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Aim. To study the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) and its contribution to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in the Russian population aged ­25-64 years.Material and methods. Data from cross-sectional studies ESSE-RF and ESSE-RF2 are included. The random sample was formed using the Kish method. Response was ~80%. The modular questionnaire in­cluded socio-demographic variables, medical history, and main risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. Blood was collected from the antecubital vein on an empty stomach. Biochemical parameters were determined in the clinical diagnostic laboratory of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine. The presence of T2D was determined by questionnaire and/or fasting plasma glucose level ≥7,0 mmol/L. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥30,0 kg/m2; abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference of ≥102 cm in men and ≥88 cm in women. FINDRISC risk was graduated as follow: low (20). Persons with diabetes and pregnant women were excluded. The final sample included 26418 people (10268 men and 16150 women). From 14 regions, ESSE-RF and ESSE-RF2 formed a prospective follow-up cohort (n=22812), median follow-up — 7,5 years). Statistical processing was performed using the open-source statistical programming language and environ­ment R (version 4.1).Results. A fifth of people aged 25-64 years are at ≥ moderate risk of T2D. The rate of FINDRISC ≥15 was 10,1% (women 12,4% vs men 6,4%, p

Aim. To analyze the prevalence of anxiety and depression in Russians using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) during the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study. To study the associations of increased levels of anxiety and depression (HADS-A/ HADS-D ≥8+) with demographic and socio-economic characteristics according to the ESSE-RF3 study.Material and methods. In the ESSE-RF3 study, a representative sample of the population of 15 Russian regions aged 35-74 years was examined with a response >70%. After removing respondents with missing data from the analysis, the final sample was 28716 people. The level of anxiety/depression was assessed by the sum of points

Aim. To analyze the prevalence of smoking according to the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation-3 (ESSE-RF3) study, and compare these data with the previous two stages.Material and methods. Data from following three cross sections of the ESSE-RF study were used: 2013-2014, 2017, 2020-2022. At the first stage, the prevalence and probability of smoking was assessed according to ESSE-RF3 data in 2020-2022 (n=28628, 35-74 years). At the second stage, an analysis was carried out over time using data from all three ESSE-RF sections (n=43804, 35-64 years).Results. In the overall ESSE-RF3 sample, the prevalence of smoking was 17,0% (men — 27,7%, women — 7,6%). Smoking probability varies significantly by sex, age, education level and income. Over time, the standardized prevalence of smoking increases from 25,0% in 20132014 to 26,2% in 2017, and then decreases to 21,5% in 2020-2022. Women are characterized by the same direction of trends, while men had consistent decrease in prevalence from 41,3 to 37,0 and 34,3%, respectively. The probability of smoking in 2017, relative to 20132014, decreases only in some socio-demographic categories of the population. In 2020-2022, a decrease in the probability of smoking is typical for both the general sample and all subgroups of the population.Conclusion. The results obtained characterize the current situation and time trends of the last decade and contain important information on smoking epidemiology in Russia.

Aim. To analyze alcohol consumption according to the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation-3 (ESSE-RF3) study and compare these data with the previous two ESSE-RF sections.Material and methods. Data from following cross-sectional sections of the ESSE-RF study were used: 2013-2014, 2017, 2020-2022. At the first stage, alcohol consumption was assessed according to ESSE-RF3 data in 2020-2022, conducted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (n=28685, 35-74 years). At the second stage, a comparison of all three sections of the ESSE-RF study was carried out (n=42043, 35-64 years). Alcohol consumption was divided into those not drinking alcohol, those drinking alcohol little or moderately (

Aim. To study levels and types of physical activity, as well as its individual socio-demographic and seasonal determinants in the Russian population according to the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study.Material and methods. Data from the ESSE-RF2 (2017) and ESSERF3 (2020-2022) was used. The sample included 28731 men and women aged 35-74 from 15 regions. The level of physical activity was assessed using the Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). The following socio-economic and demographic characteristics were taken as covariates: sex, age, place of residence (urban and rural), level of education, marital status, work characteristics, income level, season of the year. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 (IBM Corp. USA).Results. The study showed that 27,4% of the sample have insufficient physical activity. Among the low physical activity category, there are more women than men (28,12 vs 26,7%, p

Aim. To assess adherence to a healthy lifestyle depending on the individual and socio-economic characteristics of the Russian population (according to the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation-3 (ESSE-RF3) study), followed by a comparative analysis with ESSE-RF2 (2017).Material and methods. The analysis was carried out based on research data from ESSE-RF2 in 2017 and ESSE-RF3 in 2020-2022. The healthy lifestyle adherence index included following parameters: no smoking; sufficient consumption of vegetables and fruits; physical activity; no excessive salt intake and alcohol abuse. Three following categories of adherence to a healthy lifestyle were analyzed: high, satisfactory, low. From individual variables, individual socio-economic characteristics with the highest evidence level of influence on healthy lifestyle were taken.Results. In the ESSE-RF3 sample, 47,2% of respondents had low adherence to a healthy lifestyle, 37,2% — satisfactory, and 15,6% — high. Women are more committed to healthy behavior compared to the male population — 19,6 vs 11,1% (p

Aim. To study trends in the prevalence of hypertension (HTN), obesity, elevated non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL cholesterol) levels in Russia and the USA from 1975 to 2014.Material and methods. According to the data of cross-sectional population studies in Russia and the USA in 1975-1982 and 2007-2014, the prevalence of risk factors (RFs) in men and women aged 25-64 was studied. The data of Lipid Research Clinics studies, Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study, as well as data from National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) studies (USA) were used. The total number of persons analyzed was 41268. The proportion of individuals with risk factors and 95% confidence interval were calculated.Results. In the 1980s, the prevalence of studied RFs in Russia and the United States did not differ in most sex and age groups. Over the next 30 years, both populations are characterized by a decrease in the prevalence of HTN and elevated non-HDL cholesterol (≥ 3.7 mmol/l) and an increase in the prevalence of obesity. In 2012, HTN in men and women in Russia occurred more frequently than in the United States. Obesity was less common in men and women 25-44 years old in Russia and in women >54 years old in the USA. The prevalence of non-HDL cholesterol ≥3,7 mmol/l in Russia compared with the United States was higher in people >44 years old and lower in women 25-34 years old.Conclusion. In the 1980s, there were no differences in the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in Russia and the United States. In the 2010s, HTn and partly dyslipidemia were more common in Russia, and the prevalence of obesity in young and middle-aged people was higher in the United States.

Previous studies have shown significant differences in the health status of the population depending on the place of residence. Despite the ongoing preventive measures, there is no improvement in the epidemiological situation in relation to noncommunicable diseases, including due to unfavorable living conditions. This study is a continuation of the following earlier studies: Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) and ESSE-RF-2.Aim. To assess the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, various risk factors (RFs) of these diseases and their association in Russian regions with different economic, climate and geographic characteristics to determine the risk profile of the region and develop approaches to targeted prevention programs specific to the regions.Material and methods. The study selected 30 regions representing each federal district of the Russian Federation. The survey of participants is carried out in three stages as follows: survey using an original modular questionnaire; measurements, including anthropometry, hand grip strength test, blood pressure and heart rate assessment; blood sampling, followed by biobanking and laboratory tests.Conclusion. The results obtained will allow deepening knowledge about the RF profile specific to a particular region, evaluating the effectiveness of preventive programs, and planning new ones taking into account regional and socio-demographic characteristics. This will become the basis for a better understanding of the socio-economic burden of noncommunicable diseases and the economic damage of RFs.

Aim. To study the prevalence of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in young ethnic Europeans and Koreans permanently residing in the Primorsky Krai.Material and methods. The data of the ethnic Europeans (group 1) were taken from the ESSE-RF multicenter epidemiological study conducted in the Primorsky Krai (n=911); group 2 included ethnic Koreans (n=106), who underwent all clinical and laboratory tests used in ESSE-RF study. Subjects of both groups did not have cardiovascular disease. Biochemical assessment included total cholesterol (TC), low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein B (apoB) and A (apoA), lipoprotein (a), glucose, uric acid (UA) and creatinine. Both groups were divided into subgroups depending on the status of smoking and compared among themselves. Statistical processing included the Mann-Whitney test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and chi-squared test.Results. Both groups were in the same age range (p=0,44). The prevalence of smoking was 24,3% and 28,3% for the ethnic Europeans and Koreans, respectively (p=0,22). Among the European population, a higher body mass index (p>0,05) was noted. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not statistically differ (p>0,05), resting heart rate was significantly higher in group 1 (p0,05) between groups. In group 2, glucose, creatinine and UA values also had higher values (p0,05).Conclusion. It was shown that young ethnic Koreans had a higher values of laboratory parameters associated with cardiovascular risk (CVR) compared with ethnic Europeans, which should be taken into account when assessing CVR and requires the correction of preventive measures for cardiovascular disease. It was found that the body mass index is higher among active and former smoking in both cohorts compared with never smokers. Active and former smokers of the European ethnic group had a significantly lower apoA and HDL-C levels and higher TG and UA values. Thus, the study demonstrates the need to individualize the CVR assessment in people of different ethnic groups living in the same territory and to take into account the smoking status of both active and former smokers.

Aim. To develop and perform comparative assessment of the accuracy of models for predicting 5-year mortality risks according to the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study in Primorsky Krai.Material and methods. The study included 2131 people (1257 women and 874 men) aged 23-67 years with a median of 47 years (95% confidence interval [46; 48]). The study protocol included measurement of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The following blood biochemical parameters: total cholesterol (TC), low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins AI and B, lipoprotein(a), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proNBP), D-dimer, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose, creatinine, uric acid. The study endpoint was 5-year all-cause death (2013-2018). The group of deceased patients during this period consisted of 42 (2%) people, while those continued the study — 2089 (98%). The χ2, Fisher and MannWhitney tests, univariate logistic regression (LR) were used for data processing and analysis. To build predictive models, we used following machine learning (ML) methods: multivariate LR, Weibull regression, and stochastic gradient boosting.Results. The prognostic models developed on the ML basis, using parameters of age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and TC level in their structure, had higher quality metrics than Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) system. The inclusion of CRP, glucose, NT-proNBP, and heart rate into the predictors increased the accuracy of all models with the maximum rise in quality metrics in the multivariate LR model. Predictive potential of other factors (WHR, lipid profile, fibrinogen, D-dimer, etc.) was low and did not improve the prediction quality. An analysis of the influence degree of individual predictors on the mortality rate indicated the prevailing contribution of five factors as follows: age, levels of TC, NT-proNBP, CRP, and glucose. A less noticeable effect was associated with the level of HR, SBP and smoking, while the contribution of sex was minimal.Conclusion. The use of modern ML methods increases the accuracy of predictive models and provides a higher efficiency of risk stratification, especially among individuals with a low and moderate death risk from cardiovascular diseases.

Aim. To determine the role of cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in predicting cardiovascular events (CVEs) in adult Russian population using model of the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study (Tomsk).Material and methods. We analyzed the data of 1342 people aged 25-64 (4,3±11,6) years, in whom arterial stiffness was assessed as part of the ESSE-RF study using the vascular screening system VaSeraVS-1500, followed by phone contacts, on average, 4,7 years later. We studied the prognostic role of CAVI in relation to primary composite (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke) and secondary composite (all CVEs) endpoints.Results. We revealed that prior myocardial infarction or stroke (n=52) is associated with an increase in CVE incidence from 2,3 to 11,5% (p=0,0003) and from 5% to 23% (p7,8 (relative risk (RR): 5,06; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2,32-11,06) (p

Aim. As part of a pilot study, to investigate the potential significance of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in general population aged 35-64 years of one of the regions from the ESSE-RF study.Material and methods. The study is based on the ESSE-RF observational prospective study using a sample from one Russian region. The analysis included socio-demographic variables, risk factors, history of CVD. The cTnI level was measured from November to December 2021 in serum samples stored at -70° C using high sensitivity chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay using Architect Stat High Sensitivity Troponin I (Abbott) reagents on an Architect i2000SR immunoassay analyzer (Abbott, Abbot Park IL USA). The endpoints were hard (cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction) and composite endpoints (cardiovascular death, new cases of myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery disease and revascularization). The median follow-up was 5,5 years. In total, the analysis included 1120 people aged 35-64 years.Results. Analysis of the associations between Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) and cTnI showed a significant difference in risk stratification for these two parameters. In women from cTnI-related high-risk category for cardiovascular events (CVE), there were no endpoints at all. In men of moderate and high risk, the proportion of endpoints increases with increasing cTnI-related risk. The survival curves corresponding to first 3 quintiles of cTnI risk distribution did not diverge, and, therefore, the number of CVEs in these groups did not differ. At the same time, the curves corresponding to 4th and 5th quintiles significantly differed from the first 3 quintiles, which indicates a higher CVE risk in subjects from these groups (p

Aim. To study the contribution of hypertension (HTN) to survival and mortality in the Russian population.Material and methods. This prospective observational cohort included representative samples from 11 Russian regions (men and women aged 25-64 years, n=18251) examined in 2012-2014 as part of the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study. The examination included a questionnaire (12 modules), anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) measurements, as well as biochemical blood tests. HTN was considered aa a systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or when a subject receives antihypertensives. Treatment efficacy was considered as the proportion of persons (%) who achieved target BP among those taking antihypertensives. Depending on HTN status, all participants were divided into 4 groups: 1) those without HTN;2) those with HTN, taking antihypertensive agents and having systolic BP ≤140 mm H. and diastolic BP ≤90 mm Hg (effective therapy);3) those with HTN, taking medications, but not achieving target BP (ineffective therapy); 4) those with HTN, not taking antihypertensives. The life status of participants was updated every 2 years. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, as well as univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were created.Results. The presence of HTN significantly reduced survival (p

Aim. To study the associations of increased spatial QRS-T angle (sQRS-Ta ≥90°) with cardiovascular risk factors (RFs).Material and methods. We analyzed 1411 electrocardiography (ECG) records of men and women aged 25-64 years from a random regional sample of the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study. Relationships of sQRS-Ta with the following RFs were assessed: hypertension (HTN), systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic BP (DBP) ≥90 mm Hg, pulse pressure (PP) ≥60 mm Hg; glucose ≥7,0 mmol/l, hypercholesterolemia; hypertriglyceridemia; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ≤1,0/1,2 mmol/l in men/women, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) >3,0 mmol/l; C-reactive protein (CRP) >1 mg/L; overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity; heart rate (HR) >80 bpm; age >52 years.Results. Weak but significant correlations of sQRS-Ta with age (in women), SBP, DBP, PP, body mass index, waist circumference, lipids, glucose, CRP were revealed. Univariate logistic regression demonstrated significant associations of increased sQRS-Ta with HTN, elevated SBP and PP, overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia, elevated LDL-C and CRP, hyperglycemia, age >52 years and heart rate >80 bpm. There were no associations of increased sQRS-Ta with male sex, elevated DBP, smoking, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C levels. The sQRS-Ta associations characteristic of women was similar with associations found among the entire sample. Men with increased sQRS-Ta had no associations with any of analyzed RFs. In multivariate models, increased sQRS-Ta was associated with the following combination of RFs: age >52 years, heart rate >80 bpm, HTN, increased PP, overwaight, and male sex. According to direct stepwise selection among all subjects and in women, the main contribution to sQRS-Ta was made by SBP, age, HDL-C and heart rate.Conclusion. Despite the significance of stepwise regression model (p=0,0001), the low coefficient of determination R2 may indicate other not yet identified determinants with relevant associations with sQRS-Ta.

Aim. To evaluate the prevalence of prehypertension and its interrelations with other cardiovascular risk factors in Krasnoyarsk Region population.Material and methods. The present study, conducted in the framework of epidemiological research ESSE-RF, included 1603 people (age 25-64 years) of urban and rural population of the Krasnoyarsk Region. All participants underwent the questionnaire test, office blood pressure measurement, anthropometry, and biochemical blood analysis. Persons with 120-139/80-89 mm Hg blood pressure was subsumed to the prehypertension group. Statistical processing of the results was performed in IBM SPSS v. 22. Differences in prehypertension prevalence were assessed for statistical significance using the Pearson’s chi-squared test. The influence of sociodemographic factors and laboratory parameters was evaluated using logistic regression with the gradual elimination of insignificant factors. Statistical significance was taken into account at p

Aim. To study the prevalence of ECG changes associated with gender and age according to the program ESSE-RF, Kemerovo.Material and methods. The object of the study is a random sampling of male and female population aged 25-64, Kemerovo. The standard 12-leads ECG was captured in 1623 people. Coding was carried out according to the Minnesota code. The average age of the respondents was 49 years (37; 57), men, 47 years (36; 56), women, 50 years (38; 57), (p=0,004).Results. The ECGs changes were recorded in 265 people (16,3%), in 124 men (17,8%) and 141 women (15,2%) (p=0,159). Heart rhythm disturbances were revealed in 108 people (6,7%), intraventricular conduction disturbances in 147 (9%). The most frequently recorded changes in the T wave (in 11,2% of the subjects), ST segment changes take the second place (in 5,1%), the pathological Q wave was registered less frequently (in 2,5%). In men, the ECG signs of LV hypertrophy, rhythm disturbances, the pathological Q wave were more often detected. In the group of the 50-64-year-olds, the pathological Q wave, changes in ST segment and T wave, rhythm and conduction disturbances were detected significantly more often as well as the greater prevalence of risk factors of ischemic heart disease.Conclusion. Detection of ECG changes is an important stage in the formation of a risk group at the development and progression of the cardiovascular pathology.

Aim. To assess the distribution of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in a sample of the region from the ESSE-RF study and to study its associations with risk factors (RFs) and the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) system.Material and methods. This observational cross-sectional study includes a representative sample of the population aged 25-64 years of the Vologda region (n=1591). The analysis included sex, age, behavioral and cardiometabolic RFs, biomarkers, prior cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and SCORE. The differences between age-sex groups were considered significant at p

The article discusses the role of epidemiological studies in the development of preventive programs through the example of the ESSE-RF study. The most interesting and sometimes unexpected research results are discussed. There is an increase in the prevalence of hypertension and obesity, a decrease in the prevalence of smoking, and an extremely high cardiovascular risk. In conclusion, it is noted that the results do provide an opportunity to assess the population health and the priorities of targeted prevention, which is the most effective. Thus, Galen’s statement is confirmed: “Qui bene diagnoscit — bene curat”.

Aim. To study the association of blood pressure (BP) and hypertension (HTN) with salt intake estimated by the survey and the urinary Na+ concentration among men and women 25-64 years old, examined within the ESSE-RF and ESSE-RF-2 studies.Material and methods. Representative samples of the Russian population aged 25-64 years were examined. At the first phase in 2012-2014, 21,888 people (men — 38,2%) were included, and at the second phase in 2017 — 6,714 people (men — 44,7%). The response rate was 80%. We used standard questionnaire. Adding more salt and the consumption of salted foods (sausages, deli meats, and pickled foods) in the criteria “daily or almost daily” was considered excess salt intake (ESI). BP measurement was carried out in a sitting position on the right hand. BP was measured twice with an interval of about 2-3 minutes. HTN was diagnosed at a systolic BP (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or in case of antihypertensive therapy. In ESSE-RF-2, an analysis of the morning urine was additionally performed. Na+ was determined using the EX-Ds ion-selective electrolyte analyzer. All participants were stratified by the quintiles of urine sodium level. Data analysis was performed using the software package R 3.6.1. The models of linear and logistic regression were used. The differences were considered at p

Aim. To evaluate the dynamics of obesity and mean body mass index (BMI) in Russia and USA in various age and gender categories during 1975-2014.Material and methods. By a repeat analysis of one-moment studies of Russian and US population in 1975-1982 and 2007-2014, the values of obesity and BMI were assessed in men and women age 25-64 y. o. Into analysis, the data was included from Russian part of the Lipid Clinics study and multicenter ESSE-RF study (Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in various regions of Russian Federation). American data acquired from the studies NHANES (National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey), open access. Total number of observations 48974.Results. In the 80s of XX century in all age groups of women the mean BMI levels were lower in USA comparing to Russia, in men there were no significant differences. For the following 30 years in Russia the situation improved for men and women 45 years old — in Russia.

Aim. Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors influence on the development of cardiovascular events (hospitalization, coronary and carotid surgery, death) in prospective study.Material and methods. Analysis was performed by the results of multicenter epidemiologic study “Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in Russian Federation (ESSE-RF)” in Kemerovskaya oblast, collected on a random sample of adult inhabitants, age 25-64 y. o. (n=1628). With the first screening, by interviewing, the data collected, on the main cardiovascular risk factors and objective data. In the prospective part of the study, in 4 years after primary screening, in participants and their families the data collected by phone interviewing, on cardiovascular events. Combinational endpoint was evaluated, by the class of cardiovascular pathology: death + hospitalization + surgery on coronary/carotid vessels. Combined influence of the studied factors was assessed with logistic regression.Results. Among the parameters of objective study, statistically significantly influenced the probability of combination endpoint development the age (OR=1,06 in 95% CI 1,02-1,09), male gender (OR=3,79 in 95% CI 1,88-7,61); influence of anamnesis of myocardial infarction is close to significant (OR=2,43 in 95% CI 0,73-8,10). Of the questionnaire-based parameters, significant influences on the probability of combinational endpoint development depression (OR=2,38 in 95% CI 1,32-4,29). Close to significant — absence no family status (OR=1,75 in 95% CI 0,98-3,13) and decreased life quality by EUROQOL-EQ-5D (OR=1,21 in 95% CI 0,98-1,49).Conclusion. A significant impact on the probability of cardiovascular diseases development during 4 year period of the study, do influence the age, male gender and depression.

Heart rate (HR) acceleration is one of the risk factors of the number of prevalent chronic non-communicable diseases.Aim. To evaluate changes in mean levels of HR in the Russian Federation (RF) and the United States of America (USA) in different age and sex groups from 1975 to 2014.Material and methods. HR levels in men and women of different age groups were evaluated in the populations of the RF and the USA in 1975-1982 and in 2007-2014 by the secondary analysis of cross-sectional trials data. A total number of cases was 48974.Results. In 80th years of XX century Russian men and women of all age groups had lower HR as compared to the USA, the distinctions were statistically significant in all age groups except for men aged 25-34 years (p

Aim. Analysis of the relation of smoking and alcohol consumption with coronary heart disease (CHD) and its main risk factors (RF).Material and methods. The data analyzed, from the multicenter epidemiological study ESSE-RF (Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors in Russia) in Kemerovaskaya region, on the random sample of male and female inhabitants of 25-64 y.o. (n=1628). With the interview method, data gathered on alcohol consumption and smoking status of the participants, as on their social level, anamnesis, presence of angina pectoris. During medical investigation the values of lipid profile were obtained, weight and height, blood pressure and electrocardiography. The assessment of relation of smoking and alcohol with CHD and its RF was done with the logistic regression.Results. After correction for the modifying RF, most adverse associations were found in the heaviest drinkers regardless smoking: high significant risks of triglyceridemia — odds ratio (OR) is 2,46-4,59, and CHD — OR 3,023,89, as the tendency for statistical significance of hypercholestrolemia. In smokers and heavy alcohol consumers there is tendency to hypertension and diabetes risk. In smokers nonand moderate drinkers there are tendencies for higher hypertension risk, as of higher triglycerides and CHD risk. The category smokers/non-drinkers is characterized by the highest among others significant risk of CHD (OR 9,05). Among all studied groups, the best position hold non-smokers/moderate drinkers, who present with the risks of CHD and RF similar to reference, or lower (non-significant).Conclusion. Results of the study witness on the relation of CHD and its RF with the combination of smoking and alcohol consumption.

Aim. To evaluate 10-year risk of potential development of type 2 diabetes (DM) in Russian population with the FINDRISC score, and to assess its associations with social, demographic and behavioral factors by the data from epidemiological study ESSE-RF. Material and methods. In the work, the data used, from multi-center study (Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in various regions of Russian Federation: ESSE-RF). Totally, 21923 persons investigated, age 25-64 y.o., of those 1045 (3,76% males, 5,39% females) had DM. To the final analysis 20878 persons included (8058 males, 12820 females) with no DM, for whom the 10-year risk was assessed with the FINDRISC (The FINnish Diabetes RIsk SCore). Level of risk and probability of DM onset were evaluated by the points summation. Also, associations were analyzed with education, marital status, place of inhabitance, income, smoking and alcohol status.Results. The threshold for high DM risk in Russian population was set at ≥12 level, with AUC 0,76, that represents good quality of model. The prevalence of the high risk by Russian criteria was 20,4%. Multifactorial analysis demonstrated that after correction for region and age, DM high risk was associated with smoking cessation (odds ratio (OR) 1,34; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1,14-1,58; р=0,0004) and alcohol consumption (OR 2,01; 95% CI 1,48-2,71; р=0,0001), and in women — with low income, low educational level and being married.Conclusion. Mean score by FINDRISC was 6,5±0,03, and absolute risk 5,3%. There were associations found of higher DM risk (≥12 points) with behavioral factors in males and social-demographic factors in women.

We analyzed risks of arterial hypertension development in occupational groups employed at coal-mining enterprises in Kemerovo region (1,915 workers). We used data on arterial hypertension development in Kemerovo region as our reference group; these data were obtained within the framework of ESSE-RF epidemiologic research (700 people aged 25–64 were exam-ined). We noted that work at coal-mining enterprises involved several factors which could have negative influence on workers' health. Working conditions for those workers who had to stay in a mine during the whole working shift meant that workers were under negative impacts caused by unfavorable microclimate and heavy dust loads. To eliminate age discrepancies between workers employed at coal-mining enterprises and the reference group, we performed standardization as per age (data on the reference group were taken as our standard). We calculated arterial hypertension frequencies in the chosen occupational groups and determined relative risks of arterial hypertension via creation of contingency tables. To exclude any influence that might be exerted on relative risks of arterial hypertension by occupational selection, we corrected the obtained results as per "health recruitment effect". Miners had lower arterial hypertension prevalence among them than unorganized sampling made of ordinary Kemerovo region population, 28.46 % and 53.29 % (p

Abstract Background To estimate the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of arterial hypertension among adult inhabitants of Krasnoyarsk Krai using the data from Russian multicenter epidemiological study ESSE-RF (Epidemiological Survey of cardiovascular diSEases in different regions of the Russian Federation). Methods The study included 1603 subjects 25 to 64 years old selected by means of systemic multistage stratified randomization among urban and rural inhabitants of Krasnoyarsk Krai recruited between February 2014 and June 2014. Office blood pressure (BP) was measured twice with “Omron” automated BP device on the right arm in the sitting position in presence of medical personnel. Arterial hypertension (HTN) was defined as systolic BP of at least 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP of at least 90 mmHg or self-reported previous elevated BP registration or use of antihypertensive treatment. Treatment efficacy was defined as percentage of patients achieved the target BP level among those who received antihypertensive medications, and HTN control as percentage of people achieved the target BP level among all hypertensives. Results The gender distribution was 652 males (39.4%) and 951 females (60.6%). The average level of systolic BP was 133.4 ± 0.5 mmHg, diastolic BP – 82.9 ± 0.3 mmHg. The average prevalence of HTN was estimated at 49.4% and appeared to be higher than similar parameter based on the data of 10 regions from the ESSE-RF study (44%). The average prevalence of HTN was estimated at 56.3% in males and 43.7% in females. The HTN prevalence in rural community was significantly higher in comparison with urban community (63.4 ± 2.4 vs. 44.2 ± 1.5%, p

Life quality (LQ) is an integrated parameter of the health, applied for integral characterization of population health, and as the parameter of healthcare interventions effectiveness.Aim. To assess LQ in Russian population at the age 25-64 y. o. in general and in various socio-economical groups using EQ-5D, by the results of ESSE-RF (2012-2013) study.Material and methods. LQ was assessed on representative selections of inhabitants of 13 Russian Federation regions, aged 25-64 (males 8327, females 13497) with response 80%. LQ was assessed via international questionnaire EUROQOL — EQ-5D: 1) no decline; 2) mild decline; 3) significant decline; scoring also performed with visualanalogue scale (VAS). Integral LQ by EUROQOL performed with Shaw JW et al. method (ranging from 0,0 (death) to 1,0 (perfect health)).Result. EQ-5D index of Russian population was 0,87 with no gender difference. By the increase of the age LQ declines. Educational gradient of LQ was significant only in VAS (p

Aim. To study social and economic gradients — educational and occupational statuses, wealth level, behavioral risk factors (FR) in Russian population by the ESSE-RF data.Material and methods. The data for the analysis consisted of representative selections of 13 regions of RF (n=22906) participants of the study, incl. men (n=8353) and women (n=13553) of 25-64 y.o., with response 80%. We calculated the odds ratios for the presence of behavioral FR: smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity (IPA), nonrational food consumption, anxiety and depressive disorders, — in persons from different social and economic groups by education level, type of inhabitation, professional status, wealth level.Results. Higher education was associated with better FR profile, except IPA (negative association) and alcohol consumption (absence of association). "White in general had less FR probability than Blue, excl. IPA and psychoemotional deviations (in men). As for the wealth association with the FR there is backward gradient, i.e. lesser the income, higher the risk of FR presence, excl. IPA and excessive alcohol intake in women. For example, in very wealthy men the odds ratio for depressive states was 3,09 [95% CI 2,08-4,57] comparing to the persons with low income. The type of territory of inhabitance was associated with less behavioral FR in Russian population, as significant associations are found only for depression and excessive salt consumption in both genders and IPA in men. Conclusion. The significant social and economic gradients of behavioral FR prevalence are found, the direction of those is not necessary the same as in European countries. The analysis of association with social and economic parameters would help to develop the directed preventive interventions.

Background: To estimate the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of arterial hypertension among adult inhabitants of Krasnoyarsk Krai using the data from Russian multicenter epidemiological study ESSE-RF (Epidemiological Survey of cardiovascular diSEases in different regions of the Russian Federation).Methods: The study included 1603 subjects 25 to 64 years old selected by means of systemic multistage stratified randomization among urban and rural inhabitants of Krasnoyarsk Krai recruited between February 2014 and June 2014. Office blood pressure (BP) was measured twice with "Omron" automated BP device on the right arm in the sitting position in presence of medical personnel. Arterial hypertension (HTN) was defined as systolic BP of at least 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP of at least 90 mmHg or self-reported previous elevated BP registration or use of antihypertensive treatment. Treatment efficacy was defined as percentage of patients achieved the target BP level among those who received antihypertensive medications, and HTN control as percentage of people achieved the target BP level among all hypertensives.Results: The gender distribution was 652 males (39.4%) and 951 females (60.6%). The average level of systolic BP was 133.4 ± 0.5 mmHg, diastolic BP - 82.9 ± 0.3 mmHg. The average prevalence of HTN was estimated at 49.4% and appeared to be higher than similar parameter based on the data of 10 regions from the ESSE-RF study (44%). The average prevalence of HTN was estimated at 56.3% in males and 43.7% in females. The HTN prevalence in rural community was significantly higher in comparison with urban community (63.4 ± 2.4 vs. 44.2 ± 1.5%, p < 0.01). The average rate of HTN awareness in Krasnoyarsk Krai was 77.9% (average Russian value from ESSE-RF study was 73.1%). The average use of antihypertensive treatment, its efficacy and HTN control in Krasnoyarsk Krai were estimated at 59.5%, 31.6% and 18.8%, respectively.Conclusions: Estimated prevalence of HTN in Krasnoyarsk Krai is higher than the average Russian parameter. The average HTN prevalence among men is higher than in women. The rural inhabitants are more likely to have hypertension compared with urban inhabitants. Despite high levels of HTN awareness and antihypertensive medication intake, the antihypertensive treatment efficacy in Krasnoyarsk Krai appeared to be lower in comparison with average Russian ESSE-RF values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]