettes among Ecuadorian adults. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the Ecuadorian population aged 18-65 years through a convenience sample, using a structured online questionnaire designed to collect responses from voluntary participants over three months, from February to April 2023. The questionnaire assessed the respondents' attitudes and perceptions towards e-cigarettes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and adjusted logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with e-cigarette use. RESULTS Out of a total of 3047 Ecuadorian adults, the percentage of e-cigarette ever use was 27.9% (n=850), with 19.4% being current users and 8.5% former users. A negative stance towards e-cigarettes was predominant, with 66.3% considering e-cigarette use a public health problem in Ecuador. A significant association was observed between e-cigarette use and perceived harmfulness (p<0.001). Among non-users, there was a predominant stance in favor of control measures and disapproval of e-cigarette use among minors (p<0.001). The factors associated with the use of electronic cigarettes included being health personnel (AOR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.26-1.80). Older age (aged >24 years) and a history of tobacco use were associated with lower e-cigarette use (current users, OR=0.31; 95% CI: 0.25-0.38; previous users, OR=0.23; 95% CI: 0.18-0.28). CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight a significant percentage of e-cigarette use among Ecuadorian adults, especially among younger groups. There is a need for comprehensive public health education about e-cigarettes in Ecuador. There is strong support from the public for control measures, suggesting the potential acceptability of regulations concerning e-cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Water Treatment is the property of CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aiming at the influence of underground subway pedestrian tunnel excavation construction on adjacent multi-pipeline disturbance, based on the pedestrian tunnel construction at the entrance and exit of Dengbu Station of Nanchang subway Line 3, the mechanical characteristics of nearby multi-pipeline under the disturbance of tunnel t construction were systematically studied by combining numerical calculation and theoretical analysis, and the influence law of key factors on the mechanical behavior of pipeline was summarized. The calculation method and control measures was proposed for zoning the influence of adjacent dense pipelines dug under an underground subway tunnel. The results show these as follows. Combined with the distribution rule of Peck curve, 60% and 20% of the control value were determined as the threshold of strong, weak and no influence partition. The relationship function between the line vertical displacement and multiple factors obtained by fitting the multiple nonlinear functions has a excellent effect on the division of the affected zones. The established zoning method for the strong and weak impact of the underground excavation of the subway passage on the adjacent dense pipelines can transform the strong impact area of the dense pipelines into the weak impact area and the non-impact area through effective measures to ensure the construction safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding the behavior of high-temperature smoke propagation in roadways during coal mine fires and evaluating control measures are crucial for enhancing safety. This study, based on a significant fire incident at Chongqing Songzao Coal Mine, utilized PyroSim software to model the affected roadway. The laws governing smoke propagation and changes in temperature and CO concentration after fires were simulated and analyzed. Furthermore, the efficacy of combined reverse wind and water spray measures in mitigating the adverse effects of smoke spread was examined. The results indicated that smoke emanated from the fire source and spreads with airflow to the 2# coal bunker of the machine head, bifurcating into left and right paths. Downstream monitoring points exhibited decreasing temperatures with increasing distance from the fire source, while the initial detection time of CO gas increased correspondingly. The combined measures of reverse wind and water spray effectively mitigated smoke reverse spread. Compared to using reverse wind alone, these measures reduced temperatures by 17 °C at the nearest A5 monitoring point to the fire source and reduced CO concentrations by 5200 ppm.

Background and Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a major transboundary animal ailment in Algeria, is a serious economic burden on the livestock sector. This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of FMD in Algeria and identifies the factors contributing to this phenomenon. Materials and Methods: Data on FMD cases occurring in Algeria from 2014 to 2022 were collected from various sources, including archives at the Ministry of Agriculture, peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, reference laboratory reports, and unpublished scientific reports. The data were compiled and analyzed using MS Office Excel® and SPSS® software. Results: A total of 22,690 FMD cases and 1,141 outbreaks were reported in Algeria between 2014 and 2022. The apex of infections occurred in 2014 (34.5%), followed by an increase in the number of infections in 2019 and 2017. The prevalence of FMD extended to 91.6% of the districts of the country, particularly in the north (center) and eastern regions. Cows were the most affected, with 654 outbreaks and more than 3,665 cases. Although FMD affected all four regions, there was a statistically significant long-term decline in the incidence. Conclusion: These spatial and temporal trends underscore the robust disease control methodologies implemented by the Algerian government, such as the strategic immunization of livestock to fortify their viral resistance, stringent constraints on animal mobility, and enlightenment of farmers regarding the hazards associated with unrestricted livestock movement to effectively curb FMD dissemination.

Abstract Objectives This study aims to evaluate the public acceptance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) control measures during the Omicron-dominant period and its associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional design was conducted and 1391 study participants were openly recruited to participate in the questionnaire survey. Logistic regression model was performed to assess the association between the public acceptance and potential factors more specifically. Results By August 26, 2022, 58.9% of the study participants were less acceptive of the control measures while 41.1% expressed higher acceptance. Factors associated with lower acceptance included young age, such as

Introduction: Thailand experienced a nationwide outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in 2021, highlighting the need for effective prevention and control strategies. This study aimed to identify herd-level risk factors associated with LSD outbreaks in beef cattle herds across different regions of Thailand. Methods: A case--control study was conducted in upper northeastern, northeastern, and central regions, where face-to-face interviews were conducted with farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire. Univariable and multivariable mixed effect logistic regression analyses were employed to determine the factors associated with LSD outbreaks. A total of 489 beef herds, including 161 LSD outbreak herds and 328 non-LSD herds, were investigated. Results and discussion: Results showed that 66% of farmers have operated beef herds for more than five years. There were very few animal movements during the outbreak period. None of the cattle had been vaccinated with LSD vaccines. Insects that have the potential to act as vectors for LSD were observed in all herds. Thirty-four percent of farmers have implemented insect control measures. The final mixed effect logistic regression model identified herds operating for more than five years (odds ratio [OR]: 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04--2.53) and the absence of insect control management on the herd (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.29--3.25) to be associated with LSD outbreaks. The implementation of insectvector control measures in areas at risk of LSD, especially for herds without vaccination against the disease, should be emphasized. This study provides the first report on risk factors for LSD outbreaks in naïve cattle herds in Thailand and offers useful information for the development of LSD prevention and control programs within the country's context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the entomological studies conducted with the aim of ensuring the normal development of plants, many reasons that slow down their development have been discovered. The leading role of harmful organisms has been determined. The most dangerous of them are considered to be the Black false shield pillow (Parasaissetia nigra Nietner) and the Red palm beetle (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliver). These potential pests are also subject to external quarantine. The bioecological characteristics of the plant pests we found in our research area were studied and methods of combating them were tested. Currently, the pests are in a dormant period due to the season. However, the observations are continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Aquatic products are delicious and rich in high‐quality proteins, and thus have high‐food value and are popular among consumers; however, deterioration of their quality can easily occur when being stored and processed. Proteins, the main components of the muscle tissue of aquatic products, are closely related to the quality of aquatic products, and protein oxidation has become a research hotspot for studying the regulatory mechanisms of aquatic product quality changes. Protein oxidation is one of the main causes of quality deterioration of aquatic products, mainly because of protein cross‐linking and protein degradation caused by oxidation. Related studies have also shown that the changes in the electrostatic charge of proteins owing to oxidation are associated with the muscle water‐holding capacity (WHC). This article introduces the induction mechanism of protein oxidation in aquatic products, focusing on its effects on the quality, such as colour, texture, WHC and summarises the current research progress of aquatic products quality control on this basis to provide theoretical reference for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a major transboundary animal ailment in Algeria, is a serious economic burden on the livestock sector. This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of FMD in Algeria and identifies the factors contributing to this phenomenon. Materials and Methods: Data on FMD cases occurring in Algeria from 2014 to 2022 were collected from various sources, including archives at the Ministry of Agriculture, peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, reference laboratory reports, and unpublished scientific reports. The data were compiled and analyzed using MS Office Excel® and SPSS® software. Results: A total of 22,690 FMD cases and 1,141 outbreaks were reported in Algeria between 2014 and 2022. The apex of infections occurred in 2014 (34.5%), followed by an increase in the number of infections in 2019 and 2017. The prevalence of FMD extended to 91.6% of the districts of the country, particularly in the north (center) and eastern regions. Cows were the most affected, with 654 outbreaks and more than 3,665 cases. Although FMD affected all four regions, there was a statistically significant long-term decline in the incidence. Conclusion: These spatial and temporal trends underscore the robust disease control methodologies implemented by the Algerian government, such as the strategic immunization of livestock to fortify their viral resistance, stringent constraints on animal mobility, and enlightenment of farmers regarding the hazards associated with unrestricted livestock movement to effectively curb FMD dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous mining and continuous backfilling (CMCB) is an effective method to control surface subsidence and implement resource utilization of solid waste. To address the issue of asymmetric deformation of the surrounding rock, threatening the overall stability of roadways with CMCB, the deformation characteristics of the roadways at the 2112 CMCB working face of the Liangjia Coal Mine were analysed, and the deformation laws were studied. The mechanism of asymmetric deformation of roadways with CMCB was revealed, and control measures were proposed. The results showed that the roadway with backfilling body on one side and coal on the other side (BBSCS) has roof-to-floor convergence of 16–310 mm, left-to-right convergence of 12–330 mm, and asymmetric deformation. With the increase of load, the coal side appears sign of damage first, and its deformation increases faster than that of the backfilling body side, and the asymmetric deformation of the roadway is more significant. When the ultimate load is reached, the displacement of the coal side is 3.3 times that of the backfilling body side. The asymmetric deformation control measures of the roadway are adopted to reinforce the support of the roof and coal of the roadways with BBSCS. The field test showed that the asymmetric deformation control measures reduce the roof-to-floor convergence by 71.0% and the left-to-right convergence by 74.2%. This strategy effectively controls the asymmetric deformation of the roadways, reduces the deformations of the surrounding rock, and ensures the overall stability of the roadways. Highlights: The models of roadway with continuous mining and continuous backfilling were established. Asymmetric deformation law and mechanism of roadway were revealed innovatively by structures. Asymmetric deformation control measures were proposed as to reduce the deformations of the surrounding rock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study outlines the characteristics of microbial aerosol emissions from bioreactors, analyzes the mechanism of microbial aerosol generation, and the effects of several factors, such as microbial growth conditions, gas composition, and gas flow rate and inlet loading, on bioaerosol emissions・ In addition, exposure risks in microbial aerosol environments and different control measures are presented as potential solutions to reduce microbial aerosol emissions・ The aim of this paper is to make more people aware of the importance of controlling microbial aerosol emissions and to make biotechnology treatment of VOCs more environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our aim is to provide an insight into the procedures and the dynamics that lead the spread of contagious diseases through populations. Our simulation tool can increase our understanding of the spatial parameters that affect the diffusion of a virus. SIR models are based on the hypothesis that populations are "well mixed". Our model constitutes an attempt to focus on the effects of the specific distribution of the initially infected individuals through the population and provide insights, considering the stochasticity of the transmission process. For this purpose, we represent the population using a square lattice of nodes. Each node represents an individual that may or may not carry the virus. Nodes that carry the virus can only transfer it to susceptible neighboring nodes. This important revision of the common SIR model provides a very realistic property: the same number of initially infected individuals can lead to multiple paths, depending on their initial distribution in the lattice. This property creates better predictions and probable scenarios to construct a probability function and appropriate confidence intervals. Finally, this structure permits realistic visualizations of the results to understand the procedure of contagion and spread of a disease and the effects of any measures applied, especially mobility restrictions, among countries and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this review is to elucidate the actual threat of the most prevalent mycotoxins in agricultural commodities and human/animal food/feed for the induction of foodborne diseases or ailments. The underestimated hazard of combined mycotoxin uptake by animals or humans is critically discussed with regard to synergistic or additive interaction between some target mycotoxins. The real toxicity of target mycotoxin combinations as it happens in practice is evaluated and possible lower limit values or control measures are suggested in such cases. Some critical points on adequate risk assessment, hygiene control, and regulation of mycotoxins are discussed. The efficiency of current mycotoxin regulations and control measures is evaluated in regard to human/animal health hazards. The risk assessment in the case of multiple mycotoxin exposure of humans/animals via food/feed or agricultural commodities is evaluated and some suggestions are proposed in such cases. Appropriate control measures and food safety issues throughout the food supply chain are proposed in order to prevent the target foodborne diseases. Some preventive measures and possible veterinary hygiene controls or risk evaluations are proposed in some natural cases of foodborne diseases for preventing mycotoxin contamination of animal products designed for human consumption and to avoid possible public health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic disease which domestic ruminants are the main source of infection for humans. This scoping review summarizes the control measures currently available to reduce Coxiella burnetii (Cb) infection in naturally infected sheep, goat and cattle herds. A total of 28 articles were included in the review. A lack of methodological standardization was noted in the articles analyzed. The results indicated that long-term vaccination in cows reduces bacterial excretion in milk and environmental contamination. In small ruminants, the results of vaccination in terms of efficacy are variable. In goats, there is a reduction in bacterial excretion, unlike in sheep, where a long-term vaccination program is necessary to reduce bacterial excretion. Moreover, the high persistence of viable Cb in the environmentmeans that controlmeasures for sheep are needed for several years. The use of antibiotics as a controlmeasure in cows and sheep was not found to reduce excretion. However, the combination of vaccination with antibiotic therapy appears to have positive effects in small ruminants in terms of controlling outbreaks of Q fever. Hygiene and biosecurity measures are the basic means for controlling Cb infection on ruminant farms and ensuring public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Corrosion & Protection in Petrochemical Industry is the property of Corrosion & Protection in Petrochemical Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)