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Objective: The main objective of this work is to synthesize thiobarbituric acid based bis-Schiff base derivatives and to evaluate their ability to inhibit urease enzyme and DPPH free radical scavenging potential. Methods: Thiobarbituric acid derived bis-Schiff bases (IIIa–IIIi) were synthesized by treating 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and the starting moiety 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid in ethanol through refluxed followed by treating chloro ethyl acetate in DMF solvent. Subsequently, hydrazine hydrate was added to compound (II), yielding bis-hydrazide in better yield, which was further reacted via refluxed with benzaldehydes in ethanol, catalyzed by acetic acid to yield compounds (IIIa–IIIi) in excellent yields. Results: The resulting compounds were tested to inhibit urease enzyme and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Among the series, compound (IIId) (IC50 = 16.11 ± 0.92 µM), (IIIc) (IC50 = 19.11 ± 0.55 µM), and (IIIf) (IC50 = 21.01 ± 1.42 µM) were found as promising lead urease inhibitors, stronger than the standard thiourea (IC50 = 21.15 ± 0.32 µM). Moreover, compound (IIIa) (IC50 = 40.21 ± 0.12 µM) was found as the excellent antioxidant agent comparing it with the standard ascorbic acid. Molecular docking study was performed to analyze the most potent compounds against urease enzyme. The results also shows that all compounds had good ADME properties there was no violation found in compounds ranges all are under druglikness criteria. Additional research combining in vivo, toxicological, and computational analyses can offer thorough understandings of the effectiveness, safety, and fundamental mechanisms of action of these potentially beneficial antioxidant substances. Conclusions: These compounds showed tremendous potential as DPPH free radical scavengers and urease enzyme inhibitors. Compound (IIId) demonstrated the greatest suppression of urease enzyme activity, however compound (IIIa) displayed superior antioxidant effects. Additional research, incorporating in vivo, toxicological, and computational examinations, is necessary to thoroughly assess the effectiveness, safety, and fundamental mechanisms of action of these intriguing antioxidant molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Traditional healers generally perceive that herbal medicines derived from plants growing in nature possess higher activity than those from cultivated plants. • Results of this study and other related studies do not support traditional healers' perception as there was no significant increase in the activity of plants subjected to set water and temperature stresses. • Therefore, these results suggest that cultivation of medicinal plants possessing desired traits is more likely to yield high quality biomass and bioactivity. Some traditional healers believe that herbal medicines derived from wild populations have higher activity than cultivated medicinal plants. This has important implications for the conservation of medicinal plants if traditional healers do not want to use cultivated plants. We have previously shown that water and temperature stresses have little effect on antimicrobial activity acetone leaf extracts of Leonotis dysophylla Benth., Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. and Tulbaghia violacea Harv. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts may be important in treating several different diseases. We have therefore investigated the effect of water and temperature stresses on the quantitative and qualitative antioxidant activity of these species in plants with limited genetic variation using 6‑hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) and l -ascorbic acid as positive controls. Activity was measured against two free radicals, 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). All plant extracts had some antioxidant activity following 182 to 240 days of exposure to temperature (15 °C and 30 °C) and water (50–500 ml/pot every second day) treatments. The IC 50 values across water treatments did not show any clear patterns, which suggests that water stress had little influence on the antioxidant activity. On the other hand, the IC 50 values under high temperature of 30 °C were statistically significantly higher than those under the temperature of 15 °C, which indicates that high temperature led to a reduced antioxidant activity. The effect of fluctuating temperatures higher than 30 °C because of prevailing global warming is more likely to lower the antioxidant activity of many important medicinal plants in nature. The results also indicate that plants in nature do not necessarily have higher activity to address concerns of traditional healers. Using cultivated plants may affect the quality and/or safety of medicinal properties to be used to treat different illnesses. As such, the establishment of optimal growth regimes for ex situ cultivation for important and especially threatened medicinal plants is recommended. It may help yield consistent supply of quality and quantity of bioactive material for self-medication and commercialisation. Cultivation may also contribute to conservation of species biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Carica papaya is an economically important fruit crop belonging to the family Caricaceae. In this study, we assessed the antioxidant potential and mineral element composition of mature and young fruits, as well as leaves, of the ‘Red Lady’ cultivar of C. papaya. Materials and methods: The DPPH free radical scavenging assay and the FRAP assay were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the crude methanolic extract and its butanolic fraction from the mature and young fruit parts and leaf of the C. papaya. The mineral elemental composition was analyzed through ICP-MS analysis. Results: DPPH assay showed that butanolic fraction of young leaves (97±1.155%) and seeds (96.33± 0.8819%) exhibited superior antioxidant potential, followed by mature leaves (81.33 ± 1.856%), mature seeds (72.67± 0.8819%), mature pulp (51±1.155%), young pulp (43.67±2.028%), young peel (34.33±1.202%), and mature peel (30±2.309%). Assessment of metal reducing activity using FRAP assay revealed a similar pattern of antioxidant potential as demonstrated by the DPPH assay. The IC-PMS analysis identified eleven elements in both mature and young fruit parts and leaves of the plant. These elements include potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and cobalt (Co). In both mature and young parts of the fruit, as well as in young leaves, potassium (33,874.68 ± 0.0013 mg kg-1 to 8365.31 ± 0.00049 mg kg-1) was the most abundant element. It was followed by magnesium (14,255.82 ± 0.000282 mg kg-1 to 474.92 ± 0.00125 mg kg-1) and then calcium (9857.51 ± 0.00049 mg kg-1 to 366.84 ± 0.00088 mg kg-1). However, in mature leaves, magnesium (14,255.82 ± 0.000282 mg kg-1) was the most prevalent, followed by calcium (9857.51 ± 0.00049 mg kg-1). Conclusion: This research revealed the antioxidant and metal-reducing properties of both mature and young C. papaya fruit and leaves. These findings underscore the nutraceutical potential of C. papaya in combating diseases related to oxidative stress. Furthermore, the presence of essential mineral nutrients in both the young and mature fruit and leaves enhances their health benefits.

Galium species are used worldwide for their antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. Although this plant has demonstrated its antitumor properties on various types of cancer, its biological activity on cutaneous melanoma has not been established so far. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the phytochemical profile of two extracts of G. verum L. herba (ethanolic and ethyl acetate) as well as the biological profile (antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor effects) on human skin cancer. The extracts showed similar FT-IR phenolic profiles (high chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, and rutin), with high antioxidant capacity (EC50 of ethyl acetate phase (0.074 ± 0.01 mg/mL) > ethanol phase (0.136 ± 0.03 mg/mL)). Both extracts showed antimicrobial activity, especially against Gram-positive Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus bacilli strains, the ethyl acetate phase being more active. Regarding the in vitro antitumor test, the results revealed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against A375 melanoma cell lines, more pronounced in the case of the ethyl acetate phase. In addition, the ethyl acetate phase stimulated the proliferation of human keratinocytes (HaCaT), while this effect was not evident in the case of the ethanolic phase at 24 h post-stimulation. Consequently, G. verum l. could be considered a promising phytocompound for the antitumor approach of cutaneous melanoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote extraction efficiency of bioactive polysaccharides from sclerotium of Polyporus umbellatus, ultrasonic-assisted extraction was applied to extract polysaccharides from P. umbellatus sclerotium. The effects of extraction time, ultrasonic power, extraction temperature and liquid-to-material ratio on the yield of polysaccharide were investigated by combining single factor experiments and response surface optimization, and the optimal extraction parameters were also determined. Meanwhile, antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging ability and reducing power test. The results showed that the yield of polysaccharides from sclerotia of P. umbellatus was significantly correlated to the interaction between extraction temperature and ultrasonic power, extraction temperature and liquid-to-material ratio, ultrasonic power and liquid-to-material ratio, liquid-to-material ratio and extraction time. The optimum extraction parameters were extraction temperature 72.0 ℃, extraction power 300 W, extraction time 65 min and liquid-solid ratio 22 mL/g, and the maximum yield was 2.47%±0.03%. PUPF30, PUPF60 and PUPF80 were obtained from polysaccharide extracts by graded ethanol precipitation. Their polysaccharide contents were respectively 39.99%, 58.60% and 50.35%, and the protein contents were respectively 25.80%, 14.42% and 25.54%. Within the tested dose range, PUPF30, PUPF60 and PUPF80 showed the highest DPPH scavenging rate of 50.63%, 83.95%, 87.48%, respectively, and the highest reduction power of 0.828, 1.433, 1.525, respectively. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction optimized by response surface methodology was preferable for effective extraction and preparation of bioactive polysaccharides from sclerotia of P. umbellatu. This study would lay a foundation for the further development and utilization of polysaccharides from sclerotia of P. umbellatus.

Highlights • Pure synthesis of TiO2 NPs using the leaf extract of A. vera as a reducing and stabilizing agent. • The synthesized TiO2 NPs have a tetragonal shape with a size range from 10 to 25 nm. • Salinity reduced germination attributes and vigor indices of two soybean varieties. • H2O2 and MDA contents increased by increasing NaCl concentrations • TiO2 NPs induced salt tolerance in soybean by enhancing germination traits, DPPH free radical scavenging (Less IC50) and reducing H2O2 and MDA contents

In this study, the antioxidant and anti-cancer properties of bioactive peptides resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis of grape seed were determined using the microbial protease enzymes alcalase and flavourzyme. Protein hydrolysis was produced at three different times (10, 20 and 30 minutes), using commercial alcalase and flavourzyme enzymes at pHs of 8.5 and 7 (optimal pH of alcalase and flavourzyme enzymes) and in a ratio of 1 percentage of enzyme to the protein at a temperature of 50 ° C. The results showed that with increasing the hydrolysis time, the amount of protein recovery and the degree of hydrolysis increased and also the values of the mentioned parameters by the alcalase enzyme were significantly higher than the flavourzyme enzyme (p <0.05). The highest antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ferric regenerative power and ABTS free radical scavenging activity) and anti-cancer properties against SW742 cells (colon cancer cells) was observed in the protein hydrolyzed by alcalase enzyme and in 30 minutes (p <0.05). Due to the bitterness of this treatment (alcalase enzyme at time 30 minutes) its amino acid profile was determined, the highest levels of essential amino acid, valine 7.98% and then the amino acid leucine 7.11% and the highest un-essential amino acid glutamic acid was 19.55% and then the amino acid glycine was 12.55%. Overall, the hydrolyzed grape seed protein appears to have high antioxidant and anti-cancer activity, which may be useful ingredients in food and formulated diets applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

为了了解不同制油工艺对油茶籽油生物活性成分含量和抗氧化活性的影响，以油茶果为原料，采取鲜榨法、浸提法、新水法、冷榨法和热榨法5种制油工艺分别制取油茶籽油，研究对比了5种制油工艺的提油率，所制取的油茶籽油的脂肪酸组成、生物活性成分(生育酚、角鲨烯及多酚)含量及其对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除能力。结果表明，5种制油工艺的提油率均在73%以上，其中浸提法（（96.45±3.02）%）最高，冷榨法（（73.72±2.76）%）最低，鲜榨法（（82.36±224）%）、新水法（（81.91±3.21）%）和热榨法（（80.34±2.09）%）没有显著差异；5种工艺所制取的油茶籽油具有相似的脂肪酸组成；在α-生育酚和总生育酚含量方面，新水法制取的油茶籽油含量最高（α-生育酚含量（263.77±1.58）mg/kg，总生育酚含量（280.55±1.64）mg/kg），鲜榨法、冷榨法和热榨法制取的油茶籽油中总生育酚含量接近，在233~244 mg/kg之间，浸提法制取的油茶籽油中总生育酚含量只有（17.10±0.76）mg/kg；在角鲨烯和多酚含量方面，鲜榨法制取的油茶籽油明显高于其他工艺的，分别为（350.56±7.60）mg/kg和（45.04±4.50）mg/kg，新水法制取的油茶籽油角鲨烯含量最低，为（249.99±3.73）mg/kg，浸提法制取的油茶籽油多酚含量最低，为（706±003）mg/kg ；在清除DPPH 自由基和ABTS自由基方面，鲜榨法制取的油茶籽油的清除能力最强，浸提法的最弱。In order to understand the effect of oil production process on the biologically active ingredients and antioxidant activity of oil-tea camellia seed oil, oil-tea camellia seeds were used as raw materials and five oil production processes including fresh pressing method, solvent extraction method, new aqueous method, cold pressing method and hot pressing method were used to prepare oil-tea camellia seed oil. The oil extraction rate, fatty acid composition, biologically active ingredients (tocopherol, squalene and polyphenol) content, and scavenging activities on DPPH and ABTS free radicals of five kinds of oil-tea camellia seed oils were comparatively investigated. The results showed that the oil extraction rates of the five oil production processes were all above 73%, of which the solvent extraction method ((96.45±3.02)%) was the highest, the cold pressing method ((73.72±2.76)%) was the lowest, and the fresh pressing method ((82.36±2.24)%), the new aqueous method ((81.91±3.21)%) and the hot pressing method ((80.34±2.09)%) had no significant difference. The oil-tea camellia seed oil produced by five processes had similar fatty acid composition. In terms of α-tocopherol and total tocopherol contents, the oil-tea camellia seed oil produced by new aqueous method had the highest content (α-tocopherol content (263.77±1.58)mg/kg, total tocopherol content (280.55±1.64)mg/kg), the total tocopherol content of oil-tea camellia seed oil produced by fresh pressing method, cold pressing method, and hot pressing method was close (between 233 mg/kg and 244 mg/kg), while the total tocopherol content of oil-tea camellia seed oil produced by solvent extraction method was only (17.10±0.76)mg/kg. In terms of squalene and polyphenol contents, the oil-tea camellia seed oil produced by fresh pressing method was significantly higher than that by other processes, reaching (350.56±7.60)mg/kg and (45.04±4.50)mg/kg respectively. The squalene content ((249.99±3.73)mg/kg) of oil-tea camellia seed oil produced by new aqueous method was the lowest. The polyphenol content ((7.06±0.03)mg/kg) of oil-tea camellia seed oil produced by solvent extraction method was the lowest. In terms of scavenging DPPH free radical and ABTS free radical, the oil-tea camellia seed oil produced by fresh pressing method had the strongest scavenging ability, and that produced by solvent extraction method had the weakest scavenging ability.

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The study is aimed at the molecular identification of ravine soil fungal isolates and their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profiling. Chambal ravines of Morena, located at latitude 26°5'N and longitude 78°0' E at an elevation of 177 meters. Ravine soil is marked for depleted nutrients. The isolates were identified by macroscopic and microscopic examinations followed by molecular identification the extracted fungal DNA was amplified for specific internal transcribed spacer primer (ITS1/ITS4). The products were sequenced and deposited in GenBank (NCBI), sequence similarity was checked and a phylogram was constructed. The isolates were identified and named Porostereum sp. HGBS16 and Neurospora sp. PAMS29. The VOCs/bioactive molecules were allowed to produce under static submerged fermentation. VOCs/bioactive molecules extracted with polar solvent and characterized by GCMS analysis. Besides playing an active role in communication, the obtained VOCs have other useful attributes of industrial and other beneficial uses. The prevailing compounds produced by Neurospora sp. PAMS29 is octasiloxane (50.32%) followed by the production of octadecane (42.67%) and cyclopentasiloxane (7.01%) whereas Porostereum sp. HGB16 displayed bicyclo (2.2.1) heptane-2-one (86.09%), followed by dodecane (6.09%) and tetradecane (4.05%). The VOC octadecane is reported as a pheromone, a chemical messenger which is useful for mating in fungi. The Presence of octadecane confirms that Neurospora sp. PAMS29 used Pheromones as the mating messenger. Both fungal extracts showed the presence of vitamin C under screening test and exhibited good DPPH free radical scavenging activity with 76.74±7.81 inhibition by Porostereum sp. HGB16 whereas Neurospora sp. PAMS29 showed 82.1±6.47 percent inhibition activity. Results showed that the VOCs produced by fungal isolates have the potential for industrial uses and can be used in body care products in place of synthetic polysiloxanes, though the D5 is already reported to be used in cosmetics. This study introduces new fungal strains and their VOCs to the microbial research domain. Simultaneously the isolates are producing vitamin C and also exhibited the DPPH free radical scavenging activities. Both isolates are aromatic therefore it can be used in the perfume industry. Concluding, this is the first attempt at molecular identification of ravine soil fungal isolates and exploration of their VOCs. These results supported that VOCs are not waste products, they are very useful products at a certain level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Streptomyces species are prolific sources of bioactive secondary metabolites known especially for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Objective This study sought to isolate and characterize antioxidant molecules biosynthesized by Streptomyces sp. KTM18. The antioxidant potential of an isolated compound and its toxicity were accessed. Materials and methods The compound was purified using bioassay-guided chromatography techniques. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were carried out for structure elucidation. The antioxidant potential of the isolated compound was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The toxicity of the isolated compound was measured using a brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assay. Results Ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp. KTM18 showed more than 90% inhibition of DPPH free radical at 50 µg/mL of the test concentration. These data were the strongest among 13 Streptomyces isolates (KTM12–KTM24). The active molecule was isolated and characterized as maculosin (molecular formula, C14H16N2O3 as determined by the [M + H]+ peak at 261.1259). The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of pure maculosin was higher (IC50, 2.16 ± 0.05 µg/mL) than that of commercial butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (IC50, 4.8 ± 0.05 µg/mL). No toxicity was observed for maculosin (LD50,

Endophytic fungi in medicinal plants have the capacity to produce bioactive compounds whose features have great identity or similarity with the phytohosts. Since Asclepias curassavica has been known to possess a broad range of biological activities, we sought to obtain the active endophytic fungi from this plant. We performed the study followed the idea of “ethnic drug-endophytic fungi-active ingredients”, and thereafter we examined the bioactivities of fungal metabolites from 168 strains of endophytic fungi isolated from A. curassavica. To evaluate the biological activities of anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-α-glucosidase and anti-oxidant in these fungi, the ethyl acetate extracts from fermentation broth of endophytic fungi were first determined using the methods of SRB, Griess, PNPG and DPPH, respectively. Furthermore, we identified the bioactive fungal strains with conserved ITS sequencing. The results were as follows:(1) A total of 22 in 168 isolated strains had variable biological activities. Nine strains had obvious anti-tumor effect with the IC50 values of 0.1-40 μg·mL-1. Further, the strain MJF-53 displayed prominent inhibitory effects on the release of both NO and IL-1β in Raw264.7 cell line by LPS- induction under the concentration of 2.5 μg·mL-1. There were seven strains showing α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 values ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 mg·mL-1, especially, the inhibitory activities of MYF-16 and MYF-55 were close to acarbose; 19 endophytic fungi had different degrees of DPPH free radical scavenging activities, among which MYF-9, MYF-19 and MJF-84 showed moderate anti-oxidant activities with IC50 values of 13.562, 17.776 and 12.395 μg·mL-1 respectively.(2)The ITS identification showed that the 22 active strains were mainly distribute in six genera: Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Diaporthe sp., Talaromyces sp. and Neofusicoccum sp. This study indicates that the bioactivities of the endophytic fungi from A. curassavica are diverse, which lays a foundation for exploring new potential natural anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and anti-oxidant compounds from the endophytic fungi of A. curassavica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants are molecules that can slow down or prevent the oxidation of other molecules. The role and beneficial effects of antioxidants against many human diseases and foodborne illnesses due to oxidative corruption have attracted much attention in recent years. In this study, synthesis of homo and copolymer of aniline/pyrrole was performed on 2B pencil composite graphite in acetic acid medium containing para toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) as supporting electrolyte by cyclic voltammetry method and their ability to remove free radical 2,2. -diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) have been compared and evaluated. The results indicated that the electrosynthesized polyaniline was more capable of DPPH radical scavenging, which could be due to electrosynthesis of the oxidation state (configuration) of the polyaniline conductive form (Emeraldine Salt (ES)), which was able to remove a greater percentage of DPPH radicals. Also, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), it was found that increasing the aniline ring in the polymer chain decreased the resistance of the charge transfer, thus increasing the reductive property. The structural and morphological of electrosynthesized homo and copolymer have been confirmed by SEM and FTIR.

Streptomyces species are prolific sources of bioactive secondary metabolites known especially for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. This study sought to isolate and characterize antioxidant molecules biosynthesized by Streptomyces sp. KTM18. The antioxidant potential of an isolated compound and its toxicity were accessed. The compound was purified using bioassay-guided chromatography techniques. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were carried out for structure elucidation. The antioxidant potential of the isolated compound was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The toxicity of the isolated compound was measured using a brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assay. Ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp. KTM18 showed more than 90% inhibition of DPPH free radical at 50 µg/mL of the test concentration. These data were the strongest among 13 Streptomyces isolates (KTM12–KTM24). The active molecule was isolated and characterized as maculosin (molecular formula, C14H16N2O3 as determined by the [M + H]+ peak at 261.1259). The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of pure maculosin was higher (IC50, 2.16 ± 0.05 µg/mL) than that of commercial butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (IC50, 4.8 ± 0.05 µg/mL). No toxicity was observed for maculosin (LD50, <128 µg/mL) in brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) up to the compound's antioxidant activity (IC50) concentration range. The commercial standard, berberine chloride, showed toxicity in BSLA with an LD50 value of 8.63 ± 0.15 µg/mL. Maculosin may be a leading drug candidate in various cosmetic and therapeutic applications owing to its strong antioxidant and non-toxic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Neptunia oleracea Lour. is a tropical plant cultivated in Southeast Asia. It is consumed as vegetable and traditional herb for the treatment of several disorders. The objective of the present work was to isolate the phenolic compounds from N. oleracea, followed by their bioactivity evaluation and quantitative analysis. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) fractions of N. oleracea were subjected to various chromatographic techniques to isolate the phenolic compounds. The isolated phenolic compounds were characterised by several spectroscopic methods, including mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Then, these compounds were subjected to DPPH free radical scavenging as α-glucosidase inhibitory assays for the evaluation of their activities. Their contents in the fractions were analysed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantitative analysis. Five phenolic compounds including quercetin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (1), quercetin-3-O-α-Larabinopyranoside (2), quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (3), methylgallate (4) and rutin (5) were isolated from N. oleracea for the first time. Evaluation on the DPPH free radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of these compounds showed that methylgallate (4) was the most potent antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitors among them, with IC50 values of 17.25 and 50.76 μM, respectively. The HPLC quantitative analysis revealed the high content of the quercetin derivatives (compounds 1, 2 and 3) in the EtOAc fraction (ranging from 125.68 to 157.55 μg/mg) and methylgallate (4) in the MeOH fraction (75.25 μg/mg). Comparison of the bioactivities of the isolated phenolic compounds with the fractions indicated their significant contribution for the DPPH free radical scavenging of N. oleracea; while they might be working synergistically for the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results of the present work could help to validate the contribution of phenolic compounds for the studied bioactivities of N.oleracea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Four new phenolic glycosides (1-4), together with 12 known ones (5-16), were isolated from the essential oil extraction waste of Lavandula angustifolia. Their structures were unequivocally determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, UV, and optical rotation), chemical method, and comparison with data reported in the literature. The antioxidant activities of all compounds and new compounds' influence on melanin content in B16 melanoma cells were examined, which indicated that compounds 1, 8, 13 had a certain degree of DPPH free radical scavenging activities, while only compound 2 could increase the melanin content with a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional property changes in Phaleria macrocarpa fruit during ripening on tree were studied. Results showed that juice extracted from fruit flesh had low acidity and soluble solid content. Fruit acidity decreased but soluble solids increased as the fruit ripened. In terms of antioxidant content, ascorbic acid, DPPH free radical scavenging activities and total phenolic content were, however, the lowest in fully ripe fruit flesh while the unripe fruit flesh had the highest. High percentage of these antioxidants was water soluble. This study suggests that the unripe fruits should be harvested for valuable medicinal product development instead of the fully ripe fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The antioxidant capacity of Trichoderma harzianum was investigated in terms of total antioxidant activity, DPPH free radical scavenging, reduction of metal ions, chelating abilities against ferrous ions, linoleic acid bleaching, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Total phenolic and amino acid contents were also evaluated. The results showed that total antioxidant activity of fungal extract revealed 3.48 μg AA/g extract. The EC50 values of DPPH free radical, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were 63.93, 34.38 and 32.37 μg/ml, respectively. The extract showed excellent chelating power (EC50 = 34.41 μg/ml). The EC50 values of reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation were found to be 0.45 mg/ml and 300 μg/ml. The extract contained phenolics and amino acids in amount of 4.35 mg GA/ml and 27.07 μg Gly/ml, respectively. The obtained results showed that submerged cultivation of the fungus is an effective strategy for the production of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural oils (NOs) and essential oils (EOs) are widely used in the food and beverage, medical, aromatherapy and cosmetic industries, but little is known about their elemental composition or antioxidant ability. Microwave-assisted acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy were used to determine the non-toxic elements (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Se and Zn) and potentially toxic elements (As, Cr, Cd, Mn, Ni and Pb) concentrations in 13 selected NOs and EOs. The per cent recoveries of laboratory-fortified blanks analysed for quality control were 94–110%. The elemental concentrations varied widely in NO and EO samples, as demonstrated by the large standard deviation obtained for some elements. The average levels of non-toxic elements (Al (14.5 ± 3.7 μg/g); Ca (278 ± 138 μg/g); Cu (7 ± 14 μg/g); Fe (16 ± 5 μg/g); K (36 ± 31 μg/g); Mg (56 ± 27 μg/g); Na (266 ± 277 μg/g); Se (0.7 ± 0.3 μg/g) and Zn (6.1 ± 2.6 μg/g)) were determined in NOs and EOs. Comparatively, low levels of potentially toxic elements (As (0.1 ± 0.2 μg/g); Cd (0.1 ± 0.0 μg/g); Cr (0.2 ± 0.1 μg/g); Mn (0.8 ± 0.1 μg/g); Ni (4.5 ± 2.2 μg/g); and Pb (0.3 ± 0.2 μg/g)) were obtained in the oils. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components explained 100% of the variability in the elemental concentrations. Na, Ca, Mg and K were the main contributors to PCA. Non-toxic element pairs were strongly correlated (R2 > 0.9440) indicating a common source in these oils, but toxic element pairs were poorly correlated. Although toxic element concentrations were low, routine monitoring in oils is recommended. The antioxidant ability of NOs and EOs to potentially reduce free radicals, which are often involved in several degenerative diseases, such as ageing, stroke, diabetes and cancers was determined by DPPH (2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Jasmine, castor and tea tree lemon oils were the best antioxidants. The oils in this study have the potential to replace artificial antioxidants used in foods, cosmetics and other products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteen hydroxychalcones were synthesized in sufficient purity by the Claisen–Schmidt condensation between appropriate acetophenones and aromatic aldehydes. All the compounds were evaluated for their ability to scavenge the stable free 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Important structure–activity relationships were observed that strongly contribute to the knowledge for the design of DPPH radical scavenging chalcones. Relevant theoretical parameters were computed in an attempt to understand and explain the obtained experimental results.

The extract from stem bark of Stryphnodendron obovatum Benth. was chromatographed on a Sephadex® LH-20 column, and yielded nine compounds: gallic acid (GA), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB), gallocatechin (GC), epigallocatechin (EPG), 4'-O-methylgallocatechin (MGC), epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-epigallocatechin (EPEP), epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-gallocatechin (EPGC), robinetinidol-(4α→8)-gallocatechin (ROGC) and robinetinidol-(4β→8)-epigallocatechin (ROEP). Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity in vitro by the methods of DPPH free radical (IC50; μg/mL) and reduction of the phosphomolybdenum complex (RAC) gave the following results, respectively: crude extract 4.52 and 0.8242; ethyl-acetate fraction 4.04 and 0.9537; aqueous fraction 5.58 and 0.9275. The crude extract and ethyl-acetate fraction were shown to possess an antioxidant capacity comparable to that of vitamin C (4.93 and 1.0). The values obtained by the DPPH free-radical method for the isolated compounds were IC50 (μM): GA=8.89; PHB=10.12; GC=16.46; EPG=13.20; MGC=21.00; EPEP=6.89; EPGC=4.91; ROGC=7.78 and ROEP=6.20. Vitamin C and trolox showed 30.11 and 30.10, respectively. Dimers showed greater activity in scavenging free radicals, possibly related to the number of hydroxyls. However, compounds without a hydroxyl at position 5 of the A-ring (5-deoxy-proanthocyanidins) did not change the antioxidant activity of the DPPH free radical, as evaluated here for the first time. Among the monomers, there appeared to be a direct relationship in scavenging of free radicals because of the stereochemistry of the compounds. The presence of a methyl radical on the B-ring significantly reduced the scavenging of free radicals of gallocatechin. All compounds showed greater scavenging of radicals than vitamin C and trolox, and these two compounds showed no significant difference from each other.O extrato das cascas de Stryphnodendron obovatum submetido à cromatografia em coluna, Sephadex® LH-20, forneceu nove substâncias: ácido gálico (GA), ácido p-hidróxibenzóico (PHB), galocatequina (GC), epigalocatequina (EPG), 4'-O-metilgalocatequina (MGC), epigalocatequina-(4β→8)-epigalocatequina (EPEP), epigalocatequina-(4β→8)-galocatequina (EPGC), robinetinidol-(4α→8)-galocatequina (ROGC) e robinetinidol-(4β→8)-epigalocatequina (ROEP). A capacidade antioxidante in vitro pelos métodos do radical livre DPPH (IC50; μg/mL) e do complexo fosfomolibdênio (CAR) apresentou os seguintes resultados, respectivamente: extrato bruto 4,52 e 0,8242; fração acetato de etila 4,04 e 0,9537 e fração aquosa 5,58 e 0,9275 demonstrando possuírem capacidade antioxidante quando comparados com vitamina C 4,93 e 1,0. Os valores obtidos pelo método do radical livre DPPH com as substâncias isoladas foram: IC50 (μM): GA=8,89; PHB=10,12; GC=16,46; EPG=13,20; MGC=21,00; EPEP=6,89; EPGC=4,91; ROGC=7,78 e ROEP=6,20. Vitamina C e trolox mostraram valores de 30,11 e 30,10, respectivamente. Os dímeros mostraram maior atividade no sequestro de radicais livres, possivelmente relacionada com o número de hidroxilas. No entanto, substâncias com ausência de hidroxila na posição 5 do anel A (5-desoxi-proantocianidinas) não alteraram o poder antioxidante frente ao radical livre DPPH, tendo sido avaliadas aqui pela primeira vez. Entre os monômeros, parece haver uma relação direta com a estereoquímica. A presença de um radical metila no anel B reduziu significativamente a atividade da galocatequina. Todas as substâncias isoladas mostraram maior atividade do que a vitamina C e trolox, e estes não mostraram diferença significativa entre si.

The antioxidant effect of dried-powder，ethanol and petroleum ether extracts from Thelephora ganbajun was studied by Schaal oven induced oxidation method，meanwhile，dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as a reference. The duration time of antioxidant effect was analyzed using Peroxide value ( P0V) inhibitory rate. The reduction activity，scavenging activity to DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical of BHT and the ethanol extracts from T. ganbajun were tested. The results showed that the sequence of antioxidant effect to the lard was the ethanol extracts (0.2 g/kg) > the petroleum etlier extracts (0.2 g/kg) > BHT (0. 2 g/kg) > dried-powder(10 g/kg). The order of duration time of antioxidant effect was the ethanol extracts = dried powder > BHT > the petroleum ether extracts. The reduction activity and scavenging activity to hydroxyl free radical of the ethanol extracts was lower than those of BHT，but the scavenging activity to DPPH free radical of the ethanol extracts was higher than that of BHT. It was reasonable that the scavenging activity to DPPH free radical reflects the anti lipid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective： In this investigation, eight novel imidazole nitronyl nitroxide radicals were synthesized and their scavenging effects of 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl were discussed. Methods： Eight novel imidazole nitronyl nitroxide radicals were synthesized by alkylation, reduction, condensation and oxidation reaction, using 2-nitropropane as the starting material. In order to evaluate the elimination function of 4a~4h to DPPH, the obtained compounds(4a-4h) were reacted with DPPH and the concentration of DPPH was measured through the method of UV-VIS spectrophotometry. We used Tempol as positive control. Results： Eight novel imidazole nitronyl nitroxide radicals were synthesized, and the structures of intermediates and final products were confirmed by 1H NMR, HRMS, EPR analysis. The results of the scavenging of DPPH radical assay showed that eight new synthesized imidazole nitronyl nitroxide radicals showed scavenging effect on DPPH. Conclusion： Improved the method of synthesis of the important intermediate. In a certain concentration range (0.01 irmol/mL-2.4 μ mol/mL), the scavenging effect of eight new synthesized imidazole nitronyl nitroxide radicals increases with the increase of concentration. Among them, 4a exhibited more active antioxidant activity compared with Tempol while 4b had the same effect. They all have the potential value of further research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae family), which consists of C. deodara, C. libani, C. brevifolia and C. atlantica, is an evergreen tree growing extensively on the slopes of the Himalayas. Its leaves was a kind of chinese medicine for a long history. Its main chemical constituents include flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, organicacid, triterpenes, steroids, polysaccharides leaf glue and so on. The major pharmacological activities of pine needles of C. deodara include antitumor, antioxidation, improving memory, antibacterial and antivirus, ect. In order to determine proanthocyanidin content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of different parts from C. deodara. In this study, Fe3+ ion was used for catalysator, n-BuOH:HCl (95:5) was chromogenic agent and the detection wave-lengths were at 550 nm. And the content of proanthocyanidin was determined in different parts from C. deodara by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. And antioxidant activity of extract from different parts of C. deodara were investigated by scavenging 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH). The results showed that proanthocyanidins content in different parts of C. deodara was pine needles (12.93%), inflorescence (12.93%),bark (12.00%), wood (6.41%), tender branchlets (3.37%). The extract from different parts of C. deodara had good antioxidant activity. In a certain concentration scope, there was a strong positive correlation between the scavenging activity and the concentrations. The order of IC50 was tender branchlets > pine needles > wood> bark > inflorescence. Except for branchlets, their DPPH scavenging activities were around 90% while the concentration of the extract from different parts was 0.8 mg·mL-1. The results indicated that there were higher proanthocyanidins content and antioxidant activities in different parts of C. deodara, which provide the reference on comprehensive development and utilization of C. deodara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants in seaweeds have attracted increasing interest for its role in protecting human health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the Total phenolic content (TPC) values and antioxidant activities in red seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatum of different solvent extracts. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities (DPPH scavenging assay and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay, TEAC) for both K. alvarezii and K. striatum extracts were determined using different solvents at different concentrations (ethanol: 50%, 70%, 100%; acetone: 50%, 70%, 100%; methanol: 50%, 70%, 100%). The TPC value was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu's method. The antioxidant activities were measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assay. The highest TPC value of K. alvarezii antioxidant extract was obtained by 50% ethanol extracts while for K. striatum obtained by 50% methanol extract. The highest percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition for K. alvarezii was shown by 50% acetone extract while K. striatum was shown using 50% methanol extract. The highest TEAC value for K. alvarezii was shown by 50% acetone while K. striatum extract was shown by 50% ethanol extract. The TPC values and antioxidant activities of all solvent extracts of K. striatum were significantly higher (p<0.05) than K. alvarezii antioxidant extracts. The TPC values showed strong correlation (r = 0.797) with TEAC values for K. alvarezii antioxidant extract (p<0.01). The TEAC values also showed strong correlation (r = 0.735) with percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition for K. alvarezii (p<0.01). The TPC value, DPPH free radical scavenging assay and TEAC assay for K. striatum extracts showed strong correlation (r > 0.8) with each other (p<0.01). In summary, K. striatum showed better antioxidant activity and higher TPC value than K. alvarezii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A highly sensitive and selective thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method was developed for simultaneous determination of catecholamines and their related drugs using a new detection method and digital image processing of chromatographic plates. For the quantitative evaluation of the investigated compounds, the chromatographic separation was followed by spraying the plate with 0.02% solution of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH ) in ethanol. The BioDit Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Scanner device and advanced specific software (ImageDecipher-TLC, Sorbfil TLC Videodensitometer and JustTLC) were used for the detection and quantification of chromatographic spots. For an accurate determination, the RGB colored images of the bright-white spots detected against a purple background were inverted and processed after their conversion into green scale. The results showed a strongly linear correlation between area (R 2>0.99) and volume (R 2>0.99) of spots and concentration of investigated compounds in all cases. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were below 49.3ng/spot and 69.6ng/spot respectively in all cases. The evaluation of the method was performed using different pharmaceutical samples spiked with the investigated amines and validated with respect to accuracy and precision. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method was applied for the simultaneous analysis of two catechol related compounds (carbidopa and levodopa) using the DPPH free radical as detection reagent and digital image processing for the determination of the compounds on the chromatographic plate. The BioDit Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Scanner device and advanced specific software (ImageDecipher-TLC, Sorbfil TLC Videodensitometer and Just TLC) were used for the detection and quantification of chromatographic spots. The raw colored images of the chromatographic plates were imported directly from the scanner and for an accurate determination they were inverted and processed after their conversion into green scale. The results showed a strongly linear correlation between area (R2 > 0.9969) and respectively volume (R2 > 0.9956) of spots and concentration of investigated compounds in all cases. The linearity of the analytical procedure was in range of 50–300 ng/spot for both carbidopa and levodopa. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were below 53.4 ng/spot and 61.1 ng/spot, respectively, in all cases. The validation of the method was also performed using commercial pharmaceutical tablets containing carbidopa and levodopa as active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazil (DPPH) antiradical activity as well as the phenolics and flavonoid contents of ethanolic extract and its fraction of Phyllantus urinaria L. was evaluated. The ethanolic extract of P. urinaria L. was fractionated using vaccum column chromatography and gradient elution. Based on TLC proile, the fractination process yielded 6 fractions. The ethanolic extract of P. urinaria L. showed the high DPPH free radical scavenging with IC50 of 5.74 µg/mL. Among 6 fractions, fraction 6 had the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 4.22 µg/mL. Among ethanol extract and its fractions evaluated, fraction 5 had the highest phenolics and lavonoid contents. The correlation between DPPH free radical scavenging activities and phenolics contents existed with the equation of y = -43.454x + 827.67 with coeficient of determination (R²) of 0.3475, while, the R² for the relationship between IC50 values and lavonoid contents of ethanolic extract and its fraction is 0.2325. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, response surface methodology was applied to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of tea polyphenols, EGCG and theanine from summer green tea. As results, the optimal extraction conditions were determined to be temperature 96 °C, time 40 min and ratio of water to raw material 16 mL g−1. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental values for tea polyphenols, EGCG, theanine and IC50 for DPPH free radical scavenging activity were 133.41 ± 3.12 mg gallic acid g−1, 30.23 ± 1.22, 3.99 ± 1.13 mg g−1 and 724.95 ± 15.12 μg mL−1, respectively. There was no statistical difference at significant level of 0.05 between the experimental and predicted values. The results suggested that the regression models were accurate and adequate for the bioactives extraction from summer green tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

prim-O-Glucosylcimifugin (PGCN), a highest content chromone in the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata, was incubated with human intestinal flora (HIF), and two biotransformation products were obtained from the incubated solution by chromatographic methods. The chemical structures of the two biotransformation products were elucidated as cimifugin (CN) and 5-O-methylvisamminol (MVL), respectively, on the basis of NMR and MS data. The biotransformation product CN was formed through a deglucosylation of PGCN by β-glucosidase secreted from the HIF, and then the hydroxymethyl group of CN was reduced to lead to occurrence of MVL. All of these compounds were evaluated for their effect on the inhibition of nitric oxide production induced by lipopolysaccharide in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging activity in cell-free bioassay system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Blueberries have drawn growing attention in China for various benefits to health. Nine rabbiteye blueberry cultivars which were introduced into China were systematically assessed based on two aspects of chemical profiles and antioxidant activity. The former was achieved by HPLC fingerprints, and the latter in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH ) scavenging capacity was evaluated with a novel HPLC method. Subsequently, the predominant active anthocyanins were screened from these coloured biological samples by two useful methods, respectively. In method I, the spectrum–effect relationships between HPLC fingerprints and the antioxidant activities of blueberry extracts were investigated, whereas in method II, HPLC analysis followed pre-column reaction of samples with DPPH . The results indicated that Gardenblue and Powderblue showed stronger antioxidant activities among all introduced cultivars, and delphinins and anthocyanidin-3-glucosides were the main contributive components to the antioxidant activities of blueberries. This would be helpful to the quality-oriented cultivation of blueberry in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A simple and sensitive method was developed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPHrated in surfactants. Parameters possibly affected the DPPHng activity were investigated including the type of surfactant, concentration of surfactant, solution pH and concentration of buffer. The optimum micelle system for determining the antioxidant capacity was 2mM CTAB in 0.1M acetate buffer (pH 4.6). The IC50 values of various antioxidants were calculated and compared to those prepared in methanol. Furthermore, the rate of the reaction between DPPHoxidants was investigated. The rate constants observed in the micelle system were significantly faster than those in methanol, and this allowed shorter analysis time. This method was validated through linearity, limit of detection and precision by comparing with conventional methanolic assay. The purposed method was applied to evaluate the antioxidant capacity from aqueous extracted plant samples with satisfactory results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Four types of Apis mellifera honey collected in the eastern region of Romania were screened for their total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteau method, for anti radical power as assessed by DPPH radical scavenging assay, for the FRAP assay-ferric reducing antioxidant power. The antioxidant effect over a substrate sensitive to lipid per oxidation and also the presence of some pigments with antioxidant action in honey-ABS 450 were evaluated. All assays revealed the following order of the obtained values: Lime honey>poly-flower honey>Sea buckthorn honey>Acacia honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, antioxidant activities of the two varieties of fruits of Zizyphus mauritiana (Boroi) were investigated. For this, at first matured fruits of them were sliced into small pieces and dried in the sun and finally crushed it in grinder to make powder. Ethanolic extracts of fruits powder were prepared using 99.99% ethanol. The resulting extracts were characterized by the method described by Hatano et al. (1988) in which stable 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical is recommended to use. 1ml of each solution of different concentrations (1-500 μg/ml) of the extracts was added to 3 ml of 0.004% ethanolic DPPH free radical solution. After 30 minutes, the absorbances of the preparations were taken at 517 nm by a UV spectrophotometer which was compared with the corresponding absorbance of standard ascorbic acid concentrations (1-500 μg/ml). The IC50 (Inhibition concentration) was determined by the absorbance which denotes the concentration of sample required to scavenge 50% of the DPPH free radicals (Gupta et al., 2003). In this investigation, it was found that all of the fruit extracts have remarkable antioxidant activities. The IC50's of the ethanolic extracts of Zizyphus mauritiana (Local) and Z. mauritiana (Narikeli kul) were 72 and 250 μg/ml respectively. Between these two varieties local variety showed higher antioxidant activities. Therefore, local variety of Zizyphus mauritiana is very beneficial for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry emulsions prepared from saccharose (SAC), Labrafil® M 1944 CS, sesamol (SEOH), and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or sodium caseinate (SC) by grinding or dissolution, and different desiccation techniques (spray (SD)- or freeze (FD)-drying, or heating at 60 °C) were investigated to determine possible interactions between mixture components. The goal of this study was to determine the best formulation which will regenerate perfectly, after water dilution of dry emulsions, the initial liquid emulsion with the same characteristics that before drying. The morphological state of SAC and dry emulsions were determined by scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM) analysis. Glass transition temperature, and melting (endothermic), decomposition (endothermic), oxidation (exothermic) peak temperatures and enthalpies were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The antioxidant activity of emulsions was evaluated through their ability to reduce 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) free radical. SEM analysis showed that SD-prepared, SC-containing dry emulsions formed better spherical particles with smooth surface at about 5 μm diameter as compared to emulsion containing HPMC. These former emulsions also showed more thermal stability by DSC. The combined results of the three analytical techniques emphasized the importance of the dry emulsion process regarding the efficiency and the thermal stability of antioxidant substances. A specific physical and/or chemical combination (such as hydrogen bond) sufficiently stable, at about 150 °C, could be suggested when the technique used for dry emulsion preparation was SD. After water dilution, this dry emulsion obtained from quaternary mixture: SAC, Labrafil®, SEOH and SC, will regenerate the initial liquid emulsion with the same characteristics that before drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesis and characterization of bisamides. • Compound BA1 crystallized in triclinic system having space group P-1. • Biological investigations expressed significant drug-DNA interactions. • Density functional theory results revealed a sterling concurrence in the experimental and theoretical structural parameters. • Bader's AIM analysis indicated an insight into inter and intra-molecular interactions. Bisamides N1,N3-bis(4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl)isophthalamide (BA1), N1,N4-bis(4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl)terephthalamide (BA2) and1,1'-bis(4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl) ferrocenylamide (BA3) were synthesized from 4-(4-nitrophenoxy)aniline and isophthaloyl dichloride, terephthaloyl dichloride and 1,1'-dicarbonylchloride ferrocene respectively. The synthesized compounds were characterized from spectroscopic (FTIR), NMR (1H, 13C) and single crystal X-ray analyses. The compound N1,N3-bis(4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl)isophthalamide crystallized in triclinic system having space group P-1.The biological worth of the compounds was assessed by performing drug-DNA binding and DPPH free radical scavenging activity investigations.The results of the compounds indicate significant drug-DNA interaction. All the synthesized compounds exhibit intercalation mode of interaction. The greater value of binding interaction is observed for BA2 and its intercalation into DNA structure is more facile than BA1 and BA3. DPPH free radical scavenging activity analysis has shown the highest activity for BA1 (55%), moderate activity for BA2 (45%) while lowest for BA3 (40%). Density functional theory has been employed to study the structure-property ramifications in the bisamides; results reveal a sterling concurrence in the experimental and theoretical structural parameters. A comprehensive bonding inspection of each compound has also been executed by Bader's AIM analysis to gain an insight into inter and intra-molecular interactions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A new fused tetracyclic heterocycle compound 1 is described. [•] 1D & 2DNMR spectroscopic methods were used for the structure elucidation. [•] Spatozoate, compound 2 was originally reported from the marine alga Spatoglossum variable but is new to bacterial source. [•] Compound 1 showed antioxidant activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]