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Oral adsorbents have attracted increasing attention as a potential therapeutic strategy for the removal of toxic substances from the gastrointestinal tract. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the structural and mechanic properties of oral adsorbents such as activated charcoal, medical clays, zeolites, silica-based adsorbents, dietary fibers (carbohydrates alginate, chitosan, pectin, carrageenan etc.), and their physicochemical properties. The review also explores the mechanisms of action of oral adsorbents, including physical adsorption, ion exchange, and specific binding interactions. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the factors that influence the adsorption capacity and selectivity of oral adsorbents. The summary of recent advances in the usage of thiolated adsorbents is discussed, which provides valuable insights into the structural and mechanistic properties of oral adsorbents and their potential as a therapeutic option for the removal of toxic substances from the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, the process of extraction fractionation of "hemicelluloses-free" birch wood in an ethanol medium into cellulose product and ethanol lignin is studied and optimized. The composition and structure of cellulose product and ethanol lignin obtained by extraction fractionation of "hemicellulose-free" birch wood and other products of their subsequent transformations are characterized by methods of infra-red spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, BET surface area analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, gas chromatography, and chemical and elemental analysis. The possibility of producing enterosorbents from birch ethanol lignin that are more effective than the commercial enterosorbents "Polyphepan" based on hydrolyzed lignin is established. A new approach to the biorefinery of birch wood into xylose, levulinic acid and enterosorbents is proposed based on the integration of an optimized process of extraction fractionation of "hemicellulose-free" birch wood in ethanol medium, alkaline isolation of xylan and its hydrolysis to xylose, cellulose product conversion into levulinic acid and ethanol lignin processing to enterosorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2) were obtained by acid decomposition of mineral raw materials (nepheline). Their physicochemical, acid–base, structural, and surface properties were studied by chemical analysis, potentiometric titration, and by the methods of Parks, Brunauer–Emmett–Taylor (BET), Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH), and others. It was determined that the obtained SiO2 samples are almost identical to pyrogenic amorphous silicon dioxide produced from reactive raw materials (pharmaceutical drug Polisorb MP) in content of impurities, pH of the aqueous extract, and pH values of the isoionic point and the zero-charge point and have larger values of specific external surface area and specific pore volume (by a factor of 1.1–1.9 and ~1.4, respectively). Based on the found values of the specific capacity of the adsorption monolayer of the surface of the SiO2 samples and the Gibbs free energy change of sorption (ΔG0), it was concluded that the method of their preparation does not significantly affect the physicochemical properties of their surfaces and the mechanism of nitrogen sorption. On the basis of the results obtained, it was assumed that silicon dioxide produced by acid processing of mineral raw materials is promising as an enterosorbent in therapeutic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review analyzes mechanisms and concomitant factors in developing IgE-associated allergic diseases provoked by food allergens and discusses clinical symptoms and current approaches for the treatment of food allergies. The expediency of using enterosorbents in complex therapy of food allergies and skin and respiratory manifestations associated with gastroenterological disorders is substantiated. The review summarizes the experience of using enterosorbents in post-Soviet countries to detoxify the human body. In this regard, special attention is paid to the enterosorbent White Coal (Carbowhite) based on silicon dioxide produced by the Ukrainian company OmniFarma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review analyzes mechanisms and concomitant factors in developing IgE-associated allergic diseases provoked by food allergens and discusses clinical symptoms and current approaches for the treatment of food allergies. The expediency of using enterosorbents in complex therapy of food allergies and skin and respiratory manifestations associated with gastroenterological disorders is substantiated. The review summarizes the experience of using enterosorbents in post-Soviet countries to detoxify the human body. In this regard, special attention is paid to the enterosorbent White Coal (Carbowhite) based on silicon dioxide produced by the Ukrainian company OmniFarma.

The main components of the birch wood were fractionated into a microcrystalline cellulose, xylose and enterosorbents by an integration of heterogeneous catalytic processes of an acidic hydrolysis and a peroxide delignification of the wood biomass for the first time. The wood hemicelluloses were hydrolyzed to xylose at a temperature of 150°C in the presence of the Amberlyst® 15 solid acidic catalyst. Then, the lignocellulosic product of the wood hydrolysis was subjected to the peroxide delignification in the formic acid–water medium in the presence of the solid TiO2 catalyst with a formation of the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and the organic-soluble lignin. Yields of MCC and the organic-soluble lignin proved to be 64.5 and 11.5 wt % of a mass of the prehydrolyzed wood, respectively, under the determined optimal conditions (100°C, 7.2 wt % of Н2О2, 37.8 wt % of НСООН, LWR 15, and a duration of 4 h). The enterosorbents were prepared by a treatment of the organic-soluble lignin with 0.4% NaHCO3 or hot water. The sorption capacity of these enterosorbents was 97.7 and 236.7 mg/g according to methylene blue and gelatin, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those of the Polifepan commercial enterosorbent (44 and 115 mg/g, respectively). The products of the catalytic fractionation of the birch wood were characterized by physicochemical (FTIR, XRD, SEM, and GC) and chemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Nowadays, much attention is paid to enterosorption methods that allow cleansing the internal organs and removing extraneous substances out of the body of a sick person. Objective. The aim of the research was to study the effect of microcrystalline cellulose on the microflora of the large intestine. Methods. The study was performed on 50 white laboratory Wistar rats weighing 180-270 g, which were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group was daily administered with microcrystalline cellulose at a dose of 500 mg/kg. The study followed ethical standards and recommendations for the humanization of work with laboratory animals according to the “European Convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other purposes” (Strasbourg, 1986, 2010), as well as the requirements of the Commission on Bioethics of I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University (Minutes No. 66, dated November 01, 2021). The first group involved the intact rats on standard diet, the second – the rats, which received normal feeding of microcrystalline cellulose. Results. In the feces of the experimental white rats treated with microcrystalline cellulose, the level of Escherichia coli in the large intestine decreased by 22 and 25%. The number of these microorganisms increased by 20% in 7 days and by 14% in 14 days. The content of epidermal staphylococci in the stool decreased by 10% on the 7th day of administration. Microcrystalline cellulose increased the number of Staphylococcus aureus by 12%, but decreased the number of enterococci in the feces by 28%. In 7-14 days of the experiment, the content of these bacteria did not change significantly in the colon. In relation to anaerobic microorganisms – bacteroides and clostridia, this supplement caused a slight increase in the number of bacteroides – by 8.64% and the number of clostridia – by 11.54% on the 14th day. The content of fungi of the Candida genus on the 7th and 14th day increased by 8.3%. Conclusions. In the 2nd period of the study, the microbiome of intestinal contents worsened: the process of dysbacteriosis increased, which was manifested by a significant increase in the number of Proteus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, anaerobes (bacteroides, clostridia) and Candida spp., as well as decreased Escherichia coli and Enterococci.

The article discusses probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic products, their types, benefits and possibilities of use in urological practice. The effectiveness and safety of use is shown based on the analysis of various clinical studies. Research results show that probiotics have a potentially positive effect on the host’s body in several different ways: 1) antagonism through the production of antimicrobial substances; 2) competition with pathogens for adhesion to the epithelium and for nutrients; 3) immunomodulation. Thanks to such mechanisms, the intestinal microbiota acts as a barrier to pathogens. Probiotic organisms are critical for maintaining the balance of the human gut microbiota and have high therapeutic potential. Some drugs of the group of probiotics contain only one type of microorganisms of normal microflora, other drugs contain several at once. Depending on the type of microorganisms contained in this or that probiotic, its therapeutic activity and scope of application are determined. Prebiotics can be used as an alternative to probiotics or as additional support for them. The mechanism of action of the prebiotic includes an effect on the intestinal flora by increasing the number of beneficial anaerobic bacteria and reducing the population of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The effects of prebiotics include potentiation of the growth of normal intestinal biota, stimulation of mucosal immune mechanisms, and the possibility of influencing non-immune mechanisms through antagonism with potential intestinal pathogens. The experience of using traditional probiotics, with the introduction of a sufficient amount of a new form of influence on the intestinal microflora – prebiotics, indicates a significant increase in the therapeutic effectiveness of such combinations (prebiotic + probiotic), which as a result increases the chance of complete elimination of the microbial agent, and also accelerates the process of restoring normal intestinal function . Synbiotics are products that contain both probiotics and prebiotics, combining their pharmacological effects. One of the most well-known pharmacological groups capable of a positive effect on the intestinal biocenosis is natural enterosorbents. The appointment of an enterosorbent in the period after the use of antibiotic therapy in cases of treatment of urological infections should consist in choosing a drug containing a balanced composition of components aimed at sorption, as well as optimizing the growth of normal intestinal biota. The development of biotherapeutic formulas containing both appropriate microbial strains and synergistic prebiotics can lead to increased therapeutic effect in the treatment of patients with urological pathology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis is one of the urgent interdisciplinary tasks for modern chemistry and pharmacology. Given the role of hypercholesterolemia in the development of this disease, it is necessary to remove excess amounts of cholesterol from the body. As an alternative to means of lowering total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, the possibility of using carbon enterosorbents for efferent therapy is considered. Aim. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the sorption capacity of the adsorbents developed by authors in terms of the possibility of cholesterol adsorption. Methods. Using the spectrophotometric method, the sorption of cholesterol on samples of adsorbents obtained by chemical activation of waste from the processing of lignocellulosic raw materials — dogwood and coffee residue has been studied. Results. A comparison of sorption isotherms with the isotherm obtained on the industrial adsorbent SORBEX has been performed. It was shown that the adsorption capacity of carbon adsorbents is primarily determined by their porous structure. The highest sorption values (7,3 mg/g) have been revealed by the sorption material obtained by chemical activation of cornel seed, an intermediate position (6,3 mg/g) is occupied by the adsorbent obtained from the coffee residue. Industrial carbon SORBEX has the lowest sorption values (5,3 mg/g). Conclusions. Calculations by Langmuir’s and Freundlich’s models testify about the accordance of the experimental data to Langmuir’s model. The use of the obtained activated carbons may be one of the effective alternative ways to lower blood cholesterol.

Modern requirements of nutritiology determine the enrichment of a person’s daily diet with food fibres. Dietary supplements and cereal-based ingredients are widely used to achieve this goal. Wheat as a food crop traditionally occupies a leading position in food production. Currently, new varieties of wheat with colored grains are being given increasing attention as a source of high-activity phytochemical compounds, which can initiate a positive synergistic physiological effect in the complex. The black-grain wheat of the domestic variety "Chornobrova" belongs to the functional species among the new valuable colored varieties of wheat. It contains an increased amount of biologically active components concentrated in the husk and germ of the grain. At grain processing plants by-products are formed in the production of flour and cereals, among which the hard shells of grain release in the form of bran, that have a rich source of dietary fibres. The paper describes the breaking bran and grinding bran of black-grained wheat "Chornobrova". They contain up to 78.0% of polysaccharides, among which hemicelluloses and cellulose predominate. Both types of black wheat bran are protein-rich (13.0-15.3%), and the crude fat content does not exceed 2.1%. The non-hydrolyzed residue, represented primarily by lignin, reaches 3.8%. Bran is rich in phenolic compounds – powerful antioxidants with the mass fraction 310.0 mg/100 g. Both types of bran have a water retention and sorption capacity towards toxicants (phenol, Pb2+), cholic acid, methylene blue. As a result of acid treatment of bran, dietary fibre concentrates were obtained, in which non-starch polysaccharides predominate. They are characterized by modified physicochemical properties, namely improved water holding capacity, sorption activity against Pb2+, not inferior to bran in terms of the ability to bind cholic acids and methylene blue. "Chornobrova" wheat bran and dietary fibre concentrates are highly active enterosorbents with antioxidant activity, which can be considered as dietary supplements and food ingredients that should be included in recipes in the development of new functional foods.

Inflammation plays a key role in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and manifests as increased levels of inflammation markers such as cytokines. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of enterosorbents on IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 levels in COPD patients with exacerbations, while taking into account their ages. Patients were divided into two age groups: age group 1 (40-59 years) and age group 2 (>60 years). Levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were increased in both age groups of COPD patients during exacerbations compared to the healthy control group. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) increased more in age group 2. Basic therapy (BT) had positive impacts. Addition to BT of the enterosorbents Enterosgel and Carboline decreased serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 in both age groups more than after BT alone. Greater changes were observed in age group 2. We found that addition of the enterosorbents Carboline or Enterosgel to basic therapy of COPD patients during exacerbations decreased levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 in patients of both age groups (40-59 years and >60 years).

The creation of effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis is one of the urgent interdisciplinary tasks for modern chemistry and pharmacology. Given the role of hypercholesterolemia in the development of this disease, it is necessary to remove excess amounts of cholesterol from the body. As an alternative to means of lowering total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, the possibility of using carbon enterosorbents for efferent therapy is considered. Aim. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the sorption capacity of the adsorbents developed by authors in terms of the possibility of cholesterol adsorption. Methods. Using the spectrophotometric method, the sorption of cholesterol on samples of adsorbents obtained by chemical activation of waste from the processing of lignocellulosic raw materials — dogwood and coffee residue has been studied. Results. A comparison of sorption isotherms with the isotherm obtained on the industrial adsorbent SORBEX has been performed. It was shown that the adsorption capacity of carbon adsorbents is primarily determined by their porous structure. The highest sorption values (7,3 mg/g) have been revealed by the sorption material obtained by chemical activation of cornel seed, an intermediate position (6,3 mg/g) is occupied by the adsorbent obtained from the coffee residue. Industrial carbon SORBEX has the lowest sorption values (5,3 mg/g). Conclusions. Calculations by Langmuir’s and Freundlich’s models testify about the accordance of the experimental data to Langmuir’s model. The use of the obtained activated carbons may be one of the effective alternative ways to lower blood cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the pathological conditions in children with diarrhea syndrome. Pathogenetic mechanisms of diarrhea, peculiarities of clinical and laboratory manifestations in various diseases are described. The main methods of diarrhea treatment are presented, mechanisms of sorption therapy action are consi­dered. The classification of enterosorbents used in clinical pediatric practice is given. The characteristics of Apsorbin sashe, which is registered in Ukraine as food supply with enterosorption action, is given. The article presents the results of Apsorbin sashe use in the therapy of children with diarrhea type of irritated bowel syndrome and in the convalescents of the gastro-intestinal infections.

Modern requirements of nutritiology determine the enrichment of a person’s daily diet with food fibres. Dietary supplements and cereal-based ingredients are widely used to achieve this goal. Wheat as a food crop traditionally occupies a leading position in food production. Currently, new varieties of wheat with colored grains are being given increasing attention as a source of high-activity phytochemical compounds, which can initiate a positive synergistic physiological effect in the complex. The black-grain wheat of the domestic variety "Chornobrova" belongs to the functional species among the new valuable colored varieties of wheat. It contains an increased amount of biologically active components concentrated in the husk and germ of the grain. At grain processing plants by-products are formed in the production of flour and cereals, among which the hard shells of grain release in the form of bran, that have a rich source of dietary fibres. The paper describes the breaking bran and grinding bran of black-grained wheat "Chornobrova". They contain up to 78.0% of polysaccharides, among which hemicelluloses and cellulose predominate. Both types of black wheat bran are protein-rich (13.0-15.3%), and the crude fat content does not exceed 2.1%. The non-hydrolyzed residue, represented primarily by lignin, reaches 3.8%. Bran is rich in phenolic compounds – powerful antioxidants with the mass fraction 310.0 mg/100 g. Both types of bran have a water retention and sorption capacity towards toxicants (phenol, Pb2+), cholic acid, methylene blue. As a result of acid treatment of bran, dietary fibre concentrates were obtained, in which non-starch polysaccharides predominate. They are characterized by modified physicochemical properties, namely improved water holding capacity, sorption activity against Pb2+, not inferior to bran in terms of the ability to bind cholic acids and methylene blue. "Chornobrova" wheat bran and dietary fibre concentrates are highly active enterosorbents with antioxidant activity, which can be considered as dietary supplements and food ingredients that should be included in recipes in the development of new functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterosorption, as one of the methods of detoxification therapy, has become widespread in clinical practice and is successfully used in the treatment of various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). Safety and ease of use, absence of contraindications and the possibility of combination with other medicines allow individualizing therapeutic tactics, avoiding the side effects of therapy and achieving high treatment effectiveness while reducing its duration.

This article deals with the pathological conditions with diarrhea syndrome in children. Pathogenetic mechanisms of diarrhea development, peculiarities of clinical and laboratory manifestations in various diseases are considered. The main methods to control diarrhea are presented, mechanisms of sorption therapy action are considered. The classification of enterosorbents used in clinical pediatric practice is given. The characteristics of Apsorbin sachet which is registered in Ukraine as dietary supplement with enterosorption action is given. The results are presented on using Apsorbin sachet in comprehensive therapy of children with irritable bowel syndrome (type with diarrhea) and convalescent children after gastrointestinal infections.

Heavy metals, which significantly contaminate territory of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Russian Federation, inhibit the effect of many enzymes, their physiological function and metabolism. The research was aimed to study the effectiveness of using preparations enterosorbents Chelaton and Aerosil in lactating cows' diets to enhance ecological and nutritional properties of milk and cheese. Lactating cows in the control group were fed the basic diet (BD). Cows in the 1st test group were fed BD supplemented with the adsorbent Chelaton at a dose of 2% by weight of the diet dry matter; in the 2nd test group - adsorbent Aerosil at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight. All experimental parameters were processed by mathematical analysis using software "Microsoft Excel". The analysis of the diets composition showed that the zinc content exceeded the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) by a factor of 2.5-3.6, lead - 3.0-4.5 and cadmium - 1.9-2.5. Aerosil additives contributed to the increase in cows' milk of the 2nd test group the fat content by 0.22%, protein - by 0.23%, dry matter - by 0.52%, as well as vitamin value of milk, because vitamin C content increased by 33.5% and vitamin A - 90%. The positive effect of this preparation was on the milk density as well. It should be noted that the fact of reducing in animals' milk of the 2nd test group compared to the control zinc concentration by 58.1%; cadmium - by 5.06%, and lead - by 54.2%. Suitability of milk of all cow groups for cheese making conformed to the 2nd type. Milk of animals in the control group was curded for 27.6 min and the least time of curdling was in the 2nd test group - 22.5 min. Samples of cheese from the cows' milk of the 2nd test group relative to the control were valued 4.7 points higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: At present, enterosorbents based on mineral raw materials are in high demand among the population. However, there are no enterosorbents on the Russian pharmaceutical market on the basis of domestic mineral raw materials. Objectives: to study the pharmacological activity of enterosorbent based on montmorillonite of Russian origin under experimental conditions. Methods: The methodological approach was based on the implementation of a complex of theoretical, pharmacological, toxicological, histological, biochemical, statistical methods. Models of experimental diarrhea, acute and toxic liver damage, acute experimental pancreatitis were selected. Results and discussion: Enterosorbent based on montmorillonite Crim_04 has a dose-dependent antidiarrhoeal effect, which is manifested in an increase in the time of onset of diarrhea from 50.4% to 82.6% with various models of diarrhea, a reduction in the number of defecations from 50.4% to 64.4% liquid in them. Enterosorbent on the basis of montmorillonite has a high sorption activity to E.coli enterotoxin, inhibiting the outflow of fluid into the luminal cavity by 95.1%. In addition, the use of enterosorbent Crim_04 significantly improves biochemical indices in the blood serum of rats when modeling acute and chronic liver damage and acute pancreatitis. Conclusion: The enterosorbent under the Crim_04 cipher has a dose-dependent anti-diarrhea, detoxification activity, high sorption activity for E.coli enterotoxin, high therapeutic efficacy in experimental pancreatitis, most pronounced at a dose of 3320 mg / kg. It can be recommended for further complex toxicological studies and clinical trials.

Aim. To study the sorption activity of enterosorbent based on montmorillonite under the laboratory cipher of Crim_04 against E.coli enterotoxin in vivo.Material and Methods. Isolated loops of the small intestine were formed in laboratory rats under anesthesia, and E. coli toxin was injected into the control loops at a dose of 2 μg/loop. The enterosorbent under the code Crim_04 in the form of water suspensions with concentrations of 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml was injected into the lumen of the loops with toxin. After 4 hours, the expression of the fluid in the lumen of the intestine and its inhibition by the enterosorbent were evaluated. Comparison was Smekta.Results. The introduction of toxin into the lumen of the gut caused an increased fluid yield, the dilatation index for the control loops was 112,7±1,2 mg/cm versus 27,4±0,4 mg / cm in intact loops. The enterosorbent under the Crim_04 cipher exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the fluid outlet into the lumen of the gut, at a concentration of 200 mg/ml, the dilation index was 31,6±0,8 mg / cm, inhibiting the fluid yield by 95,1%. This effect is confirmed morphologically, the morphometric parameters when using enterosorbent under the Crim_04 cipher are close to the level of intact loops.Conclusion. The montmorillonite-based enterosorbent under the laboratory cipher Crim_04 has a high sorption activity against the thermolabile cholera-like E. coli enterotoxin on the isolated bowel loop model.

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Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an important issue, significance of which is determined by the incidence increase, chronic, relapsing course of the disease, and poor treatment efficacy.Objective: Our aim was to study clinical efficacy of enterosorbent based on pectin, inulin and fennel extract in combined AD treatment in children.Methods: «Case-control» prospective study included children from 3 to 11 years admitted to hospital with moderate AD.Results: 20 patients included in the study took enterosorbent in addition to the basic therapy, 20 patients had only basic therapy. Compared groups were matched by sex, age, and AD severity by SCORAD scale. Cutaneous AD manifestations in the main group were arrested average over the period of 3.4 ± 1.2 days, in the control group — of 4.7 ± 1.5 days (p < 0.001), skin itch — of 4.0 ± 0.9 and 6.8 ± 1.4 days (p < 0.001), skin dryness — of 9.8 ± 1.1 and 12.3 ± 1.6 days, respectively (р < 0.001).Conclusion: Adding enterosorbent containing pectin, inulin and fennel extract to the basic therapy of moderate AD makes it easier to arrest the clinical manifestations of an acute allergic process.

Carried out is comparative analysis of adsorption activity of the constructed specific enterosorbent as regards pharmacological markers - methylene blue, bovine serum albumin, gelatin, and neutralizing activity in vivo with reference to the specific marker - cholera toxin. The data obtained testify to the fact that the level of the sorption activity in relation to the utilized marker substances both of initial micro-particles of chitosan, and its specific modification, is comparable to the corresponding parameter of the reference drugs. It is established that the process of immunoglobulin component immobilization initiates the changes in electro-chemical properties of the chitosan active surface, leading, on the one side, to the decrease in the sorption activity of the specific preparation in relation to methylene blue and gelatin, and on the other, to the increase in the protein marker sorption activity - bovine serum albumin, as compared to the initial chitosan matrix. In the course of the toxin-neutralizing capacity investigation, identified has been high anti-toxic activity of the experimental preparation in reference to cholera vibrio enterotoxin. The results attained give grounds to view the constructed anti-enterotoxic enterosorbent as potential prototype of efficient aids for cholera prophylaxis and treatment.

Carried out was comparative study of the sorption properties in polymeric enterosorbent - chitosan, and its specific modified analogue obtained through absorption of anti-toxin immunoglobulins onto the soluble chitosan template. It is determined that soluble chitosan and its specific counterpart express high sorption activity in relation to cholera toxin, thus making lower its initial concentrations. Equilibrium adsorption capacity of the chitosan and its modified variant increase with the raise of initial cholera toxin concentration in the solution. Cholera toxin extraction rate was identified under static conditions. Adsorbate substance recovery rate was registered in the progression. In the course of experiments proved was modified sorbent specific sorption efficiency, occasioned by the presence of the active component in the analogue composition - namely, anti-toxic anticholeraic immunoglobulins. The data obtained are of the importance for further development of specific anticholeraic enterosorbent.

Active promotion of enterosorbents to the market outruns thorough study of the mechanisms of their therapeutic effect. The consumers and even many specialists have a simplified view of the only role of the enterosorbents to fix and remove toxins, that is, act as a "cleaner" of the body. The aim of this paper is to reveal the importance of physicochemical factors for the therapeutic action of enterosorbents. These factors include: (i) electrostatic charge of sorbent surface; (ii) pore size; (iii) accessible area of surface; (iv) hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of surface; (v) ion exchange properties; (vi) capability to structure water. Mentioned factors can be estimated quantitatively using such methods as electrophoresis, gas chromatography, photon correlation and 1Н NMR spectroscopy, volumetric analysis, etc. However, in pharmaceutical practice, it is more convenient to characterize the enterosorbent by its capability to adsorb some test substances. To examine the above factors, we use oppositely charged dyes methylene blue and congo red, ions of Zn2+, gelatin, phenol and amino acid tryptophan. By the help of this approach we have characterized various types of charcoal, nanosized fumed silica (Atoxil), porous Syloid® 244FP, hydrophobic Aerosil® R972, silica gel, Enterosgel, fumed alumina, Smecta®, zeolites, kaolin, any derivatives of cellulose, lignin and other materials. To study the interaction of enterosorbents with the intestinal mucosa, a gel of eye vitreous humor was used as a model. As a result, we concluded that nanosized silica might be considered first of all as enveloping agent, the main mechanism of action of which is interaction with glycoproteins of the intestinal mucosa. Consequently, two therapeutic effects are realized: (1) difficulty forms for diffusion of pathogenic substances through the mucosa that leads to decrease in their absorption; (2) antidiarrheal effect due to protecting mucosal receptors from the adhesion of microorganisms and impact of microbial toxins. Taking into account that the intestinal mucosa throughout its extent, in the pH range from 6.0 to 9.0, is negatively charged, this interaction for silica occurs with the overcoming of electrostatic repulsion. Therefore, the enveloping power of silica is less than that of alumina containing preparations which in the intestine have a positive charge. Generally speaking, the absorbing mechanism of healing action can only be applied to highly porous sorbents such as charcoal, zeolites, silica gel, Syloid® 244FP, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zdorov'ye Rebenka is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A number of diseases often bring about endogenous intoxication or endotoxicosis. Modern medicine offers a variety of efferent methods of treatment (from Lat. efferens meaning to eliminate from) aimed at detoxifying the organism from excessive endogenous and foreign substances. Enterosorption is part of efferent therapy the ultimate aim of which is to neutralize the effect of toxins and eliminate them from the body.

Introduction: At present, enterosorbents based on mineral raw materials are in high demand among the population. However, there are no enterosorbents on the Russian pharmaceutical market on the basis of domestic mineral raw materials. Objectives: to study the pharmacological activity of enterosorbent based on montmorillonite of Russian origin under experimental conditions. Methods: The methodological approach was based on the implementation of a complex of theoretical, pharmacological, toxicological, histological, biochemical, statistical methods. Models of experimental diarrhea, acute and toxic liver damage, acute experimental pancreatitis were selected. Results and discussion: Enterosorbent based on montmorillonite Crim&lowbar;04 has a dosedependent antidiarrhoeal effect, which is manifested in an increase in the time of onset of diarrhea from 50.4% to 82.6% with various models of diarrhea, a reduction in the number of defecations from 50.4% to 64.4% liquid in them. Enterosorbent on the basis of montmorillonite has a high sorption activity to E.coli enterotoxin, inhibiting the outflow of fluid into the luminal cavity by 95.1%. In addition, the use of enterosorbent Crim&lowbar;04 significantly improves biochemical indices in the blood serum of rats when modeling acute and chronic liver damage and acute pancreatitis. Conclusion: The enterosorbent under the Crim&lowbar;04 cipher has a dose-dependent antidiarrhea, detoxification activity, high sorption activity for E.coli enterotoxin, high therapeutic efficacy in experimental pancreatitis, most pronounced at a dose of 3320 mg / kg. It can be recommended for further complex toxicological studies and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review is devoted to the medical application of montmorillonite clay minerals. Properties and mechanisms of action of enterosorbents. The properties of the enterosorbents include an absorption capacity and active surface. The mechanisms of action include the sorption of toxins in the gastrointestinal tract, the contact effect on the mucosa, enhancing the release of toxins in the gastrointestinal tract, increasing the metabolism and excretion of toxins. Physico-chemical properties of montmorillonite. Montmorillonite is a layered silicate from the smectite group, with the structure of 2:1. Its specific area is 173 m2/g and sorption capacity is 370 mg/g. The application of montmorillonite clays in medicine. Smectites are used as excipients, active substances or dispersants. Oral effects of smectite. The smectite based enterosorbents have antacid, mucocytoprotective, antidiarrheal effects, a high sorption activity against bacterial and viral particles. Analysis of the clinical use of the smectite based enterosorbents. Diosmectite has a high strength of recommendations and security (class B). The analysis is based on the results of the randomized clinical trials. According to different authors, from 22 to 84% of European doctors prescribe smectite for acute diarrhoea. Smectite reduces the duration of diarrhea by 22-42%, significantly reducing the number of bowel movements in comparison with placebo (p<0.001). The drug is well tolerated and has no side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demonstrated is the possibility of constructing of oral anti-cholera preparations based on sorption matrices with immobilized specific ligand. Various enterosorbents (activated charcoal, polysorb, polyfepan, and chitosan) have been used as sorption matrices, cholera antitoxic immunoglobulins (ATIg) – as specific ligands. Toxin-neutralizing activity of the ATIg immobilized on polysorb has been observed in vivo in 1:64000 dilutions and that of ATIg immobilized on activated charcoal, polyfepan, and chitosan – in 1:32000. Their specific activity in vitro has been defined in dot-blot immunoassay in 1:10000 and 1:5000 dilutions, respectively. High toxin-neutralizing activity, as well as specific one has proved the suitability of all tested matrices for antitoxic cholera enterosorbents constructing. However, polysorb and chitosan are accepted to be the most prospective matrices in view of the studied characteristics and properties. To stabilize the properties of the obtained experimental prototype sorbents, AT/Ig-polysorb and AT/Ig-chitosan, applied has been the method of liophilisation with glycocol stabilizer. Dried samples retain their original biological properties.

The article is devoted to enterosorbents — one of the most widely used groups of drugs in pediatric practice. Under consideration are the mechanisms of medical action of these drugs and their classification. The article shows that the principal characteristics of enterosorbents are the values of sorption capacity and their active surface. Following the evidence-based medicine data, the authors put emphasis on the natural and safe composition of drugs and also recommend the prescription of enterosorption therapy in whole and various drugs of the group in particular in order to prevent the digestive system diseases and metabolic disorders.

Usage of enterosorbents in treatment of almost all types of acute and chronic disorders accompanied with endogenous intoxication syndrome takes on special significance. The critical point of endogenous intoxication pathogenesis is dysfunction of microbiocenosis and intestinal barrier. The necessity of enterosorbents usage is very high due to their efficacy, safety and wide availability. Smectite dioctaedric (diosmectite), which has been successfully used in clinical practice for a long period of time, is of an increased interest among the natural enterosorbents. The main quality of diosmectite is its restoration effect on the microbiocenisis and intestinal barrier function, and with a high degree of evidence-based efficacy and safety.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common allergic diseases in children which is assuming ever greater medical and social importance. Risk factors of AD include gastro-intestinal tract disturbances, especially intestinal dysbiosis, which is revealed in 89–94,1% of children with atopic dermatitis. Both correlation of the dysbiosis and AD manifestations severity and increase of underlying disease treatment efficacy as a result of target influence on intestinal microflora confirm that. For many decades guidelines of atopic dermatitis treatment in children along with elimination diet, antihistamine drugs and topic medicines include enterosorbents. The most effective drugs are those ones, consisting of prebiotics and sorbents. The wide experience of prebiotic drug with sorbent action (Lactofiltrum) in complex therapy of atopic dermatitis in children is reviewed in this article.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of kaolin feeding on health status, body weight gain (BWG), course of diarrhoeal infections caused by enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (ETEC) and the level of mycobacterial contamination in weaned piglets. The testing was performed in two experiments involving 40 weaned piglets at the age of 28 days. In the infection-free experiment, piglets were fed a diet without (C0) or with 1% content of kaolin (K0) for 20 days. Subsequently, all of them were fed the same diet without kaolin supplementation for 39 days. Identical diets were fed during the infection experiment, and moreover, both groups (CI and KI) were orally infected with ETEC (O141:F18ac, STa+) on Day 1 of experiment. The short-term feeding of kaolin to weaned piglets had a significant positive effect on their BWG. During the period of feeding the kaolin-containing diets, BWG in C0 and K0 were 0.20 and 0.29 kg, respectively (P < 0.05), and in CI and KI 0.13 and 0.19 kg, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no evidence of side effects to their health, neither was there any change in biochemical and haematological profiles. In the infection experiment, a protective effect of kaolin on the course of ETEC infection was evident. Colonization and shedding of ETEC by piglets fed the kaolin diet were milder and had a shorter duration in comparison with control piglets. The culture examination of pure kaolin and kaolin containing diets for mycobacteria were negative. Potentially pathogenic mycobacteria occurring in the environment were isolated from faeces and tissues of pigs. According to these results, supplementation of diets with 1% kaolin to prevent diarrhoea in piglets and to support their growth in the critical post-weaning period could be recommended.

Method for evaluating lipid-binding qualities of enterosorbent was described. Mathod takes into account peculiarities of food digestion. A number of lipid binding agents was tested. The researches showed that biologically active additive to food "Chizitel" extracted via electrochemical method has the highest sorption properties towards triglycerides and fatty acids in comparison with well-known enterosorbents such as chitosan and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in the investigated PH-range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes have been formed as a result of mechanical activation of amorphous carbon obtained after the pyrolytic treatment of brown sphagnum moss. The yield of nanotubes grows from 8 to 75 wt % with increasing the time of mechanical activation from 4 to 27 h. An integrated study of the adsorption properties of carbon materials obtained from sphagnum moss is presented. It is shown that the capability of the oxidative modification of carbon nanotubes depends on the parameters of the formation process, and the efficiency of adsorption capacity is a function of the storage time of the carbon material. The potential of carbon materials obtained from sphagnum moss as enterosorbents is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex studies of the sorptive properties of carbon materials obtained from regenerative vegetable raw materials have been made. The possibility of using such materials as enterosorbents has been considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive studies of sorption properties of carbon-base materials from sphagnum (peat) moss, namely, pyrolytic amorphous carbon and multiwalled carbon nanotubules, are described. The capacity of nanotubules for sorbing metal cations is determined. It is shown that the ability of nanotubules to undergo oxidative modification depends on their formation process parameters and their sorption capacity depends on the retention time. The feasibility of use of the obtained carbon-base materials as efficient enterosorbents is examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human health impact of AFB exposure is widespread in developing countries, is known to cause teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and even death in farm animals and humans. As information has accumulated on toxicological effects of AFB, preventive strategies whose objective is to reduce the risks to human health have been implemented. Chemical, physical and biological strategies for the control and prevention of aflatoxicosis and AFB-associated diseases are described. In a primary prevention trial, the purpose is to reduce exposure to AFB in the diet. In secondary prevention trials, one goal is to modulate the metabolism of ingested AFB to enhance detoxification processes, thereby reducing internal doses and subsequent risk. This information suggested the probable application of different strategies as an alternative method to avoid the effects produced by the AFB. The extent to which these interventions may ultimately modify the hazard in high-risk populations is an area that needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]