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Purpose: The study explores the evolution of Indian domestic electronics manufacturing post-economic reforms and also investigates the lack of natural growth stages among Indian start-up/SME electronics manufactures. Design/methodology/approach: The theoretical framework is inspired by Dawar and Frost's survival strategy theory that local companies may follow to overcome competitive threats from MNCs. The study adopts a qualitative methodology, more precisely, a phenomenological approach to walking through policy/regulatory reforms amid market distortions, technological gaps and colonial mindset from the perspective of Indian domestic electronics manufacturers. The study has adopted Gioia method of data analysis to inductively suggest a few research propositions. Findings: The phenomenological approach revealed eight essential structure (essence) narratives to explore the complex issue that plague the industry: make in India, made in India, preferential market access strategy, equitable market access strategy, blue ocean strategy, competitive positioning strategy, technical capability and importance of policy/regulatory arbitrage. Practical implications: The situation of Indian electronics manufacturing units is comparable to the bonsai tree situation, where natural evolution in business stages does not exist; they are born and die as start-ups/MSMEs. The study advocates for equitable market access by removing market distortions. The long-term solution may lie in making available locally manufactured products as a dependable alternative to the imported products or produced locally by MNC OEMs in terms of cost, quality, technology, volume, after-sale service and integrated supply chain. Originality/value: While the favorable FDI policies, digital India and make-in India initiatives have strengthened domestic electronics production, it is yet to significantly impact India's position in global trade, including manufacturing and exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the development of economic thought in Russia, its struggle with the official ideology and attempts to influence the choice of strategies for socio-economic development. The second part of the work shows that this struggle revealed the imperfection of the world economic–mathematical theory of the late 20th century, which was focused on the study of market competition and did not consider the mechanisms of rationing, queues, and the black market characteristic of a planned economy. The intensive efforts made by Russian economists in this direction were belated. In the "war of programs" for the transition to a market economy that unfolded in the late 1980s, the concept of shock therapy won. This was facilitated by the pressure of international organizations that did not care about the well-being of the population of the Soviet Union, and the lack of unity among Russian economists. They united with each other and with leading Western economists belatedly, so that the program of reforms they put forward could no longer influence the results of the reforms. Nevertheless, the efforts of economists–mathematicians contributed to the formation of modern economic education in Russia and the gradual establishment of an independent economic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the impact of Deng Xiaoping’s “To Get Rich is Glorious” concept on China’s economic reforms and its subsequent influence especially in Indonesia. Originating in the late 1970s, this concept spurred economic growth, entrepreneurship, and international engagement in China. The analysis delves into the historical aspects and current economic connections between China and Indonesia. It unveils China’s substantial contribution to Indonesia’s progress in infrastructure, development, digitalization, and industrialization. While bilateral relations present opportunities, challenges such as Indonesia’s reliance on Chinese debt and diplomatic issues are acknowledged. Future outlooks underscore the importance of ongoing collaboration to foster Indonesia’s economic growth, all within the framework of its partnership with China. In essence, Deng’s concept has not just influenced China’s course, but has also left a lasting impact on Indonesia’s economic path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Islamic rule of Umar bin Abdul Aziz stands as an exemplary model of a Welfare State. During his leadership, he introduced significant economic reforms, eliminating corruption from the public treasury (Bait-ul-Mal) and holding corrupt officials accountable. He safeguarded the rights of dhimmis (non-Muslim citizens under Islamic rule) and relieved citizens from the burden of unnecessary taxes. Financial support, including scholarships, was provided to assist disadvantaged citizens, ensuring that the needs of both Muslims and non-Muslims were met with fairness. Justice was upheld for every social class, creating a period of remarkable economic prosperity. Despite his brief rule of just two and a half years, such was the societal well-being that there were no recipients for zakat; while people gave zakat, no one required it. This research paper seeks to underscore the importance of the welfare measures implemented by Umar bin Abdul Aziz in establishing a just and prosperous society, utilizing a narrative and analytical approach.

In the framework of the presented article, the author analyzes the process of management transformation in the Omsk region in the 1990s as the formation of federalism in the Russian Federation. Later, the author of the article plans to carry out similar work in relation to the Altai Territory and the Tyumen region. Based on the available scientific developments and introducing into circulation a wide range of sources, the author of the work identifies the features of the development of federalism in the Omsk region within the framework of the system of socio-political and economic relations. Omsk region had serious industrial and agricultural potential, but also raw materials problems, exacerbated by the transition to market relations. The local leadership put forward the idea of regionalization of economic reform, which required the presence of a strong authoritarian business executive in power. But the active privatization carried out by external forces led to rapid bankruptcy, which did not suit the local leadership, and the population is not satisfied with the decline in living standards. In the Omsk region, this situation leads to increased support for left-wing parties. As part of the national administrative construction, the Azov German National District was created in the Omsk region. The idea of creating the territorial autonomy of the Siberian Tatars, triggered by the process of privatization of the oil industry, was stopped by transferring it to owners living outside the Omsk region.

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The unsatisfactory performance of public sector made the Government introduce Memorandum of understanding and disinvestment. This study has been undertaken to analyze the performance of memorandum of understanding signed firms over the years. In addition, the performance of MoU-signed disinvested and MoU-signed non-disinvested firms have also been examined. Performance has been analysed using different ratios; return on equity, return on assets, net income productivity per employee and sales productivity per employee. In-line to analyze the effectiveness of data, random effect panel regression has been used to study the performance of sixty MoU signed PSEs for 15 years (2004-2018). The results indicate that the profitability of MoU signed non-disinvested firms is better than MoU signed disinvested firms. This could be possibly due to the more substantial managerial autonomy impact on the performance. Assets turnover ratio, leverage, and age have a significant effect on the performance of firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore strategies to empower Pakistani math students with hearing impairments to have greater autonomy in their educational journey. The objective is to identify effective methodologies and examine the viewpoints of educators. A quantitative research approach was used to choose a sample of 150 teachers using simple random selection. Data was collected using a questionnaire that was prepared by the researchers themselves. The collected data was then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings indicate that the implementation of inclusive policies, targeted training, and collaborative initiatives to enhance mathematical education for children with hearing impairments are positively welcomed. Teachers' judgments were influenced by variables such as gender, age, education, and posting location. It is recommended to implement specialized teacher training, promote collaboration between educators and families, and allocate finances to ensure universal access to support services. The study emphasizes the necessity of establishing inclusive strategies tailored to meet the diverse needs of students with hearing impairments and highlights the importance of providing instructors with sufficient support and resources. Policymakers and stakeholders should strive to create an inclusive environment that promotes success in mathematics education for all children by addressing inequalities and understanding the factors that influence teachers' viewpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to analyze a complex interplay between democratization and authoritarianism during Pervez Musharraf's tenure as Pakistan's military dictator from 1999 to 2008. On the one hand, Musharraf initiated some democratic reforms, such as holding elections, granting freedom of speech, and lifting restrictions on political parties. However, on the other hand, he also maintained authoritarian control through emergency rule, arbitrary arrests, and censorship. Examining Musharraf's regime in comparison with other military regimes in Pakistan reveals both similarities and differences. Therefore, this research employed a qualitative research methodology under case study approach. However, the findings of the study suggest that like other dictators, Musharraf justified his rule by claiming to restore order and stability in the face of political instability. He also implemented economic reforms that achieved short-term growth but exacerbated inequality and debt. However, unlike some previous regimes, Musharraf's rule included elements of democratization, albeit limited. Unlike the brutal dictatorship of Zia-ul-Haq, Musharraf allowed some political dissent and facilitated the formation of opposition parties. This tentative liberalization foreshadowed the eventual transition to civilian rule after his resignation in 2008. Additionally, this study recommends that Pakistan must commit to upholding fundamental rights, strengthening independent institutions, and ensuring accountability to foster genuine democratization and move beyond its troubled past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, the Philippines, led by Marcos Jr., confronted a pivotal period marked by intricate diplomatic maneuvers, economic recalibrations, governance reforms, and persistent human rights concerns. The return of the Marcos political dynasty is a significant change in the political landscape, while economic challenges persist despite mixed reports on growth. With a commitment to an independent foreign policy, the Philippines faces a delicate balancing act between the United States and China in a world characterized by shifting power dynamics and strategic complexities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International trade and capital flows are the key macroeconomic indicators of a country's balance of payment, and they impact the real economy. This study estimates the long-run association between exports, imports, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth since India's economic reform in 1991 until 2019. Johansen multivariate cointegration method has been adopted to study this association and to develop long-run cointegration model. The augmented Dickey–Fuller test results show that variables are non-stationary at level and stationary at first difference. The cointegration model suggests a long-run relationship among GDP per person employed (GDPPE), exports, imports and FDI. The result shows that exports are the major determinant and positively influences the GDPPE whereas imports and FDI negatively influence GDPPE. The imports affect GDPPE more negatively than FDI. The vector error correction model finds long-run causality from GDPPE, exports and imports towards FDI and short-run causality from GDPPE towards FDI, imports towards FDI and GDPPE towards exports. The policy focus should be on export promotion and to closely watch the causal effect of labour productivity on FDI and exports, and imports on FDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a comprehensive exploration and analysis of "huaqiao nongchang," commonly known as overseas Chinese farms, situated within contemporary China's territorial boundaries. These administrative units, established in the 1950s-1980s, served as an intriguing aspect of emigrant administration and were established in three distinct phases. Initially, they functioned as agricultural entities, predominantly inhabited by ethnic Chinese returning en masse from countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and others to the newlyformed People's Republic of China in 1949.The author's primary objective is to fill gaps in our understanding of this phenomenon and to dissect the logic behind the stages of their creation, settlement, and subsequent reforms within China. This article excels in its contextualization within the historical framework, shedding light on the unique characteristics of these settlements. A comprehensive analysis of works by Chinese experts uncovers a significant reason for the PRC authorities' adoption of this approach: it provided a swift solution to hunger-related issues and the employment of vast refugee populations.As time progressed, drawbacks in this approach to managing emigrants became apparent. The initial economic struggles of these settlements, coupled with unfavorable socio-cultural environments and a lack of effective organizational strategies for settlers, necessitated ongoing reforms. The transformation of certain "huaqiao nongchang" units from unproductive state farms into profitable agricultural enterprises occurred due to various factors, including decentralization of decision-making, redirection toward local markets, alleviation of social tensions, workforce training, and their integration into the broader Chinese economy.This article supplements its analysis with excerpts from settlers' memoirs, offering firsthand insights into the lives and experiences of overseas Chinese emigrants returning to their homeland. Additionally, it provides a concise examination of the terminology associated with this subject matter.

One of the biggest challenges parties in multiparty governments face is making policies together and overcoming the risk of a policy stalemate. Scholars have devoted much attention to the study of how various institutions in cabinet and parliament help coalition parties with conflicting policy preferences to be efficient in the policy-making process. Coalition agreements are one of many instruments coalition partners can use to facilitate policy making. However, many scholars describe such agreements' actual role as cheap talk, due to their legally non-enforceable nature. Do coalition agreements make a difference in the policy-making productivity of multiparty governments? To address this question, this article focuses on governments' policy output and investigates whether coalition agreements increase the policy-making productivity of multiparty cabinets. Its central argument is that written agreements between coalition partners strengthen the capacity of coalition governments to make policy reforms, even when there is a high degree of ideological conflict among partners. To evaluate this argument, the article analyzes data on economic reform measures adopted by national governments in 11 Western European countries over a 40-year period (1978–2017), based on a coding of more than 1000 periodical country reports issued by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The results show that while coalition agreements foster policy productivity in minimal winning cabinets, they play a weaker role in minority and surplus governments. Coalition agreements limit the negative effect of intra-cabinet ideological conflict on reform productivity, suggesting that such contracts help parties overcome the risk of policy stalemate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the gendered politics of social dance and its relationship to the wider societal changes of China's early economic reforms from 1978 to the end of the 1980s. It considers social dance a symbol of contested modernities during the initial decade of the reform period. Through the politics of dancing, this article reveals how state policies that repressed social dance during the early 1980s were part of a larger project to establish a hegemonic modernity in which social order was partly secured through the protection and regulation of female sexuality. Paying attention to class and economic distribution, this essay shows how, after the legalization of dancing in the second half of the 1980s, young women workers used social dance to express their discontents toward China's Mao-era state factory system. The dance hall allowed these women to search for an alternate modernity that provided new sources of self-esteem, social prestige, and upward mobility, fueling a hope to transcend the limitations of an existing work unit system. Using state directives, propaganda materials, and interviews with former women workers from a state-owned steel mill in Chengdu, I consider how conflicting visions of 1980s Chinese modernity unfolded inside urban dance halls and state-owned factories, spelling new social and personal dilemmas for women coming of age during the first decade of the economic reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why are perennially entrenched institutions so hard to reform? This article proposes a theory of institutional rebound based on China's reforms to break the three "iron-institutions" in state-owned enterprises (SOEs). I argue that reforms triggered the rise of informal institutions, which impeded further reforms and made old rules rebound. When SOE cadres had denser political connections, they actively manipulated the rules to maintain privileges. When managers and workers had fewer political resources, they used performative resistance to delay reforms and penalize reform advocates. The pressure to complete reforms drove cadres to first target the powerless, replacing them with cronies, before having to move to the more powerful. The article combines in-depth interviews, secondary sources, and topical modeling of newspaper and journal articles across three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initiated with the best of intentions, the reforms promoted by the post-Stalinist leaderships of the Soviet State failed, among other reasons, due to a lack of coherence and realism. Last but not least, the mistakes made and the lack of capacity to highlight any priorities, the delay in taking urgent measures to solve the economic and ethnic problems, the exacerbation of the struggle for power, the improvisations led to the collapse of the system that seemed eternal and the dissolution in December 1991 of the U.S.S.R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines digitization and its effect on various sectors of the Indian economy. India's digital transformation has been remarkable in recent years, with the rapid adoption of smartphones, increased internet connectivity, and the government's push towards a digital economy. It has opened tremendous opportunities for economic growth across various sectors of the economy. The fast-paced digitization has significantly impacted the country's economic growth, with tremendous opportunities for continued growth in the digital economy. India has witnessed a remarkable increase in internet penetration, primarily driven by affordable smartphones and data plans. The number of internet users in India surpassed 600 million by the end of 2020, and this number is expected to continue to grow rapidly. With the government's continued focus on digital transformation and investments in digital technologies, India is well-positioned to continue to drive economic growth. Digital technologies such as data pooling, artificial intelligence, and others are now widely used to track and diagnose issues in agriculture; health; environment; logistics; jobs; skills market; e-governance; performing daily tasks such as navigating traffic, paying bills; and financial transactions, among others. The study employs secondary data extracted from various literature sources to analyze the impact of digitization on India's economic growth. It also involves a systematic review of the literature on the digital economy and economic reforms issues to address the objective. The research is particularly important for researchers and policymakers and offers opportunities for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Public Management Journal (SPMJ) is the property of Strategic Public Management Journal (SPMJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For the further development of Russian-Chinese cooperation, it is fundamentally important to understand fully the specific characteristics of the political, economic and social system of this country, which, in particular, is determined by the established system of the state — business relations.Aim. To identify the specifics of the model of relations between government and business, which has developed in the PRC during the period of economic reforms and is one of the most important aspects of the “Chinese miracle”.Tasks. To determine the applicability of Western models of state and business relations to Chinese realities, to characterize the main basic principles and approaches to the regulation of relations between the state and business, to identify problems, contradictions and prospects for their resolution in the conditions of modern China.Methods. System and comparative analysis, scientific generalization, expert assessments.Results. The specific characteristics of the state-business relations model in the country are determined, on the one hand, by the polymorphous nature of the Chinese state, on the other — by the formation of business as a hybrid actor. In this regard, it is, in our opinion, incorrect to see the state-business relations in China as uniform or dominated by a specific form of interaction. In reality, these relations are heterogeneous and vary not only depending on regions and sectors, but also “uneven” across different types of business actors within the same sector and/or region, as a result of which different types of businesses have different degrees of closeness to the state and subnational authorities.Conclusion. The system, historically formed under the influence of decisions and actions of the ruling party at various stages of the development of modern Chinese statehood, despite its complexity and often confusion, nevertheless allows the government to maneuver flexibly in the situations of serious economic and financial shocks caused by both economic and socio-political factors.

This paper reviews the economic policies adopted by the Indian government under different policy regimes, provides a political economy perspective of economic growth in the country during 1950–2020 and examines the inclusiveness of the rapid economic growth in recent decades. The growth performance of the economy improved as the economy moved from inward-looking policy regime to the regimes of pro-business and pro-market policies. India's political economy was supportive of the changes in policy regime. After growing at a sluggish rate during the first three decades after 1950–1951, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth accelerated significantly after the pro-business reforms in the 1980s, and there was further acceleration after the pro-market reforms since 1991–1992. It has, however, slowed down in recent years. Nevertheless, it has not been inclusive, as the benefits of growth have not reached all sections of the population and all regions of the country equally. On the contrary, disparities in income across regions and inequalities in income, wealth and consumption among individuals have exacerbated, and the problems of unemployment and poverty have been persisting in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Inequalities & Economic Growth / Nierownosci Spoleczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, we use fixed-effect Poisson regressions (FEPR) with robust standard errors and instrumental variables (IV) to study the economic, social, and institutional determinants of internal conflicts in 58 fragile developing countries from 2004 to 2017. We show that effective institutions (measured by judicial efficiency and governance) and higher incomes could help reduce conflict in fragile countries. In contrast, trade reform does not seem to reduce violence, and education and democratic institutions may fuel conflict in some cases. These results imply that education and trade liberalization do not have the expected effects in fragile countries, which should probably first improve their social, economic, and institutional situation, before reaping the benefits of economic reforms and education. This may also be the case for political reforms, because democratic experience seems to lead to increased violence in some countries in our sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Technology innovation improves efficiency, gives society new and enhanced goods and services through economic reform, and raises their living conditions. This study examined the impact of economic reform on technological innovation using the system generalised method of moments and panel quantile regressions to account for simultaneity and reverse causality. The empirical findings conclude that economic reform significantly impacted technological innovation in 79 nations from 1995 to 2017. More importantly, we verify the positive effect of economic reform on technological innovation by addressing endogenous and robustness checks via various methods and sub-samples. Furthermore, the mechanism of this relationship was explored. Therefore, the research findings offer an alternative method for national "gove'nments to promote innovation output by reinforcing government effectiveness, financia" sec'or development, and the degree of democracy transparency. Finally, economic proposals are discussed based on the findings and estimation strategies. The study examines the impacts of economic reforms on technological innovation in a panel of 79 economies over 1995–2017. Using GMM and panel quantile regressions, empirical findings indicate that economic reforms promote technological innovations. The positive effect of economic reforms on innovation operates through government effectiveness, financial development, and democracy. Intellectual Patent Protection Act controls inadequate competitiveness and preserves a fair market climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic reforms and their implementation process boost the growth of the economy and trade in the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, economies in which an average growth in GDP that exceeds 5 percent, likewise the flows of foreign direct investment and trade present an increase, showing the four countries an orientation of opening to the external market. Thus, the objective of the research is to analyze the economic reforms and their importance in the dynamics of the economy and trade in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam from 1990 to 2021, there is also the hypothesis that the reforms in the four countries they contributed to the growth of the economy and trade, for this we worked through a documentary analysis that allowed the recovery of selective information to explain the growth of GDP and trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate biosocial living conditions of North Korean infants aged 0-2 years of age at measurement by drawing on refugee surveys conducted from 1995 to 2008 in South Korea--a critical time during which the country went through a great famine. To this end, body-mass indices of 48 infants were regressed on place of birth (China vs. North Korea), sex (male vs. female), and birth period (pre-reform period 1999 to 2002 vs. postreform period 2003 to 2006). Most interestingly, cohorts born before market reforms had a significantly higher BMI than those born afterwards. While marketization provided a way out of the crisis for many families, the reforms also created losers, including apparently recent mothers. Apparently, these recent mothers could not participate in the flourishing market economy for child bearing and rearing reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt faced successive periods of inflation during the first generation of the Fatimid caliphs. The crises that resulted in the accumulation of gold and its gradual elimination from commercial interactions were so serious that the Fatimid caliph “Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah” (the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam) was forced to adopt monetary reforms. The present study aimed to find out how did the economic reforms perpetuated by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah reduce the consequences of the al-Mustansariyah crisis? The study was conducted according to a descriptive methodology by analyzing historical data, and it was shown that the most significant economic reforms of Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah included stabilizing the bimetallic system, establishing the “Divan-i Mufrad” and redistributing the cash flow as alms and state donations to return the hoarded gold (al-Kanz) to the cycle of economic transactions. The above reforms prevented the prevalence of less valuable currencies in the place of dirhams and dinars. Thus, they alleviated the effects of economic crises in Egypt in the long run particularly after the country cut ties with the Zirid Dynasty, the gold imports from Egypt were reduced, and the state treasuries were plundered during the al-Mustansiriyah crisis.

Using a panel of India’s registered manufacturing firms and both economy-wide and firm-level financial data, we investigate the effects of India’s financial liberalization on the productivity of its manufacturing sector in the 1990s and 2000s. Our dynamic panel analysis shows that the series of financial liberalization policies/measures, at both the macro and micro levels, significantly enhanced the productivity of the manufacturing sector. Total factor productivity increased for all firms, including those owned by the state government, with greater gains for the firms in the private and foreign sectors. Our results suggest that policies favoring financial liberalization should be pursued further in order for India to foster higher economic growth.

Financial education is a crucial determinant of informed decisions, in both the private and social spheres. From a life cycle perspective, it improves personal finance. From youth to retirement, basic economic and financial competences, including specific pension literacy, help to plan for the future and to make better choices, thus reducing the probability of financial fragility, particularly in old age, and increasing economic independence, particularly for women. In the social sphere, a growing literature is demonstrating that basic financial education also affects public choices, influencing voting behavior, economic reforms, policy outcomes, and, more generally, the workings of our democracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare the economic growth performance of Belarus and Lithuania since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Our interest in this country pair is driven by the two countries' interwoven history as well as by the fact that Belarus remains autocratic and strongly tied to Russia, while Lithuania has reinvented herself as a democratic market economy fully integrated into the EU. Our aim is to understand better the extent to which the growth differential between the two countries can be traced to increased efficiency, i.e., total factor productivity, in the use of capital and other resources via, inter alia, better institutions (intensive growth) as opposed to sheer accumulation of capital (extensive growth), the hallmark of Soviet economic growth. To this end, we compare the development of some key determinants of growth in the two countries since the 1990s. Employing a simple growth accounting model we find that institutional reforms, open and transparent governance, and good education play a more important role for output and efficiency than crude capital accumulation. Hence Lithuania does better than Belarus, which remains marred by problems related to weak governance as well as autocratic rule. As in Estonia and Latvia we find that the EU perspective made a significant contribution to growth in Lithuania. The Russian connection has done less for Belarus. At last, we also touch upon the impact of the corona virus on the economies of the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a review of the book Old-Developed Regions in the Sociogeographic Space of Russia: History and Contemporaneity prepared by a team of authors under the scientific editorship of T.G. Nefedova and A.V. Starikov (Moscow: Association of Scientific Publications KMK, 2021. 379 p.). The book is the result of the long-term research project “Development of the old-developed areas under the social-economic polarization and shrinkage of the developed space in European Russia” supported by the Russian Science Foundation in 2019-2021. The authors of the book note that it is time to abandon unrealistic declarations about the further development of all regions of the country, and to start rethinking the significance of the old-developed Russian regions and the possibilities of their re-development on the basis of their accumulated cultural heritage and human capital. The research focuses on two macro-regions of the Russian Federation - Central Russia and the Urals. The study is multiscale and interdisciplinary, it combines a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods of social sciences. Despite the statement that there is a further polarization and shrinkage of the developed Russian spaces, the authors find many confirmations of the possibilities of self-organization and sustainable development in the old-developed regions for the benefit of the whole country.

Presents a comparative analysis of the results of the historical and psychological reconstruction of the dynamics of the psychology of individuals and groups in the conditions of NEP and the empirical studies the dynamics of socio-psychological phenomena during the implementation of radical economic reforms in Russia in 1992. The conclusion about the existence of General laws characterizing the interaction and interdependence of psychological and economic factors in a changing society. The activity of subjects of economic activity is manifested, on the one hand, in their selective, conscious psychological relationship to these changes, and their economic behavior related to the choice of the form of ownership, the focus and level of business activity.

Capital market that we see today in India has evolved over more than two centuries and its genesis lies in developments that took place during rule by East India companies. The nascent markets that emerged during the period have matured and are one of the most progressive markets in the world today. The Indian capital markets are robust, use best of the technologies and generate interest from across the world. This work draws inspiration from many printed resources that include, academic articles, reports and books. The paper attempts to identify the nascent stages of formation of capital markets in the country over time. From a historical perspective the Indian capital market is closely interwoven with the Bombay Stock Exchange which is also first exchange to be formed in Asia. The paper also covers shape of present-day capital market that has emerged over time. The paper explains how the capital markets have expanded across different cities for several decades and then, constrained with the environmental changes, they consolidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key areas of economic policy is industrial policy which supports and outlines the strategy for the industrial development in a given country. This is particularly important in developing countries that look for an appropriate development strategy enabling the country to grow rapidly and develop afterwards. In group of developing countries, India is one of the most interesting cases. Since its liberation from British rule, the country has implemented various development strategies designed to result in a high rate of economic growth. However, it was not until the paradigm shift in industrial policy after 1990 that resulted in high growth rates and India became one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The aim of the article is to analyze the changes in Indian industrial policy from independence to the economic reforms of the 1990s. The study uses historical analysis based on domestic and foreign literature as well as an analysis of existing data. The article ends with an overview of the enterprise sector in today’s India which is a contribution to further research and discussion