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Choosing when to claim Social Security Administration (SSA) benefits is an important decision for older Americans' financial health. While previous work has examined heterogeneity in claiming decisions, relatively little research has systematically tested the psychological factors that predict early or delayed SSA claiming or the effectiveness of theory-driven interventions meant to help with the claiming decision. A preregistered experiment and three replications examined the extent to which intended claiming age is a function of theory-driven interventions, individual difference measures, and relevant interactions between interventions and individual differences. The interventions that increased intended claiming age were those that suggest that delayed claiming may be the right choice (i.e., injunctive norm, information about the commonality of regret), those that highlight the financial benefits from delayed claiming (i.e., gains framing, focus on benefits to the future self), and those that guide preference construction through self-reflection (i.e., focus on right-tail longevity, reason generation). In addition, intertemporal discounting, subjective life expectancy, and perceived ownership of SSA benefits predicted intended claiming age. This research advances our understanding of which retirees will decide to claim earlier or later and offers practical insights for policy makers, financial planners, and consumer finance organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional indoor corrosion test design methods primarily focus on the rapid evaluation of material corrosion resistance, often neglecting the impact of environmental stress levels on the equivalence of corrosion mechanisms. This study introduces a novel indoor corrosion test design method based on the principle of corrosion mechanism equivalence, aimed at improving the accuracy of indoor accelerated corrosion simulations. We define the characteristic of corrosion mechanism equivalence as the Corrosion Mechanism Equivalence Degree (CMed), which quantifies the similarity between corrosion mechanisms in indoor accelerated tests and field tests. Then, modified conventional link function models are defined, integrating the probability distribution of environmental factors to estimate corrosion model parameters more precisely. Finally, an optimization problem is constructed for accelerated corrosion tests based on CMed, incorporating constraints on environmental stress levels and acceleration factors. A case study demonstrates the proposed method's ability to accurately simulate the actual service environment of materials, determining the appropriate stress levels for indoor accelerated corrosion tests while ensuring the desired acceleration factor and corrosion mechanism equivalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many insect species communicate about activities central to their survival and reproduction via vibrational signals (i.e., waves that travel through solid substrates). One widely used and effective approach for testing hypotheses about communication is the playback experiment, in which stimuli are played to focal organisms and their responses are documented. Recent technological advances and efforts by vibrational communication researchers have diversified the hardware options available for use in such experiments, but proprietary software is still needed for high‐fidelity playbacks. Here, we present an open‐source software tool, VibePy, that (1) measures and compensates for undesired filtering and (2) calibrates playback amplitude. Because proprietary software licenses impose economic barriers that can limit access to research, we have developed VibePy in the open‐source language Python. The functions provided by VibePy are a stepping stone toward increasing access to vibration research. Because the tool is open‐source, we hope that the software will be expanded upon by others in the community of researchers studying vibrational communication and insect behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accommodation Coefficients (ACs) are used in slip models to determine some important parameters for flowing dilute gases on solid surfaces such as: Cercignani–Lampis–Lord (CLL) model, drag coefficient, slip velocity, shear stress, and temperature jump. These coefficients in slip, transitional, and free molecular flow regimes take values other than unity. As a result, determining these coefficients for different gases and surfaces is crucial, especially where the continuum assumption with no-slip conditions at the surface is inaccurate. These coefficients can be extracted using experimental and simulation methods with different techniques. This paper provides a review of studies that have been conducted to determine the ACs, with a particular focus on the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient (TMAC), using both experimental and simulation methods. The research mainly pertains to microfluidics and nanofluidics. The reviewed studies have concluded that there is no clear relationship between the molecular weight of a gas and it's TMAC. Also, the values of ACs depend on various factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMicroreactor technologies are required to provide reliable carbon-free power generation in remote applications. The heat pipe–cooled microreactor concept, in particular, offers notable advantages due to the passive operation of heat pipes, enabling increased reliability and simplicity in a more compact form factor. There is a significant need for experimental work to aid and expedite the deployment of heat pipe microreactors due to their unique technological characteristics. Thus, there has been increased interest in heat pipe experiments by numerous institutions in order to support these efforts.The present work is a comprehensive review of recent heat pipe experiments from six major institutions, describing their designs, instruments, methods, and results. In addition, this paper also presents a background on heat pipe experiments along with discussions on instrumentation, accident scenarios, wick enhancement, and proposed future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Textile composites are advanced materials composed of preforms combined with matrix materials. The fiber structure in the preform has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the composite. Precise control over preform dimensions and internal fiber structural uniformity, termed ‘accurate shape control’, is essential to ensure reliable and stable composite component mechanical properties. This paper reviews current research progress on fabric deformation mechanisms, focusing on experimental characterization and numerical simulation. Experimental methods for fabric deformation include tensile, compression, bending, and shear deformation, whereas numerical methods encompass macroscopic continuum, discrete, and semi‐discrete models. The insights offered in this paper will aid a greater understanding of fabric deformation mechanisms, enabling an accurate prediction of complex shape molding and effective process parameter design, ultimately facilitating the structural design and engineering applications of textile composites. Recent trends and challenges in the study of fabric deformation mechanisms are presented. The experimental methods for fabric deformation were summarized and evaluated. Representative numerical modeling techniques and simulation methods are discussed. Some recommendations on potential future research directions are detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the diverse approaches employed to study dynamic responses of gossamer membrane structures for space applications. The primary aim of the current review article is to explore the proposals/attempts made in the literature to understand the vibration, wrinkling, and shape control phenomena of these structures using analytical, experimental, and numerical approaches. This review delves into understanding the impact of various parameters/factors such as membrane thickness, aspect ratio, geometric and material properties, aspect ratio, types of load, load ratio, boundary conditions, air added mass, inflation pressure, type of actuators, and their placements etc. on the behavior of membrane structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supply chain management discipline has seen a tremendous growth in the use of experimental methods. Given the large number of published studies, the time seems opportune to systematically review the use of such approaches. In this note, we consider multiple dimensions of experimental design used in articles published in six of our premier journals. We present these findings and contemplate opportunities for future applications of experimental methods. In particular, we highlight a need to more regularly conduct and report on the results of power analyses and experimental checks, more carefully contemplate the justification and use of WEIRD (Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic) participants, develop and test mediated theoretical models, and increase our focus on teams as the unit of analysis when using experimental methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the research conducted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was hydrated mixtures of polyethylene glycol and gentamicin (GEN) in a 1:1 (w/w) ratio. In this way, a system with a particularly high ability to form hydrogen bonds was created. It was postulated that studying the effective activation energy (EA) of the thawing process of diverse hydrated polymer mixtures will indirectly allow for an attempt to assess the distribution of water molecules in the examined material in future studies. This article presents a detailed analysis of the impact of selected parameters on the calculation of EA using the Belichmaer and Duswalt methods. The research focused on assessing how the interpolation method affects the accuracy of results obtained from these techniques. The interpolation method was analyzed in terms of its ability to accurately replicate experimental data. By evaluating the impact of the number of points from the DSC curve used in linear interpolation, a standard deviation from the average value of EA was obtained, respectively: 2.4% for the Belichmaer method and 1.9% for the Duswalt method. The article also shows that by using both methods simultaneously, it is possible to detect the moment when additional endothermic and exothermic reaction activity becomes present in the reaction curve. This allowed for the avoidance of the depletion error. Computer modeling and simulations were used to compare the effectiveness of both techniques in various scenarios. The results showed that the choice of interpolation method and taking into account the depletion error significantly affect the accuracy of calculating EA. The computed activation energy via Duswalt method was EA = 363.32 kJ mol−1 with a standard deviation of 7.07 kJ mol−1 and using the Belichmaer method the EA was 364.81 kJ mol−1, with a standard deviation of 9.10 kJ mol−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Koops et al. (2022, 2023) claim that an experimental field study (Koops et al., 2022) provided valid evidence against a latent solution explanation for chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) nut cracking know-how in the wild. In our previous response (Tennie & Call, 2023) we identified two major problems with this interpretation. First, Koops et al. (2022) study subjects were clearly unmotivated to access the intended food reward (nut kernels) – rendering the secondary question of whether they would use tools to crack the provided nuts to access these kernels a moot point. Second, only one of the subjects who came into contact with the experimental setup was within the chimpanzee most sensitive learning bracket to develop nut cracking (identified in previous field studies; Matsuzawa, 1994, 1996; Biro et al., 2003). We concluded that Koops et al.’s (2022) study failed to provide valid evidence against the zone of latent solution hypothesis as applied to chimpanzee nut cracking in the wild. In their reply, Koops et al. (2023) argued against both our critiques. Here, we refocus the debate, reiterate our arguments and provide further evidence that invalidate Koops et al. (2022) conclusion that “nut cracking falls outside” the zone of latent solutions of wild chimpanzees. We end with a call for more data.

Copyright of Hungarian Medical Journal / Orvosi Hetilap is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As the reliability and lifespan requirements of modern equipment continues to escalate, the problems with very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) has obtained increasingly widespread attention, becoming a hot topic in fatigue research. Titanium alloys, which are the most extensively used metal materials in the modern aerospace industry, are particularly prone to VHCF issues. The present study systematically reviewed and summarized the latest (since 2010) developments in VHCF research on titanium alloy, with special focus on the (i) experimental methods, (ii) macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the fatigue fractures, and (iii) construction of fatigue fracture models. More specifically, the review addresses the technological approaches that were used, mechanisms of fatigue crack initiation, features of the S–N curves and Goodman diagrams, and impact of various factors (such as processing, temperature, and corrosion). In addition, it elucidates the damage mechanisms, evolution, and modeling of VHCF in titanium alloys, thereby improving the understanding of VHCF patterns in titanium alloys and highlighting the current challenges in VHCF research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDo legislators get credit for working with the other party? Studies on this have been limited due to a lack of an appropriate counterfactual. This paper experimentally estimates the value of credit claiming on a small project that was produced with bipartisanship or with an uncooperative party. I argue that process does indeed matter. Specifically, I hypothesize voters will punish in-party partisans for working with the other side and punish out-party partisans when they do not work with their side. However, in-party partisans do not care whether their party works with the other side. Out-party partisans punish members for uncooperative legislating. Further, I argue and find that these effects are distinguishable from overall partisan effects, demonstrating that members can use distributional projects to gain out-party support in a polarized environment. These findings have important implications for lawmaking and polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study extends research on how political and social contexts mediate the relationship between men’s and women’s political identities and their support for the environment. Our test consists of a 3 × 2 factorial survey experiment that interacts an individual’s partisan identity with three conditions modeling elite support for federal spending to protect the environment. Democrats demonstrate consistently high rates of support regardless of legislative sponsorship. Among Republicans, when Democratic legislators sponsor environmental legislation, support drops about 18% compared to conditions where a bipartisan group sponsors legislation. Support among Republican women, however, remains relatively stable across experimental conditions. Republican variations in support are almost entirely attributable to declines in support among Republican men, whose support drops an average of 24% when Democratic legislators sponsor legislation. In conclusion, intraparty gender differences in opinions and support should be considered more broadly, especially when examining polarized public issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scant research has examined the effects of an organization's stakeholder orientation on the cognition and attitudes of employees. Our study focuses on how one aspect of an organization's objective, its stakeholder orientation, affects employee job satisfaction. Through seven studies utilizing different samples and measures, we theorize and demonstrate that employees with a higher perceived stakeholder orientation experience enhanced job satisfaction. We provide correlational field data and causal experimental evidence to show that increased employee perspective-taking is one potential mediator of this effect. These results contribute to our understanding of job satisfaction and perspective-taking by showing how employee orientation toward other stakeholders affects their attitude toward their job and social cognition. We also expand the focus of stakeholder orientation beyond normative philosophy and toward understanding its effects on the cognitions and attitudes of organizational members to provide a basis for examining the behavioral implications of different stakeholder orientations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses which causes many yield losses every year. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in international drought research. First, the main types of drought stress and the commonly used drought stress methods in the current experiment were introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method were evaluated. Second, the response of plants to drought stress was reviewed from the aspects of morphology, physiology, biochemistry and molecular progression. Then, the potential methods to improve drought resistance and recent emerging technologies were introduced. Finally, the current research dilemma and future development direction were summarized. In summary, this review provides insights into drought stress research from different perspectives and provides a theoretical reference for scholars engaged in and about to engage in drought research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review delves into the utilization of ultrasound for hydrogen generation, emphasizing the key mechanisms and techniques involved. One of the focal points of the study is the exploration of the generation and detection of cavitation bubbles, which are induced by ultrasound waves. An in-depth overview of various experimental setups that employ ultrasound technology for hydrogen production is also provided. A comparative analysis of these setups reveals differences in crucial parameters such as acoustic intensity, liquid temperature, and frequency. These are the key parameters identified as significant determinants affecting the hydrogen yield and efficiency. This review paper also highlights the potential applications of sonohydrogen as a viable energy resource. While challenges such as the high costs of ultrasound equipment and the need for efficient catalysts exist, the inherent benefits make sonohydrogen a compelling subject for future research and development. The study shows that there is no one-size-fits-all approach, accentuating the importance of understanding these parameters for optimizing the process of hydrogen production. Although the technology is primarily in the experimental phase, existing research indicates that the sonohydrogen production holds considerable potential for large-scale applications. [Display omitted] • The study explores ultrasound's role in enhancing hydrogen production. • The article reviews various experimental setups and comparing them. • The manuscript identifies key parameters affecting sonohydrogen production. • The study discusses the potential dimensions of sonohydrogen options and future research directions. • It examines scaling sonohydrogen production challenges for industrial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) represents a significant leap in concrete technology. Yet, the material’s vulnerability to fire-induced explosive spalling, characterized by concrete fragments being forcefully dislodged from the mass in fire scenarios, is the Achilles’ heel that could severely jeopardize UHPC’s integrity and hence structural safety. In response to this risk, there has been a growing interest in studying the explosive spalling of UHPC under fire exposure. This paper provides a critical review of the state-of-the-art research in this area. It looks into different experimental approaches for observing and demystifying fire-induced explosive spalling, then assesses how various factors (e.g., fiber type) affect UHPC’s propensity to such unfavorable events. Moving forward, the paper discusses numerical predictions of this phenomenon and, further, explains the consequences of explosive spalling on the fire resistance of UHPC components. Thus, the paper brings to light key insights from a large body of published literature. It also puts forward strategies to tackle this risk, with a focus on structural-level interventions, which have been largely overlooked in previous studies. The paper concludes by summarizing critical findings, highlighting ongoing challenges, pinpointing current knowledge gaps, and charting future research pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing the maximum flow rate is necessary to deal with floods, and one of the main problems in watershed planning is the lack or absence of necessary statistics, especially hydrological statistics. Therefore, the absence or lack of hydrometric information in watersheds requires appropriate experimental methods to estimate the maximum discharge. Thus, this research aims to estimate the maximum discharge in the mountainous part of Qaranqoo Chay and analyze the hydrological changes of the river. This research relies on fieldwork, using satellite images and topographic and geological maps. In this research, the water velocity was first measured using the Costa and Jarrett method, and then the flood discharge was estimated based on that. The hydrological conditions of the river were also calculated according to the data of the upstream and downstream stations of the range and using 18 indicators. The research results show that the maximum flood estimated by the Costa method (89.60 m3/s) is closer to the observed values, which indicates the efficiency of this method. Based on the research findings, the connection of Saraskandchay, Shorchay, and Khatonabadchay branches, high slope and impervious formations, low cross-section and channelization of the flow, local blockage due to the fall of large stone fragments and the filling of the section can be considered as the reason for the high maximum flood values in the mountainous part of Qaranqoo Chay. In addition, the results of the study showed that the construction of the Sahand dam caused a fundamental change in the downstream flow regime, and these changes affected the hydrological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do legislators get credit for working with the other party? Studies on this have been limited due to a lack of an appropriate counterfactual. This article experimentally estimates the value of credit claiming on a small project that was produced with bipartisanship or with an uncooperative party. I argue that process does indeed matter. Specifically, I hypothesize voters will punish in-party partisans for working with the other side and punish out-party partisans when they do not work with their side. However, in-party partisans do not care whether their party works with the other side. Out-party partisans punish members for uncooperative legislating. Further, I argue and find that these effects are distinguishable from overall partisan effects, demonstrating that members can use distributional projects to gain out-party support in a polarized environment. These findings have important implications for lawmaking and polarization.

Best practices in testing heterogeneous catalysts are translated to plasma‐catalytic experiments. Independent determination of plasma‐catalytic and plasma‐chemical contributions is essential. Non‐porous catalyst particles are preferred because active sites inside sub‐micron pores cannot contribute. Temperature variation is needed to determine kinetics, despite the complexity of thermal effects in plasma. Rigorous checks on catalyst deactivation and mass balance are needed. Plasma enhanced reversed reactions should be minimized by keeping conversion low and far from thermodynamic equilibrium, preventing underestimation of the rate of forward reaction. In contrast, plasma‐catalytic studies often aim at conversions surpassing thermodynamic equilibrium, not obtaining any information on kinetics. Calculation of catalyst activity per active sites (turn‐over‐frequency) requires also appropriate characterization to determine the number of active sites. The relationship between kinetics and thermodynamics for plasma‐catalysis is discussed using endothermic decomposition of CO2 and exothermic synthesis of ammonia from N2 and H2 as examples. Assuming Langmuir–Hinshelwood and Eley‐Rideal mechanisms, the effect of excitation of reactant molecules on activation barriers and surface coverages are discussed, influencing reaction rates. The consequences of reversed reactions are considered. Plasma‐catalysis with catalysts applied for thermal catalysis at much higher temperature should be avoided, as adsorbed species are bonded too strongly resulting in low rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of insect flight is important for conservation and sustainability efforts, as predicting insect dispersal can aid management programmes in tackling economic and ecological harm from, for example, invasive species. Flight mills are invaluable tools for measuring the factors of insect flight under laboratory conditions, as they lower several technical and financial barriers to conduct experiments. It is especially difficult, however, to make assumptions about the energetic cost of tethered flights conducted using different tethers, or even on different flight mills, due to the mechanical variability of the bearing friction and air resistance of the rotating assembly. This additional uncertainty necessitates a larger number of replicates for any given standard of statistical confidence. By characterising flight mill friction, this uncertainty can both be reduced in magnitude and assigned a specific, well‐defined numerical value. We present a simple methodology to characterise this friction through dynamic calibration of the flight mill, at a high statistical confidence. This study uses videography of a flight mill undergoing free velocity decay due to friction, using an in‐house developed software to extract angular velocity from video data. However, the technique is readily adaptable to other measurement techniques. Using the velocity, alongside the mass moment of inertia of the flight mill, allows us to determine the rotational friction coefficient. This friction coefficient provides precise measurements of thrust production, and therefore the energy expenditure of flight, by the tethered insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unionoids are in global decline, which may be associated with their complex life cycle. Their juveniles are unique because while hidden (burrowed deeply in bottom sediments) they undergo critical anatomical changes (also developing a characteristic juvenile shell sculpture). Currently, the juveniles' period of life is believed to be both the least known and one of the most vulnerable—thus the possibility of obtaining any biological knowledge is essential for establishing conservation strategies and addressing functional or evolutionary questions. I propose two new methods for visualization of the burrowing behavior of unionoid juveniles within deposits that are cheap and easy: (1) laminated deposits of quartz–aragonite sand for time-stepped X-ray images of bivalve traces, and (2) silica gel serving as 'invisible sand' for direct observations and video recording of behavior within sediments. Both deposits in a pilot study were accepted by the juvenile unionoids—they were stable enough and penetrable, with no observable signs of harmful effects on animals' behavior during trials. In both, juveniles were clearly visible, settled within the top 1 cm layer of deposits. Both methods are promising tools for future in situ within the deposits research on the biology of this much unexplored and vulnerable unionoids' life stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protein-ligand interactions play critical roles in targeted therapies including viral and cancer therapies. Hence in recent years several experimental and computational methods have been developed to address the mechanism of selectivity, swift binding, and enzyme functions. Furthermore big data, neural networks and artificial intelligence techniques are becoming increasingly important while combinatorial and graph theoretical methods are important arms of such techniques. Experimental methods such as isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance are used frequently to measure the binding affinity. Some of the computational methods used to examine the protein-ligand interactions are electrostatic calculations, molecular dynamics simulation, hybrid dynamics methods, etc., which shed light on structural stability, binding, protein functions etc. In this review we describe applications of a few selected experimental, computational and artificial intelligence tools with focus on graph theory to predict protein-ligand, metal-ligand interactions with implications in various types of malignancies and computational toxicology with focus on protein-heavy metal ion interactions and complexes of heavy metal ions with various ligands of biomedical relevance.

The paper examines the structure and distribution of two types of ­nominal/adjectival predicates in the Northern Mansi language. A nominative noun or adjective serves as the predicate in one construction. The other predicate type contains a predicate noun or adjective that takes translative case marking. In both ­constructions, the stative-like copula Ål- âbe, existâ can also appear, though under ­different ­conditions. In the paper we focus on (a) the licensing conditions of the Ål- copula, (b) the ­predicate-subject agreement morphology, and (c) concord within the predicate phrase in both predicates. Our findings demonstrate that the two types exhibit systematic structural differences: the copula Ål- is utilized in the nominative construction in the past, while it must be omitted in the present. The Ål- copula is always obligatory in the translative predicate. The nominative predicate noun/adjective takes the morpheme of the subject agreement in number, and we attested inter- and intra-speaker variation in Number concord in this construction when there is an overt copula in the predicate phrase. The translative-marked nominal/adjectival predicate does not take any inflectional suffix, and agreement that indicates both the person and the number of the subject is marked on the Ål- copula. ­Additionally, we will show that only the translative-type is acceptable in identificational clauses. As a result, the identificational reading/interpretation is where the ­semantic ­division of labor between the two constructions lies. Our data come from fieldwork where Mansi native ­speakers helped us with survey research. Northern Mansi newspaper texts were also used to clarify certain inconsistencies between our findings and the literature.

Conventional indoor corrosion test design methods primarily focus on the rapid evaluation of material corrosion resistance, often neglecting the impact of environmental stress levels on the equivalence of corrosion mechanisms. This study introduces a novel indoor corrosion test design method based on the principle of corrosion mechanism equivalence, aimed at improving the accuracy of indoor accelerated corrosion simulations. We define the characteristic of corrosion mechanism equivalence as the Corrosion Mechanism Equivalence Degree (CMed), which quantifies the similarity between corrosion mechanisms in indoor accelerated tests and field tests. Then, modified conventional link function models are defined, integrating the probability distribution of environmental factors to estimate corrosion model parameters more precisely. Finally, an optimization problem is constructed for accelerated corrosion tests based on CMed, incorporating constraints on environmental stress levels and acceleration factors. A case study demonstrates the proposed method’s ability to accurately simulate the actual service environment of materials, determining the appropriate stress levels for indoor accelerated corrosion tests while ensuring the desired acceleration factor and corrosion mechanism equivalence.

Does the framing of crises shape public support for inter-state solidarity? We focus on three dimensions that have been salient in the characterisation of European Union crises and may affect public support for solidarity more generally: (a) how country-specific or common a crisis is; (b) whether policymakers are seen as responsible for the crisis or not; and (c) how existential or manageable the threat posed by a crisis appears. We employ a pre-registered factorial vignette experiment conducted in 15 European Union countries to assess how characterising a hypothetical crisis affects voter support for fiscal and financial solidarity. Our results show that exposure to different crises frames shapes public support for risk-sharing in the European Union. Changes in solidaristic attitudes vary significantly with the means of fiscal risk-sharing proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, titled "Pandemic times: Nine acts," explores the author's experience during the COVID-19 pandemic and their use of creative methods to cope with the challenges of lockdown. Through painting and poetry, the author investigates themes of mortality, distance, and emotional connections. The article also discusses the potential of painting-poems as a tool for ethnographic research and the value of concentrated bodily attention in graphic anthropology. The author's works, created during the pandemic, offer a space for reflection and evoke a sense of togetherness. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Journal of Refrigeration is the property of Journal of Refrigeration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recommendation systems and the decoy effect are two popular marketing techniques that have been used for facilitating decision making. Practitioners often use decoys to help drive demand for specific items, and prior research has shown the decoy effect to be robust in traditional choice settings, with consistent reporting of an overall positive impact. Recommendation systems are also increasingly being used to present item choice sets to customers and users, assisting users in their decision-making process. However, previous work has not examined the decoy effect in the context of recommendations. The decoy effect may facilitate consumer decision making and positively impact user behavior when used with recommendation systems. However, in the recommendation context, customers often have different expectations for the reliability and quality of the presented information. Hence, a decoy as a recommendation could signal issues in system reliability, resulting in a negative effect. Our study demonstrates that depending on the recommendation context, the decoy effect can be beneficial or counterproductive. Specifically, we find in the personalized context, including a decoy minimizes the demand for the target option and pushes consumers to opt out of purchase, which deviates from the traditional decoy effect. However, a decoy increases the target item's demand in the nonpersonalized context, following the conventional decoy effect. In this paper, we explore the decoy effect in recommendation systems. Including a decoy item in a set of alternatives can influence the attractiveness of the other items by facilitating decision making. Prior research literature has indeed shown the decoy effect to be robust in traditional choice settings, with consistent reporting of an overall positive impact. Practitioners often use decoys to help drive demand for specific items. Recommendation systems too are increasingly being used to present item choice sets to customers and users. Both recommendation systems and the decoy effect can be used as strategies to help facilitate decision making. However, previous work has not examined the decoy effect in the context of recommendations. The decoy effect may facilitate consumer decision making and positively impact user behavior when used with recommendation systems. However, in the recommendation context, customers often have different expectations for the reliability and quality of the presented information. Hence, a decoy as a recommendation could signal issues in system reliability, resulting in a negative effect. We perform a randomized, controlled laboratory experiment and use persuasion theory as the theoretical lens to demonstrate that the decoy effect works differently in the context of recommendation systems. Specifically, we show that depending on the recommendation context, the decoy effect can or cannot drive demand for target items. We find that including a decoy minimizes the demand for the target option when personalized recommendations are presented, which deviates from the traditional decoy effect. However, a decoy increases the target's demand when nonpersonalized recommendations are shown, following the conventional decoy effect. We explore the mechanism behind these findings and show the robustness of our results by conducting multiple analyses and additional experiments. The findings of our paper have important implications for the design of recommendation systems and our understanding of consumer decision making. History: Ravi Bapna, Senior Editor; Idris Adjerid, Associate Editor. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2022.1197. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives One of the first steps for optimal management of water consumption in the agricultural sector is to estimate water needs by determining evapotranspiration. There are several direct and indirect methods for estimating evapotranspiration; each one has advantages and disadvantages. Due to the importance of measuring evapotranspiration in most hydrological studies and estimating the water requirement of plants and due to the limitation of the possibility of direct measurement, there is a serious need for experimental methods to estimate evapotranspiration. In the present study, reference evapotranspiration was initially estimated at selected stations in the east of Lake Urmia. Then, experimental methods of calculating the pan coefficient were used to calculate the reference evapotranspiration using evaporation pan data considering the FAO standard method. Methodology The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of pan coefficient estimation methods to calculate daily evapotranspiration in the east of Lake Urmia basin. There are several direct and indirect methods for estimating evapotranspiration; each one has advantages and disadvantages. The evaporation pan method has been used to estimate evapotranspiration values. For this purpose, data from Tabriz, Sarab, Maragheh, Bostanabad and Herris synoptic stations located in the east of Urmia Lake basin were used. The meteorological data utilized in the current study are minimum, average and maximum temperature, sunny hours, minimum, average and maximum relative humidity, wind speed, and evaporation from the pan. It is worth mentioning that due to the limitation of recording evaporation pan data, the present study was carried out using data for 6 months of the year (May to October) in which continuous data are available. The values of the pan coefficient were estimated using six experimental methods including Konica, Allen and Parvit, Snyder, modified Snyder, Orang and Mohammad et al. To determine the best method for estimating the pan coefficient, the evapotranspiration values obtained from the application of each method were compared with the evapotranspiration values obtained from the standard FAO-Penman-Monteith method. Furthermore, statistical meters of R, RMSE, MAE and box and violin plot diagrams were used to evaluate the obtained results Findings In this study, six experimental models were used to estimate the pan coefficient. Based on the obtained results, the highest range of average monthly changes of the pan coefficient is related to the Orang method. Also, considering the average monthly values obtained for the pan coefficient, the Orang method estimates the reference evapotranspiration to a considerable amount. The results showed that in Bostanabad and Harris modified Snyder method, in Sarab and Maragheh method of Mohammad et al. and in Tabriz Allen and Parvit method are the best methods for estimating pan coefficient. Also, in general, in all stations, the Orang method has the highest error in estimating pan coefficient. In order to use experimental models for estimating the pan coefficient to calculate evapotranspiration, it is necessary to determine the appropriate model for each region based on the climatic conditions. Conclusion Due to the importance of estimating reference evapotranspiration in most hydrological studies as well as estimating the water requirement of plants, several direct and indirect methods have been developed. In the present study, six models of estimating the pan coefficient were evaluated in order to calculate the daily reference evapotranspiration using evaporation pan data. The obtained results showed that in general, the models for estimating the coefficient of the pan with acceptable accuracy can be used to calculate evapotranspiration. Meanwhile, due to the effect of climatic factors in these models, it is necessary to evaluate the efficiency of each model in different climatic conditions and determine the appropriate model for each region. For example, the results of the present study showed that the Orang method for the study area (east of Lake Urmia) does not provide suitable results and if this model is used for the east of Lake Urmia, it is necessary to calibrate the model. Also, based on the obtained results, the accuracy of other methods is close to each other. In Bostanabad and Herris, the modified Snyder method, in Sarab and Maragheh, the method of Mohammad et al., and in Tabriz, the method of Allen and Parvit, are the best methods in estimating daily reference evapotranspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do governors control the behaviour of legislators from their provinces and parties in the national congress? The aim of the article is to test gubernatorial subnational political influence on national legislators. I first discuss the problems of the logic behind empirical exercises that measure the legislative influence of governors. Then the study tests gubernatorial influence using quasi‐experimental evidence from Argentina, a federalism that bears all the hallmarks for governors to be central actors in the legislative arena. The results support the hypothesis that governors influence the behaviour of legislators from their provinces and parties in the national congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of research documents that audiences reward organizations perceived to be authentic with positive evaluations. In the current work, we adopt a mixed-methods approach—using data collected from Glassdoor.com and two experiments—to establish that perceptions of authenticity are elicited by perceived congruence between an organization's stated values (i.e., the values it claims to hold) and its lived values (i.e., values members perceive as embodied by the organization), which in turn lead to more positive organizational evaluations. We then explore the conditions under which audiences are less likely to respond favorably to organizational authenticity, finding that the positive effects of stated-lived value congruence on evaluations are attenuated when audiences have a lower preference for stated values. Although scholars have often explored whether and how organizations can successfully make themselves appear authentic to reap rewards, our findings suggest that the perceived authenticity that results from stated-lived value congruence may not prove fruitful unless the audience holds a higher preference for an organization's stated values. History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory. Funding: This research was supported by the Interdisciplinary Research Award from the Management and Organizations Department at the Kellogg School of Management and by the Michael-Lee Chin Institute for Corporate Citizenship Research Grant from the Rotman School of Management. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1578. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Category-spanning organizations have been shown to face a number of penalties compared with organizations occupying a single category. The assumption seems to be, however, that organizations spanning the same categories will be evaluated similarly. Yet, this is not always the case. We know far less about why evaluations may differ within category-spanners, largely due to existing studies' focus on comparing single-category to category-spanning organizations in equilibrium states at a fixed point in time. Instead, this paper investigates audience judgments of organizations as they transition from single to multiple categories. We rely on the empirical setting of social-commercial hybrids—an intriguing context in which to explore category-spanning across market and nonmarket domains associated with distinct values, norms, and expectations. In a series of two experimental studies, we investigate how hybridization affects audience judgments of organizational authenticity and the ability to attract potential employees. We find that across organizational fields associated with nonprofit (communal) and for-profit (market exchange) norms, hybridization—more than hybridity itself—triggers audience cynicism and leads to decreased judgments of authenticity. However, the penalties for hybridizing are only observed when organizations also move away from field-level profit-status norms. The findings contribute to the category-spanning and authenticity literatures by integrating social psychological and organizational theory perspectives to offer a dynamic view of spanning beyond for-profit, market contexts. They also offer empirical support for the theorized multidirectionality of mission drift in hybrid organizations, while suggesting that drifting need not always be detrimental. History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory. Supplemental Material: Supplemental online materials are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1495. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although previous studies show that the emergence of evaluation criteria for a new technology improves the life chances of well-performing firms, we theorize that consensus in such criteria among technology experts increases investments to all firms in the new sector. We provide a variety of supportive evidence for this claim. First, in an experiment with 80 Chinese investors (Study 1), we provide evidence of a causal relation between evaluation consensus and investments. We follow this with a second experiment with 412 U.S. participants (Study 2), showing that evaluation criteria consensus increases participants' propensity to view a firm as technologically competent and to expect others to favor investing in the firm. Analyses of longitudinal archival data on investment in artificial intelligence technology firms in the United States (Study 3a) and China (Study 3b) support the generalizability of our findings. By exploring the social-cognitive processes that link evaluation criteria consensus to investors' decisions to invest in firms in nascent technology fields, this paper advances the scholarly understanding of the microfoundations of the institutionalization processes in new market sectors. History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory. Funding: This work was supported by Cornell University (Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Technology Theme Research Grant, Jeffrey S. Lehman Fund for Scholarly Exchange with China). Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1493. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research has found evidence of widespread anti-Asian bias in the United States, yet limited work has examined whether anti-Asian biases affect parents' school preferences. In this article, using a conjoint experiment, we examine White parents' views on schools with varying percentages of Asian students. We find that respondents strongly prefer schools with fewer Asian students, and we examine potential mechanisms that may explain these preferences. We do not find evidence that our results are driven by academic stereotypes. Instead, participants anticipated less student-level "fit" and less "commonality" with parents at schools with larger Asian populations, in line with past research on anti-Asian bias and stereotypes. Our findings extend existing literature on race and school choice and speak to the importance of addressing anti-Asian discrimination in U.S. educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of communication campaigns to alter health behaviors often begins with the identification of behavioral beliefs assumed to be causal antecedents of behavioral intentions. The assumption beliefs are causal derives from various theories of belief and intention/behavior and from statistical patterns of correlation. In cases of high-risk/cost campaigns, presuming causal order should require additional evidence. One approach is the parallel encouragement design which involves "randomly encouraging" levels of the mediator to establish its causal linkage to the outcome. This study proposes and tests a novel method of randomly encouraging beliefs as the mediator of messages on intention. Results show that semantic priming altered misbeliefs about Natural American Spirit cigarettes which in turn influenced intentions, suggesting its utility as an encouragement method to establish causal mediation of beliefs in message effects models. Results for countercampaign messages and broader theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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