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Economic viability is a key factor to sustainability for agritourism operations. A variety of challenges, including issues and crises can hinder whether an operation is open, economically viable, and sustainable. A crisis communications plan can help address and minimize any negative business impacts from weather, climate, or inherent risk, therefore, helping maintain the operation's economic viability. Although many agritourism operators have experience responding to an issue or crisis, including the pandemic, many still lack communications plans, and while this is also a problem in other sectors, agritourism operations with plans have increased sustainability potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative interview study investigated principals' discursive frames and communications during the COVID-19 pandemic. The six leader interviews that comprise this study's dataset were drawn from a purposeful sample of schools with variable educator job satisfaction survey results. A combination of deductive and inductive coding of the interview data informed by framing theory was conducted. This analysis revealed that leaders of schools with the least amount of change in educator job satisfaction during the pandemic drew upon diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational frames and used a variety of communication strategies that encouraged collaboration and cooperation. Findings suggest that while all principals in this study shared similar challenges and all increased the frequency of their communications during the pandemic, how principals framed uncertainty, listened to and responded to staff concerns, and communicated using different modes and with different stakeholders contrasted in schools with variable educator job satisfaction changes. This study holds implications for school principal crisis-management communications and future study of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many users criticize brands by posting negative comments on their social media pages when a brand crisis occurs. Brands often choose to delete negative comments when coping with brand crises. While deleting comments often goes unnoticed, complaints about comment deletion from users whose comments are deleted (e.g., "Why did you delete my comment?") serve as clues for observers after a crisis. Drawing from Warranting Theory, this study examines comment‐deletion‐clues' impact on observers' forgiveness and negative word‐of‐mouth (NWOM) transmission and how two types of brand explanations (custom vs. general) alter this impact. Four studies show that the comment‐deletion‐clues reduce observers' intention to forgive the brand and increase the spread of NWOM. Furthermore, the results indicate that brands' custom explanations mitigate the adverse effects of comment‐deletion‐clues. This article is among the first to explore the role of content moderation during brand crises and extends the brand crisis literature and the emerging content moderation literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic viability is a key factor to sustainability for agritourism operations. A variety of challenges, including issues and crises can hinder whether an operation is open, economically viable, and sustainable. A crisis communications plan can help address and minimize any negative business impacts from weather, climate, or inherent risk, therefore, helping maintain the operation's economic viability. Although many agritourism operators have experience responding to an issue or crisis, including the pandemic, many still lack communications plans, and while this is also a problem in other sectors, agritourism operations with plans have increased sustainability potential.

This article analyzes the crisis communication tools used by local authorities before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, during the pandemic, and following the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, and the subsequent introduction of martial law. The focus is on using media technologies in communication with residents of the capital to manage the crises stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic and the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, using the Kyiv City State Administration’s crisis communication as a case study. The study identifies the media technologies and platforms employed by the Kyiv City State Administration during this period. It traces shifts in priority media technologies after the outbreak, throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, and after the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine while also analyzing the quantitative audience dynamics on the Administration’s media platforms. Specific examples are presented and analyzed. The use of observation methods, systematic analysis of official press releases and public statements, and comparative analysis of official reports from the Kyiv City State Administration enable us to track the evolution of media technologies in the crisis communication of the Kyiv city government. It is noted that as the nature of the crises evolved, not only did the media technologies used for communication between residents and the city government of Kyiv change, but so did the content of the messages. It is established that emergencies have shaped a specific toolkit for communicative interaction between the Kyiv City State Administration and the residents of Kyiv. In particular, in crisis conditions, the city authorities adopted a direct approach to information dissemination through media platforms, providing rapid and reliable information that has contributed to safeguarding the lives and health of citizens.

We evaluate communication policies related to COVID-19 adopted by governors in the United States and explore how communication and policy directives are impacted by hyper-polarised situations, namely the presence of a divided government. This work sheds light on the challenges of crisis communication and executive leadership. Using a combination of robust regression and text and sentiment analyses, we compare the timing of and the language used by governors who imposed state-wide facemask mandates in 2020. We find that racially diverse states with Democratic governors acted more quickly than states with comparably older populations, had more people living in one household, and without health insurance. Further, we find that Democratic governors were slower to act when their decision could be checked by a Republican legislature highlighting the restrictive nature that executives face in crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public companies make substantial investments each year in brand awareness, promotion and reputation initiatives to grow their business, attract investors, customers and employees and create a favourable business climate. Yet external events or internal shortcomings that lead to organisational crisis can quickly undercut those investments in brand reputation. The management of those incidents most often falls to the communications and legal functions. It is important for marketing and communications executives to be attuned to the need for a rapid and effective response to such crises and to ensure that the natural competitiveness between communications and marketing is not a distraction during a crisis. The authors present an approach that relies heavily on everyday best practices, trust and relationship building to optimise an organisation's ability to respond to crisis quickly and effectively and that provides a road map for senior executives to build a strong communications culture that can adapt to business challenges quickly and successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We exist now in what can sometimes feel like an alternative universe, where fake news headlines go viral, algorithmic bias targets us with content that is popular and engaging but not necessarily trustworthy, chatbots are powered by artificial intelligence and deepfake video technology runs amok. The global rise of misinformation and the decline of consumer trust in both government and media have coincided with technological advances and tarnished demand for brand strategists' old tricks. One of these is storytelling. Now, if you are a brand that is being even a little disingenuous with your communications today, then to some you may as well be a bald-faced liar. Instead, regardless of the industry, whether B2B or consumer, brands today should be in the business of fact telling. At stake are a business' reputation, customer loyalty and the bottom line. Furthermore, it is up to us to help ensure that the information environment does not deteriorate further on our watch. The most exciting thing a brand can do today is to be audaciously authentic. But have we forgotten how to be? Moreover, can we tell the truth and still get consumers to add our products to their shopping carts, become brand advocates and loyalists and even learn to trust again? Within, we outline a framework for brands to meaningfully differentiate with truth telling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Spring and Summer of 2020, college presidents across the United States undertook the difficult task of determining how best to respond to the COVID-19 crisis. An important aspect of leading through a crisis is messaging—that is, communicating about how the crisis is impacting one's organization and how the needs of organizational constituents are being addressed. The purpose of this study was to analyze short opinion articles (op-eds) published by college presidents regarding higher education and the COVID-19 pandemic to understand how those publications functioned as public crisis communications. This study involved a content analysis of 40 op-eds that were authored or coauthored by college presidents between March and August 2020. Findings indicate that college presidents discussed their organizations' implementation of public health matters, the importance of togetherness in a crisis, and how their institutions were helping the community during the public health emergency. College leaders' desire to attain much-needed resources was also evident in many op-eds. This study illuminates how college presidents used public messaging via opinion pieces to communicate publicly during the early months of the pandemic and to attempt to secure resources for their organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to cognitive and behavioural spillover, emotional spillovers remain relatively undertheorised. This is the first paper to conceptualise discrete emotion spillover. In discrete emotion spillover, the content and valence of an emotion experienced towards target A spills over to target B, and indirectly influences subsequent behaviour towards target B. We test this model in two studies, examining the spillover of anger following corporate social irresponsibility (CSI). First, we show that anger spillover depends on attribution of blame, and leads to emotion-consistent outcomes (i.e. punitive behaviour). Second, we demonstrate the effectiveness of communication strategies that can reduce attribution of blame, thus limiting emotion spillover. We conclude by highlighting the implications of the proposed conceptualisation of discrete emotion spillover in other marketing contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the age of weaponized disinformation, the question for democracies is not merely who will win an election, but whether the outcome will be accepted as legitimate. To assess the challenge faced by U.S. electoral officials in convincing the public of the security of election procedure we conducted a survey experiment on a national sample of 4987 U.S. adults in the lead-up to the 2020 election. Subjects were exposed to claims about voter fraud as well as crisis communication counter-messaging attributed to election officials. We find that regardless of the messaging strategy, subjects were unmoved by the counter-messaging with partisanship being a clear predictor of increased skepticism towards election security. Our findings illustrate the difficulties election officials face in convincing the publics about election legitimacy and highlight the systemic dangers posed by electoral disinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication management is critical in promoting products and services in an environment of volatility. It involves creating effective communication strategies to reach the target audience and provide them with the information they need to make informed purchasing decisions. The research aims to study communication management strategies and identify the most effective ones to ensure the full-fledged operation of an organization in negative conditions of its activity. The research methodology comprises general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and special (abstraction, concretization, comparison) methods. The results analyze and systematize potential risks for companies in the process of promoting goods and services under conditions of uncertainty and also offer practical recommendations for minimizing risks. It was revealed that the main practical directions in managing communications in conditions of instability are the creation and/or strengthening of a strong company brand, the use of digital marketing, as well as crisis communication strategies. It is noted that, in general, the promotion of goods and services in conditions of instability is a complex and responsible task that requires a comprehensive and evidence-based approach. Relying on scientific reflection and a comprehensive study of the causes of instability, as well as effective communication and interaction strategies, it is possible not only to promote goods and services in an environment of instability but also to shape a more stable and sustainable future for the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apologies represent a common strategy to respond to crises or product/service failures. In five experiments, involving different failures, we show that projecting lower competence in a specific, non-core domain of activity provides a significant boost to apology effectiveness. A projection of lower competence, operationalized as a lack of skills or expertise required to effectively execute a specific task, increases the perceived costliness of the apology because the organization accepts a symbolic cost. Perceived costliness, in turn, increases the perceived sincerity of the apology and leads to more favorable responses. This strategy, however, is effective only under certain circumstances and can backfire if misapplied. First, organizations might project lower competence only when stakeholders have no other reason to question their competence. Second, projecting lower competence is effective only when the failure is not relevant to the core business. Finally, the strategy is not effective for consumers with low communal relationship orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The subject of the paper is applied research in crisis management with an emphasis on network communications, as a product of fundamental research. The motive for this paper is the fact that so far no serious attempt has been made to identify common values and goals between social networks and communication through them in times of crisis, as well as their mutual connection and possible interaction. The synthesis of these concepts in a qualitative and quantitative sense could represent a good basis for a fundamental, strategic approach to the research of social networks and their role in crisis communication. This type of crisis communication represents a special area of public relations that definitely has a wider dimension and role and that should be more fully explored through fundamental research. Taking into consideration the extremely wide range of influence that Internet social networks have on a social community in the XXI century, the first task and at the same time the difficulty, given the limitations of this paper, was to determine those values that have a fundamental theoretical capacity and the potential for their implementation through applied research in a „new“ strategic, theoretical framework that can be the basis for overcoming the crisis by applying social networks as a new dimension in public relations in a period of crisis. The main result of this paper is the determination of criteria for the optimal selection of those legal and institutional entities and sequences that, through their mutual synthesis, would represent fundamental principles and practice in the prediction and forecasting of possible crisis events, and even crisis resolution itself by communication through social networks with interested actors and the entire the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This corpus assisted investigation of the auxiliary verb will examines the various modalities and functions realised in the register of political briefings given by Scottish (Holyrood) and United Kingdom (Westminster) representatives throughout the first year of the coronavirus pandemic. A trinocular approach is taken to consider the lexicogrammatical environment of will (from around), the discourse semantics of will (from above) and the relationship between contraction and meaning (from below). Our trinocular approach with a focus on will as a highly frequent item with great meaning potential has enabled us to gain insights about the nature of how politicians used modality to persuade, organise and empathise within coronavirus media briefings and thus shape their public personas as leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic has posed serious challenges to all spheres of public, economic and political life. This necessitated the development and implementation of a number of measures related to the new organization of work of companies and institutions. Communications – with external and internal audiences – have begun to play a key role not only in the immediate survival of organizations, but also in their successful recovery from the crisis. Crisis communications are especially important in this process. One of the sectors facing the biggest challenges during the Covid pandemic was education. Those working in the field had to prepare completely new communication programs aimed at process management. They also had to adapt their current communication strategies to meet the requirements of the environment. The material will consider the main characteristics in the communication of the restrictive measures of educational institutions in Bulgaria in the period 2020 – 2021. Some techniques and methods of rhetoric applied during this period will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the Americans with Disabilities Act being more than 30 years old, many government institutions fail to fully support their constituents, and provide understandable and actionable crisis communications before, during, and after emergencies and disasters. When residents do not effectively receive, understand, and act on crisis communications in a timely manner, life safety issues can occur. People may choose not to evacuate when necessary or lack the information for properly sheltering-in-place. These and other bad decisions can be deadly. Crisis communications, as a subset of risk communications, should be aligned with all the disaster phase cycles--the before, during, and after stages of disasters and crises--so that impacted residents obtain complete information they can use. U.S. government websites, including posted crisis communications public releases, must be compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) under Title II and they should use templated crisis communications available in other languages, English-only audio recordings, and videos of American Sign Language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many institutions publish marketing content on their own pages on social media sites regularly and monitor them constantly and are ready to interact with customers, and marketing on social media is characterized by flexibility where the organization can modify its marketing strategies at any time, in contrast to traditional marketing methods such as television Newspapers, which are usually scheduled at least several months in advance, and this feature is very useful, especially at the time of a crisis where advertising messages can change at the same moment the crisis occurs, which helps to speed up the response of the public and its understanding of the events of the crisis.Because of the enormous development of the Internet, the social media changed pattern of spread in crisis, events and the audience participation. Making the rise of new challenges for crisis management institutions in order to maintain its positive image . Where the audience depends on the social media to share their experiences in dealing with crises, and communicate with inner feelings such as worry and fear, And actively search for all the information about the crisis. Social media is an important source to detect signals of possibility crises, a useful tool for monitoring public opinion.Audience exposure of crisis on social media aggravates the negative impact of crisis, Of course, it affects on brand and future sales of institution. When an organization or brand faces a crisis, social media can be the most effective platforms to spread position and organization's vision of the crisis, It has become important to use it to gain Audience sympathy and their support. The institution must determine the appropriate strategy for crisis management, Consider consumer attitudes towards the crisis. If the institution wants to get out of the crisis with big profits, it must use advertising as a fast and effective communication tool to help enhance its reputation and positive image among consumers, so as to overcome the negative events of the crisis and stand out from it strong without any losses.

Countries dealing with tourism crises use a variety of crisis communication strategies, as found in various studies. Thailand is one of the strongest global tourism brands and tourism remains its dominant industry. In recent decades, it has suffered several crises: natural disasters, terrorist attacks, a pandemic, and internal political tensions. This study analyzes which crisis communication strategies Thai officials adopted to restore Thailand's positive image during tourism crises; in addition, we analyzed how these strategies stem from the country's ideations and cultural values, a subject that was scarcely addressed in previous crisis communication theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poland is one of the most Catholic countries in the world. 33 million out of its 38 million people (92.9% of its population) declare themselves to be Roman Catholic. Church initiatives for the needy, whether poor or immigrants, are everywhere. The Church is a robust and influential institution, strengthened by the pontificate of the Polish Pope, John Paul II, who is considered not only a saint but also a national hero. In many aspects, Poles could be put as an example for Catholics in other countries. But there is an issue in which the Church is not at the vanguard: the fight against sexual abuse. Recent cases have eroded the solid trust Polish people put in their Church. More recently, the documentary Tell No One, released in two parts in May 2019 and May 2020, was a turning point, and the confidence in the institution visibly plummeted. This case study tells the recent story of the issue of sexual abuse by Catholic clergy in Poland, its lights and its shadows. The paper ends with some suggestions for a trust recovery strategy, as recommendations for both Church authorities and their communication offices.

Past research on scapegoating argues that this crisis communication strategy is often ineffective because it can be perceived as an unfair attempt at shifting blame. In contrast, a few studies have shown that scapegoating can be effective by increasing the perceived ethicality of the sender relative to the target that is presented as responsible for wrongdoing. Reconciling these inconsistent findings, we show that the relative effectiveness of scapegoating depends on the perceptions of the sender and of the target. Our findings show that both the positioning of the sender as an underdog or a top dog and the positive or negative CSR record of the target contribute to explaining the effectiveness of scapegoating. Following a crisis, scapegoating appears to be most effective when the sender is an underdog and the target has a negative CSR record. The effectiveness of scapegoating for an underdog is however reduced when the target has a positive CSR record. At the opposite end, scapegoating might backfire when the sender is a top dog that attacks a target with a positive CSR record. Finally, when a top dog attacks a target with a negative CSR record, scapegoating reduces negative word of mouth even though this effect does not appear to be mediated by perceived ethicality. The study contributes to research on scapegoating communications and on the consequences of an underdog positioning and a positive CSR record for companies trying to manage the negative fallout from an ethical crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Not a single organization is immune to crisis. Negligent handling of regulations and standards, misprotection of personal information, mistakes in care and treatment, financial resources frauds, non-compliance with operational and technical processes, or hygiene scandals are just some of the issues that can turn into a crisis. In addition to the universal risks, the emotionally charged topic of healthcare, combined with the importance of healthcare facilities as trustworthy institutions, turns hospital mistakes into events of high news value. This article provides tips and ideas for developing practical communication activities in times of crisis, including answers to the question of what a medical institution can do to be better prepared when a crisis occurs and how to reduce physical, psychological, and emotional stress on the staff and patients.

This article applies a qualitative approach to the 2017 dengue vaccine controversy involving Sanofi Pasteur's Dengvaxia to understand vaccine hesitancy and related anxieties in contemporary Philippines. Through a multisited project that investigated the health aspirations and lived experiences of low- and middle-income Filipinos across urban and rural Philippines, this article distills the perspectives of both ordinary community members and health workers in local and national capacities regarding the controversy—and how it altered their perceptions toward vaccines, health care, and government. Our study reveals widespread mistrust and fear in the communities toward both the state and health institutions following the controversy, with frontline health workers bearing the brunt of the communities' apprehensions, and the media partly responsible in fomenting these fears. Given the repetitive nature of health and vaccine controversies, this article suggests the importance of responsible journalism, well-calibrated crisis communications, and a people-centered health paradigm that involves exploring local contexts of vaccine hesitancy and mining people's lived experiences in tackling present and future health crises—especially now in the advent of COVID-19 vaccinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companies faced with a crisis sometimes blame others in their communications, when they feel that responsibility for the negative event lies elsewhere. Research has argued that stakeholders often react negatively to this type of message, because they perceive them as an unfair attempt to deny responsibility. In four experiments, examining blame directed at an employee and a supplier, we complement existing research by demonstrating that blame-giving messages can be persuasive in certain circumstances. Blame-giving communications can improve perceptions of firm ethicality more than apologies or an absence of corporate communication. This effect, in turn, reduces negative word-of-mouth intentions. The study identifies several boundary conditions for this effect. For blame-giving to be effective, a credible third party needs to identify who is responsible for wrongdoing, and the company needs to use vivid communication with detailed information about the culprit. Furthermore, blame-giving can backfire: when stakeholders doubt the company's honesty, this type of messaging is seen as manipulative. The study contributes to a developing research stream on the relative effectiveness of different types of crisis communications by demonstrating that, in certain circumstances, blame-giving messages are more persuasive than apologies. Moreover, our analysis offers guidelines on how to design these messages to make them acceptable to stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of effective disaster risk communications practice is based on the equitable distribution of crisis messaging to the target population. Priority is given, for example, to getting an evacuation message to the most people possible using a language and medium appropriate to that audience. Cognitive dissonance (CD) studies, however, show that well-intentioned disaster management messaging not only can produce an undesirable public reaction, but can also solidify public sentiment to resist or deny that very message. This focused literature review of a modest-sized body of research on the effects of cognitive dissonance on disaster management risk communications will produce two results. First, the research will demonstrate that a basic understanding of CD could help disaster communicators craft more effective messaging and, second, it will introduce a preliminary cognitive dissonance index (CDI) that can be easily plugged into existing crisis communication models. This "upgrade" to existing risk communication frameworks represents an efficient method to close the theory to practice loop and begin to account for the power of CD in our national and international disaster communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the complex boundaries between 'fake news', speculation, hypothesis, gossip and whistleblowing during the COVID-19 pandemic. It shows that apparently authoritative sources and experts gave information or policy recommendations that have turned out to be wrong, sometimes dangerously so, and explores the kinds of bias that enter medical advice and planning decisions. The article then diagnoses a WhatsApp voice-note from a young South African doctor that went viral and was denounced as 'fake news' because of obvious errors. This note, however, revealed behind the scenes medical thinking about subjects that professional bodies and authorities usually avoid discussing publicly. In highlighting what apparently authoritative sources omit and distort, the article suggests that journalists should report medical advice, even from authoritative sources, with caution and shows that apparently 'fake' news may reveal issues other news sources neglect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topography and dynamics of real networks' enable network agents to alter their functional behavior. Theoretical and analytical advancements in network science have furthered our understanding of the effects of social network characteristics on peer influence and engagement. Influence of social network occurs when network players alter their decisions and behavior based on others’ influence in the social network which is evident in different disciplines. Crisis communication networks have significant impact during disasters as people often spread pertinent information in social media due to presence of limited access to conventional information sources. Existing researches in social science and sociology indicate that social networks benefit spreading warning message and disseminate information about an imminent risk, nevertheless, the existing studies do not provide enough understanding on how to quantify such influences and how this map into decision-making during emergency evacuations. This study provides a robust review of the studies exploring how individuals are socially influenced, both on-line and off-line, while communicating risk during extreme weather events such as hurricanes. The scope of this review primarily includes studies that look into how our social networks influence the way we decide to evacuate and how crisis information spread from one agent to another agent in a network. The insights and findings obtained through this comprehensive review will be useful to diverse set of stakeholders such as emergency managers, planners, policy makers and practitioners. These include identifying and implementing targeted strategies for different groups of people in similar crisis events based on their social network properties, interactions, and activities.

COVID-19 provided a unique opportunity to examine leadership communication strategies during an extended crisis. The authors used political discourse analysis to review the crisis communication of President Donald Trump and seven U.S. governors using the U.S. Center for Disease Control crisis communication framework. The findings demonstrated that U.S. governors typically used effective communication strategies during their press briefings. President Trump often did not use effective crisis communication. The governors' crisis communication styles were consistent with the CDC's guidelines. The governors' communication styles demonstrate that they are "in the arena," while President Trump has attempted to remove himself from the arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic, U.S. environmental organizations and U.S. chapters of international environmental organizations grappled with a broad set of challenges, including when and what to communicate to supporters. In the winter and early spring of 2020, environmental organizations became crisis communicators, confronted by time pressures and the limited attention spans of audiences beset by the pandemic. Crafting communications that are concise and factual, compassionate, that instill confidence, and that evince organizational competence are important facets of crisis communications. However, environmental organizations faced the additional challenge of ensuring that their own priorities were presented clearly and persuasively amidst the flood of pandemic-related information. Responding to the Covid-19 pandemic, and preparation for future pandemics, force environmental organizations to amend their crisis communications to underscore their relevance to crises and their role in problem-solving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined emergency service student use of wiki in an assignment to develop guidelines for preparing crisis communication plans in an online class. As a form of course evaluation, students were asked to respond to five questions about their experience in using wiki. Conclusions were drawn about the practicality of using wiki in teaching online. Students affirmed that collaboration leads to learning and knowledge acquisition. By engaging in collaboration, learners observe and improve upon weaknesses or gaps in learning. Students learn from each other by examining and improving the work of others. Students also viewed that using wikis to develop documents is a valuable skill to take into the workplace. A number of barriers exist that make using wiki in online teaching more challenging. It is more difficult to monitor and correct student actions online than in a face-to-face classroom. Most students hesitate to edit and change other student writing and so incentives need to be used to get students to edit each other’s work. Students should receive an orientation where they learn the purpose and benefits of wikis and receive instruction on how to use wikis. The study confirms much of the research on the topic of using wikis as a learning strategy. Also, the study shows that process is as important to learning as is outcome. Learning to use wiki is as important as producing a final document.

The paper reviews crisis communications as the main marketing instrument of corporate anti-crisis management in its operational practice affected by the global oversupply of generic products, free access to data bases and availability of equal technical feasibility of competing agents, which lays special emphasis on intangible assets whose monetary value is proportionate to the quality of external corporate communications. Combining the mechanisms of anti-crisis management, public relations technologies, communication technologies and risk-management techniques in the modern volatile environment, crisis communication management is a generalized instrument which naturally creates the value of intangible assets, hence the company’s goodwill. The article presents the examples of successful use of crisis communications for the increase of their own capitalization by investment and financial organizations, telecommunications companies, internet providers and software developers, i. e. companies specializing in non-tangible assets and relying on the efficient use of crisis communications.

Poland is one of the most Catholic countries in the world. 33 million out of its 38 million people (92.9% of its population) declare themselves to be Roman Catholic. Church initiatives for the needy, whether poor or immigrants, are everywhere. The Church is a robust and influential institution, strengthened by the pontificate of the Polish Pope, John Paul II, who is considered not only a saint but also a national hero. In many aspects, Poles could be put as an example for Catholics in other countries. But there is an issue in which the Church is not at the vanguard: the fight against sexual abuse. Recent cases have eroded the solid trust Polish people put in their Church. More recently, the documentary Tell No One, released in two parts in May 2019 and May 2020, was a turning point, and the confidence in the institution visibly plummeted. This case study tells the recent story of the issue of sexual abuse by Catholic clergy in Poland, its lights and its shadows. The paper ends with some suggestions for a trust recovery strategy, as recommendations for both Church authorities and their communication offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective -- This review paper discusses the emergence of scholarly articles related to the typology and classification of fake news and offers solutions for identified gaps, such as unstandardized terminology and unstandardized typology in the field of fake news-related research. Typology of fake news is a critical topic nowadays: recently emerged fake news needs to be categorized and analyzed in a structured manner in order to respond appropriately. Methodology/Technique -- Based on the systematic review of literature identified in scientific databases, different typologies of fake news have been identified and a new typology of business-related fake news online has been proposed. New typology of business-related fake news online is based on factors such as level of facticity, intention to deceive and financial motivation. Findings and novelty -- Content analysis of 326 articles containing terms related to the typology of fake news and classification of fake news indicates that the term "typology of fake news" is predominantly used in management, marketing and communications research, while the term "classification of fake news" is predominantly used in the information technology research. The content analysis also indicates the recent emergence of the topic of typology and classification of fake news in academic research, revealing that all articles related to these topics have been published on or after 2016. In addition to the contribution by presenting comprehensive typology of business-related fake news online, this paper also provides recommendations for future research and improvements related to the typology of fake news, emphasizing business-related fake news and fake news spread in the digital space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Once a firm has been accused of ethical wrongdoing, a key issue lies in regaining the trust of stakeholders. This study extends the application of the Situational Crisis Communication Theory and explores the effectiveness of accounts designed to diminish perceptions of culpability offered by organizations in response to allegations of ethical wrongdoing. Study 1 examines the impact of the linguistic style of the account—consultative versus formal—and the magnitude of harm involved in the allegation on observers in the United States. Results indicate that consultative accounts are more effective than formal accounts and that both styles of account are less effective following an allegation involving greater harm. Study 2 examines the effectiveness of consultative versus formal accounts in India and China using the same scenario and accounts as in Study 1. Results show that India exhibits somewhat similar results to the US, while China does not (the consultative account is not superior to a formal account). Implications of this study suggest that managers seeking to preserve their firm's reputation following an allegation should consider the linguistic style of their response as well as its content. These findings also suggest numerous avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How an agricultural organization handles the way the media reports a crisis can have an impact on the public's perceptions of the organization, and sometimes the industry as a whole. The popularity of social media outlets as a venue for disseminating and gathering information and news makes the use of social media surrounding agricultural crises an important topic to investigate (Glynn, Huge, & Hoffman 2012; Hermida, 2010). A qualitative case study was conducted to investigate the use of social media tools during an agricultural crisis. The participants - communications directors, social media managers, and individuals with a close connection to the crisis under study - reported that social media was a major component of their communication efforts surrounding each crisis. Participants felt social media was very effective in these situations and had a major impact on their communication efforts. Although no participants reported using a structured social media strategy or crisis communication plan, they stated a need for such guidelines in the agricultural industry. From the data analyzed in this study, a model for using social media during a crisis situation, aimed specifically for use by those in the agricultural industry, was developed. This project was funded through the USDA's Beginning Farmers & Ranchers Project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The study examines the online public response to a high visibility incident of service failure from the crisis communication and image restoration perspectives. A specific incident in a hotel of a popular chain in Beijing, China, which was widely publicized on Chinese social network Weibo, is used as an example. Applying data mining and GIS to the collected data, the study analyzes temporal, spatial, topical, and gender dynamics of public discussions to investigate the usefulness of such data for hospitality providers in crisis. The study finds evidence that the effect of the incident on the general public is moderated by spatial and personal proximity of Weibo users. The discussion topics reflect the nature of the crisis and are affected by communications from the service provider and third parties. Implications for providers of tourism and hospitality services in a crisis of high visibility are discussed. Highlights • Online public discussions of a service failure incident are examined via UGC from Weibo. • Factors of spatial and personal proximity to the incident are examined. • Findings reveal temporal, topical, spatial, and gender implications for service providers. • Crisis Communication Theory is applied to frame the dynamics of public response. • Managerial implications for the hotel chain involved in the incident are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]