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Résumé Abdelmalek Sayad a indéniablement contribué à une plus grande intelligence du fait migratoire en tenant ensemble histoire, sociologie et anthropologie. Cela signifiait qu’il était scientifiquement inenvisageable, pour lui, de penser séparément pays producteurs d’exil et pays d’accueil des exilés. Etudier l’immigration et les immigrés, qui sont-là deux catégories différentes, ne peut trouver ses (meilleures) conditions d’accomplissement que si l’on réfléchit, dans le même acte, sur ce que l’ont fait lorsqu’on examine, en pratique et en théorie, des populations dépossédées d’une parole publique ; autrement dit, dessaisies, en partie par le droit, d’une parole politique. La sociologie d’Abdelmalek Sayad a ouvert des perspectives épistémologiques inédites. Cette singularité méthodologique se déployait aussi dans sa pratique réflexive. Tous ses textes le montrent, sous une forme ou sous une autre.

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Dans l'incapacité où nous sommes de comprendre le sens que donnaient les chasseurs-collecteurs paléolithiques à leur art pariétal, nous sommes réduits à porter sur lui un regard extérieur, tentant seulement d'en déchiffrer la structure, telle qu'elle ressort des choix quantitatifs et des modalités formelles. C'est notre seule façon de nous en approcher, en anthropologues de la société dans laquelle vivait l'homme de la préhistoire et d'aborder les questions existentielles qu'il se posait. L'art est un puissant moteur qui permet de créer une unité culturelle entre des groupes éloignés. En apportant une dimension non utilitaire aux réseaux d'échange qui jouaient un rôle vital, l'art a développé un modèle de relations sociales dans lequel les hommes et les femmes ont appris à partager des idées, des valeurs, des croyances et une vision du monde. En ce sens, l'art paléolithique a contribué à la création d'une véritable culture dont nous sommes aujourd'hui les héritiers. À travers le modèle des animaux, les images ont fortement aidé à la construction d'une telle société munie de règles et de normes intangibles. Le rôle exceptionnel joué par le cheval pendant plus de 25 000 ans, dans toute l'Europe, montre comment un symbole peut servir de marqueur permettant d'unifier une vaste communauté. Since we are unable to understand the meaning that Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers gave to their cave art, we are reduced to looking at it from the outside, trying only to decipher its structure, as revealed by quantitative choices and formal procedures. This is the only way we can approach, as anthropologists, the society in which prehistoric man lived and the existential questions he asked himself. Art is a powerful force for creating cultural unity between distant groups. By bringing a non-utilitarian dimension to the exchange networks that played a vital role, art has developed a model of social relations in which men and women learned to share ideas, values, beliefs and a vision of the world. In this sense, Palaeolithic art contributed to the creation of a genuine culture, whose heirs we are today. Through the model of animals, images played a key role in the construction of a society with intangible rules and norms. The exceptional role played by the horse for more than 25,000 years, throughout Europe, shows how a symbol can be used as a marker to unify a vast community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mixing of pigs is usually followed by fights that serve to establish a rank order. For the present study, the rank orders in 33 groups of weaner pigs (groups of six and 12 pigs) were determined using various dominance indices. For this purpose, the results of rank order fights were recorded by video analysis for 72 hours after mixing. The following indices were calculated: David's Score (DS), normalized David Score (nDS), Average Dominance Index (ADI), Frequency Based Dominance Index (FDI) and Rank Index (RI). For all groups, the steepness of the hierarchy was determined using the nDS and a clear expression of the rank orders was demonstrated by means of randomization tests (P < 0.05). The calculation of the dominance indices revealed high Pearson correlations between DS/nDS, ADI and RI (corr 0.936 -- 0.981), but low correlations between FDI and the other indices (corr 0.331 -- 0.393). In groups of 12, there were differences of up to seven rank positions when comparing the FDI with the other indices. In groups of six pigs, the individual rank positions resulting from the different indices differed by a maximum of two positions, which was more often the case with the FDI. The present study shows that the use of different dominance indices can lead to differences in the individual rank positions determined for group members. A generally best index was not identified, since it was shown that -- depending on the data structure -- all indices can also deliver implausible ranking results. Due to its calculation method, the FDI seems to be less suitable for groups of weaner pigs. The nDS also allows the steepness of the hierarchy to be determined, which can be seen as an advantage. For a comparison of different group sizes, ADI and RI are recommended because they are scaled to a specific range, and thus are independent of group size. Consequently, the index values can be compared directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dictators, rebel commanders, and mafia bosses frequently delegate gruesome and immoral tasks to their subordinates. However, most individuals want to avoid such work. This analytical essay proposes an institutional logic to understand how dictatorships, insurgent organizations, and criminal gangs get their evil work done nonetheless. We argue that common features of organizations produce mundane career pressures that incentivize subordinates to zealously execute reprehensible tasks. Subordinates may come under pressure for six distinct reasons: incompetence, misconduct, origin, isolation, organizational backlog, and shrinkage. Superiors, in turn, can exploit that pressured subordinates hope to improve their prospects for advancement by loyally executing the organization's evil tasks. Empirically, we illustrate how Nazi Germany utilized each of the suggested career pressures to staff the units in charge of the Holocaust. We highlight that our logic might also apply to less extreme forms of organizational evil. Together, the essay offers a novel perspective to demystify radical behavior in state and non-state organizations with important implications for our understanding of transnational terrorist violence and underworld crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research seeks to integrate social theory into the spatiality analysis of the Andean Spanish of the Santandereano subdialect (Santander department [state], Colombia). The application of a probabilistic methodology allowed the identification of linguistic hierarchical centers, given the impact of population size and geographical and social distance between these localities and the communities within their range of influence. A qualitative analysis stablished the effect of the physical friction of distance on the development of perceptions and values associated with the social environment -an eminently rural space characterized by strong social networks-. Linguistic distance and other factors of resistance such as regional idiosyncrasies reinforce a type of linguistic conservatism that promotes greater distinction between regional varieties. The integration of the spatial dimension through geolinguistics leads the study to advance the proposal for the regional division of this variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this interpretive essay we consider aspects of the existence of social elites in the Nasrid emirate and we raise some of the great problems that still exist regarding them in the historiographic production that concerns the Kingdom of Granada, especially based on Castilian sources. The questions asked range from terminological aspects: What should we call these elites? To conceptual and interpretive questions: Why are they elites and how do they act as such? Is there mutual recognition within the Nasrid elites? How are these higher social groups perceived after the conquest? All this with the aim of building a point of debate for an updated understanding of the social hierarchies of the Nasrid emirate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The scholarship on hierarchy held the promise of exposing conditions of systemic inequality in world politics. However, a significant strand of it approached the international order from above, privileging the perspective of dominant actors. I make the case for a from-below approach to hierarchical orders, recognising and accounting for understudied experiences in world politics, but also developing a more accurate understanding of hierarchy. Through a relational-sociological approach, I conceptualise hierarchy as a socially differentiated system predicated on recognition. The experience of misrecognition by way of normative and material constraints constitutes actors as subordinates. I propose a framework for subordinate actors' navigation of hierarchy in quest of social recognition. I identify three strategies that subordinates employ, depending on the misrecognising constraints they counter (normative/material) and the recognition they seek (internal/external). Subordinates may engage in norm appropriation, alternative leveraging, and salvation from victimhood. I demonstrate the applicability of the framework by examining Egypt's quest for recognition in the aftermath of the 2013 military coup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation: Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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À partir d’un corpus de six récits de voyage en Chine publiés au XIXe siècle par des voyageurs français, nous avons recensé diverses images se rapportant aux Chinoises. Il ressort de ces lectures que les auteurs remarquent un élément clé de la vie sociale en Chine, à savoir l’absence des femmes dans l’espace public. En effet, la société traditionnelle chinoise s’est construite à partir d’une séparation entre les hommes et les femmes, allant jusqu’à faire du confinement des Chinoises, une norme dans l’organisation de la société impériale. Notre étude vise à questionner la vision des voyageurs du XIXe siècle, représentative de l’existence confinée des Chinoises à travers le concept de l’altérité. À partir des récits de voyage du corpus, nous tenterons de montrer comment l’incompréhension de l’éthique chinoise justifie un mélange entre fantasmes et réalités exprimés par les voyageurs à propos de la condition féminine. Plus précisément, il s’agit d’interroger la notion occidentale de domination masculine à la lumière du principe de Confucius relative à la hiérarchie qui structure la société traditionnelle chinoise. L’étude se compose de deux parties, la première rapporte les différentes images des Chinoises à travers les récits des voyageurs tandis que la seconde partie expose les codes de l’éthique chinoise traditionnelle qui régissent les relations entre masculin et féminin. L’étude portera sur la représentation de trois catégories de femmes : les prostituées, les épouses et les concubines ainsi que les femmes de la noblesse impériale.

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Technokratie ist heute nahezu allgemein übel beleumundet. Ein Gutteil politischer Fundamentalkritik (insbesondere an der Europäischen Union) ist Kritik an technokratischem Entscheiden. Gleichwohl macht man sich mit dem Vorschlag, die Regierung hauptsächlich oder gar ausschließlich mit „Expertinnen und Experten“ zu besetzen, im Wahlvolk eher beliebt als unbeliebt. Und prominente Ökonomen beklagen den Mangel an Sachverstand, wie er sich in Austeritätspolitiken manifestiere, die nicht zuletzt von genau denjenigen Instanzen verordnet werden, die unter Technokratie-Verdacht stehen. Manche bezweifeln auch explizit, dass wir an zu viel Technokratie laborieren würden. Um den Widerspruch zwischen Technokratie-Kritik und Technokratie-Leugnung (bzw dem Wunsch nach mehr Expertise in der Politik) aufzulösen, schlage ich den Begriff der Posttechnokratie vor. Einiges an heutiger Technokratie-Kritik, so meine These, bezieht sich eigentlich auf die Posttechnokratie. Im Folgenden wird zwischen Technokratie und Posttechnokratie unterschieden, indem ihr jeweiliges Verhältnis zu Bürokratie, Hierarchie, Partizipation und ideologischer Vielfalt näher betrachtet wird.

Les cathédrales sont étroitement associées aux cités où elles sont localisées. Sommets de la hiérarchie ecclésiastique du diocèse, évêques et chanoines sont aussi, en Catalogne, susceptibles de participer à la vie politique du Principat, en siégeant aux assemblées de la Diputació del General et aux Corts. De ce fait, les chapitres cathédraux disposent d’une forme de rayonnement politique à travers la carrière de leurs membres. Ils entretiennent entre eux des relations de coopération qui dessinent un véritable réseau de sièges épiscopaux catalans. La puissance des institutions religieuses séculières s’érige alors en critère de hiérarchisation des villes: un critère souvent négligé par l’historiographie, qui s’ajoute aux critères économiques, politiques ou démographiques.

This article explores the question of what consequences of the introduction of post-bureaucratic organizing in large-scale organizations can be observed regarding the handling of hierarchy and how these can be located from an organizational sociological point of view. Our goal is to add a differentiated perspective to the often one-sidedly critical debate on the role of hierarchy in organizations, making the question of functionality the starting point of the analysis. Based on two empirical cases, such an analysis is carried out against the background of equivalence-functionalist assumptions. In doing so, we point out the problems for which formal and informal hierarchy are identified as structural solutions. Furthermore, we show which consequences result from these problem/solution constellations. It becomes clear that the realization of post-bureaucratic workingmethods in the cases studied is characterized by the emergence of fields of tension between competing expectation structures both at organizational interfaces and within the post-bureaucratic units. The article concludes with a short summary and outlook on possibilities for further research building on the perspective proposed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation: Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation: Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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